Ability to use different types of transport in the UK. Kvartalnov V., Romanov A.A. International tourism: politics. Features of transport infrastructure. Public transport

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND SERVICE"

(FGOUVPO "RGUTiS")

Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality

Department "Technology and organization of tourism activities"

COURSE WORK (COURSE PROJECT)

by discipline

"Transport service for tourists"

on the topic: "Transport infrastructure of Great Britain"

Completed by a student of the group SKD-08-3,

full-time education, Krupko Yu. K

Supervisor: Dukhovnaya L.L., Associate Professor PhD in Economics

Date of delivery: "_____" ________ 20___

Date of defense: "____" _________ 20__

Grade:__________________

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….1

CHAPTER I. Modes of transport in the UK…………………………………………………………………4

1.1 Air Transport……………………………………….....4

1.2 Water transport……………………………………………...10

1.3 Ground transport…………………………………………...13

CHAPTER II. Ways to deliver tourists ………………………….23

2.1 Development of tourism in Scotland……………………….…...….23

2.2 Method of delivery of tourists from Moscow to Edinburgh………….26

2.3 Method of transporting tourists from London to Edinburgh…………28

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….32

REFERENCES…………………………………………34

APPENDICES……………………………………………………35

Introduction

The Kingdom of Great Britain, more precisely the Kingdom of Great Britain (Eng. Kingdom of Great Britain) is a state located in Western Europe, formed as a result of the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England.

The state is located in the British Isles (the island of Great Britain and the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, a large number of small islands and archipelagos, the Channel Islands, the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands), washed Atlantic Ocean and its seas

Mountainous terrain prevails in the north and west - the North Scottish Highlands (up to 1343 m), the Pennine and Cambrian mountains; in the south and southeast - hilly plains. The climate is temperate oceanic, humid. Average temperatures in January are from 3 to 7 °C, in July 11-17 °C; rainfall up to 3000 mm per year in the west and 600-750 mm in the southeast. Main rivers: Thames - 334 km, Severn - 310 km, Trent - 298 km, Mersey - 109 km, Clyde - 170 km. The largest lakes: Loch Ness (square 56 km²), Loch Ney (square 396 km²). Forests (beech, oak, birch) occupy about 9% of the UK. Podzolic, brown forest and humus-calcareous soils are widespread in the soil cover of the country. The mechanical composition is dominated by clay and loamy soils.

The purpose of the work is to study the transport infrastructure of the UK.

Transport is a special sphere of material production. Unlike agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. Development transport infrastructure plays a huge role in the global economy, including tourism.

The fact that international and domestic tourism developed widely in England earlier than in other countries is due to a number of reasons, among which the higher economic level at that time compared to other countries and, accordingly, the higher standard of living of the population; rapid urbanization; the introduction of universal primary and the development of secondary and higher education; advanced labor legislation that established annual paid holidays for all employees and limited working hours. Also of great importance was the good development for that time of rail and sea transport, as well as proximity to continental Europe, convenient communication with it through the English Channel.

In England, favorable conditions have developed for the development of tourism: there are no areas in the country that are more than 120 km from the sea, that is, one to an hour and a half drive, many cities are located directly on the coast.

England has a varied landscape, and in each part of the country there are mountainous or hilly regions. A huge number of rivers and lakes. The population owns more than 400,000 sea and more than 100,000 river pleasure boats in private ownership.

England occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the density of the road network of 1580 km per 1000 km2 of territory (for comparison, in the European part of Russia 400 km per 1000 km2) and is second only to Germany in terms of the density of the railway network of 70 km per 1000 km2 of territory. The car park in the country exceeds 30 million (400 per 1,000 inhabitants and about 1.3 per family on average).

Most tourists travel around the country in private cars, and 1/4 on long-distance buses or by rail. Tourists stay in small old hotels (unlike modern hotels, which are called hotel, they retained the old name inn), in seaside boarding houses, at youth tourist bases, with relatives and friends; about 15% rent rooms with a boarding house from farmers.

Increasingly widespread are different kinds trailers (cars, motorhomes, etc.). By some estimates, they now have at least half of all tourists traveling by car.

Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the topic under study on present stage development of society is obvious.

The object of study is transport. The subject of the study is the transport infrastructure of Great Britain.

Objectives of the work: to explore the geography of transport; characterize the UK and analyze its transport infrastructure; explore existing mobility opportunities in the country.

CHAPTER I. Modes of transport in Great Britain.

1.1Air transport.

THE GREAT BRITAIN is an island state, therefore, all major transportation and trade are carried out using sea and air transport, the main transport hubs are seaports (the largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Goole and Harwich).

Air transport is developing rapidly. Since the 1980s air transportation of passengers and cargo has more than tripled. British Airways is a leading international airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country - the largest of them is Heathrow.

UK air transport services include the commercial transport of passengers, cargo and mail both within the country and around the world.

The main regulator in the industry is the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), an independent body that regulates both economic issues in the sector and issues of safety, consumer protection and space policy. In addition, the CAA provides advisory services to the government on aviation issues, provides economic and scientific research in the sector, and collects and processes statistical information.

The UK Department of Transport, which largely determines national policy in the field transport services, forms a long-term strategy in the air transportation sector, ensures its implementation, and also represents the interests of British aviation at the international level, implements state protectionism measures against British airlines operating in the international air transportation markets.

There are 471 airports in the UK. Among the largest of them are London Heathrow, London Gatwick and Manchester Airport, managed by the Manchester Airport Group, London Stansted Airport in Essex, 50 km north of London and Birmingham International Airport (Birmingham International Airport).

International flights arrive in London at Heathrow Airport, which is located 24 km west of the city, as well as at Gatwick Airport, 43 km south of the UK capital. Many international and domestic flights arrive at Stansted Airport to the east of London. (Table No. 2)

Heathrow is the largest international Airport London. It is considered the fourth busiest passenger airport in the world (2010). Located 24 km (15 miles) west of central London. Includes 5 passenger terminals and one cargo terminal. The last, 5th terminal, was opened on March 14, 2008 by Queen Elizabeth II, from April 11, 2008 it was closed for technical reasons until June 2008. Located 24 km (15 miles) west of central London near the southern border of Hillington. WITH north side the airport borders on Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford, on the east - Hounslow and Hatton, on the south - on East. Bedfont and Stanwell. To the west, the M25 separates the airport from Colnbrook in Berkshire.

The airport is located to the west of London and its runways are oriented west to east, which means planes must take off directly over the city. Other major European airports, such as those of Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Paris, are located in the south or north of the city, avoiding these problems. Another feature of the airport is its low location above sea level (25 meters), as well as frequent fogs.

Heathrow is one of two international airports located within Greater London, the other being London City Airport.

Heathrow is served by over 90 airlines that connect London with 170 airports around the world. The airport is a hub for British Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airways. [pic 2]

Heathrow handles 67 million passengers annually, 11% of which are domestic, 43% short-haul and 46% long-haul. The busiest destination is New York, over 3.4 million passengers were transported in this direction in 2006. There are 4 passenger terminals and one cargo terminal at the airport. The fifth passenger terminal, Terminal 5 is scheduled to open on March 27, 2008, but all buildings will be built only in 2010. The cheapest way to get from Heathrow to the city center is by tube (Piccadilly line). From all four airport terminals, trains depart every 4-8 minutes. The Heathrow Express trains take passengers from the airport to Paddington Station in the city center in 15 minutes. A ticket in first class costs 20 pounds, in a standard carriage - 10 pounds. Departures - every 15 minutes daily from 5 am to 10.40 pm.

London Stansted Airport is a large passenger airport with one runway and is the hub of a number of European low-cost airlines. Located in the Uttlesford area in the English county of Essex, 48 km northeast of London. Located 3 km from Bishops Stortford and 10 km from Harlow. It is London's third largest airport after Heathrow and Gatwick, and one of London's five international airports, with Luton and London City. The Stansted Skytrain runs from Stansted Airport to Liverpool Station every half an hour. The ticket costs about 10 pounds.

Edinburgh Airport is located 11 km west of the city. Planes fly from here to many European capitals and cities in the UK. Flights arrive every hour from London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports.

From Edinburgh Airport to the center of the capital of Scotland can be reached by bus. Two companies - Lothian Regional Transport and Guide Friday - offer their services, taking passengers from the airport to the Waverley Bridge in the city center. Buses leave every half an hour on weekends and less frequently on other days. The journey takes 30-45 minutes and costs between £3.20 (Lothian Regional Transport) and £3.40 (Guide Friday).

London City Airport (London city ​​airport) is an airport with a single dedicated short takeoff and landing runway serving mainly the business districts of London. Located in Docklands, Newham in East London, England, built by Mowlem in 1986/87. London City Airport is London's fifth largest international airport after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton.

London City Airport holds License No. P728 which allows passenger transport and aircraft piloting training for aircraft capable of a 5.5° or steeper approach.

There is a master plan for the development of the airport until 2030. The plan provides for a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per year without building a second runway or expanding the existing airport boundaries.

Gatwick Airport (Gatwick) is the second largest airport in London and the second busiest airport in the UK after Heathrow. It is the busiest airport in the world with one runway and the 22nd airport in the world in terms of the number of passengers carried (7th in terms of the number of international passenger traffic). Located in Crawley, West Sussex (originally Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km north of the city centre, 46 km south of London and 40 km north of Brighton.

Serves about 200 destinations, 34 million passengers used the airport, and 263,363 takeoffs and landings were made in 2006. Charter airlines do not serve Heathrow, so Gatwick is used as their base airport in London and southeast England. For the past 30 years, the airport has been used by airlines flying between the US and the UK due to airport restrictions under an intergovernmental agreement between the US and the UK. The airport is the base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic.

The airport is located 14 km from the M23 motorway, which connects to London with the M25 ring motorway. The London-Brighton road and the A217 also pass through Gatwick. Gatwick Airport's goal is to reach 40% passenger use on public transport by the time the airport reaches 40 million passengers a year (assumed to be in 2015), up from 35.3% in 2006.

Aberdeen Airport is the third largest airport in Scotland, one of the ten largest airports in the UK in terms of the number of takeoffs and landings. The airport is located in the Aberdeen suburb of Dyes, about 9 km northwest of the center of Aberdeen. 3.41 million passengers were served in 2007, which is 7.9% more than in 2006. The airport opened in 1934, it was supposed to link the northern islands of Scotland with London. During the Second World War, the airfield became the base of the Royal Air Force, during the Battle of Britain fighters were based here, which provided protection from German bomber raids from Norway, but the main purpose of the airfield was a reconnaissance base, aircraft from which photographed the location of enemy troops. The airport was nationalized in 1947 and taken over by the British Airports Authority in 1975.

Islay Airport - (also known as Glenegdale Airport) is located 8.3 km north-northwest of Port Ellen on the island of Islay (Islay) in the Inner Hebrides archipelago, off the west coast of Scotland. It is a small local airport, owned and operated by Highlands and Islands Airports Limited.

