1 trip around the world. First round-the-world trip. Magellan made the first voyage around the world, which of the sailors was on the first voyage around the world. Motorcycle trip around the world
Geographical knowledge about the Earth has been rapidly developing. There were suggestions that, having rounded South America, it was possible to go to the South Sea (as they used to call it) and use it to reach the shores of Asia and. The first to undertake this was Ferdinand Magellan (1470-1531). He proposed to the king of Spain a hitherto unheard of plan - to reach the shores of Asia, bypassing America from the south.
On September 20, 1519, a flotilla of five ships set out on a campaign. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean and moved along the coast of South America in search of a passage to the South Sea. After a long wandering, the daredevils finally got lucky. The Strait, later named Magellanic, was found, and the flotilla entered the South Sea. According to one of the expedition members, Magellan called the vast expanses of water the Pacific Ocean, "because we have never experienced the slightest storm." This name is a paradox, since calm in the Pacific Ocean is a rarity.
More three months this transition continued across the boundless ocean. The crew suffered from thirst and illness. In the spring of 1521, Magellan reached the islands off the east coast of Asia, later called the Philippine. An entry made by his hand in the ship's log says that, having circumnavigated the Earth, the ship returned to old light. This was the last written message made by the hand of Magellan himself.
In April 1521, the fearless navigator died in one of the battles in the midst of an intertribal war. Of all the ships back to, having circled Africa, only one returned - the Victoria (Victory). He entered his native harbor on September 6, 1522. First trip around the world lasted three years. It finally proved the fact that the Earth is spherical.
Globe by Martin Behaim
With the development of geographical knowledge about the Earth, cartography also improved. In 1492, the German geographer and eminent navigational specialist Martin Beheim (1459-1507) and the artist Georg Glockendon (year of birth unknown - died in 1553) made the first globe depicting the globe. Its diameter is 54 cm. The authors called their creation "Earth Apple". On it, Beheim placed a map of the world of the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy. this small likeness of our planet began to be called later. Of course, the images on it were far from the truth: the creators of the "Earth Apple" did not know about the existence of the New World (Columbus just set sail in 1492). However, later, when people appreciated their benefits, globes became very popular. They could be seen in the chambers of monarchs, in the offices of ministers and scientists. Pocket globes in special cases were intended for travel. Medium-sized globes made for cabinets were often equipped with a mechanism that set them in motion, rotating around an axis. There were even globes as high as human height, and they contained not only colorful images of the Earth's surface, but also information about different countries. However, maps have always had their advantages and therefore still remain indispensable attributes of any traveler, explorer and scientist.
In 1569, Gerard Mercator (1512-1594) created the first map of the world based on the latest cartographic and geographical knowledge of Europeans about the Earth and outstanding discoveries of that time. The continents were plotted on it, with the exception of Australia (they were discovered and explored later), as well as the oceans washing them. Many geographic features named after the navigators and explorers who discovered them. The name Amerigo Vespucci remained for posterity in the names of two continents: North and South America, in honor of Ferdinand Magellan, the strait separating the mainland was named South America and island Tierra del Fuego. Thanks to the expeditions of the era of the Great geographical discoveries appeared on the world map New World(America), Pacific Ocean, Island of Tierra del Fuego, Strait of Magellan, major islands in the Caribbean: Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba. Entire generations of geographers and cartographers, researchers and travelers had to refine and supplement maps for several more centuries, draw accurate contours of all continents and oceans, islands and peninsulas, bays and straits, and others. geographical objects.
In 1519, in the month of August, five ships were sent from the harbor of Seville on the first round-the-world expedition. Equipped and approved her on the road Charles I - King of Spain. The journey was very difficult, the path lay through America to the southwest, the expedition kept the direction to the Moluccas. In the event of a successful trip, Spain could get the rights to new open lands.
The flotilla moved along the South American continent for a very long time, it tried to find a way out "South Sea". At the southern end of the mainland, they discovered a deep bay. It was decided to sail on, the shores looked completely deserted, but suddenly several fires lit up in the darkness. For this reason Magellan gave the name to this country - "Land of Fire" and become its pioneer.
