What geographical objects are named. Geographical features named after travelers. The origin of the names of geographical objects. Interesting Facts
I always loved geography and history in school. I read a lot of books about travelers and about their finds, watched films, was interested in scientific discoveries. I was surprised by the people who went on all sorts of expeditions. Particularly struck Russian commander Vitus Bering. In my opinion, he was a strikingly unique person.
Bering - Russian Dane
Bering Ivan Ivanovich (this is in Russia, but in fact Vitus Jonassen), although he was born and studied in Denmark, became an officer in the Russian fleet. He lived during reign of Peter I when the Russian fleet began to develop and new lands began to be developed. It was Peter who sent Bering's first expedition to the east to find an isthmus between the continents: ours and North America. This same Vitas, traveling for two years with the first scientific marine expedition, made a map and wrote eastern north of Asia.
What geographical features are named after Bering
It was a sin not to name such a discoverer some geographic features. And so:
Some plants of Kamchatka, streets in cities, Chukchi village, plane, ship, university. His name became brand even Danish hours.
In 1970, a film (practically, a biography) “The Ballad of Bering and His Friends” was shot about the navigator. With the discoveries of Bering and his expeditions, stamps and coins were issued.
In addition, there are other places that are named after Bering's ships or the names of his associates:
- Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky(in honor of the ships "St. Peter" and "St. Paul");
- Shumaginsky Islands(belong to America, named after a sailor who died on the expedition);
- St. Lawrence Island(Bering so named him in honor of the day of this saint. It was on this day that Bering arrived on the island).
Just an amazing person was this navigator and discoverer. Even died on the expedition.
Strait of Magellan
The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 discovered a 575 km long strait between South America and the islands near its southern part. Magellan studied the coast with a length of more than two thousand kilometers, and only after a long search, he was able to find a narrow strait deep into the mainland.
Magellan explored the strait well and at the same time discovered the archipelago, which he gave the name Tierra del Fuego. And the ocean in which he swam, called the Pacific, for all three months of swimming there was not a single storm.
Cape Dezhnev
In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev rounded the Chukotka Peninsula from the north, arguing that through northern seas can be reached from Europe to China. The strait between America and Eurasia was named after Bering, although Dezhnev had passed through the strait 80 years earlier, just in the Old World few people knew the Russian pioneers. And only in 1879, Nils Nordenskiöld, an explorer of the Arctic, restored justice and named after Dezhnev the extreme east point Eurasia.
Cape Dezhnev is a heap of rocks one on top of the other, a penetrating wind constantly blows here. strong wind and it is often foggy.
Wrangel Island
The island was named after Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel - a navigator, admiral, explorer who studied the coast of Siberia in the northeast and the coast of North America in the west of Bering Strait to the coast of California.
Wrangel Island is inhabited by rare plants and animals; there is no such flora and fauna on any other Arctic island. Since 2004, the island has been under the protection of UNESCO.
Mount Cook
The most high mountain New Zealand (3754 meters) is named after the navigator James Cook. The top is in national park Aoraki Mount Cook. Discovered Mount Cook in 1768-1771 during his first trip around the world. James Cook also discovered the strait between the South and northern islands which also bears his name.
Bering Strait
In 1728, Dane Vitus Bering, an officer in the Russian fleet, was the first European navigator to cross the strait separating Eurasia and America. At its narrowest point, the width of the strait is 86 km. Also leading two expeditions in Kamchatka, Bering discovered several Aleutian Islands.
Ratmanov Island
Ratmanov Island is a rock with a flat top and a cap of snow lying on it. The island is located in the Bering Strait, it is the easternmost point of Russia. Sometimes, if the weather permits, you can see the coast of Alaska from it. The only life is the serving border guards.
Previously, the island was called Imaklik, later Vitus Bering, who sailed here, gave the name to Big Diomede Island. And only 90 years after Bering, the navigator Otto Kotzebue gave this island a different name - Ratmanov Island, in honor of the officer Makar Ratmanov, who participated with Otto himself in a round-the-world trip. So this geographical object was named after the traveler.