Barra airport unique airport with sandy runways for aircraft with short takeoff and landing characteristics. It is one of the ten most dangerous airports in the world. Located on the shores of the wide bay of Traigh Mhòr at the northern tip of the Isle of Barra, Outer Hebrides, Scotland.

Glasgow International Airport, formerly Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport is located 13 km west of the center of Glasgow, near the towns of Paisley and Renfrew in Renfrewshire, Scotland.

In 2006, 8,820,000 passengers used the airport, the highest number in Scotland. Glasgow International Airport became the first airport in Scotland to serve over 1 million passengers per month (in July 2004).

Prestwick is the largest commercially used airfield in Scotland (in physical terms), however, in terms of passenger traffic, it ranks only fourth in Scotland after Glasgow International Airport and the airports of Edinburgh and Aberdeen.

Edinburgh Airport is an international airport in Edinburgh, Scotland. The eighth largest airport in the UK. Located 13 km from the city center. The owner is the British company BAA, which also owns Heathrow, Gatwick and other airports.

The current terminal building was completed in 1977 by Scottish architect Robert Matthew. A new control tower was built in 2005.

As can be seen from the above information, air transport plays a major role in the development of the country and is an integral part of the commercial and social activities of the state.

1.2 Water transport.

Great Britain is an island state, therefore a significant role in the development of transport infrastructure is played by water transport, which performs a larger percentage of freight traffic.

Great Britain has always had the largest merchant fleet, today its position has been significantly weakened. Now in the field of merchant shipping there are 429 large-capacity vessels (more than 1 thousand GRT), carrying a total of 9.2 million GRT (or 9.6 million deadweight). Total as of the beginning of 2007. British shipping companies had more than 2 thousand sea and river vessels (from 100 tons) with a total deadweight of 20.8 million, 402 of which were registered in the United Kingdom (6.25 million).

The UK water sector has made major capital investments in the relevant infrastructure over the past 6 years, which can be seen primarily as a result of the application of European legislation and compensation for the lack of capital investments in the previous decade. In England and Wales, water transport has been privatized, in Scotland and Northern Ireland remained in state ownership. Significant investments have been made in England and Wales during this period, and various schemes for financing projects have been developed. Prior to privatization, British legislation made it difficult to develop new approaches and methods for financing infrastructure projects in line with industry and European requirements.

Also, 446 ships registered in other states and 202 ships under foreign flags, but registered in the UK, navigate through the ports of the United Kingdom.

Ferry shipping is carried out with neighboring countries such as France, the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Norway. Sea ferries also operate within the country, connecting England and Scotland with Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, Southampton with the Isle of Wight, as well as other less significant routes. Cruise trips operate from the UK around the world, mostly to ports mediterranean sea and the Caribbean region.

In Scotland, where water transport reorganization was recently carried out, but privatization did not pass, there were no large investment projects. Only recently have steps been taken to spend the funds in accordance with European legislation.

Every day, dozens of ferries and ships of different companies run between the continent and the cities of Great Britain - Dover, Portsmouth, Newhaven and others. The journey from Calais to Dover takes between half an hour and 90 minutes, depending on the distance and type of vehicle. From Newhaven to Dieppe - 4 hours, from Portsmouth to Le Havre - 5-7 hours.

The UK economy is highly dependent on the state of the national merchant marine. According to the Department for Transport and the UK Shipping Chamber, about 95% of the tonnage and 75% of the value of British foreign trade cargo, as well as up to 25% of domestic trade goods, is transported by water.

The British Register includes 649 ships with a displacement of over 100 so-called "long" tons; their total carrying capacity is 15 million tons. Among them:

149 vessels with a total deadweight of 5.5 million tons for the transport of oil, gas and chemicals;

453 vessels with a deadweight of 9.3 million tons hired as dry cargo and container ships;

47 passenger ships with a total deadweight of 100 thousand tons.

According to the British Statistics Office, 77% of ships owned by British companies are registered in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man or the British Overseas Territories.

There are more than 70 international sea trading ports of commercial importance in the UK, as well as more than 200 small port points where local cargo is handled, to serve sea merchant ships and passengers, as well as to handle cargo. More than 565 million tons of cargo (of which about 220 million tons are imported and 180 million tons are exported) are transshipped through British ports annually, and up to 30 million passengers are transported.

London hosts the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization, which is part of the UN structure, as well as representative offices of more than 120 ship-owning companies in the world. Here are the leading registered companies. In particular, the Lloyd's Marine Register, which is the oldest and second in the world (after the Japanese "Society Class NK") classification society, in which up to 20% of the tonnage of the world merchant fleet is registered.

1.3 Ground transport.

Great Britain is connected with the continent by a tunnel under the English Channel, two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

Road transport plays the most important role in domestic freight transport. Both London and Glasgow have subways.

The railroad network is shrinking. The total length of the lines is about 32 thousand km, 1/3 of the lines (in rural areas) are unprofitable, but kept for social reasons. The importance of river transport is also falling.

Railway transport.

The railway network consists of two independent parts located in Great Britain (16.2 thousand km) and Northern Ireland (0.3 thousand km). The first has been connected to the railway network of continental Europe since 1994 through a tunnel under the English Channel (Channel Tunnel). In London and some major cities, intra-city rail networks are well developed.

The UK railways are considered to be the oldest in the world. The country has five major expressways (West Coast, East Coast, Midland, Great Western and Great Eastern) radiating from London and connected to regional railway lines.

In the UK (with the exception of Northern Ireland), railway infrastructure (railways, train stations, stations, warehouses, signaling equipment, etc.) is owned by the non-profit company National Rail Network.

Passenger service is the responsibility of railway transportation companies, most of which operate on the terms of franchising contracts. Among them are First Group, National Express East Coast, Virgin Trains, etc.

The majority of passenger transportation companies do not own rolling stock provided under leasing agreements by rolling stock operating companies, the largest of which are Bombardier and Alstorm.

Cargo transportation is carried out by commercial companies-operators. The main one is "EWS".

Of the 16.2 thousand km of railways (in the UK, the gauge is 1435 mm), 4.9 thousand km are electrified, and 11.3 thousand km are double- and multi-track sections. The maximum speed limit on British Railways is 125 mph (200 km/h). On the lines "High Speed ​​1" the speeds achieved on the railway lines of the French "TGV" are allowed.

In Northern Ireland, rail passenger services and infrastructure are owned by Northern Ireland Railways (NIR), one of the few non-freight and wholly publicly owned companies in Europe. In 1996, it included two state-owned bus operators, Ulsterbus and Metro, under the common Translink brand.

Several cities in the UK have high-speed urban rail transport. The most famous is the London Underground, the oldest and longest track in the world. Also in London, there is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) light rail network, integrated with the metro. Underground metro is also available in Glasgow.

For the first three quarters of 2009, the volume of passenger transportation by rail. transport increased by 2.3% compared to the same period in 2006 and amounted to 31 billion passenger-km (I...III quarters of 2009 - 30.3 billion passenger-km). The volume of cargo transportation by rail in the first 9 months of 2009 decreased by 1.2% - to 66.6 million tons (for the same period in 2008 - 67.4 million tons). The analysis of the situation on the railway showed that the reasons for the ongoing accidents and violations of the train schedule are the unsatisfactory condition of the railway tracks and the inefficiency of the existing railway transport management system.

When traveling from the Continent to London by rail, the fastest way to cross the English Channel is via the Channel Tunnel. The road from Calais to Folkestone lasts just over half an hour, from Paris Gare du Nord to London Waterloo can be reached within three hours. British Rail trains depart four times a day from Victoria station in London to Paris by ferry on the Dover-Calais or Newhaven-Dieppe route across the canal. The route lasts approximately eight hours.

To improve the situation on the railways, the Labor government has developed a special plan for the development of the UK railways until 2010, according to which private investments of up to 40 billion pounds will be attracted to the industry. Art., which, together with budgetary financing of the industry as a whole, will amount to 73.5 billion f. Art. These funds will be mainly directed to the renewal and modernization of rolling stock, railway tracks, train traffic safety systems and railway stations in order to qualitatively improve the level of services provided and increase the attractiveness of railway transport among potential passengers in the face of tougher competition with other modes of transport.

If you are traveling from the Continent to London by train, the most fast way cross the English Channel - through the tunnel (Channel Tunnel). The journey from Calais to Folkestone takes 35 minutes, from Paris Gare du Nord to London Waterloo in 3 hours.

British Rail trains leave London Victoria station for Paris four times a day by canal ferry (Dover-Calais or Newhaven-Dieppe). The trip lasts about eight hours.

Edinburgh Central Station - Waverley. Daily, 16 trains arrive here from King's Cross Station in London. The trip takes about 4.5 hours.

Another Edinburgh railway station - Haymarket receives trains from Glasgow and other cities in the west and north of the country. It is 5 minutes by train from Waverley Station.

Automobile transport

Great Britain occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the density of the road network - 1580 km per 1000 km2 of territory (for comparison, in the European part of Russia - 400 km per 1000 km2) and is second only to Germany in terms of the density of the railway network - 70 km per 1000 km2 territory. The car park in the country exceeds 30 million (400 per 1,000 inhabitants and about 1.3 per family on average).

Great Britain is a highly urbanized country: 87% of the population lives in cities, including half in large ones (in London - about 8 million inhabitants).

According to sociological research, three-quarters of the economically active population of Great Britain spends their holidays outside their permanent place of residence, and most of them - within the country (about 25 million). The main flow of tourists departs from the most urbanized central regions to the sea coast of South-East England, to the resort areas of Brighton, Worthing, Seaford, Margate and others. About 15% of tourists go to the mountainous regions of Scotland and Wales, 8% rest on the banks of rivers and lakes in different parts of the country.

Road conditions in the UK are excellent. Roads in and around towns are often busy. Driving in the UK is on the left. The speed limit is 30 mph (50 km/h) on city streets and in royal parks. On the outskirts of cities sometimes - 40 miles / hour (65 km / h), as indicated by a round red sign. In rural areas, 60 mph (96 km/h) on regular roads and 70 mph (112 km/h) on highways. travel or railroads. Tourists stay in small old hotels (unlike modern hotels, which are called hotel, they still have the old name inn), in seaside boarding houses, at youth tourist bases, with relatives and friends; about 15% rent rooms with a boarding house from farmers.

Various types of trailers (autocars, car houses, etc.) are becoming more widespread. By some estimates, they now have at least half of all tourists traveling by car.

London

The intricate maze of streets, many of which are one-way, makes driving in London challenging.

Yield to pedestrians at zebra crossings. It is forbidden to park within the pedestrian crossing, the curb of which is marked with a zigzag line. It is forbidden to overtake other cars at the zebra crossings. The use of a sound signal is prohibited from 23.30 to 7 am.

