Where is the deepest depression located? Where is the deepest place in the world

IN Everyday life we get used to the fact that the earth is flat and level. Pits on the roads seem to be a personal insult, a depression of 10-20 meters is a serious foundation pit. But behind this routine, we sometimes forget that the relief of our planet is very heterogeneous. We have already talked about high points, and now it's time to look at reverse side this problem and find the deepest place on Earth.

Underwater depths

One of the creatures from the Mariana Trench. It's alive and quite happy

It may seem like a funny paradox, but some of the deepest points on Earth are located under water. It is in the ocean that numerous trenches are hidden - faults of lithospheric plates. Filled with water, they turned into Amazing places completely different from the world we are used to. Many kilometers of water creates incredible pressure, not a single, even the most nimble sunbeam can pass through this barrier. As a result, it is very dark and hard in there.

There are quite a few such points in the world, but the most impressive of them are known to everyone:

1. Mariana Trench . Its bottom is the deepest point Pacific Ocean and the ocean in general. Many times they tried to accurately determine its depth, and according to the latest data, it is 10994 meters. This value is difficult to comprehend, but for comparison - the height of Everest, the most high mountain, is a little more than 8800 metro. Thus, our planet is rather deep than high.
2. Trench Tongo. The second deepest and much less studied trench. Its deepest point is at 10882, only 100 meters less than the Mariana Trench. It turns out that the difference between the two deepest gutters is about 1%. Not so much. But if in depth he loses, then in another he is the first. For some reason, in this place the plates move an order of magnitude faster than in other places. The speed of movement is about 25 centimeters instead of the prescribed 2.
3. Philippine Trench. The third deepest point in the oceans. Maximum value is 10265 meters, which is clearly less than that of the Mariana Trench and the Tongo Trench.

It's funny that these trenches are quite well studied, unlike most of the seabed. People imagine what is happening on about 5% of its area, while the rest of the places elude our attention.

At the same time, the gutters hide many secrets. For example, earlier people did not even think that at such a pressure, without light and oxygen dissolved in water, someone could exist. But the expeditions nevertheless found there quite cheerful, although strange creatures. And this is just one of the many surprises that human nature has prepared.

wells

Despite the fact that the underwater faults and trenches created by nature itself stagger the imagination, the deepest place is still the work of man. And these are wells.

This is what KS-3 looks like from the outside. And under the cover - 12 kilometers of puncture

If a fault is an open open wound on the body of the planet, then a well is rather a trace from a prick with the thinnest needle, but sometimes they can bring no less surprises and unexpected data. And the following wells boast the most impressive depth:

1. Kola superdeep well. Its total depth is 12263 meters. At the same time, the diameter of the outer part of the well is only about half a meter. The purpose of creating this well was to obtain new data on the structure of the earth's crust. And scientists got them in full. The study of this place brought them an incredible amount of new and unexpected information, which significantly influenced people's ideas about the structure of our planet.
2. OR-11. Another well created by Russian engineers. It refers to the Sakhalin-1 project, within the framework of which the field was explored. Its depth is 11345 meters, a very impressive achievement. A total of 10 wells were drilled under this project.
3. BD-04A. This well, located in Qatar, was created with one very specific goal - to explore the oil field. Exploration required certain efforts, first of all, the creation of one of the most deep wells- 10092 meters.

It turns out that the deepest place on the planet is still the fruit of human hands. And let this puncture be infinitely small, the achievement cannot but rejoice.

Our planet never ceases to amaze us and present new amazing stories About Me. Below is a list of ten interesting and some of the deepest places on Earth.

El Zacatón - the deepest in the world sinkhole filled with water. It is located in the northeast of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Its diameter on the surface is approximately 116 m, total depth 339 meters. The temperature of the water in the funnel is 30°C and smells slightly of sulfur. This place is very popular among divers.