In 1611, the strait was discovered by Henry Hudson. Having gone on an expedition, the navigator encountered a riot on the ship. The sailors, having taken possession of the ship, turned it back, while Hudson, along with his son and some other crew members, were put on the boat without supplies. Nothing more is known about the fate of Henry Hudson, only that he disappeared in the vastness of the bay, which was deservedly named after him.
Hudson Bay is sometimes called the Canadian Sea - that's how deep the zalwee juts out into the country. Hudson Bay itself belongs to both the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.
Drake Passage
Very dangerous place for sailors - it often has strong storms and many whirlpools. This strait connects the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic. The narrowest part is 800 kilometers.
In 1578, the English pirate Francis Drake sailed through it for the first time on his ship the Golden Hind. After Magellan, Drake made the second trip around the world.
tasmania island
Abel Tasman discovered an island off the coast of Australia in 1642. They did not go ashore of the island, but moved on and a few days later were off the coast of New Zealand. After Zealand, sailors discovered the islands of Tonga and Fiji. But the East India Company recognized the expedition as unsuccessful, due to the fact that no new trade routes. Tasmania Island, New Zealand, Australia were forgotten for 100 years. Until I visited here famous navigator James Cook. But only in 1856, 200 years later, the island got its real name.
Today, opium is legally grown on the island for pharmaceutical purposes.
This is a system of waterfalls and rapids on the Congo River, 350 kilometers long. The waterfalls end in the port of Matadi, which was founded by the traveler, African explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley. Stanley and named the waterfalls in the Congo after David Livingston. The Scot Livingston is a famous explorer of Africa, who walked over it on foot for more than 50,000 kilometers. Although Livingston Falls, Livingston himself never saw - he studied only upstream Congo.
Fadeya Islands
The Thaddeus Islands are located off the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and are named after Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the discoverer of Antarctica. The group of islands was discovered in 1736 by a detachment of the Russian polar explorer Vasily Pronchishchev, they were all members of the Great Northern Expedition. Pronchishchev and his team wooden ship moved along the northeastern coast of Taimyr, making a description of the coastline.
Cape Chelyuskin
Semen Ivanovich Chelyuskin at the head of the expedition first reached the cape in the north of Taimyr in 1742. But then Chelyuskin called it East-North.
In 1842, celebrating the centenary of the expedition, it was decided to rename Cape Vostochno-North to Cape Chelyuskin, in honor of the explorer of the north of Russia and the polar navigator.
The climate in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula is quite severe - year-round winter, the snow hardly melts, and the summer temperature is not higher than +1 C°.
Mount Fitzroy
British officer Robert Fitzroy - explorer southern shores Latin America. In 1831, the Beagle Fitzroy set sail from Portsmouth. The ship spent more than 3 years off the coast of South America. Fitzroy did a great deal of cartographic work. On the map, he plotted numerous islets off the western and eastern coasts of South America, explored Patagonia and the Strait of Magellan.
But he never saw the mountain named after him. After his voyage, 40 years have passed since the traveler from Argentina, Francisco Moreno, stumbled upon the South American peak in the wilds of Patagonia. picturesque mountain 3375 meters high, he decided to name it after the famous British explorer.
Lisyansky Island
In 1805, Ivan Kruzenshtern during his round-the-world trip in the northwest Hawaiian archipelago discovered a small Pacific island. Named after Fyodor Lisyansky, the captain of the Neva sloop, who also participated in the expedition. Until the 20th century, fertilizer was mined on this island from litter - guano. And since 1909, Theodore Roosevelt made the island part of the Hawaiian Bird Sanctuary.
Cities and towns named after domestic travelers:
1 - Kropotkin ( Krasnodar region). Russian geographer, geologist, prince - P.A. Kropotkin
2 - pos. Beringovsky(Chukotka). Captain-commander of the Russian fleet, navigator V.I. Bering.
3 - Shelikhov ( Irkutsk region). Russian travelers G.I.Shelikhov
4 - Lazarev ( Khabarovsk region). Russian traveler M.P. Lazarev
5 - pos. Poyarkova(Amur region) Russian explorer V.D. Poyarkov
6 - Makarov ( Sakhalin region). Oceanographer, Russian naval commander S.O. Makarov
7 - pos. Przhevalskoe (Smolensk region). Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky.