There are many parking restrictions in London. In areas where the speed limit is 30 km/h, you may park at night no further than 25 yards (23 meters) from a working street light, but no closer than 15 yards (14 meters) from an intersection. On the "Red Roads" - very busy sections of the street with a red stripe, you can not even stop to drop off a passenger. It is much easier to assume that during the day you can not park anywhere except in paid parking lots or where there are no lines and prohibition signs. Otherwise, you risk being fined £100.

Edinburgh

The central street of the capital of Scotland - Princes Street crosses the city from west to east. Highway A1 leads to the city from the east coast. Landmark - Meadowbank Stadium. The route passes the suburbs of Musselburgh and Tranent, where traffic jams often occur. From the Scottish border, the A7 / A68 highway leads to the city through Newington, from the south-west - A701 and A702, from the west from Glasgow and Stirling - M8 and M9.

Paid parking is rare, they are quite expensive. In cars parked in the wrong place, the wheel is blocked, the car itself can be towed, and its return is not cheap. After 18:00, the parking situation improves: you can find a place near the hotel, even in the city center. In many places you will have to remove the car before 8 am, when the "rush hour" begins.

Road freight transport in the UK accounts for 82% of the total tonnage of transported goods and 62% of the total volume of cargo transportation, which is estimated at 150 billion. The average length of cargo transportation is 90...95 km. In the United Kingdom, 426 thousand trucks weighing more than 3.5 tons are registered, of which 16% weigh 38 tons. The total number of freight transport operators is 105 thousand, 84% of them have a fleet of no more than 5 trucks. Transportation of goods is mainly carried out by heavy vehicles. 88% of cargo is transported by vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 25 tons. The dynamics of cargo transportation by heavy vehicles is presented in Table. 1.

In 2004 there were over 96,000 buses in the UK, of which 16,400 were double-deckers and 43,200 were standard buses for 40 passenger seats and more. Almost all bus companies are private, with the exception of 17 which are owned by local authorities. There are 25 bus companies operating in London serving over 700 routes. Their activities were very positively affected by the introduction of a fee (£5) for entering the city center for cars with less than 9 passenger seats.

Public transport

In central London, traditional red double and single deck buses are the main means of transport, although there are now also many privately owned buses in a variety of colours. The main bus stops are marked with red letters "LT" (London transport). If the sign has the word "Request", the bus should be signaled to stop. [pic 1]

On some buses you have to pay the conductor when you find a seat, on others you have to pay the driver when you get on. London is divided into 6 transport zones arranged in concentric circles. The more zones you cross, the higher the fare. A ticket for one short trip costs 70 pence (£1 in the central area). The "Saver 6" ticket entitles you to 6 bus rides within zones 1-4 and costs £5.

There are many travel passes available to help you save money on the subway, bus, and Docklands Light Railway trains. You can buy them at metro stations and newsstands. They give the right to an unlimited number of trips on the metro and buses after 9.30 am on weekdays, and on weekends and holidays there is no time limit. They do not operate on night buses, buses to and from airports.

A One Day Travelcard costs between £3.90 and £4.70. A Weekend Travelcard is valid for a weekend or two days of holidays and costs £5.20-7. It gives the right to travel on night buses at the end of the first day of its validity. The Family Travelcard is valid for one day and entitles two adults with up to four children to travel. (2.30-3.10 pounds, for each child - 80 pence). A Visitor Travelcard is valid for 1 to 7 days and costs from £3.90. It comes with a coupon book that provides discounts for visiting various museums and attractions. It is only sold outside the UK. LT Cards (£5-7.50) are valid for 1 day with no time limit on all modes of transport except night buses, National Railways trains, Bakerloo Underground at stations north of Queen "s Park.

For £11 you can buy a booklet of 10 tickets to travel only on the Underground in central London at any time of the year.

The Millennium LT Card entitles Millennium Dome ticket holders to one day of unlimited time travel on the Underground, buses (except night buses), Docklands Light Railway and Croydon Tramlink trains, trains connecting central stations London with Charter and Greenwich, Millennium Express trains. Ticket price - 3.50 pounds.

In London, there are night buses (the letter "N" in front of the number) that operate from 23 to 5 in the morning. Main transfer points: Victoria, Westminster, Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square. Fares are slightly higher than on daytime buses. Weekly and monthly passes are valid on night buses, but the tickets mentioned above are not valid. When traveling outside the central zone, the ticket costs 1 pound and 1.50 pounds if the central zone is included in the itinerary.

A bus tour, which usually begins acquaintance with the city, allows you to see all the most important squares and streets, buildings and buildings in London - the objects of further individual visits by tourists. This is Westminster Abbey - the main church of the country, where from the 11th century. national celebrations take place, including the coronation of monarchs and mourning ceremonies; where are the tombs and monuments to great people - Newton, Dickens, Darwin, etc.

This is the Tower fortress, built in the 11th century. the leader of the Normans, William the Conqueror, which at various times served as a prison and a royal palace (you can see collections of ancient weapons in it).

This is Buckingham Palace, where the royal family lives; crowds of tourists gather here to watch the changing of the guard.

This is St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 17th century. of marble and granite, under its vaults are the graves of Admiral Nelson and Field Marshal Wellington.

These are the British Parliament and the famous towers adjacent to it - Victoria and the Big Ben clock; The hall of the 11th century has been preserved in the building. burned in 1852 the Palace of Westminster.

Transport system Scotland is developed exactly like English, that is, excellently.

You can get to Edinburgh by bus (for example, London-Edinburgh by National Express bus in 10 hours), by train, which is more expensive, but more convenient and faster (London, King's Cross platform - Edinburgh).

Public transport in Scotland is generally quite developed, but compared to other European countries, it is expensive. The Citylink bus company sells tourist passes that can be used on all the company's routes. [rice. 3] Scotland's rail connections are excellent, but they have limited service and are expensive. The roads are generally good and less crowded than the roads in England. Secondary roads may have only one lane and only a few gas stations located at a fairly large distance from each other. Hiking and cycling are very popular.

Metro

The London Underground, familiarly called "Tube" ("Pipe") - is a convenient and fast way to get around the city. Stations are marked with a round "London Underground" sign. Trains run both underground and on the surface - in the suburbs of London.

There are 10 lines in total, the Central, District, Northern, Metropolitan, and Piccadilly lines have branches. Going on the road, once again make sure that you are on the branch you need. The station has an electronic board that tells passengers the route and final stop of the arriving train, and some boards indicate when the next train will arrive.

A ticket for a single trip can cost between £1.50 and £3.50, depending on the number of transport zones you cross. When traveling outside the central "zone 1" ticket price - 0.90-2.20 pounds.

The metro operates from 5 am to 0.30 am. On Sundays, trains start running two hours later and finish an hour earlier. Intervals vary depending on the route and time of day, but, as a rule, do not exceed 10 minutes.

CHAPTER II. Methods of delivery of tourists.

2.1 Scotland.

Scotland occupies the northern part of the island of Great Britain and the adjacent islands. Scotland includes 790 islands, of which 130 are inhabited (the most famous are Shetland and Orkney in the northeast, the islands of Lewis, Harris, Skye, Mull, Islay in the archipelago of the Hebrides). The main territory from the west and north is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, from the east - North Sea, and in the south Scotland shares a land border with England.

Scotland - component United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Although Scotland has never been an autonomous or federal unit of Great Britain and is no longer a kingdom, it is not just a geographical or administrative area. Scotland can be considered as a separate country. The Scots defend their national identity and retain many institutions that are not found in England and other English-speaking countries. They have their own capital, Edinburgh, their own church, laws and courts, their own banks and banknotes. Scotland is mountains and lakes, in one of which there is a mysterious Nessie, bagpipes, whiskey and plaid skirts from under which, for some reason, men's legs are strangely visible. On the Scottish Textile Route, you will see how tweed and wool are made. The route of traditional Scotch whiskey passes through the Grampian Highlands.

Tourism in Scotland is a large business industry with a high proportion of family businesses, bringing more than £2 billion to the country's budget and providing 180,000 jobs. Three Hollywood films filmed in Scotland in 1995 - "Braveheart", "Rob Roy", "Loch Ness" contributed to the attraction of tourists from all over the world.

The entrepreneurial spirit of the Scots in attracting tourists is unparalleled. Skillfully using former achievements in the once flourishing industries, they adapted them to modern conditions, creating a fundamentally new image. IN different areas The Highlands of Scotland will offer you something that is the pride of this area. For example, in the picturesque valley of the Spey River, winding between two mountain ranges, tourists will find a whole range of recreational activities: whiskey tasting, visiting the park of the reserve, a water park and the real estate of the leader of the mountain clan. The revival of Celtic culture also played a significant role in the growth of interest in Scotland.

Transport problems have always largely depended on the terrain. Until good roads were built (end of the 18th century), small loads were transported on horseback, and heavy or bulky goods had to be transported by sea from one port to another. Soon the era of railways began, which greatly facilitated transportation in more populated areas located at low altitudes. However, in mountainous areas in the west and north of Scotland, the construction of railways was difficult, and the main mode of transport remained steamboat traffic along the coasts and lakes. Currently, road transport is predominant. Many railway lines were dismantled and steamboat services were cancelled. Air traffic plays a minor role, it is maintained only between the UK and some islands, but its development is hindered by fogs and strong winds.

It is a country of beautiful heather-covered mountain peaks, deep and chilling mountain lakes sprawling among fairy-tale castles and warm, soulful hospitality, most often expressed in the form of a glass of whiskey slowly sipped by the fireplace. The capital of Scotland, Edinburgh is a majestic and ancient city crowned with a castle towering high above the streets on a huge granite rock. And, of course, a traditional bagpiper in a plaid Scottish skirt plays a mournful song on his bagpipes outside the castle walls.

2.2 Delivery of tourists from Moscow to Edinburgh, Scotland.

The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh. The main areas of Edinburgh are Old city and New City. The city has many small shops selling souvenirs for tourists. Edinburgh is also full of cafes and restaurants, many of them decorated in the style of the Victorian era. Edinburgh is not just a beautiful ancient city, an image of medieval architecture, the streets of which keep memories of brave knights, and castles and palaces of its kings.

Despite the fact that Edinburgh has an international airport, there are no direct flights to this city from Moscow.

If you are determined to get directly to the capital of Scotland, bypassing London, you will have to fly one of the proposed transit options.

Although it is much easier and more convenient, and by the way, cheaper, to fly first to London, and from there take a train or bus to Edinburgh.

However, here are the fares including airport taxes per adult round trip economy class:

British Airways via London (Heathrow Airport) - $580

Air France via Paris (Charles de Gaulle Airport) - $900

SAS Scandinavian Airlines via Copenhagen - $590

From Edinburgh Airport

The airport is located 11 km west of Edinburgh. Planes fly from here to many European capitals and cities in the UK. Flights arrive every hour from London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports.