Tagebau Hambach is a quarry used for brown coal mining. Located in Elsdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was opened in 1978. It is the deepest open mine in the world, the depth of which is about 370 meters, area 33.89 square kilometers.

Woodingdean is an eastern suburb of Brighton and Hove located in East Sussex, England. It is notable for the fact that on its territory there is the deepest well in the world, dug by hand between 1858-1862. The depth of the well is 392 meters.

Lake Baikal

Baikal - lake tectonic origin located in Russia, in the southern part Eastern Siberia, on the border between Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. It is the deepest lake in the world (maximum depth 1642 meters) and the largest natural reservoir fresh water. The age of the lake is estimated at 25–30 Ma. Its area is 31,722 km² (without islands), which is comparable to the territories of countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark.

Cave Krubera (Voronya) - the most deep cave in the world, located in the Arabica mountain range in Abkhazia. Its depth is 2 196 m. Is the only famous cave on Earth, which exceeds a depth of 2,000 m. Then she got her first name: Krubera cave, in honor of the Russian scientist A.A. Kruber.

Kidd Mine is a mine located in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. It is the deepest base metal mine in the world. Its maximum depth is almost 3 thousand m. It began operations in 1966 as a quarry, but over time turned into an underground mine, which still produces copper, zinc and several other metals.

The Litke Trough is an oceanic trench located in northeastern Greenland, 350 kilometers north of Svalbard. It is the deepest point in the North Arctic Ocean - 5449 m. For the first time, this chute was discovered and explored in 1955 by an expedition on the icebreaker Fyodor Litke. It ranks 20th among the deepest trenches in the world.

Milwaukee Trench or Milwaukee Deep - the deepest point Atlantic Ocean, located 122.3 km north of the coast of Puerto Rico. Its maximum depth is 8380 meters(according to unverified data 9560 m). The chute was named after the American light cruiser USS Milwaukee (CL-5), which first discovered it on February 14, 1939.

Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench - the deepest oceanic trench, as well as the least explored place on the planet, located in the western Pacific Ocean between Japan and Papua New Guinea, not far from Mariana Islands. It was first discovered in 1875 by a British expedition aboard the Challenger. Using sonar, the ship's crew then recorded a depth of 10,900 meters. According to measurements taken in 2011, the depth of the depression is 10 994 ± 40 m below sea level.

The well itself (welded). 2012

The Kola Superdeep Well is the deepest borehole in the world, located in Russia, in Murmansk region, about 10 km from the city of Zapolyarny. Its depth is 12262 meters; diameter of the upper part - 92 cm. It was laid down in 1970 and drilled exclusively for research purposes. It was originally planned to reach the mark of 16 thousand meters, but due to technical problems, as well as due to financial difficulties in 1991, work had to be stopped ahead of schedule. Now, due to financial difficulties and lack of state support, the issue of its final closure is being decided.

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Many people know that the most high point- this is Everest (8848 m). If you are asked where is the deepest point of the ocean, what will you answer? Mariana Trench- this is the place we want to tell you about.

But first I want to note that they never cease to amaze us with their riddles. The described place is also still not properly studied for quite objective reasons.

So, we offer you interesting facts about the Mariana Trench or, as it is also called, the Mariana Trench. Below are valuable photos from mysterious inhabitants this abyss.

It is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. This is the deepest place in the world, of all known today.

Having a V-shape, the depression runs along the Mariana Islands for 1500 km.

Mariana Trench on the map

An interesting fact is that the Mariana Trench is located at the junction: the Pacific and the Philippine.

The pressure at the bottom of the trough reaches 108.6 MPa, which is almost 1072 higher than the normal pressure.

Probably, now you understand that because of such conditions, it is extremely difficult to explore the mysterious bottom of the world, as this place is also called. Nevertheless, science community, since the end of the 19th century, has not ceased to study this mystery of nature step by step.

Exploration of the Mariana Trench

In 1875, an attempt was made for the first time to globally explore the Mariana Trench. The English expedition "Challenger" carried out measurements and analysis of the trough. It was this group of scientists who set the initial mark at 8184 meters.

