Which object is not geographical. What are geographic features? What is a geographic feature

Geography is a science that studies the surface of the planet Earth as an environment where mankind arose and develops. Everyone is familiar with the earth's surface. People live on it, run a household, they travel on it. The earth's surface is remarkably diverse. It consists of many dissimilar sections (elements): continents and oceans, mountains and plains, rivers and lakes. Unique look the earth's surface is also given by what is on it: forests, cities, etc.

Geographic features- this is the name of the elements of the earth's surface with everything that is located on them. Studying geographical objects, the science of geography answers several questions:

What is a geographic feature? To study a geographical object, first of all, you need to determine what it is - a lake or a pond, a factory or a school, a lowland or a mountain. Geographical objects can be natural (natural) - continents, islands, seas, rivers, mountains or anthropogenic (artificial) - buildings, roads, ports, pipelines.

Where is the geographical feature located? For geography, it is very important to determine the position of an object on the earth's surface. It depends on it appearance and properties (for example, people's dwellings in warm and cold regions of the Earth are absolutely different).

What does a geographic feature look like? The image of a geographical object is its most important characteristic. For many objects, the image is so vivid that a glance is enough to remember them well (for example, Mount Fuji in Japan, New York skyscrapers, Egyptian pyramids or the Kremlin in Moscow).

For practical purposes, vivid impressions alone are not enough. Therefore, geographical objects are carefully described, defining their main properties. In mountains, this is the height and steepness of the slopes. Rivers have width, depth and speed of flow. Buildings have the area they occupy, height and shape.

Toponym

Toponym(from other Greek τόπος (topos) - "place", and ὄνομα (onoma) - "name, name") - a proper name denoting the name (identifier) ​​of a geographical object. Toponyms are studied by the science of toponymy.

Types of toponyms

Among toponyms, various classes are distinguished:

• Horonyms - the names of any territories, regions, districts
• Astionyms - names of cities
• Urbanonyms - names of intracity objects
• Godonyms - street names
• Agoronyms - names of squares
• Dromonyms - names of communication routes
• Hydronyms are geographical names of water bodies, including:
  - Pelagonyms - the names of the seas
  - Limnonyms - names of lakes
  - Potamonyms - names of rivers
  - Gelonyms - names of swamps, wetlands
• Oronyms - names of raised landforms (mountains, ridges, peaks, hills)
• Oikonyms - names of settlements
• Microtoponyms - the names of small objects (lands, tracts, hayfields, pastures, swamps, cutting areas, burnt areas, pastures, wells, springs, whirlpools, rapids, etc., usually known only to a limited circle of people living in a certain area)
• Geonyms - names of roads, driveways, etc.

In toponyms (especially hydronyms), archaisms and dialectisms are persistently preserved, they often go back to the substratum languages ​​of the peoples who lived in this territory in the past, which allows them to be used to determine the boundaries of the settlement of ethnic communities (for example, the Slavs in Europe or the Turkic peoples and ethnic groups in Ukraine).

Any science can be interesting if it is taught with better side. For example, how do you explain to students what geographic features are? Most likely, students will not be interested in hearing the phrase itself. Geographical features are everything that exists in the surrounding world: rivers and seas, cities and villages, mountains and valleys, deserts and jungles.

Geographic feature. What is this?

In geography, this is one of the most interesting and simple topics. Why? You do not need to memorize any terminology, it is enough to understand what can be meant by this phrase. And there are many examples.

Any student can name their favorite places - geographical objects. He can give even the most common examples. Did you remember fishing on the Oka River or a walk in the reserve this summer? This means that the objects will be the Oka River and the reserve.

Mother Russia, you are the most beautiful!

At all times, our country was considered one of the most beautiful. Today, many geographical objects of Russia are a reason for admiration for both their compatriots and tourists. To make it easier to understand, you can give examples in order. It is more logical to start with the main cities of the country.

The capital of Russia is the city of Moscow. A huge metropolis in which there are many amazing places: the Moscow metro (considered one of the largest in the world), Tretyakov Gallery, Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Cathedral of Christ the Savior. There are also quite a lot of attractions in the Moscow region. Geographical objects can be called any cities, towns, villages.

St. Petersburg is the second capital. It is famous for its location almost on the island that surrounds The Gulf of Finland. The surroundings of the city delight the eye not only with man-made objects, but also with nature and sea air.

By the way, the Gulf of Finland, Kronstadt (city district of St. Petersburg) are also geographical objects. Numerous examples can be cited: the monument to Peter the Great, the cruiser Aurora, Sea port and so on.

Earth objects on the territory of the Russian Federation

Natural geographic features are any rivers, lakes, forests, mountains, steppes, even caves and mines.