From Edinburgh Airport to the center of the capital of Scotland can be reached by bus. Two companies, Lothian Regional Transport and Guide Friday, take passengers from the airport to Waverley Bridge in the city centre. Buses leave every half an hour on weekends and less frequently on other days. The trip takes 30-45 minutes and costs between £3.20 and £3.40.

From Glasgow Airport

From Glasgow Airport to Edinburgh can be reached by Scottish Citylink Coaches buses, which leave twice an hour (on Sundays once an hour) to the bus station at St. Andrew Square in Edinburgh. The trip lasts an hour and ten minutes and costs about 6 pounds. Once an hour there is a bus to the bus station in Glasgow, where you can change to a bus to Edinburgh.

You can take a taxi in 15 minutes, paying about 12 pounds, from Glasgow Airport to Queen Street railway station and take a train to Waverley station in Edinburgh, which leaves every half an hour and takes 50 minutes. The ticket costs 6.70 pounds.

A cheaper option is to take a bus from Glasgow Airport to Buchanan Bus Station and from there walk five minutes to Queen Street Railway Station for trains to Edinburgh.

A taxi ride from Glasgow Airport to Edinburgh takes just more than an hour and will cost you £70.

There are direct flights to Edinburgh from airports in England, USA, Wales, Ireland, Canada, Scandinavia and many European countries. To all other points, you need to fly with a transfer through any European center, for example, London, Amsterdam, Frankfurt or Paris. Buses are the cheapest way to travel between UK cities. International trains run from Edinburgh Train Station.

2.3 Method of transporting tourists from London to Edinburgh, Scotland.

There are direct flights from London and other European cities to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Aberdeen, Inverness and Kirkwall, as well as from North America to Glasgow and Edinburgh. All domestic flights within the UK, as well as flights from Scotland to EU countries, are subject to a US$15 departure tax, and US$30 for other destinations, but this tax is usually already included in the ticket price. From Europe it is often cheaper to fly to London and then take a train or bus heading north. The flight from London to Edinburgh takes one hour, but if you add the travel time to and from the airport, the journey will take almost the same time as the train - 4 hours. Bus tours on long distance are usually the cheapest way to get to Scotland, and a number of private bus companies offer a lower price for their services than the state. Regular buses running between youth hostels across Britain also go to Edinburgh. A train from London can take you to Edinburgh in 4 hours, to Glasgow in five, but ticket prices are quite high. In Scotland, a ferry service connects Larne, near Belfast, and Belfast itself. In the summer there are also ferry services once a week between Aberdeen, the Shetland Islands and Norway, and twice a week between Aberdeen and Fairows. Those who have their own transport can use the main roads, which are noisy and have heavy traffic. Edinburgh is 600 km from London, which takes about 8 hours by car.

1. Bus. National Express

A direct bus takes 8.5 - 9.5 hours, with a transfer it can take 10-14 hours.

The cheapest tariff "funfare" is sold only on-line. Starts from £9 one way.

ISIC card and other discounts are not available. For a 30% youth discount (16-26 years old) you need to buy a card for £10, which is not profitable for one trip.

You can pay for tickets on-line or by calling +44 8705 808080 using American Express, Mastercard, Visa, Maestro (Switch) or Solo (additional fees apply for booking by phone).

Most tickets can be obtained as an e-ticket by e-mail. If this option is not available, a list of bus stations where you can pick up a ticket will be offered. When receiving a ticket, you do not need to present the credit card with which they were paid (i.e. the ticket can be paid from someone else's card).

Buses from London leave from Victoria coach station.

2. Night train - sleeper.

The train runs from approximately 11:45 pm to 7 am (the schedule varies slightly depending on the day of the week), but you can be on it from about 11:00 pm to 8:00 am. Station Euston.

On some dates, tickets for Bargain berths night trains are sold at a special rate - from £ 19 one way (which is more profitable than traveling by day train and spending the night in a hotel).

If there are no Bargain berths, then tickets are purchased in the same way as a regular ticket (see below) and cost from £89 round-trip. Some types of "sit-down" tickets can be used on a sleeper, subject to availability, by paying £34 one way at the station.

3. Day train.

It takes from 4 hours 10 minutes without transfers to 5-5.5 hours with transfers. On days when the road is being repaired (usually outside the tourist season on weekends), part of the road can be taken by bus or roundabout by train. When booking a ticket, you can see the number of transfers and travel time.

Trains usually leave from Kings Cross Station.

The minimum one-way fare is £12.50 (the more expensive ones are 19.50, 27, 29.50, 34 etc.).

The minimum round-trip fare is £25 (more expensive 36, 47, etc.). Usually round-trip tickets are cheaper, but sometimes it is cheaper to buy 2 one-way tickets than one round-trip. In any case, it's a good idea to check both options, as well as look at different days/hours of departure (if circumstances permit) in search of cheaper tickets.

They all refer to the same base and offer the same prices no matter which railroad company you use.

It is better to buy tickets in advance, the cheapest fares are sold out quickly and no later than 7 days before departure. Most cheap ticket round trip before train departure will cost £90.60.

4. Airplane.

British Airways fly from Heathrow, Gatwick and London City Airport from around £60 round trip.

British Midland (a partner of Lufthansa) flies from Heathrow from around £55 round trip.

Low cost airline Easyjet flies from Luton, Stansted, Gatwick airports. Minimum prices are £1 ticket + £10 tax one way.

Low cost airline Flyglobespan flies from Stansted from £5 + £15 tax one way

Scotairways from London City Airport from £71 round trip.

In addition to the price of the air ticket, you need to take into account the cost of the road to the airport. In addition, the cheapest tickets are usually for early or very late flights, when getting to / from the airport is especially difficult and expensive.

In Edinburgh, the bus to the airport from the center is about 30 minutes, £3.5 one way, £5 round trip.

London Heathrow airport:

Metro 40-60 minutes, £3-3.8 one way from the center.

Heathrow express 15 minutes, from £16 round trip.

Bus 45-60 minutes.

London Gatwick airport can be reached in 30 minutes by the Gatwick Express from £15.8 round trip.

To London Stansted airport - by Stansted express in 45 minutes from £15.3 round trip.

At London Luton airport, Thameslink train tickets start at £11.

Compact and neat, Edinburgh is like a city from a fairy tale, remembered for its impressive castle on a hill. Tourists in Edinburgh are left with an amazing impression of Edinburgh Castle, towering on a 133-meter cliff (the remnant of a long-extinct volcano). According to historical evidence, the castle has existed since the 11th century, but the first buildings on this site appeared almost 1400 years ago. In Edinburgh, an incredible, even for a Russian person, number of pubs and all kinds of drinking establishments, a huge number of students and various festivals held here make the city even more interesting both for the residents themselves and for tourists from all over the world.

Conclusion.

Thus, based on the results of the study, certain conclusions can be drawn. The UK has a fairly developed transport infrastructure. The UK government is committed to developing and implementing a unified national transport policy. The goals and principles of the implementation of the transport policy of Great Britain are inextricably linked with the tasks of general economic development, the domestic and foreign political situation of this country. Great Britain has an extensive network of highways, railways, maritime and inland shipping routes, as well as air routes. Transport services account for about 8% of the UK's GDP. The transport services sector, including related industries, employs about 1.4 million people.

The UK government considers transport infrastructure a strategically important sector of the country's economy, consistently implementing a long-term program for its development ("Future of Transport" White Paper) for the period up to 2011. The total cost of the program is estimated at 180 billion pounds.st. (£50 billion private investment).

As a rule, ships of cruise routes passing through the Northern and to the Baltic Seas around Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean.

Majority foreign tourists travelers arriving from Europe use the same transport routes as British tourists leaving the country, but travel less in private cars.

From non-European countries, tourists arrive by plane at Heathrow and Stanstad airports. There are regular flights between London and the airports of the USA and Canada, which transport up to 20 million passengers annually. Tourists also come to the sports matches that often take place in the UK, especially football ones.

The tourist resources of London are great and diverse; among European cities, only Paris and St. Petersburg can be compared with it. Its main resource is the city itself: the wide Thames with bridges crossing it, from which you can see the embankments lined with old houses, palaces and cathedrals; the central districts of London with huge squares, the most important of them - Trafalgar and Piccadilly, wide streets with modern commercial and office buildings (Oxford Street, Piccadilly, Strand and Regent Street); the City area, where the main British banks (there are 200 of them) and the Stock Exchange, where narrow streets with tall buildings that house various offices, where St. Paul's Cathedral and dozens of other churches of the 17th century are located.

The dynamically developing transport infrastructure contributes to the development of tourism in the country. As we know, Great Britain has always been distinguished by fabulous landscapes and green plains, ancient castles and Scottish bagpipes. The country has an amazing mix of past and present, with modern airports, double-decker traditional English buses, and punctual vintage trains from King's Cross Station in central London.

Bibliography.

1. Gulyaev V. G. "Tourist transportation" - M .: Finance and statistics, 2001.

2. Ilina E. N. "Management of transport services." - M.: RMAT, 2005

3. V.A. Kvartalnov. "Foreign tourism." - M.: Finance and statistics, 2005

4. Kvatalnov V.A., Romanov A.A. "International tourism: development policy: Textbook.2" - M .: Soviet sport, 2005.

5. Kuznetsova S.I., Yankovich L.V. “Aviatourism and the tourist air transportation market: Method, recommendations.” - M.: RIB Tourist, 2005.

6. Pavlov E.L. "The Current State of Tourism in the UK."

7. Plokhotnichenko Yu.A. "London. Urban transport." M, 2005

8. “Countries of the world. Tourist's guide. - M., 2005

9.http://edinburgh.ru/ 30.11.2010 17:08

10. www.uk.ru28.11.2010 15:31

11. www.travelplanet.ru28.11.2010 20:46

12. www.polpred.com/country/uk 29.11.2010 22:52

13. www.personagrata.ru 29.11.2010 23:54

14. http://ru.wikipedia.org 1.12.2010 17:45

Applications.

Table number 1.

Table number 2

The largest airports in the UK, 2008

UK Department for Transport, November 2008.

Drawing No. 1

Drawing No. 2

When mentioning the transport system of Great Britain, the first associations that come to mind are the legendary symbols of Foggy Albion - a red double-decker bus, as well as a romantic black cab, reminiscent of the adventures of Sherlock Holmes; but is the transport infrastructure in the UK really convenient and “friendly” to the user, what are its pluses - and what are the minuses? We will consider in detail all the pros and cons.

Briefly about the main

Hilly and flat, traditional and cosmopolitan, hazy and vibrant, the UK is riddled with a network of roads - many ideal highways, rail routes, local and international land and water routes.

However, for all the romanticism of the legendary landscape, as well as double-decker buses and cabs - the indestructible symbols of Great Britain and London in particular - the British transport system has a number of "weak points". Experts note that the main problem is the lack of a unified transport policy in the state. And above all, the government has not developed a long-term strategy that would "balance" the needs of motorists and those who use public transport.