Of course, this was not the full depth, since the capabilities of that time were much more modest than today's measuring systems.

Soviet scientists also made a huge contribution to research. An expedition led by the Vityaz research vessel in 1957 began its own studies and found that there is life at a depth of more than 7,000 meters.

Until that time, there was a strong belief that at such a depth life is simply impossible.

We invite you to see a curious image of the Mariana Trench on a scale:

Diving to the bottom of the Mariana Trench

1960 was one of the most fruitful years in terms of the study of the Mariana Trench. The Trieste research bathyscaphe made a record dive to a depth of 10,915 meters.

This is where something mysterious and inexplicable began. Special devices that record underwater sound began to transmit terrible noises to the surface, reminiscent of the grinding of a saw on metal.

The monitors registered mystical shadows, which in shape resembled fairy-tale dragons with several heads. For an hour, scientists tried to capture as much data as possible, but then the situation began to get out of control.

It was decided to immediately raise the bathyscaphe to the surface, since there were reasonable fears that if you wait a little longer, the bathyscaphe will forever remain in the mysterious abyss of the Mariana Trench.

For more than 8 hours, specialists have been extracting unique equipment made of heavy-duty materials from the bottom.

Of course, all the instruments, and the bathyscaphe itself, were carefully placed on a special platform for studying the surface.

What was the surprise of the scientists when it turned out that almost all the elements of the unique apparatus, made of the most durable metals at that time, were severely deformed and mangled.

The cable, 20 cm in diameter, lowering the bathyscaphe to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, was half sawn. Who and why tried to cut it remains a mystery to this day.

An interesting fact is that only in 1996 the American newspaper The New York Times published the details of this unique study.

lizard from the Mariana Trench

The German expedition "Highfish" also encountered the inexplicable mysteries of the Mariana Trench. While plunging the research apparatus to the bottom, scientists encountered unexpected difficulties.

Being at a depth of 7 kilometers under water, they decided to raise the equipment.

But the technology refused to obey. Then special infrared cameras were turned on to find out the cause of the failures. However, what they saw on the monitors plunged them into indescribable horror.

A fantastic lizard was clearly visible on the screen. giant size, who tried to gnaw the bathyscaphe like a squirrel nut.

Being in a state of shock, the hydronauts activated the so-called electric gun. Having received a powerful discharge of current, the lizard disappeared into the abyss.

What was it, fantasy of the possessed research work scientists, mass hypnosis, delirium of people tired of colossal stress, or just someone's joke - is still unknown.

The deepest place in the Mariana Trench

On December 7, 2011, researchers at the University of New Hampshire submerged a unique robot to the bottom of a research trough.

Thanks to modern equipment, it was possible to register a depth of 10,994 m (+/- 40 m). This place was named after the first expedition (1875), which we wrote about above: “ Challenger Abyss».

Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

Of course, after these inexplicable and even mystical secrets, logical questions began to arise: what monsters live at the bottom of the Mariana Trench? After all, for a long time it was believed that below 6000 meters the existence of living beings is in principle impossible.

However, later studies of the Pacific Ocean in general, and the Mariana Trench in particular, confirmed the fact that at a much greater depth, in impenetrable darkness, under monstrous pressure and water temperature close to 0 degrees, a huge number of unprecedented creatures live.

Undoubtedly, without modern technology, made of the most durable materials and equipped with cameras that are unique in their properties, such a study would be simply impossible.

As a summary, we can confidently say that at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, between 6000 and 11000 meters under water, the following were reliably found: worms (up to 1.5 meters in size), crayfish, a variety of bacteria, amphipods, gastropods, mutant octopuses, mysterious sea ​​stars, unidentified soft-bodied creatures of two meters in size, etc.

These inhabitants feed mainly on bacteria and the so-called "corpse rain", that is, dead organisms that slowly sink to the bottom.