Reservoirs. Volga and Lena rivers, Lake Baikal, Black and Barents Seas, Northern Arctic Ocean, the holy spring of Seraphim of Sarov, reservoirs, waterfalls, springs. There are a lot of rivers and lakes in Russia, which not only provide water for the needs of people, but also delight beautiful places. Many people come to fish, relax, swim. It is impossible to live without reservoirs.

Mountains, plains, forests. Siberia is what is untouched. Thanks to the fierce climate, nature has remained almost unchanged. The objects in the eastern part of Russia are considered to be the tundra and taiga. It is also worth recalling the stunning mountains in the Altai Territory.

Above were the famous and largest geographical objects of Russia. You can list them ad infinitum.

Exotic countries

Every country has its attractions. It is not necessary to repeat what geographic objects are. This will be redundant. Below are just the most interesting places on the planet.

Egypt. Who does not know about the pyramids in Luxor (near the capital of Egypt, Cairo)? And all the students from the 7th grade know about the Sahara Desert. great river Nile, which is the only source drinking water for a dry country.

Poland, Austria, Hungary, Scotland and other European countries. Not only geographical, but also cultural and historical objects can be called Gothic buildings, entire cities that retain the atmosphere of the Middle Ages to this day.

Australia. A very distant country located in the southern hemisphere. The main geographical features of Australia are the capital Sydney and two oceans: the Pacific and the Indian.

India, China, Vietnam, Thailand. These countries are famous for the fact that the inhabitants of the states are Buddhists. A lot of objects are connected with faith: Mecca, Nepal. Hindus build monasteries in the mountains. These are also geographical objects, as often tourists and lovers of oriental knowledge consider such places to be sights, objects of visit.

Is it worth listing other countries to give a lot of examples? You can find any information about all objects.

Unusual places and information about them

On Earth, there are several amazing places that nature itself has created. Man can only wonder. Below will be given information about a geographical object that remains a mystery to everyone.

Bermuda Triangle. A mysterious object located in one of the districts Atlantic Ocean. Puerto Rico and Florida are geographic features that are essentially the vertices of a triangle. Yes, the same famous bermuda triangle! In this zone there are unexplained phenomena: disappear vehicles and people. It doesn't matter if an object is moving in air or water, it will disappear anyway. It is still a mystery how this happens.

There are other amazing places on the planet.

Afar basin. This geographical feature of the Earth is the hottest place. Some people call hell on our planet. There is a basin between Ethiopia (Afar region) and Eritrea.

The climate here is the hottest and driest. At the bottom of the basin, lava can be seen that can melt the stones that come across it on the way. It is risky for tourists and residents to be in such a place.

Pamukkale in Turkey. In the southwest of Turkey, in the province of Denizli, there is amazing place These are "cotton locks". The water flowing down from the tops of the mountain forms beautiful walls and bowls thanks to the limestone. Tourists, having visited this amazing place once in a lifetime, remember it for a lifetime.

There are many more on earth extraordinary places not only anomalous, but simply very beautiful.

Location of objects

There is such a thing as an object. What does it mean? Modern smartphones and navigators, as well as google maps are equipped with the function of entering the coordinates of the destination. Enter degrees, minutes, seconds.

In geography lessons at school in grade 7, students are introduced to the concepts of latitude and longitude. They must have a starting point. Greenwich is considered - longitude starts from it. Increasing towards the east.

Latitude starts at the equator, that is, where the middle of the Earth is located between the South and North Poles. From the equator to the North Pole - degrees with a positive value, and from the equator to the South - with a negative value.

But one degree will not be enough. The planet is huge, and the desired geographical object (destination point) is most likely very small, so additional values ​​\u200b\u200bare introduced - minutes and seconds.

Objects of our planet

As mentioned above, any place on the planet can be considered geographical objects. But it is not mentioned that invisible objects can also be attributed to this topic. What exactly? For example, in the ocean there is a whole or underwater caves. Or maybe someone knows about underground ant cities? They are also geographic features. These are just a few examples. Pupils can only think on their own on this topic and name those objects that have not yet been mentioned in the article.

Spring is coming and the desire for change is coming. So you want to change the usual environment and go somewhere on a trip. There are many unique interesting places worth seeing with your own eyes. We will give some of them - the most unusual, the most extraordinary.

1. The most high mountain In Canada

In Canada, the highest is Mount Logan with a height of 5959m. it belongs to the Saint Elias Ridge system located in the southwestern Yukon Territory. The name of the mountain was given in honor of William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist

2. Most Southern City in the world

Ushuaia (Argentina) is the southernmost city in the world. The population of this provincial capital Tierra del Fuego is 45 thousand people.

3. The most low point Africa

At 155 meters below sea level, Lake Assal in Djibouti is the lowest point in Africa.