In the name of S.P. Krasheninnikov and a cape on Karaginsky Island, an island and a bay near the southeastern tip of Kamchatka, a mountain near Lake Kronotsky on east coast peninsulas of Kamchatka.
They discovered new places and gave them names themselves, in other cases, they decided to perpetuate the discoverers in the geographical name of the rest. One way or another, there are quite a few similar names on the map. Studying them is very interesting and even useful, especially if you are planning a vacation and want to choose the most original route.
Mount Cook
Story geographical discoveries this navigator is quite tragic - he died in one of his voyages. His memory is preserved by the mountain of the same name, which is also known as Aoraki. It is located in the western part of the island in New Zealand, in places so well studied by the English traveler. The origin of the names of geographical objects is often directly related to their discoverer, a similar case here - James Cook really visited this mountain. This highest point Southern Alps 3754 meters high, covered with glaciers and snow and shaped like a saddle and steep slopes. Since 1953, the area around it has been considered a National Park, preserving protected species of vegetation and unique landscape. Here you can meet unique kea, alpine parrots, as well as skates and wagtails.
Strait of Magellan
Geographic features, named after travelers, can also be found in Southern Patagonia. The Strait of Magellan is the one that separates South America from the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. Its length is five hundred and seventy-five kilometers, and the smallest depth is twenty meters. The strait is named after the traveler who was the first European to cross it during his journey around the world. This happened in 1520. What is interesting: great geographical discoveries are also associated with this area (grade 7 studies this historical period, it is known to almost everyone), and it was here that Magellan discovered Cape St. Ursula. He named the strait in honor of the feast of All Saints, but the Spanish king renamed it in honor of the discoverer and his feat, accomplished in October 1520.
Drake Passage
Geographical objects named after travelers are associated with the most important events in world history. For example, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is the widest in the world, measuring over eight hundred kilometers at its narrowest points. The current of the West Winds flows along the strait, due to which strong storms constantly occur here with waves up to fifteen meters high. You can also see drifting ice here. In addition, the strait contains the most south point mainland South America, the legendary Cape Horn. It is named after an English navigator who first sailed here in 1578. The great geographical discoveries (the 7th grade passes them as part of the main program) were made before the appearance of this traveler, but his contribution still cannot be underestimated.
City of Livingston
There are various geographic features named after travelers, but they are all usually rivers, seas, or straits. There are few cities of this kind, and Livingston is one of them. It is located in Zambia, near famous waterfall Victoria. The history of geographical discoveries of the scientist is small, he made a greater contribution to the study of the customs of the local inhabitants, having arrived in Africa as a missionary. Until 1935, the city was the capital of the country, and now it is simply popular with tourists who are attracted by the nearby national park Mosi-ao-Tunya. There are many in Livingston interesting entertainment: from quad biking to elephant safari. In addition, there are many amazing museums that also attract a considerable number of tourists.
Laptev sea
Geographical objects named after travelers are also associated with Russian explorers. For example, the Laptev Sea, located in northern Siberia, next to It was named after Russian explorers of the North Pole, who were cousins. Prior to receiving the name perpetuating the Laptevs, the sea was known under the name of Nordenskiöld. This territory is distinguished by a cold climate with almost constant temperatures below zero. The sea has low salinity and is covered with ice for nine months of the year. Almost no people live on the shores, and the flora and fauna are extremely scarce. In ancient times, the tribes of Yukagirs, Evens and Evenks lived here, who lived off fishing and reindeer herding. Development by Russian travelers began in the seventeenth century. There are dozens of islands in the Laptev Sea, untouched by man. On some, the remains of mammoths were found. Biggest locality territory - the village of Tiksi.
Bering Strait
Geographic features named after travelers are most often water features. Here comes from the North Arctic Ocean to the Quiet, is just such. It separates Asia from North America, namely the capes - Dezhnev from the Prince of Wales. The smallest depth of the strait is thirty-six meters, and the minimum width is eighty-six kilometers. The name is associated with Bering, a native of Denmark, who passed here in 1728. Before him, the territory was studied by Semyon Dezhnev, after whom the Chukchi Cape, the easternmost point of Asia, was named. In the center of the strait are the Diomede Islands, there are two of them. The first is a large one, Ratmanova. The second one is smaller. The first one is owned Russian Federation, and the second - the United States of America, separates them about four kilometers. In addition, there is a border of time zones between them and
From time to time, the possibility of building a tunnel or bridge that would connect Alaska and Chukotka is discussed at the government level, but the plans never go to the stage of implementation due to various reasons, both economic and technical. However, there is a possibility that in the future such a project will still be implemented with the cooperation of specialists from Russia and the United States.