Hardly anyone doubts that the Mariana Trench stores many more. However, the person does not give up trying to investigate it. unique place planets.

Thus, the only people who dared to dive to the "bottom of the earth" were the American marine specialist Don Walsh and the Swiss scientist Jacques Picard. On the same Trieste bathyscaphe, they reached the bottom on January 23, 1960, sinking to a depth of 10,915 meters.

However, on March 26, 2012, James Cameron, an American director, made a solo dive to the bottom of the deepest point in the oceans. Bathyscaphe collected all the necessary samples and made a valuable photo and video shooting. Thus, we now know that only three people have been in the Challenger Abyss.

Did they manage to answer at least half of the questions? Of course not, since the Mariana Trench still hides much more mysterious and inexplicable things.

By the way, James Cameron stated that after diving to the bottom, he felt completely cut off from the world of people. Moreover, he assured that there are simply no monsters at the bottom of the Mariana Trench.

But here we can recall a primitive Soviet statement, after a flight into space: "Gagarin flew into space - he did not see God." This led to the conclusion that there is no God.

Similarly, here, we cannot unequivocally say that the giant lizard and other creatures that scientists saw in the course of previous studies were the result of someone's sick fantasy.

It is important to understand that research geographical feature has a length of more than 1000 kilometers. Therefore, potential monsters, the inhabitants of the Mariana Trench, could well be located many hundreds of kilometers from the place of study.

However, these are just hypotheses.

Panorama of the Mariana Trench on Yandex Map

Another interesting fact may intrigue you. On April 1, 2012, Yandex published a comic panorama of the Mariana Trench. On it you can see a sunken ship, water plumes and even the glowing eyes of a mysterious underwater monster.

Despite the humorous idea, this panorama is tied to real place and is still available to users.

To view it, copy this code into the address bar of your browser:

https://yandex.ua/maps/-/CZX6401a

The abyss knows how to keep its secrets, and our civilization has not yet reached such a development as to “hack” natural mysteries. However, who knows, maybe one of the readers of this article in the future will become the very genius who will be able to solve this problem?

Subscribe to - with us interesting facts will make your leisure time extremely exciting and useful for the intellect!

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The Mariana Trench (or the Mariana Trench) is the deepest place on the earth's surface. It is located on western outskirts Pacific Ocean, 200 kilometers east of the Mariana Archipelago.

Paradoxically, but about the mysteries of space or mountain peaks mankind knows much more than ocean depths. And one of the most mysterious and unexplored places our planet is just the Mariana Trench. So what do we know about him?

Mariana Trench - the bottom of the world

In 1875, the crew of the British corvette Challenger discovered a place in the Pacific Ocean where there was no bottom. Kilometer after kilometer the rope of the lot went overboard, but there was no bottom! And only at a depth of 8184 meters the descent of the rope stopped. Thus, the deepest underwater crack on Earth was discovered. It was named the Mariana Trench, after the nearby islands. Its shape (in the form of a crescent) and the location of the deepest section, called the "Challenger Abyss", were determined. It is located 340 km. south of the island Guam and has coordinates 11°22′ s. sh., 142°35′ E d.

Since then, this deep sea trench. Oceanographic scientists have long tried to find out its true depth. Research different years gave different values. The fact is that at such a colossal depth, the density of water increases as it approaches the bottom, so the properties of the sound from the echo sounder also change in it. By using barometers and thermometers together with echo sounders on different levels, in 2011 the depth value in the "Challenger Abyss" was set at 10994 ± 40 meters. This is the height of Mount Everest plus another two kilometers from above.

The pressure at the bottom of the underwater crevasse is almost 1100 atmospheres, or 108.6 MPa. Most deep-sea submersibles are designed for maximum depth at 6-7 thousand meters. Since the opening deepest canyon, it was possible to successfully reach its bottom only four times.