4. Most big lake on an island in a lake

The system of these lakes resembles a nesting doll - in Canada, Manitoulin Island is located on Lake Huron, and Lake Manitou is located on Manitoulin Island. Manitou turns out to be the most big lake in a lake with an area of ​​104 square kilometers.

5. richest city in the world

Most richest and most beautiful city peace - Dubai. It is not at all difficult to buy a tour to Dubai cheap, and therefore this city is also the most visited in the world. Interestingly- its population is 80% foreigners.

6. Most long lake in the world

Lake Tanganyika is located on the border of Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi and Democratic Republic Congo and is most longest in the world. It was discovered in 1858 by English explorers John Speke and Richard Burton. The lake is interesting not only for its length (673 km), but it is the second in the world in terms of depth (1470 m) and water volume. Tanganyika is also famous for its interesting and diverse fauna, bright and unusual fish.

7. Most high waterfall in Africa

On the territory of the Republic of South Africa in dragon mountains Tugela waterfall is located. Here, from a height of 948 meters, water falls in five cascades. The largest cascade has a height of 411 meters.

8. The most deep depression on Earth not filled with water

About deep sea ​​trenches we have heard a lot, but there are also the deepest faults on the surface of the Earth. Most the deepest of them was discovered in Antarctica in 1961. deepest point the Bentley depression is 2540 meters below sea level and is completely filled with ice.

9. The highest peak in the Scandinavian mountains

IN Scandinavian mountains most high peak is Galldhøpiggen. This 2469-meter mountain was first climbed in Norway in 1850 by Arnesen, Flaatten and Solheim.

10. The longest river in Eurasia

The most full-flowing and long river in Eurasia is the Yangtze. She carries her water from sources in Tibet to East China Sea through the territory of China for 6300 km.

11. The longest braid in the world

The longest spit in the world is located in Ukraine. Arabat arrow, located on the Crimean peninsula, 112 km long and 270 m wide to 8 km separates from Sea of ​​Azov Sivash bay.

12. Most Small town in the world

Geography has always been easy for me, and even studying it in depth at the institute, I literally "grasped everything on the fly." concept "geographic feature" includes quite a lot, so I will try to classify them and, in fact, explain what it is.

What does the term "geographical object" mean?

Geography is a science that studies our planet as the environment in which mankind arose and developed. The surface of the planet is quite familiar: we live on it, we farm and we travel. It is absolutely senseless to deny that this surface is very diverse, and in places it is completely surprising. It contains an innumerable variety of plots - elements: lakes, oceans, forests and so on. Give a special look to our planet and man-made elements - cities, highways and more. The totality of all elements is called geographical objects, and science, studying them, answers a number of questions:

• what is the object;
• Where it is located;
• what does he look like.

Definition object location very important, because it depends on how it looks and what properties it has. For example, a person's home in northern regions different from housing southern regions.

Another extremely important characteristic - the image of the object. Some of them have such a vivid image that they are remembered literally at first sight. For example, the Eiffel Tower, Mount Everest or Pyramids of Egypt. However, one impression is not enough, and therefore all objects are carefully described with an indication characteristic properties. Rivers differ in depth and width, and mountains in height and inclination of slopes.

Toponyms

This term isobject identifier, and the corresponding science - toponymy, studies the semantic origin and meaning geographical names. It should be noted that this science belongs to integral disciplines that are, as it were, at the junction of many sciences, and are used in various fields. talking plain language, toponyms - familiar names to us oceans, cities, forests, mountains, plains and so on. Even the name of the street is also a toponym. In fact, there is no unified classification, but there is a classification of toponyms according to several criteria:

• by type of designated object;
• on a linguistic basis;
• By historical significance;
• by the structure of the object;
• by area occupied.

The main purpose of any name geographical feature- its fixation at a certain point on the surface of the Earth.

Any science tends to be interesting if it is taught interestingly. For example, how to teach children to talk about geographical objects? It may not be very interesting for children to hear this phrase. After all, the term "geographical objects" is a generalized name for miraculous, as well as artificial objects of the surrounding world. For example, seas, rivers, oceans, deserts, jungles or forests.

A little about the term

IN modern geography this topic is one of the simplest and most interesting. You will ask why?" The ease of the topic is due to the fact that you do not need to memorize any complex or unusual words. It is enough for students to understand what is meant by this phrase. It is noteworthy that we meet examples almost every day.

What geographical features can we name? For example, it can be favorite places in nature. Walk in botanical garden or in your favorite park, reserve. Therefore, the object will be a park, garden or reserve.