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The work was performed by students of grade 7 "B" of the MBOU secondary school No. 2, Dobrinka village Laptev Ilya Soshkin Aleksey Supervisor Fateeva E.M.
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Hypothesis: Russian travelers and researchers own many discoveries on the planet. Since there was a tradition to give names to objects in honor of their discoverer or expedition leader, we believe that there should be many objects on the geographical map bearing the names of our compatriots. Purpose: To determine, as a result of the analysis of the world map, objects bearing the names of Russian travelers and researchers, to find out the reason for their name, to give them a brief description.
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Requirements for geographical names: The object for which the name is proposed must be unnamed. The name must be organically included in the regional system geographical names. The name should clearly characterize the object and be simple, short, clear and easy to use. Names-dedications must be accompanied by a convincing justification for their legitimacy. The spelling of Russian names must strictly comply with the rules of Russian spelling, and foreign names - the rules for their translation into Russian.
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Classification of geographical names according to V.P. Semyonov - Tyan - Shansky (1924) from personal names, nicknames, surnames; from church holidays; from historical names; from a pagan cult; from ancient tribes; assigned in honor of various events and persons; from the objects that make up the typical geographical landscape of the area.
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Russian names on the world map Wrangel Island Cape Dezhnev Lisyansky Island Miklukho-Maclay Coast Bellingshausen Sea Przhevalsky Ridge Laptev Sea Pronchishchev Coast Kruzenshtern Strait Chersky Ridge Bering Sea Shelikhov Bay Golovin Strait Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamirs Potanin Glacier in Altai Ratmanov Island Sannikov Strait Lomonosov Ridge m. Chelyuskin Atlasov Island
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Russian names on the world map Cape Dezhnev Bering Sea Bering Strait Bering Island Bering Glacier in Alaska Lisyansky Island Bellingshausen Sea Laptev Strait Krusenstern Sea Lazarev
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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev is an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of the North and Eastern Siberia, a Cossack ataman, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European sailors, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed the Bering Strait separating Alaska from Chukotka. His name is: Cape Dezhnev, which is the extreme north-eastern tip of Asia (called Dezhnev - Big Stone Nose), as well as: an island, a bay, a peninsula and a village.
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Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin In the autumn of 1714, in Moscow, he was enrolled in the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, which was located in the Sukharev Tower. In the 1720s, S. I. Chelyuskin served on the ships of the Baltic Fleet as a navigator, apprentice navigator and sub-navigator. From 1726 he served in the Baltic Fleet, in 1733-1743 he participated in the Great Northern Expedition.
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Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern Russian navigator, admiral. Comes from Baltic German nobles. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round the world expedition(1803-1806), which included the ships Nadezhda (commander K.) and Neva (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky). Description of the journey and the results of oceanological and ethnographic research K. outlined in a three-volume work. One of the major straits Kuril ridge- Krusenstern Strait.
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Vitus Bering Vitus Jonassen Bering - navigator, officer of the Russian fleet, captain-commander. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated from the cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, and entered the Russian service the same year. In 1725-1730 and 1733-1741 he led the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions. He passed through the strait between Chukotka and Alaska (later the Bering Strait), reached North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge. In the name of Bering, in the north Pacific Ocean, named: island, strait, sea, Bering glacier in Alaska.
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Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky is a Russian navigator and explorer. Captain of the second rank. Comes from an ancient Ukrainian Cossack family. Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the first Russian round-the-world expedition. Lisyansky commanded the Neva and discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands. Lisyansky was the first to describe Hawaii in his book Journey Around the World (1812). In honor of Lisyansky are named: Lisyansky Island, a cape, a strait and a peninsula, a peninsula on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
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Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen is a famous Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica. Comes from Baltic German nobles. In 1803-1806, Bellingshausen participated in the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships on the faregat Nadezhda under the command of Ivan Krusenstern. In 1819-1821 he was the head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition sent to the south polar seas. It consisted of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", the latter was commanded by Mikhail Lazarev. The Bellingshausen Sea in the Pacific Ocean, the Thaddeus Islands and the Thaddeus Bay in the Laptev Sea, the Bellingshausen Glacier are named after Bellingshausen.