In 1960, the Trieste deep-sea bathyscaphe, for the first time in the world, descended to the very bottom of the Mariana Trench in the area of ​​​​the Challenger Abyss with two passengers on board: US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and Swiss oceanographer Jacques Picard.

Their observations led to an important conclusion about the presence of life at the bottom of the canyon. The discovery of the upward flow of water also had an important environmental significance: based on it, the nuclear powers refused to dispose of radioactive waste at the bottom of the Mariana sinkhole.

In the 90s, the gutter was explored by the Japanese unmanned probe Kaiko, which brought samples of silt from the bottom, in which bacteria, worms, shrimp were found, as well as pictures of a hitherto unknown world.

In 2009, the American robot Nereus conquered the abyss, raising samples of silt, minerals, samples of deep-sea fauna and photos of inhabitants of unknown depths from the bottom.

In 2012, James Cameron, the author of Titanic, Terminator and Avatar, dived into the abyss alone. He spent 6 hours at the bottom, collecting samples of soil, minerals, fauna, as well as taking photographs and 3D video. Based on this material, the film "Challenge to the Abyss" was created.

Amazing discoveries

In a trench at a depth of about 4 kilometers is located active volcano Daikoku spewing liquid sulfur that boils at 187°C in a small depression. The only lake of liquid sulfur was discovered only on Jupiter's moon Io.

At 2 kilometers from the surface, "black smokers" swirl - sources of geothermal water with hydrogen sulfide and other substances that, upon contact with cold water are converted to black sulfides. The movement of sulfide water resembles puffs of black smoke. The water temperature at the point of release reaches 450 ° C. The surrounding sea does not boil only because of the density of the water (150 times greater than at the surface).

In the north of the canyon there are "white smokers" - geysers spewing liquid carbon dioxide at a temperature of 70-80 ° C. Scientists suggest that it is in such geothermal "boilers" that one should look for the origins of life on Earth. Hot springs "warm up" the icy waters, supporting life in the abyss - the temperature at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is in the range of 1-3 ° C.

Life beyond life

It would seem that in an atmosphere of complete darkness, silence, icy cold and unbearable pressure, life in the hollow is simply unthinkable. But studies of the depression prove the opposite: there are living creatures almost 11 kilometers under water!

The bottom of the sinkhole is covered with a thick layer of mucus from organic sediments that have been descending from the upper layers of the ocean for hundreds of thousands of years. Mucus is an excellent nutrient medium for barrophilic bacteria, which form the basis of the nutrition of protozoa and multicellular organisms. Bacteria, in turn, become food for more complex organisms.

The ecosystem of the underwater canyon is truly unique. Living beings have managed to adapt to an aggressive, destructive environment under normal conditions, with high pressure, lack of light, a small amount of oxygen and a high concentration of toxic substances. Life in such unbearable conditions gave many inhabitants of the abyss a frightening and unattractive look.

Deep-sea fish have incredible mouths, seated with sharp long teeth. High pressure made their bodies small (from 2 to 30 cm). However, there are also large specimens, such as the xenophyophora amoeba, reaching 10 cm in diameter. The frilled shark and goblin shark, living at a depth of 2000 meters, generally reach 5-6 meters in length.

Representatives live at different depths different types living organisms. The deeper the inhabitants of the abyss, the better their organs of vision are, allowing them to catch the slightest glimmer of light on the body of their prey in complete darkness. Some individuals themselves are able to produce directional light. Other creatures are completely devoid of organs of vision, they are replaced by organs of touch and radar. With increasing depth, underwater inhabitants lose their color more and more, the bodies of many of them are almost transparent.

On the slopes where the “black smokers” live, mollusks live, having learned to neutralize the sulfides and hydrogen sulfide that are fatal to them. And, which remains a mystery to scientists so far, under conditions of enormous pressure at the bottom, they somehow miraculously manage to keep their mineral shell intact. Similar abilities are shown by other inhabitants of the Mariana Trench. The study of fauna samples showed a multiple excess of the level of radiation and toxic substances.