As a consequence, the UK has one of the most congested (albeit developed) transport networks in Europe; and the privatization of the railways only exacerbated the situation, increasing the number of personal vehicles on the country's roads. However, this does not mean that for comfortable life In the UK it is mandatory to have a private car. First of all, this applies to large cities, where the public transport system is quite adequate, although very expensive compared to the cost of similar services in Russia. Here, a local resident can completely avoid the cost of maintaining a car and parking (and when entering the center of London, an additional fee of £11.50). However, residents of villages and cities that are far from the main rail and road routes, as a rule, are much more convenient to have their own cars.

How to get to UK

There are several ways to get to the UK, but geographical features island nation dictate to travelers the need to think more carefully about their itinerary.

By plane

Direct flights connect Moscow and London on a daily and year-round basis. The Russian air carrier Aeroflot departs from Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, and the British company British Airways departs from Domodedovo. The flight from both Russian airports lasts about four hours and ends at the busiest airport in Europe, Heathrow, and from November 15, 2016, aircraft from Russia will also land in Gatwick. For round-trip tickets, you will have to pay 16,000-20,000 rubles.

Only British Airways flies to St. Petersburg, and the travel time (3 hours 40 minutes), as well as the cost of tickets (from 17,500 rubles), differ slightly from Moscow indicators.

A flight to Edinburgh, Cardiff or Belfast is made with a transfer in one of the European cities, which, by the way, has little effect on the cost of tickets compared to the cost of air travel on the Moscow-London route.

By train

It is impossible to get directly from Russian cities to Britain by train. The option with a minimum number of transfers is a 37-hour journey from Moscow to Paris, and already in the French capital, a transfer to the Eurostar train, which will take the traveler to London in two hours. With this option, the total (RZD + Eurostar) one-way fare will be about €350-400. Early booking of a Moscow-Paris ticket will not affect the fare in any way, while Eurostar's pricing policy is much more flexible: if you buy a ticket a couple of months before the trip, you can buy it instead of the standard €100, for example, for €56.

By car and ferry

The route by private transport can become no less tiring in terms of the number of stops and transfers compared to using public transport, but, of course, it can turn out to be an order of magnitude more diverse and interesting. First you need to get to one of the ports mainland Europe: these can be the French port cities of Le Havre, Caen, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo or Roscoff, or settlements located in northern Spain, Santander or Bilbao. It is from here that passenger ferries leave for the British ports of Portsmouth, Poole and Plymouth, as well as for the Irish city of Cork. For example, a ferry crossing from French Le Havre to Portsmouth, the nearest port to the British capital, will cost about £30 per passenger and one way. The same route, on the same date, but with a car will cost £79. The cheapest means of transport by ferry is a bicycle, a passenger with his bike can travel for £35.

Today, ships from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), France and the Netherlands moor to the shores of the UK, but, as a rule, these are either cargo ships or cruise ships traveling around Europe, in the Mediterranean or Caribbean seas. By the way, transatlantic flights still depart from the port of Southampton to New York - and it was along this route that the infamous Titanic went. A classic seven-day trip across the Atlantic aboard the modern (and safe!) vessel Queen Mary 2 will cost from £700 per person.

How to move around the country

In recent years, the rapid growth of labor migration has gradually increased the number of cars on the roads of British metropolitan areas, which means that environmental degradation was no more than a matter of time. The British authorities tried their best to limit the harmful effects Vehicle on the environment: they introduced fees for entry into certain areas, exempting cars using alternative fuel from duties, raising the cost of parking, and, finally, they made an attempt to popularize bicycles.

So, on the initiative of the now former mayor of London, Boris Johnson, 839 bicycle parking lots were organized in the capital, and any of the 13,600 bicycles can be used for a symbolic, by London standards, fee. There is a charge of £2 for 24 hour access to the bike, followed by an hourly charge: the first 30 minutes are free, and £2 are charged for every 30 minutes thereafter. But you have to be careful and vigilant, for example, if you take a rest in the park, “parking” your bike nearby (this is what many tourists do), the amount of parking can cost the unlucky cyclist up to £ 300, which will be debited from the card. Despite the metropolitan traffic and gas pollution, residents of London do not neglect this way of transportation either: they take a bicycle from home and rent it near work. This method is both budgetary and convenient, since more and more transport infrastructure (parking lots, new bike paths) is being created specifically for cyclists. Indeed, the number of cycle lanes has increased dramatically over the past year - this has happened due to the narrowing of car lanes throughout the center of London, and, accordingly, has affected the density of car traffic.

Outside of London, bicycles are actively used only in a few student cities, mostly residents of peripheral cities and large district centers travel by car and public transport.

Public transport

The system of travel cards allows passengers to use public transport on more favorable terms than with single trips. For example, you can buy a combined train, bus, metro and ferry pass, take advantage of seasonal price reductions, or buy a ticket for off-peak hours.

Although more people use public transport in London than in any other European city, transport in the capital remains very expensive. For example, London's fares are four times the price of tickets in Rome - and 15 times the fare in Budapest. However, travel by any form of public transport has a fairly wide price range and there are almost always several options to choose from.

So, to pay for tickets for the metro, bus and tram in London, you need to purchase an Oyster or Travel Сard card - recently, cash payments on London buses have been canceled. You will have to pay £3 to make a tourist version of the Oyster Card, but in the future this will save almost half the standard cost on each ticket. For example, a single trip on the London Underground within the first zone on the Oyster card costs £2.4, while the standard fare here is £4.9. Moreover, if you use Oyster multiple times in the same day, the maximum amount is limited depending on the type of transport used and travel zones. The situation is approximately the same with the famous British buses, the so-called double deckers - the difference in the cost of a standard ticket and an Oyster card is 1 pound (£2.5 vs. £1.5). It should be noted that you can not buy at all ticket, and using a contactless credit (debit) card is the most popular option among Londoners today, along with payment through Apple Pay. Also, since September 2016, a new option has appeared on London buses: the ticket is valid for an hour, that is, by paying once, you can change the route as many times as you like.

Rail transport: urban and intercity

To avoid the famous British traffic jams helps the city railway transport- metro and electric trains (trams can also be conditionally attributed to the same category). The subway in the usual sense for us is only in London, Newcastle and Glasgow. In addition to London, various rail options are developed in Manchester, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff, Belfast, Leeds and Liverpool.

The UK rail network is the oldest in the world. To date, the country has five high-speed trunk lines radiating from London to the rest of the country, which makes it possible to connect administrative centers with peripheral areas. In addition, there are regional rail lines and a dense commuter road network. Traveling around the country by train is much more expensive than by car, but unlike, for example, intercity buses, it is trains that allow you to get to any, even the most remote corner of Britain.

The main transport hub of the country is, of course, London. There are 14 railway stations in the city. So, trains from England to Wales depart from London Paddington Station, trains depart from here to the international and busiest airport in the UK and throughout Europe, Heathrow. There are trains from Euston station to the western part of Scotland, as well as to ferries to Ireland and Northern Ireland. The major cities of mainland Europe are connected to London by the St. Pancras International. For example, a trip between the capitals of England and Scotland will start from London King's Cross station, last a little less than five hours and cost from £60 (standard class, without the possibility of a refund and exchange of a ticket). A trip along the same route in a first class carriage will cost around £250.

Traveling from London to Paris on the Eurostar train through the famous Channel Tunnel will cost around £65, but the journey is often comparable in both time and cost to air travel. You can save money by booking early and buying train tickets for weekdays on the round trip route.

City and intercity buses

The bus is another way to explore the country far and wide. In addition, it is more budgetary than railways. There are various companies offering a variety of itineraries between cities, including special tours of historic sites in England. It is worth remembering that tickets for intercity buses must be purchased in advance, otherwise, if you postpone it until the moment of boarding, the tickets will be sold out - and all seats will be taken. The main, but certainly not the only bus operators in the UK are National Express, Megabus, easyBus and Scottish Citylink. Thus, the official website of the National Express company promises more than 100 British destinations starting from £5, and 450 routes to Europe and Ireland starting from £15, and Megabus often offers intercity seats for as little as £1. In fact, a bus trip from London (station Victoria Coach Station) to Edinburgh on National Express costs from £18, and an hour trip from Manchester to Liverpool will really cost £5, or even £3. If you buy Megabus tickets in advance, you can get from London to Manchester for £1.

As for the famous "double-deckers", on average, when buying a ticket right before boarding the bus, its cost will be £1.5.

Taxi

Taxi, or rather black cab, is another iconic symbol of Great Britain. All trips are metered: you will have to pay £2.80 for landing, and another £3.3 for each km of travel. Pleasure is not cheap, so local residents rarely use this type of transport, preferring minicabs or services mobile applications Uber or Gett. So, when ordering a taxi through Gett, a black cab will be delivered to the entrance, and if you specify the route in advance in the application, the trip will have a fixed price, much cheaper than the meter and slightly more expensive than Uber rates. That is, this is a great opportunity to use a black cab, but at a more affordable price.

Modern technologies to help travelers

One of the advantages of the UK transport system over the Russian one is its accessibility to people with disabilities. Many transportation agencies publish information leaflets for travelers with disabilities, and the elderly, the blind, or the disabled can contact their local council for a free or reduced travel pass. As a rule, buses are equipped with a special step, which is controlled by the driver - thanks to it, a passenger moving in a wheelchair can get into the bus without outside help, inside which the wheelchair is securely fixed. Surprisingly, on the streets of London you see a lot of disabled people moving independently: at first it seems rather strange. Exactly until you understand that the state provides these people with a true opportunity to move around the city freely, without outside help. Ramps, rails, steps - there is absolutely everything for unimpeded movement on any kind of terrain. The same point, by the way, also applies to travelers with heavy suitcases: even from somewhere in the suburbs of London, heavy luggage will not have to be lifted and dragged: a system of escalators, thoughtful ramps and elevators will help you conveniently get to the station or airport.

Of course, one should not lose sight of such seemingly exotic modes of transport as a cable car and a river tram. All of them are concentrated in London and the largest cities of foggy Albion - and for good reason, because the maximum flow foreign travelers and expats settle, as a rule, precisely in these directions. So, in London, you can ride the cable car, built by the Arab airline Emirates Airline for the summer Olympic Games 2012. To date, a 6-minute pleasure will cost £ 3.5, and in the evening the duration of the trip doubles and is complemented by a colorful video with musical accompaniment. Or another interesting mode of transport is the MBNA Thames Clipper speed boat on the Thames, which carries passengers from 20 piers located on both banks of the Thames in central and east London. The ticket costs between £4.20 and £8 for an adult, and if you use an Oyster card, it will cost £3.90-7.20. For many Londoners, this is an indispensable form of transport to get to work from as far away as Woolwich.

For public transport users, there are also a large number of convenient smartphone applications that allow you to plan a route with a combination of several types of public transport, as well as track train and bus schedules in real time. This allows, for example, not to wait for the bus at a bus stop in ignorance, but to approach a couple of minutes before its arrival.