Going through Strait of Magellan(strait between Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia), the ships entered the Pacific Ocean.
Strait of Magellan
Navigators did not see land for 3 months, reserves drinking water and provisions are over. Scurvy and hunger began on deck. Sailors, in order to somehow satisfy their hunger, had to chew ox skin and eat ship rats. In total, the crew suffered losses of 21 people who died of exhaustion. Through many setbacks, travelers were able to reach Philippine Islands and stocked up on water and food. Magellan was not very lucky, and he got involved in the internecine strife of local rulers. In battle with the natives, he was killed on April 27, 1521.
Three years later, only one was able to return from swimming The ship is the Victoria. Under the command of J. S. Elcano, he and the crew members completed the voyage in 1522. At home, they were met with triumph and honors, they were heroes who were participants in the world's first circumnavigation.
Voyage of Magellan
Who made the first trip around the world and what is the significance of Magellan's voyage?
This hero was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan.
1) He was able to prove the sphericity of the Earth with his swimming.
2) Magellan's expedition gave the whole world some idea of the relative sizes of sea and land on the globe.
3) Magellan proved that the greatest ocean stretched between Asia and America. Actually it was he who called him Quiet. He chose this name because in all 4 months of sailing he did not encounter a single storm.
4) He proved that there is only one on the planet single world ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan is considered the first traveler to travel around the globe. However, he had no intention of becoming the first world traveler. His task was completely different - more mundane. And then all the glory from global discoveries did not go to him at all.
Idea author
The idea of the expedition that led to the discoveries was proposed by Ferdinand Magellan, who was born in 1470 and died in 1521. A nobleman by birth, he was born in Portugal, was a royal page. It is known that Magellan was well educated, engaged in cosmography, navigation and astronomy. His first voyage took place when Fernand was twenty years old: he participated in military battles. Magellan managed to suppress the uprising of the natives in Malacca, and then remained in the service in Africa. The false accusation stopped the career of a sea captain. The idea to go by ship to the west, proposed to the Portuguese king, was rejected.
In 1517, Magellan, with the approval of the King of Portugal, left for Spain, becoming her subject. He managed to convince King Charles V of the existence of a transition between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. If it were possible to find this strait, Spain would receive all the lands that are located to the west of the Canary Islands (at the behest of Pope Alexander VI).
A friend, the astronomer Ruy Falière, and also the aristocrat De Aranda, who offered to give him 20% of the profit that the expedition would bring, in exchange for supporting the project, helped to get the royal “good”. So the project of finding a way to the Spice Islands was accepted by the king. However, Faler managed to reduce De Aranda's stake to 8%.
When Magellan proposed the idea of his journey, the world already knew about Central and parts of South America, as well as about the ocean that stretches beyond them. The Isthmus of Panama has already been crossed. But then no one suspected that East and West could be connected by another path.
Magellan decided to find evidence that the location of the Spice Islands was in the New World, and not in Asia. This would mean that spicy wealth is the area of influence of Spain, and not Portugal, as was then believed.
Magellan did not think about a round-the-world trip. He was looking for a strait that could be in South America. He wanted to get to the Spice Islands, buy goods, bring them to Spain and make a profit.
Preparing for the expedition
Five ships set sail. There was enough money for their equipment. Many of the merchants of Europe decided to participate in the enterprise. They wanted to access the profitable spices directly, without the mediation of Portugal.
Despite attempts by the Portuguese authorities to thwart the expedition, as there was fear that it would actually succeed, the voyage took place.
The Portuguese ambassador to Spain, Alvaro da Costa, did everything possible to prevent Magellan from going on an expedition. He spread rumors about the impracticability of his idea. The fact that the Spaniards do not trust the captain, and only trouble can be expected from royal officials who will also participate in the voyage. Magellan was also told that the Portuguese king was waiting for him at home, where a favorable place was prepared for him.
Everything was in vain. Then the ambassador organized an attempt on Magellan, which failed. Alvaro da Costa continued his work: he arranged for the ships to be supplied with equipment and products of poor quality, he put up various obstacles. All this was not successful.
True, in Spain there were many dissatisfied that the expedition would be led by the Portuguese, who, in addition, would also receive a good jackpot: a fifth of the profits, a twentieth from the new discovered lands, and the right to own a third of the new islands.