Unfortunately, deep sea creatures die due to the change in pressure with any attempt to bring them to the surface. Only thanks to modern deep-sea vehicles it became possible to study the inhabitants of the depression in their natural environment. Representatives of the fauna unknown to science have already been identified.

Secrets and mysteries of the "womb of Gaia"

The mysterious abyss, like any unknown phenomenon, is shrouded in a mass of secrets and mysteries. What does she hide in her depths? Japanese scientists claimed that while feeding goblin sharks, they saw a shark 25 meters long devouring goblins. A monster of this size could only be a megalodon shark, which became extinct almost 2 million years ago! Confirmation is the findings of megalodon teeth in the vicinity of the Mariana Trench, whose age dates back to only 11 thousand years. It can be assumed that specimens of these monsters are still preserved in the depths of the failure.

There are many stories about the corpses of giant monsters thrown ashore. When descending into the abyss of the German bathyscaphe "Highfish", the dive stopped 7 km from the surface. To understand the reason, the passengers of the capsule turned on the lights and were horrified: their bathyscaphe, like a nut, was trying to crack open some prehistoric lizard! Only a pulse of electric current through the outer skin managed to scare away the monster.

On another occasion, when an American submersible was submerging, a scraping of metal began to be heard from under the water. The descent was stopped. When inspecting the lifted equipment, it turned out that the titanium alloy metal cable was half sawn (or gnawed), and the beams of the underwater vehicle were bent.

In 2012, the video camera of the unmanned vehicle "Titan" from a depth of 10 kilometers transmitted a picture of metal objects, presumably UFOs. Soon the connection with the device was interrupted.

Unfortunately, there is no documentary evidence of these interesting facts not available, they are all based only on eyewitness accounts. Every story has its fans and skeptics, its pros and cons.

Before a risky dive into the trench, James Cameron said that he wanted to see with his own eyes at least some of those secrets of the Mariana Trench, about which there are so many rumors and legends. But he did not see anything that would go beyond the cognizable.

So what do we know about her?

To understand how the Mariana Underwater Gap was formed, it should be remembered that such gaps (troughs) are usually formed along the edges of the oceans under the action of moving lithospheric plates. The oceanic plates, being older and heavier, "creep" under the continental ones, forming deep dips at the junctions. The deepest is the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates near the Mariana Islands (Marian Trench). The Pacific Plate is moving at a speed of 3-4 centimeters per year, resulting in increased volcanic activity along both of its edges.

Throughout the entire length of this deepest failure, four so-called bridges were found - transverse mountain range. The ridges were presumably formed due to the movement of the lithosphere and volcanic activity.

The gutter is V-shaped in cross-section, strongly widening upwards and narrowing downwards. The average width of the canyon in the upper part is 69 kilometers, in the widest part - up to 80 kilometers. The average width of the bottom between the walls is 5 kilometers. The slope of the walls is almost sheer and is only 7-8°. The depression stretches from north to south for 2500 kilometers. The gutter has average depth about 10,000 meters.

Only three people have been to the very bottom of the Mariana Trench to date. In 2018, another manned dive to the “bottom of the world” is planned at its deepest section. This time the well-known will try to conquer the hollow and find out what it hides in its depths Russian traveler Fedor Konyukhov and polar explorer Artur Chilingarov. At present, a deep-sea bathyscaphe is being manufactured and a research program is being drawn up.

Altitude can make you dizzy and make your heart beat wildly. However, much greater sensations can be obtained if you go down to the bottom of the ocean. Especially if you do it over a distance exceeding many kilometers. It is difficult to imagine how far down the most deep depression on the ground. And without a doubt, this is the Mariana Trench, which is also called the Mariana Trench for its outward resemblance to a crescent-shaped trench.