Main geographic features

These unique stunning places attract great attention not only from Russians, but also from foreigners from all over the world. Is it possible that somewhere in our Russia there are such places that can surprise any, sometimes very sophisticated tourist?! Indeed, such places exist. You just need to look at the world around you. Here is a short list of the main geographical objects in Russia. Here you can see how the world Famous places, and little known:

• lake Baikal;
• forests in the Komi Republic;
• valley of geysers in Kamchatka;
• lake Seliger;
• whale alley on the Chukotka Peninsula;
• Tsey gorge in North Ossetia;
• waterfall Kivach in Karelia;
• Ubsunur basin in the Republic of Tuva;
• volcanoes of Kamchatka;
• Lena Pillars;
• the Putorana plateau;
• Wrangel Island;
• Caucasian Reserve.

We have presented to your attention the main geographical objects of Russia. Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Lake Baikal

The biggest source fresh water on Earth, the depth of which is more than one and a half kilometers. Scientists have calculated: if the entire volume of Baikal water is divided into all citizens of our country, then each of us will get about 2.5 thousand railway tanks with clean water. Despite the fact that this is a lake, it is famous for strong storms. The height of the Baikal wave reaches 5 meters. No swimmer has crossed the lake yet. First, it's a huge distance. Secondly, average temperature the upper layers of the reservoir, even on the hottest days, is only 8-10 degrees.

Although this lake is cold, this does not prevent a huge number of unique and endemic plants, fish and animals from living in it. Scientists from the institute, located on the shore of the lake, considered that more than 27 species of fish live here. Not only domestic politicians, but also foreign pop and movie stars rested at the geographical object Baikal. For example, James Cameron celebrated his 51st birthday on the shore of Lake Baikal. And one more useful and important fact: 336 rivers flow into our lake, and only one flows out. This is a cold and stormy river Angara.

We continue to study the names of geographical objects and their properties.

Altai mountains

From the Turkic language, the word "Altai" literally sounds like "golden mountains". It was in this region that the borders of Russia converged with Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan. And in 1998, UNESCO decided to declare Altai a site world heritage. This place is famous for the state biosphere reserve, the buffer zone of Lake Teletskoye and many other geographical objects. The Altai Mountains are over 2000 km long mountain range. It is adjacent to more than 3.5 thousand lakes. One of them is Teletskoye. Filled with pure fresh water. The water here is very clear. It is partially included in the Altai Reserve and in the UNESCO list.

These geographical objects - the mountains of Altai - are considered the cleanest in Russia. In these parts there is no railways and polluting industries. 1402 glaciers have been discovered in the mountains. Their total area- 910 square kilometers are potential reservoirs of fresh water. It is noteworthy that the rivers different time years change their color, and some historians believe that tigers lived in the Altai mountains until the 19th century.

Krasnoyarsk pillars

This type of geographical object is an outgrowth of a syenite body. Limestone, shale and sandstone are washed away from these rocks by rain, and these substances are also weathered from rock. Under the influence of atmospheric processes, the rocks took on bizarre shapes. Their height ranges from 60 to 90 meters. The highest of them are the pillars: Second, Savage, Fortress. Remarkably, they are still growing. The very first mention of pillars dates back to 1851. Found them pupils of the local shelter. They explored the area. Since then Krasnoyarsk pillars not alone. Every summer, thousands of tourists and rock climbers flock to these places.

Caucasian Reserve

One of the largest nature reserves. It is made up Krasnodar region, Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Adygea. An amazing geographical feature. On its lands it has rare species of plants and animals. Have you ever wondered why the air in Sochi is so good for the lungs? The thing is that the Caucasian Reserve is considered the "lungs" of the city of Sochi. It is from these mountains, rivers and forests in Sochi that the air is not only fresh, but also healthy.

Kamchatka volcanoes

This region in Russia is considered one of the most seismically active. Therefore, the main attractions in Kamchatka are volcanoes, which are even marked on the coat of arms and flag. These geographic features are included in the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is very difficult to say how many volcanoes there are in Kamchatka. According to various sources, their number varies from a few hundred to thousands! Most researchers of these regions agreed that there are at least 300 of them.

The highest volcano is Klyuchevskoy. Its height is almost 5000 meters. It is the highest not only in Kamchatka, but throughout Eurasia! And its age is more than 8000 years! The first eruption that was recorded dates back to the end of the 17th century. Since then, it has erupted once every 5 years. It is generally accepted that a serious danger to nearby settlements he does not carry.

Conclusion

So, we told you about the various natural objects our homeland. If at the lesson the teacher tells you: "Name the geographical objects", then after reading our article there will be no difficulties with this topic. Remember that these are all natural objects that surround us: any river, mountain, cave, volcano, forest - all this will be an example on this issue. There are also larger objects, such as continents and oceans. They are carefully researched, described, and also their main property is determined. For a mountain, height and steepness are important. The river is characterized by width, depth, and also the speed of the flow.

Geographical objects are also considered man-made structures. For example, the Kremlin or Egyptian pyramids, as well as the skyscrapers of New York.