This led to a mutiny on the flagship, when Magellan's personal standard flew over it: it strongly resembled the flag of Portugal. The rebellion was crushed, but concessions had to be made. There could be no more than five people from Portugal on the ship, and the standard was replaced.
The expedition went to sea on September 20, 1519. Throughout the journey, Magellan was pursued by conflicts with the Spaniards, who sailed with him.
The first happened to Captain Juan de Cartagena. He was outraged that Magellan decided to change the approved route in order to avoid meeting with the Portuguese. The admiral decided to go to Africa, and not to America, as planned.
Magellan and Cartagena even got into a fight. The Spaniard was stripped of his captain's position and transferred to passengers on another ship. This increased the authority of Magellan, but he had an angry enemy.
Atlantic Ocean
The way across the Atlantic Ocean was quite calm. It was here that Magellan first applied his own signaling system, with the help of which the ships were able to communicate with each other. This helped ships not to get lost in the ocean.
From the equator, the ships went to the Land of the Holy Cross, as Brazil was then called, and on December 13 they stopped in the bay of Santa Lucia. Now here is Rio de Janeiro. Having reached the coast of Brazil, the sailors found out that La Plata is the mouth of the river, and not the strait, as previously assumed.
rebellion
By the end of March 1520, Magellan decides to stop for the winter in the harbor of San Julian. The strait, which they had been looking for for so long, was very close, but the sailors were not yet aware of this.
I had to reduce my food intake. This was the reason for the organization of a new rebellion. The rebellion was led by officers from Spain. They succeeded in capturing three ships. One of the officers was killed for refusing to join the rebellion.
Magellan had to act decisively. Captured by cunning big ship and blocked the other two. The rebels had no choice but to surrender. The court sentenced the two main instigators (de Catagena and one priest) to leave in Argentina, on the rocks where the penguins lived. The fate of these people is unknown.
During the winter, one ship, a reconnaissance ship, was badly damaged and out of order. About thirty people died from scurvy and other diseases.
The captains on the ships were people whom Magellan trusted - immigrants from Portugal. At this time, five natives were taken prisoner by cunning, but they all died on the way to Europe.
Strait of Magellan
The ships left San Julian on the twenty-fourth of August. Having reached the Santa Cruz River, they stopped and spent almost two months here. Food supplies could be replenished.
The strait was found at the 52nd south parallel. Two ships sent out to reconnoiter found out that this was not a river. This meant that new way found to the East.
It took thirty 38 days to cross the strait. It was difficult and required courage from the leader of the expedition and all its participants. All four remaining ships passed this way safely. But just before the very end of the strait, a riot began again on one of them. The ship was commanded by a Portuguese, and a native of Portugal, Gomes, also became the leader of the rebels. He said that this is the end of the world - and we must go back, otherwise everyone will die. The team arrested the captain and traveled back to Spain, where they were arrested. Magellan decided that the ship was lost in the strait: he was not aware of the rebellion.
Pacific Ocean
For about 15 thousand kilometers, the ships sailed along boundless expanses without meeting a single island where people would live.
Food was running out. People even ate rats, which became a delicacy, and leather upholstery, which was removed from the masts and sides. Three months were very difficult.
However, in some ways the sailors were lucky: there were no storms along the way. This gave rise to the name new ocean Quiet. He turned out to be much larger than Magellan thought before.
It was possible to stock up on food and water on the island of Guam. Here I had to fight a little with local residents who were angry that they failed to steal anything on the ships.
In April 1521, the expedition reached the Philippines. And here the slave of Magellan, who was born in Sumatra, managed to see people who spoke the same language as he did. This was another proof that the Earth is spherical.
Death of Magellan
In the Philippines, Magellan was unexpectedly supported by Arab traders who persuaded local population do not engage in combat with sailors. Magellan convinced one ruler, Humabon, to become a Christian and a vassal of the king of Spain. Humabon soon complained that the neighboring rajah was being disobedient.
The sailors got involved in a battle that turned out to be difficult. The arrows of the natives hit the Spaniards exactly at the feet, and the bullets of the sailors could hardly penetrate their wooden shields. Magellan died in this battle. He was 41 years old.