Location and size of the Mariana Trench

This trench is located near the Mariana Islands, in the western Pacific Ocean. This deepest depression on Earth was formed as a result of the fact that two tectonic plates converged. The deep-sea trench is approximately 2550 km long and 69 km wide. The depth of the depression is at least 11,000 m - the researchers cannot determine the exact figures, which is due to the large temperature difference in different layers, huge pressure and impenetrable darkness in the depression.

most deep point The Mariana Trench is considered to be the Chellenger, named after the research vessel of the same name, which sank to the bottom. You can even compare the height of the highest Mount Everest with the depth of the depression - Everest stretches upwards for almost 8900 km, which means that the mountain can completely go under water into this gutter, and from above it will still be covered with at least two kilometers of water.

human research

The Mariana Trench was first explored by man in 1960. It was during this period that underwater technology was created that could lower researchers to the greatest depth to get the required information. Such a technique was a bathyscaphe called Trieste, with the help of which an oceanologist from Switzerland, Jacques Picard, and a soldier, Don Walsh, sank to the bottom.

The surprise of the researchers knew no bounds, because at a depth of 10911 meters, which was then recorded, they found signs of life. It seemed to scientists a little strange, but still it is. The trench is so deep that the rays of the sun do not penetrate there, and therefore many inhabitants of the depression, which are flat fish and some other organisms, do not have eyes.

The next dive took place in 1995 - Japanese researchers already descended to the bottom of the Mariinsky Trench. And in 2009, a special Nereus apparatus descended to the bottom, which took some pictures and collected soil samples for research.

But the lowest point of the deepest trench on Earth was reached by director James Cameron, who made such a deep sea trip in 2012. He carefully prepared for the expedition, hoping to collect excellent material. He sank to the bottom in a bathyscaphe and collected so much information that he later managed to make a film about the deepest depression on Earth. The last measurement of the depth of the Mariana Trench was 11,035 meters. However, no matter how much scientists explore the Mariana Trench, there are still a lot of questions and various mysteries that I really want to solve.

The deeper you go under the water, the colder it gets there. But from the surface of the underwater abyss, approximately at a distance of 1600 meters, the water temperature warms up to 450 degrees, which is explained by the presence of hydrothermal sources here. This hot water contains many minerals capable of supporting life at such a depth. However, despite such a high temperature, water does not boil (as it should), and the reason for this is too high water pressure, the value of which exceeds the level of water pressure on the surface by 155 times.

Not less than amazing fact was the discovery by researchers of the incredible size of amoebae (called xenophyophores), which have a unique gift - they survive under the influence of many toxic substances and heavy metals. These single-celled creatures, for sure, acquired their size due to their habitat, but how they manage to not feel the influence of harmful substances that can kill any living creature on Earth is completely incomprehensible.

Close to hydrothermal vents in the deepest depression on Earth, scientists have found molluscs that don't seem to be here. How they manage to live under the highest pressure is also unclear. In addition, the sources located here release in environment hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly poisonous to shellfish. But even this they calmly survive (they convert sulfur compounds into a safe protein) and continue their lives in the deep layers of the Pacific Ocean.

The bottom of the depression is covered with a layer of slimy mud. That is, there is no sand, which is often found at the bottom of reservoirs, but the bottom is paved with crushed shells and the remains of sunken plankton. As the water works on all of this with tremendous pressure, all the residues simply turn into a slimy mud of an unpleasant color.

Scientists even managed to detect liquid carbon dioxide at the depth of the basin - in the deep layers of water this is considered a rarity. But perhaps thanks to thermal springs, called "white smokers", life could have appeared at the depth of the gutter.

Another surprising discovery was the discovery in 2011 in the Mariana Trench of four stone bridges, each of which is 69 km long.

Most likely, their formation occurred at the junction of tectonic plates - the Philippine and Pacific. One of the discovered bridges, which was found first, is very high - its highest elevation reaches 2500 m. Scientists are still struggling to determine exactly the cause of these bridges, but this still remains a mystery, like much in the history of the appearance of the Mariana Trench .