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Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev - Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, participant of three circumnavigations and discoverer of Antarctica. On January 16, 1829, he (together with Bellingshausen) discovered the sixth part of the world - Antarctica - and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many geographical objects are named after him, as well as a glacier in Antarctica, scientific stations and the sea off the coast of Antarctica.
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“I named this island in the southern latitude 54˚51 ׳, western longitude 37˚13 ׳ Annenkov Island in honor of the second lieutenant on the Mirny sloop,” wrote the head of the expedition, Bellingshausen, in his diary on December 5, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the way to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is. The very Russian sound of the name becomes the main one in the function of the geographical name.
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Yakov Sannikov SANNIKOV Yakov (18-19 centuries - Yakut industrialist, explorer of the Novosibirsk Islands. In 1800 he discovered and described Stolbovoy Island, in 1805 discovered Faddevsky Island. In 1808-10 he took part in the M.M. Hedenstrom on surveying and exploring the Novosibirsk Islands, in 1810 he crossed island Novaya Siberia from south to north. In 1811, together with the surveyor Pshenitsyn, he bypassed Faddeevsky Island and found that it was connected to Kotelny Island by a low sandy expanse, later called Bunge Land. S. expressed the opinion about the existence vast land north of the Novosibirsk Islands, so-called. Sannikov Land (later it was proved that it does not exist). The strait between the islands of M. Lyakhovsky and Kotelny and the river on the Novosibirsk Islands are named after S..
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Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev Khariton Prokofievich Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian explorer of the Arctic, Vice Admiral. Since 1736, he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of the voyages and land campaigns of 1739-1742, inventories of the northern sea coast. A cape in the delta of the Lena River is named after Laptev. The Laptev Sea is named after Dmitry Laptev and his cousin Khariton. Khariton Prokofyevich Laptev - Russian naval sailor, commander of the detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described in 1739-1742 the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. Northwest Shore Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast.
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Ratmanov Makar Ivanovich Russian navigator and traveler. In 1784, at the age of twelve, Makar Ratmanov was appointed to the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, which was then headed by Admiral I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Toropets nobleman. Three years later, Ratmanov was promoted to midshipman and made his first voyages on various ships in Gulf of Finland. At the end of the course on January 1, 1789, M. Ratmanov became a midshipman. M.I. Ratmanov took part in the first Russian voyage under the command of Krusenstern. Senior Lieutenant Ratmanov was appointed senior officer on Nadezhda. And here Kruzenshtern was not mistaken. Ratmanov was already a participant in numerous naval battles, for ten years before the expedition he commanded military ships. Stern, laconic, athletic, pedantic in matters of service, he was ideally suited for the role of senior assistant.
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Ferdinant Petrovich Wrangel Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1817, as a midshipman on the sloop "Kamchatka" under the command of V.M. Golovin Wrangel went on the first trip around the world. In 1825-1827, he made a second round-the-world trip, commanding the ship "Krotkiy" F.P. Wrangel is one of the founders of the Russian geographical society
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Vasily and Maria Pronchishchevy Pronchishcheva Beach, Pronchishcheva Bay - these names not only mark geographical points, but can also be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship "Yakut", brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude for those times (1736) (77˚29 ׳, taking into account imperfect instruments, it is possible even 77˚55 ׳). At the end of the hard way back, Vasily Pronchishchev died, and a few days later, his accompanying wife, Maria Pronchishcheva, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Deep reverence and gratitude should be awakened by such names on the map of Taimyr as the Pronchishchev coast and Pronchishcheva bay. Through their labors, the map of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which we see today, has acquired its general form, and which has become the property of all mankind.
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Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky Russian names celebrate mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers. On the maps different countries let's read the word Przhevalsky: Przhevalsky Ridge in China, Przhevalsky Island in the Kuril Islands, Cape Przhevalsky on Bennet Lake in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, animals and vegetable world. The students of Przhevalsky, the geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the map of the world, the students of the students continued this tradition of memory.