After that, the sailors had to urgently leave the Philippines. Since there were few people left, they could not manage three ships. It was decided to burn the Conciepsin, setting off on two ships - the Victoria and the Trinidad.
Completion of the expedition
It was not easy for the squadron to get back. I had to dodge the Portuguese ships. The expedition reached Moluccas Spices, where I bought the goods.
There were many battles, transitions, ships fell into storms. It was decided to disperse. "Victoria" went along the African continent, and "Trinidad" - along the Isthmus of Panama.
The first ship returned to Spain, and the second, unable to overcome the headwinds, went to the Moluccas. Off the African coast, the team had to fight the Portuguese, who had been waiting here since the expedition led by Magellan had just set off. The sailors were captured and sent to penal servitude in India.
"Victoria" was led by the Spaniard Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano). Once he took part in a rebellion against Magellan, but the admiral forgave him. Kano managed to navigate the ship for several months on rough seas, overcoming a lot of dangers. Upon returning to his homeland, he got all the glory and a good profit.
It turned out that the calendar of sailors from the Victoria was a day behind the Spanish one. Later, such a discrepancy was described in the novel by Jules Verne.
Expedition results
This trip resulted in the discovery western way to Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Philippine Islands, the coast of South America and the island of Guam, and the first trip around the world.
Spanish ambitions were satisfied. The country stated that the Mariana and Philippine Islands were discovered by its subjects. The rights to the islands of the Moluccas were also presented.
It also became known for sure that the Earth is round, and most of it is covered with water. Before that, people believed that the main area of the planet is land.
Of the three hundred people who set sail with Magellan, only 18 returned home, then another 18 were released by the Portuguese from hard labor in India.
The money for the spices and the gold went to cover the expenses, but still the savers made a good profit. The royal Spanish court also received income.
Where Magellan was buried is unknown: his body remained with the natives. At that time, no one spoke of him as a discoverer and the first to travel around the Earth. On the contrary, he was accused of disobeying the royal will. Now the name of this person is the strait he discovered and two constellations - the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.
The first trip around the world, or rather, swimming, was made by the expedition of the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan in the period from 1519 to 1522. During the expedition, he died and one of the captains of Magellan's squadron named Juan Sebastian de Elcano completed the voyage.
During the first trip around the world, the spherical shape of the Earth was proved in practice. Magellan were discovered East Coast South America, the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as the island of Guam and the Philippine archipelago.
Second circumnavigation(and the first English voyage around the world) was made in 1577-1580 by Admiral Francis Drake. He discovered the strait between South America and Antarctica and explored West Coast South America.
The third and fourth voyages around the world were made in 1586-1588 and 1598-1601 by Thomas Cavendish and Olivier de Noort, respectively. They did not make serious geographical discoveries.
The first round-the-world trip made by the French took place in 1766-1769. An expedition led by Louis Antoine de Bougainville discovered islands in the Tuamotu and Louisiade archipelagos.
Three round-the-world voyages of James Cook, made by him in 1768-1771, 1772-1775 and 1776-1779, opened for Europeans the island status of New Zealand, the existence of the Great Barrier Reef, the mainland of Australia, the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska.
The first Russian round-the-world trip was made by an expedition under the command of Ivan Krusenstern in 1803-1806.
The second Russian circumnavigation of the world was made in 1815-1818 by an expedition under the command of Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue. The expedition discovered a number unknown islands Pacific Ocean and explored north coast Alaska.
During the Russian round-the-world trip of 1819-1821, the expedition under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica and several islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Another Russian circumnavigation under the leadership of Otto Kotzebue was made in 1823-1826. This time, islands were discovered in South Polynesia, Micronesia and other areas of the Pacific Ocean.
The round-the-world expedition of the Englishman Robert Fitzroy, made in 1831-1836, is famous for the fact that Charles Darwin took part in it and collected data for the future theory of the evolution of the organic world.
The first solo trip around the world dates back to 1895-1898. For 3 years 2 months and 2 days circumnavigation on sailing yacht by Joshua Slocum.