Useful apps for travelers

Today it is difficult to imagine a trip to another country without an electronic gadget with a lot of useful applications. Here are a few programs that can definitely come in handy when traveling in England.

Buses are the main means of transportation in London. Despite the busyness of the streets, they always run on schedule. London even has dedicated bus lanes.

There are red double-decker, red single-decker (Red Arrow), green buses and minibuses. Buses are divided into night, carrying passengers from 23 to 5 in the morning, and daytime. On night buses, the letter N is in front of the number. The fare is more expensive, regular tickets are not valid.

Bus stops are marked in red letters. The blue number on the stop sign shows the number of the zone you are in. If the sign has the word "Request", the bus should be signaled to stop. The scoreboard lists the numbers of buses that go through this stop. If the number is indicated on a yellow background, then a ticket for such a bus must be bought in advance. London Buses have "on demand" stops for which the bell must be pressed in advance.

The territory of London is divided into 6 concentric zones, and the fare depends on the zone crossed. Outside the central areas of London, you must pay either the driver upon landing, or the conductor. Tickets can be bought from vending machines, ticket offices, subways and newsstands. Red Arrow buses are equipped with cash desks, where, at the entrance, you must drop a pre-prepared exact amount in coins.

Intercity buses are called "coach". The ride is usually cheaper than the train, but much longer.

Metro

The Metro operates in London and Glasgow. The London Underground (Tube) is a convenient and fast way to get around the city. Stations are marked with a round "London Underground" sign. There are 10 metro lines in total. It works from 5 am to 0.30 am. On Sundays, trains start running two hours later and finish an hour earlier. Intervals vary depending on the route and time of day, but, as a rule, do not exceed 10 minutes.

Tickets can be purchased at an automatic ticket office or a regular ticket office with a cashier in the subway. As in the case of the bus, the fare depends on the distance traveled (the number of zones crossed). Tickets are checked at the exit. In addition to the main subway in the capital, there is another small private line - "Docklands Light Railway", which is a light metro line.

There are the following types of tickets for public transport: single tickets for the bus (70 pence per trip, in the first zone - 1 pound), weekly bus passes, single tickets for the metro (they are "there" or "there and back") and travel cards (travel card). The "Saver 6" ticket entitles you to 6 bus rides within zones 1-4 and costs £5. Child ticket costs 40% of the adult price. On buses, children's tickets expire at 22:00.

Travel cards can be purchased at metro stations and newsstands. They are valid on almost all buses, subways (Tube and Docklands Light Railway) and Network SouthEast trains within the city limits. Travel cards are not valid on Airbus - buses that are transported to Heathrow Airport. Night buses circulating at night between Trafalgar Square and the city districts are valid for weekly and longer passes, but one-day ones are not. In addition, it is worth paying attention to the fact that some travel cards "work" only after 9.30 am.

The cost of travel tickets depends on the period and area of ​​​​their validity. For most tourists, 1 and 2 zones are enough.

Train

When planning trips over long distances, you can use the train. Please note that if you return on the same day, the ticket will cost less. There are discounts for people traveling in a group, when buying a ticket you need to show your railcard or travelcard, as this gives a discount to the one who travels with you.

Taxi

There are two types of taxis - traditional "black cabs" and minicabs. "Black cabs" are quite expensive and are metered. They can be caught right on the street by raising your hand. A free taxi has a yellow sign on the roof. Minicab are so named because they carry 4 people instead of 5. They operate without meters, so you need to inquire about the fare in advance. Minicab must be booked in advance. Fares increase late at night, on weekends and on national holidays.

Car rent

The UK has an extensive network of roads with good coverage, so getting around is a pleasure. However, it should be borne in mind that getting around by car is problematic in London due to the intricate network of streets, many of which have only one-way traffic. There are also many restrictions on parking in the capital. During the daytime, you can’t park almost everywhere, except for paid parking lots and those places where there are no lines and prohibition signs. Otherwise, you risk being fined £100. The car is better to use for trips to small towns and in the countryside. The country is home to the world's major car rental companies. It is possible to rent a car from the age of 21 (in some cases from 25 years old), with a driver's license valid for at least 12 months, and with a valid credit card. Driving in the UK is on the left. Road markings will provide significant assistance to those accustomed to the right steering wheel.

The cost of renting a car in London varies from 200-300 pounds per week for economy cars to 2000-6000 pounds for executive cars

Connection

Calls can be made from the hotel or from a payphone. At certain hours, the telephone network in many hotels is overloaded and the tariffs for calls increase, so it is more profitable to call from a payphone. There are two types of payphones - the old ones, which accept only coins, and the new ones, which accept coins and cards. You can call using coins of 10, 20, 50 pence and 1 pound. Cards are sold at the post office, tobacconists and press stores. Cards cost 2, 4 and 10 pounds. The minimum cost of a conversation with Kiev is about 2 pounds. On weekdays from 18.00 to 6.00 there is a reduced rate (on weekends - around the clock). The largest telecommunications company is British Telecom (BT). From the payphone, you can make a short call to the desired subscriber and ask him to call back to the payphone booth. Callback machines have their own number indicated on the telephone set.

The network of highways of excellent quality covers the entire territory of the country. Total length of roads: 398,366 km. Of these, expressways - 3,520 km.

Great Britain is connected with the continent by a tunnel under the English Channel, two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

Last changes: 26.01.2013

London transport system

In general, London transport operates from four or five in the morning until one in the morning. It is better not to drive during peak hours: 07:30-09:30 and 16:30-18:30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23. They all go through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts after seven in the morning and stops by midnight. Traffic intervals on Sunday are approximately twice as long. At Christmas, many lines do not function at all.

Metro

The easiest way to get around central London is the tube. You can buy tickets for one or two trips, but if you use the metro often, then travel cards will be very convenient. These can be cards for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they give you the opportunity to use the metro, bus and train in the areas you have chosen for an unlimited number of times.

One-day travel cards can be purchased at metro ticket offices. They are valid for travel on the metro and buses at any time. They are not valid for airport buses or special tours. The cost varies depending on the number of selected zones: 1-2 zone - 7.20; 1-3 zone - 8.60; 1-4 zone - 10.00; 1-5 zone -12.60; 1-6 zone - 14.80.

Weekly passes are valid for metro and bus travel at any time, but are not valid for airport bus travel or special tours. The cost varies depending on the number of selected zones: 1-2 zones - 25.80; 1-3 zone - 30.20; 1-4 zone - 36.80; 1-5 zone - 44.00; 1-6 zone - 47.60.

Metro - has twelve lines. All of them were created at different times and by different owners, and therefore are still quite different from each other. Some trains run mostly underground, others on the surface. At first glance, the subway scheme intertwined with the network conventional trains, leads to despair, especially after the slender system of the Moscow metro. However, it's pretty easy to figure it out. The lines often branch out into separate branches to one or another area of ​​the city, so you should always pay attention to the destination of the train. In addition, trains of different lines can run on the same tracks. On the main lines, trains run quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes; on the outlying lines, you can wait up to half an hour.

The whole of Greater London is divided into six zones, which diverge from the center in concentric circles.

Any ticket must be valid in all zones through which the trip passes. Therefore, when choosing a travel route, you need to make sure that you do not inadvertently get into an area where your ticket is not valid. In general, the London Underground usually allows you to get to your destination in several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects fewer zones. Let's say, if you need to travel from the second zone to the third one on the opposite side of the city, you can easily bypass the first central zone and, thus, halve the cost of the trip. The most expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions. The cost of one trip for an adult in any zone, from the first zone to the second, third or fourth is 4 GBP, for a child 2 GBP.

Taxi

There are two types of taxis in London. The famous "black cabs" are very good, but not cheap. They work according to the meter: 1.8 pounds for landing and 72 pence for 1 km, while it is customary to give the driver 10% of the fare. Taxis can be hailed on the street when the yellow light is on to indicate that the taxi is available.
There are cheaper companies - "minicab". They take orders only by phone, they work without counters, so you should inquire about the tariff in advance.

Tram

The tram has recently been restored in London. Everyone knows about double-decker buses, but few people know that fifty years ago double-decker trams ran around London. The London Tram now has three routes in the southern part of the city. Thirty meter long double wagons serve the Croydon area. Tram tickets are sold separately from vending machines at stops. The price of any trip is 2 GBP (with the exception of the trip to Wimbledon, which costs 4 GBP). If you need to transfer to a bus after a tram ride or vice versa, you can buy a “tram-bus” ticket for the same price. Bus tickets trams do not work.

Light metro

Another fairly new form of London transport is the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). The DLR train is a series of driverless trailers with a capacity of about 250 people. Four lines are currently in operation. They link the former dock area to metro and rail stations, as well as to the city centre. The DLR fare system is the same as the metro, metro tickets are valid on the DLR and vice versa.

River transport

Another part of London's transport system is the river boats that ply between the many jetties on the Thames. They are owned by several companies and contain a total of twenty routes. The Thames fare system is its own.

How to get to central London from Heathrow Airport

Taxi- The fare for a black taxi will be from 50 pounds for a 40-minute trip to London. The taxi rank is located next to the airport exit.

Bus- Airport buses run to central London (A1 to Victoria station and A2 to Euston station). The fare is about 6 pounds. Tickets can be purchased at the airport building or on the bus. Buses leave every 20 minutes.

Metro- The Piccadilly line runs from Heathrow to central London and connects an extensive underground metro network. The fare to central London is £4 per trip, but if you have a lot of luggage, the trip can be difficult. Trains depart every 5 minutes and the journey takes 55 minutes.

High-speed train- to the center of London, to the railway station PADDINGTON, every 20 min. walk high speed trains, travel time 20 min., cost 16.50 pounds.

How to get to London from Gatwick Airport

Gatwick Express trains run non-stop to Victoria Station every 15 minutes from 5.20 am to 12.50 pm, then every hour from 1.35 pm to 4.35 am. The trip lasts 30 minutes and costs £9.50. Local suburban trains run around the clock. Flightline 777 departs every hour from 6.30 am to 10 pm to Victoria Station. The journey takes 90 minutes and costs £7.50.

A taxi ride from Gatwick Airport to London costs about £80 plus tips.

How to get to London from Standsted Airport

The Stansted Skytrain runs from Stansted Airport to Liverpool Station every half an hour. The ticket costs about 10 pounds.

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Transport system in Wales

Local scheduled flights are served at Anglesey Airport (an airport owned by the Isle of Anglesey County and located on land leased from the military authorities).

Public transport

The Flexi Pass and the Rover Ticket for Wales rail and bus travel allow unlimited travel on all major rail routes in Wales, as well as most bus routes. Cardholders are also eligible for free rides or discounts on select Great Little Trains of Wales routes, as well as discounts on many tourist attractions.

The North and Mid Wales Flexi Rover ticket and the Freedom of South Wales Flexi Rover ticket provide almost the same unlimited benefits on train and bus travel as the Flexi Pass card, only in the regional scale.