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Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maclay N.N. was a kind of “teacher of life” for the Papuans. Miklukho Maclay. Miklouho-Maclay proved by his observations that the cultural level of any people is determined not by its biological characteristics, but by the historical development of the people itself.
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Golovin Vasily Mikhailovich In 1812 on the map in the ridge Kuril Islands was tagged new strait, named after the Russian captain V.M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. It was the captivity of a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in the history of Japan and Russia. V.M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. Note that after a visit to Nagasaki in 1853, the Russian language began to penetrate into Japan, and the first Russian language textbooks for the Japanese were compiled. But the very first teacher was the captain-geographer V.M. Golovin
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Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas.
They became the discoverers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they - the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?
Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler
Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. On the basis of his travels, Athanasius compiled the notes "Journey Beyond the Three Seas", which became popular and unique historical and literary aids. These records became the first book in the history of Russia, made not in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.
Afanasy Nikitin
He was able to prove that even as a member of a poor peasant family, one can become famous researcher and traveller. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, motor ship, passenger train and aircraft.
Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr prison
Cossack chieftain Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study the new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a makeshift koch, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.
In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he founded the city of Srednekolymsk with his associates. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the mainland, later named Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, a village also bear his name.
Semyon Dezhnev
In 1648, Dezhnev set off again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having reached on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr prison. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions, make a map of those places.
Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka
Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov in the history of marine discoveries. During the first trip, the sailors conducted research and were able to supplement the geographical atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on pacific coast Kamchatka.
The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the bays of Kamchatsky, the Cross, the Karaginsky, the Bay of Conduct, the island of St. Lawrence are also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.
Vitus Bering
The second expedition was undertaken by them in order to find a way to North America and exploration of the Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul prison. It got its name from the combined names of their ships ("Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul") and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, heavy fog affected. "Saint Peter", driven by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but got into a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering's life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but successfully completed his voyage, finding several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.
Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “named” sea
Cousins Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were like-minded and assistants of Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry the commander of the Irkutsk ship, and Khariton led his double boat Yakutsk. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka.
Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to survey the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He made detailed maps of these places, based on mathematical calculations and astronomical data.
Khariton and Dmitry Laptev
Khariton Laptev with his associates conducted research on the northern section coast of Siberia. It was he who determined the size and shape of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he surveyed its eastern coast, was able to identify the exact coordinates offshore islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large number of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - Khariton Laptev's team had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had begun. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered the cape, which was later named after him.
Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of them after them. largest seas Arctic. Also, the strait between the mainland and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island is named after Dmitry, and the name of Khariton is West Coast the islands of Taimyr.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation
Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (started in 1803 and ended in 1806). They set off with their teams on two ships, which bore the names "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Travelers passed through Atlantic Ocean entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. On them, sailors sailed to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
Ivan Kruzenshtern
This journey made it possible to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by navigators, a detailed map Pacific Ocean. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained on the flora and fauna of the Kuriles and Kamchatka, local residents their customs and cultural traditions.
During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Krusenstern and asked why his ship arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which he received the answer that they are here solely for the glory and development of national science.
Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity
Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two round-the-world expeditions. In 1806, being in the rank of lieutenant, he received a new appointment and became the commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the management of a ship.
The leadership set the goal of a round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is within the borders of the native country. The path of "Diana" was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered the port, which belonged to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the crew was not allowed to leave the bay either. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809, the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.
Vasily Golovin
Golovnin received his next responsible task in 1811 - he was supposed to compile descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the crew from captivity only thanks to the good relations of one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that no one in history has ever returned from Japanese captivity before.
In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world trip on the Kamchatka ship specially built for this.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica
Captain of the second rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth about the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819, he went to the open sea, having carefully prepared two sloops - Mirny and Vostok. The latter was commanded by his associate Mikhail Lazarev. First circumnavigation antarctic expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers were going to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen
The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, it is historical event happened on January 28, 1820. Also during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches were created with views of Antarctica, images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna.
Mikhail Lazarev
Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that simply could not be reached by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev are included in the lists the greatest sailors peace.