The first round-the-world trip by air, on an airship, was made in 1929 by the German aeronaut Hugo Eckener.
The first non-stop flight around the world was made in 1957 by three US Air Force B-52 aircraft.
1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight around the Earth in a spaceship.
The first round-the-world trip under water in autonomous mode without ascents for the entire time of the voyage was made in 1966 by a detachment of nuclear submarines of the USSR Navy under the command of Rear Admiral A. Sorokin.
The first autonomous circumnavigation of the world on a sailing yacht without calling at ports and any outside support was made in 1968-69 in 313 days by Robert Knox-Johnston.
AMUNDSEN Rual
(1872-1928)
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - antarctic expedition on the Fram.
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on dog sleds reached South Pole land, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott for a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - during the search for the missing expedition in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the Norwegian traveler is given to a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the North Arctic Ocean.
The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
(1778-1852)
Travel routes
1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas of Captain Kruzenshtern's trip around the world" were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on a geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape in South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named after F.F. Bellingshausen.
The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic research station.
BERING Vitus Jonassen
(1681-1741)
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "Saint Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Bering).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or the Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "Saint Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on a geographical map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, the islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, the cape on the coast bear the name of Vitus Bering Sea of Okhotsk and one of largest glaciers in southern Alaska.
VAMBERI Arminius (German)
(1832-1913)
Hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish through Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along east coast Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
VANCOUVER George
(1757-1798)
English navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.
1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.
Name on a geographical map
In honor of J. Vancouver, several hundred geographical objects are named, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), a bay (New Zealand).
GAMA Vasco yes
(1469-1524)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened for Europeans a sea route to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. Died during the expedition.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
(1776-1831)
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana".
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on a geographical map
Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.
HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
(1769-1859)
German naturalist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - a journey through Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.
Name on a geographical map
Ranges named after Humboldt Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a row settlements in USA.
A number of plants, minerals, and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin bears the name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. Thus, the strait between the two continents was opened, which was later named Bering.
Name on a geographical map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
DRAKE Francis
(1540-1596)
English navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second round-the-world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the brave navigator is the widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
(1790-1842)
French navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coast of New Zealand and New Guinea was mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont d'Urville found traces lost expedition J. Laperouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on a geographical map
Sea named after navigator Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica.
The French scientific Antarctic station bears the name of Dumont-D'Urville.
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
(1304-1377)
Arab traveler, itinerant merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - Departing from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta traveled to Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Rikhla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he had collected during his travels.
Columbus Christopher
(1451-1506)
Portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea was discovered, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of the South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.
Name on a geographical map
The name of Christopher Columbus is carried by a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA.
In the United States of America there is Columbia University.
Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich
(1711-1755)
Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he carried out research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first Description of the Land of Kamchatka (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on a geographical map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoe are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fyodorovich
(1770-1846)
Russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the Atlas South Sea» (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on a geographical map
The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.
COOK James
(1728-1779)
English navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. Defined insular position New Zealand Open Big barrier reef and the east coast of Australia.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map southern mainland) has not been reached. As a result of the search, South Sandwich islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but were opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska. On the way back J.Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.
Name on a geographical map
The name of the English navigator named the most high mountain New Zealand, the bay in the Pacific Ocean, the islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and southern islands New Zealand.
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
(1788-1851)
Russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the Mirny sloop, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led round the world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".
Name on a geographical map
The name of M.P. Lazarev named the sea in Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast.
The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of MP Lazarev.
LIVINGSTON David
(1813-1873)
English explorer of Africa
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous trips to the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - Research of the area of Lake Ngami.
1851-1856 - Research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - Exploration of the Zambezi River, Lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on a geographical map
The waterfalls on the Congo River and the city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.
Name on a geographical map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich
(1846-1888)
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to Canary Islands and in Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of indigenous people South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.
Name on a geographical map
The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.
Also, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay Russian Academy Sciences.
NANSEN Fridtjof
(1861-1930)
Norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted through the Arctic Ocean from New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on a geographical map
An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - "Journey beyond the three seas."
PIRI Robert Edwin
(1856-1920)
American polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on a geographical map
peninsula on far north Greenland is called the Land of Piri.