An extensive network of National Express bus routes connects the main cities of Wales, as well as the largest airports in the UK.

For a different look at the life of more remote provinces, it is worth taking a ride with the locals on the mail bus. These buses are operated by the Royal Mail and in many remote areas of Wales carry not only mail, but also passengers.

Railways of Wales

It is very interesting to travel around Wales by train. Real steam locomotives and narrow-gauge railways, passing through the most picturesque area, are undoubtedly the "highlight" of the region.

To the south, the Teifi Valley Railway runs through the steep-sided Teifi River Valley. In the north, the Ffestiniog Railway is interesting, which winds a 13-mile snake to the mountain town of Blaenau-Ffstiniog, as well as a narrow gauge railway in the Brecon Beacons National Park.

But for the most thrilling experience, take the Snowdon Mountain Railway train. The only manually operated railway in Wales rumbles all the way to the top of Wales' highest mountain.

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Transport system in Scotland

Edinburgh Airport is located 11 km west of the city. Planes fly from here to many European capitals and cities in the UK. Flights arrive every hour from London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports.

From Edinburgh Airport to the center of the capital of Scotland can be reached by bus, which depart every half an hour on weekends and somewhat less frequently on other days. The trip takes 30-45 minutes and costs about 3.5 pounds (depending on the carrier).

Many firms provide cars with a driver to deliver passengers from the airport to the hotel. Many car rental companies have offices at Edinburgh Airport.

Paid parking is rare, they are quite expensive. In cars parked in the wrong place, the wheel is blocked, the car itself can be towed, and its return is not cheap. After 18:00, the parking situation improves: you can find a place near the hotel, even in the city center. In many places you will have to remove the car before 8 am, when the "rush hour" begins.

Edinburgh Central Station - Waverley. Daily, 16 trains arrive here from King's Cross Station in London. The trip takes about 4.5 hours.

Another Edinburgh railway station - Haymarket receives trains from Glasgow and other cities in the west and north of the country. It is 5 minutes by train from Waverley Station.

Glasgow

Many international flights arrive in Scotland at Glasgow Airport, from where Edinburgh is about 80 km away.

Flights from London Stansted Airport also arrive at Prestwick Airport, southwest of Glasgow.

From Glasgow Airport to Edinburgh can be reached by Scottish Citylink Coaches buses, which depart twice an hour (on Sundays once an hour) to the bus station at St.Andrew Square in Edinburgh. The trip lasts an hour and ten minutes and costs about 6 pounds. Once an hour there is a bus to the bus station in Glasgow, where you can change to a bus to Edinburgh.

You can take a taxi in 15 minutes, paying about 12 pounds, from Glasgow Airport to Queen Street railway station and take a train to Waverley station in Edinburgh, which leaves every half an hour and takes 50 minutes. The ticket costs 6.70 pounds.

A cheaper option is to take a bus from Glasgow Airport to Buchanan Bus Station and from there walk five minutes to Queen Street Railway Station for trains to Edinburgh.

A taxi ride from Glasgow Airport to Edinburgh takes just over an hour and costs £70.

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Air transport

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Railway transport

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Water transport

Between the continent and the cities of Great Britain there are dozens of ferries and ships. The journey from Calais to Dover lasts between 30 and 90 minutes depending on transport and distance. From Newhaven to Dieppe can be reached in four hours, and from Portsmouth to Le Havre in five to seven hours.

The approximate ticket price is 60-166 pounds if it is a car with a driver, 19-25 if it is for an adult without a car. Discounts are available for children, students and the elderly. Prices vary depending on the season, distance, time of day, and mode of transport.

Water taxis, boats, yachts and other small passenger ships ply along the Thames.

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Car rental

If the car is rented only in one direction, it is necessary to pay for the return run as well. The customer also pays for petrol.

The technical condition of cars is always good, while the rental price depends on the season - the highest rates are in summer and winter, lower - in spring and autumn.

Approximate prices in London - from $54 per day and $176 per week for an economy class car, usually with a manual transmission. Air conditioning and unlimited mileage are provided when renting a fairly large car with an automatic transmission. The amount does not include a tax of 17.5%.

Car rental companies in the UK:

Europcar - www.europcar.com
Hertz - www.europcar.com
Alamo - www.alamo.com
AutoEurope - www.autoeurope.com

Last changes: 26.01.2013

Useful

In the UK, fines have also been introduced for using a mobile phone while driving. Violators face a £30 fine. Arguing with a policeman or proving one's case is not only pointless, but also dangerous - the size of the punishment in this case can be sharply increased.

There are many parking restrictions in London. In areas where the speed limit is 30 km/h, you may park at night no further than 25 yards (23 meters) from a working street light, but no closer than 15 yards (14 meters) from an intersection. On the "Red Roads" - very busy sections of the street with a red stripe, you can not even stop to drop off a passenger. It is much easier to assume that during the day you can not park anywhere except in paid parking lots or where there are no lines and prohibition signs. Otherwise, you risk being fined £100.

Approximate prices for gasoline - from 2.50 pounds per gallon (55 pence per liter). Most gas stations sell lead-free gasoline as well as diesel fuel. Service stations, other than those located on highways, are usually closed from 9 pm to 7 am.

How to get around the UK is a topical issue for any tourist who, having arrived in Foggy Albion, plans to visit not only London, but also other British cities - Liverpool, York, Edinburgh and many others. Considering that the country cannot be called cheap, it is also necessary to know the most economical ways to travel around the country. Below we will talk about the numerous ways in which you can travel around the country.

Aircraft in the UK

To cover short distances within the country, it will be more practical and cheaper to use other means of transportation than domestic flights. The main airports are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh. The arrival of low-cost airlines Ryanair and easyJet at London Gatwick, Luton and Stansted has led to a real boom in domestic air travel and a significant reduction in airfare.

In Scotland, under the license of British Airways, the Loganair company is designed to operate domestic flights between the Scottish Highlands and the islands, as well as flights from Glasgow and Edinburgh airports (tickets are ordered through the British Airways website).

In order to get the best ticket price, it is recommended to book tickets as early as possible before the scheduled flight. It is important to keep in mind that most of the UK's regional airports are not connected to the country's rail network, and connections to the nearest cities are via expensive bus services.

A photo ID is required for domestic travel within the United Kingdom.

Below is a list of companies offering domestic flights within the United Kingdom:

• british airways- Aberdeen, Barra, Benbecula, Campbeltown, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Islay, Isle of Man, Jersey, Kirkwall, London, London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow, Londonderry, Manchester, Newcastle, Newquay, Shetland Islands (Sumburgh), Stoneway , Tyree, Wick.
• FlyBE- Airports Aberdeen, Belfast City, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Doncaster Sheffield, Exeter, Glasgow, Guernsey, Inverness, Isle of Man, Jersey, Leeds/Bradford, Liverpool, London Gatwick, Manchester, Newcastle, Newquay, Norwich, Southampton , Southend.
• Eastern Airways- Airports Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Durham, Humberside, Inverness, Isle of Man, Leeds/Bradford, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham East Midlands, Southampton, Stoneway, Wick.
• easyJet- airports Aberdeen, Belfast International, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Liverpool, London Gatwick, London Luton, London Stansted, Newcastle.
• Ryanair- Aberdeen, Bournemouth, Glasgow-Prestwick, Inverness, Liverpool, London-Stansted, Londonderry, Newquay, Nottingham East Midlands airports.
• Aurigny Air Services- Alderney, Bristol, Guernsey, Jersey, London-Gautik, London-Stansted, Manchester, Southampton airports.
• Blue Islands- Alderney, Bournemouth, Brighton, Cardiff, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Southampton airports.
• Loganair- Airports Eday, Kirkwell, North Ronaldsay, Papa Westray, Sunday, Stronsay, Westray.
• Isles Of Scilly Skybus- airports Bristol, Exeter, Scylla Island (St. Mary), Newquay, Southampton.
• Jet2- Belfast International, Blackpool, Leeds/Bradford, London Gautic, Newcastle.
• Thomsonfly- airports Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bournemouth, Bristol, Glasgow, Doncaster-Sheffield, East Midlands, Cardiff, Leeds, London-Gatwick, London Stansted, London-Luton, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Edinburgh, Exeter.
• CityJet Dundee, London City, Edinburgh airports.
• Air Berlin- airports Aberdeen, Belfast City, Guernsey, Glasgow, Jersey, London Gatwick, London City, London Stansted, London Heathrow, Manchester, Newcastle, Edinburgh.
• Air France- Glasgow, London City, London-Gatwick, London-Sly, Manchester, Edinburgh airports.
• Atlantic Airways Faroe Islands Aberdeen, London, Manchester airports.

UK railways

The UK has the oldest and most extensive railway network in the world, covering most of the country, from Penzance in Cornwall to Thurso in the north of Scotland. Train companies provide a wide variety of tickets which can make traveling around the UK quite confusing. As a rule, tickets booked 7-14 days before the trip are cheaper. Try not to travel during peak hours (6-9.30 and 16-19 Monday-Friday) as trains are often crowded at this time and ticket prices are higher. Visitors to the United Kingdom can also order multi-day travel passes, allowing unlimited travel on almost all rail lines. Such tickets can be purchased for travel around London, throughout England, throughout the United Kingdom and even Ireland.

There are tickets valid for four, eight and fifteen days (moreover, the days go both in a row, and those of them are indicated in advance, during which the passenger will use the railway). They are available from independent distributors and can be ordered prior to arrival in the UK. There is also a travel pass within the UK for seven or fourteen consecutive days, which can be purchased domestically and sold to both UK residents and visitors. It costs almost twice as much as a tourist ticket for UK visitors and cannot be used on the London Underground, nor on the Heathrow Express (or Heathrow Connect west from Hayes & Harlington).

UK rail vehicles have little to compete with their high-speed counterparts in France and Germany (although UK train speeds reach 200 km/h, this is still not enough to compete with TGV in France or ICE in Germany), but however, they constitute a more cost-effective alternative to traveling by car. Trains in general run quite often, although the accuracy of their arrival directly depends on the company (the deviation in the schedule is a maximum of 10 minutes, and this is rare). It should also be taken into account that many popular tourist routes require many transfers.

Railways in England, Wales and Scotland were originally built and operated by a number of private companies. After about 150 years of independence (and a subsequent merger leading to the formation of four large companies in 1923), they were nationalized as the state-owned British Rail in 1947, but were re-privatized in the 1990s. The tracks have recently returned to state control (Netwok Rail), but the trains are still owned by various private operators.

Privatization has led to a huge dispersion in the quality and price of rail services. While some rail service companies have achieved only minimal standards for speed, reliability and cleanliness, others offer superior service that is worth the money. Meanwhile, tickets can be purchased at any station to move between the necessary points of the railway network, and it is quite normal to change from one operator to another on the way.

National Rail is an association created by various operators to coordinate their activities and provide passenger transportation. The National Rail website is perhaps the best place to find a complete train schedule and fare list, as well as purchase tickets. In addition, tickets can be booked online through various private agents such as National Express. Fares differ significantly depending on when you use the railroad and when the ticket was booked.

A second class round trip ticket from London to Manchester can cost between £40 and £219. The main rule is that tickets must be ordered as early as possible. Also note that sometimes it's cheaper to buy a return ticket than a one way ticket, so check the price of both. If there are three or four of you, ask if it is possible to purchase a group ticket. On most non-rush hour routes, groups of 3-4 people are allowed to travel for the price of two.

Britrail pass provides access to the entire railway network for a certain number of days, and at the same time it is available only to foreigners. They can be purchased online using the BritRail.com website. By the way, these travel cards can be both for the first and for the standard class. But at the same time, not all trains have a first-class cabin. These passes are of several types:

• Britrail Pass - a classic pass for the territories of England, Scotland and Wales, there are two types: BritRail Consecutive Pass, valid for a certain number of consecutive days (3, 4, 8, 15, 22 days or 1 month). BritRail FlexiPass allows you to choose dates (valid for 3, 4, 8, 15 days or 1 month).
• Britrail London Plus Pass a pass for the South East England and London region. There are travel cards for 2 and 4 days (within 8 days) and for 7 days (within 15 days).
• Britrail England Pass - a convenient option for trips around England. There are two types: BritRail England Consecutive Pass, valid for a certain number of consecutive days (3, 4, 8, 15, 22 days or 1 month), and BritRail England FlexiPass, which allows you to select dates (valid for 3, 4, 8, 15 days or 1 month).
• Britrail Pass + Ireland valid throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. Can be for 5 and 10 days (within one month).
• Britrail Freedom of Scotland a pass to travel within Scotland. Can be 4 days (within 8 days) and 8 days (within 15 days).

Main rail services:

• The West Coast Main line(railway line west coast) - served by companies Virgin Trains , east coast, london midland and others. The line runs north-south between London Euston station and up the West Coast of England, stopping at Rugby, Crewe, Manchester, Liverpool, Preston, the Lake District, Carlisle and Scotland, stopping at Motherwell and Glasgow Central Station.
• The East Coast Main line(East Coast Railroad) - operated by east coast , Northern Rail, East Midland Trains and others. It runs from London's King's Cross station north up the East Coast of England stopping at Peterborough, Doncaster, Leeds, York, Darlington, Durham, Newcastle and on to Scotland with stops at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Some routes continue north to Dundee, Aberdeen and Inverness.
• Great Western Main Line(West of England and South Wales Railway) - operated primarily by First Great Western, runs west from London Paddington Station in Penzance, near Land's End in Cornwall and Swansea in Wales. The main line also passes through Slough and Maidenhead to Reading, then splits. One line runs via Swindon, Chippenham and Bath to Bristol (Temple Meads station) and then to Taunton where it joins another route running directly from Reading via Newbury, Tutham and Westbury. From Taunton, the line runs through Exeter to Plymouth and then to Penzance. The South Wales route branches off from Bristol after Swindon, stopping at Bristol Parkway (a station in the north of the city with additional parking spaces), then in Wales at Newport, Cardiff, and after a few minor stops at Swansea. Although a number trains are coming to Carmarthen and in the summer to Tenby and Pembroke Dock, but further west passengers should change at Swansea.
• East Midlands Main Line(Railway of the Eastern Lands) - operated by the company East Midlands Trains and runs from London St Pancras station to Derby, Nottingham and Sheffield with stops at Luton, Bedford, Wellingborough, Leicester (among others), some trains also go to Leeds.
• CrossCountry(National Railroad) - Mainly operated by Cross Country, passes through most major cities in Britain. The line uses diesel trains of the Voyager type. The central terminal of the line is the New Street station in Birmingham, from where trains go to Manchester, Preston, Leeds, some cities in Wales, Scotland and many others.
• The Great Eastern line(great eastern railroad) - operated by Greater Anglia, runs from Liverpool Street London Vocal to Norwich with stops in Ipswich, Chamlesford and Colchester. Some trains continue to Harwich.
• The Caledonian Sleeper Services(Caledonian Night Service) - Operated by First Scott Rail, includes trains running between London Euston and the corresponding stations in Scotland. These are 2 trains that leave the route every night (except Saturday), - Lowland Sleeper (night train to the cities of the lowlands of Scotland) and Highland Sleeper (night train to the cities of the highlands of Scotland). Tickets cannot be bought through the normal National Rail booking system, so it is best to buy them online directly from the First ScotRail website, by phone (08457 55 00 33) or at Euston Station and at Scotland Central Stations.
• High Speed ​​1- a line from London all the way to the Channel Tunnel. Its length is 108 kilometers, trains are able to move along it at speeds up to 300 km/h. It is on this line that Eurostar trains run, connecting London with Paris. High Speed ​​1 is also operated by southeastern.
• Other domestic rail services not part of the National Rail network include the Heathrow Express between London Heathrow and London Paddington, the London Underground and a number of smaller tube and light rail services in other cities.

Northern Ireland

Railways in Northern Ireland are operated by the government-owned Translink, also in charge of urban and rural bus services in Northern Ireland. The area covered by the Northern Ireland rail network is rather limited. The main highway runs from Londonbury northwest, along the north coast and across the country to Belfast. Coming from Belfast international train Enterprise which makes stops in Portadown, Droghead, Dundalk and Dublin. Recent significant investment in the railway has resulted in the replacement of much of Northern Ireland's rolling stock. The Northern Ireland Railway is not part of the National Railway network. Train and bus timetables can be found on the Translink website.

Movement in the UK

The whole of the UK drives on the left side of the road, so driving here can be stressful for visitors from countries that drive on the right side of the road. So, the case is quite well known when Hollywood actor Matthew Broderick provoked an accident in Northern Ireland in 1987, colliding head-on with another car, after he drove into opposite side roads.

However, on the other hand, with the help of a car you can get to almost anywhere in the UK. Parking can be a problem in big cities, especially in London where it is very expensive. Gasoline is heavily taxed and therefore quite expensive, currently averaging £1.37 per litre. There are very few tolls on British roads (mainly for passing some large bridges and through tunnels), the only toll track- M6 in the Birmingham area. Driving in central London on weekdays from 7:00 am to 6:00 pm is also subject to a £10 charge (£12 for 2 days). The traffic here is very active, especially during peak hours, when suburban residents go to work and home - usually from 7 to 10 in the morning and from 16 to 19 in the evening.

The M25 London Ring Road is extremely infamous (known to most Britons as London's "car park" because traffic here is often shut down for long periods of time) and is best avoided on Monday mornings and Friday evenings and used only when absolutely necessary. Many cities have a car-to-bus principle, where suburbanites leave their cars in parking lots on the edge of town and take cheap buses to the city centre. Therefore, it would be wise not to neglect this possibility, since it is often easier to leave the car at metro stations and use public transport.

On motorways, the speed limit is 112 km/h; 96 km / h - on country roads; and 48 km/h in built-up areas. The use of 32 km/h speed zones has become quite common to improve safety in areas like school districts. Traffic cameras are ubiquitous on all types of roads, although they are used more in some places than others. There are a number of variable speed limits on the M25 west of London and the M42 near Birmingham, which are numerically displayed on circular red signs mounted on structures above the road; other temporary speed limits are shown on the plates and are recommendations rather than requirements. Motorway speeds are usually higher than the posted speed limit (usually at least 120 km/h), so tourists are advised to stay closer to the inner lane. Driving at a slow speed on the left lane of the highway is highly discouraged.

Despite the fact that the traffic police have now been practically superseded by security cameras, driving rules are still relatively well enforced, and the road network is statistically one of the safest in Europe. It should also be noted that British law enforcement agencies have access to a database of vehicle registrations from around the world. In addition, UK car rental companies may charge your credit card for speeding fines even after you leave the country. IN Lately police on some roads have started to randomly stop foreign registered cars to make sure the owners are not actually British, thus evading toll/insurance/annual vehicle inspection etc. Although nowadays it is quite rare to see a traffic police car, some still follow the road in cars without proper identification marks. Any police officer, regardless of the type of his usual service, will pursue a car that is dangerous on the road.

Don't drink and drive in the UK. The maximum allowable amount of alcohol in the blood is 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood (0.08%). The police often patrol the roads in the centers of cities and towns on Friday and Saturday evenings, tracking drunken drivers. Please note that the police must have objective grounds for suspecting you of drinking alcohol, he cannot just selectively force someone to take an alcohol test, however, the law allows the police to stop a car for any violation of the rules, for example, for not wearing a seat belt or even for not turning on the turn signal on crossroads. Preventive measures for drunk driving are extremely strict, the police are always harsh on those who fail to pass the alcohol test or refuse to do so, and punish quite severely. The fine can be £5,000 (€7,400, $10,256), with a minimum driving ban of 12 months for a first offence, and police can put you in jail for up to 6 months.

Drivers from overseas should be aware that many British drivers regard flashing headlights as a signal to continue driving rather than a warning. This misunderstanding has led to many accidents.

It is also an offense to use a mobile phone while driving, although hands-free kits are allowed. In the event of a stop by the police for using a mobile phone, a fine of up to £1,000 will be charged without any reservations. Also, in addition to the latter, 3 marks are made in the rights. In addition, the law requires all passengers in a car to wear seat belts. Unbelted passengers can earn a fine of up to £500, although this is not always the case. If a child is not wearing a seat belt, the responsibility for this lies with the parent or guardian (usually the driver), who will also be fined. Children under 1.4 meters tall are also required by law to use child safety seats.

Suburban or intercity bus

Suburban bus services vary in both quality and cost. Commuter transport in Britain is generally well developed, but sometimes worse than in some other developed countries. It is useful to keep in mind that in many cities and towns there are day passes for buses, which can save a lot. Local residents and employees bus stations always ready to help if there are problems with the schedule.

Intercity travel is usually slower (sometimes substantially slower) than train travel, and buses run less often, although they are comfortable and in many cases much cheaper. Intercity buses, like trains, usually take passengers to the city center.

The largest companies providing such services in the UK:

• National Express- Intercity bus service, which has the largest length of routes in the UK, serves all major destinations on the island; allows you to purchase tickets via the Internet and at the terminals at the stations. You can also purchase tickets for one of the 50 recreation routes.
• CityLink serves destinations in Scotland, tickets are sold online, at the box office or from the driver, although it is usually recommended to book tickets in advance.
• Megabus– international bus company, serving the main directions at the limit low prices. You can save on many destinations, especially if you order in advance. For the lowest fares, tickets must be booked a week or two in advance. However, they are often quite cheap and when ordered in less time. Tickets are purchased on the company's website.

Taxi

There are many different types of taxis in the UK.

Legendary black "cabs" (which are not always black) ply London - they are easily recognizable by their unique appearance. Their drivers pass a serious test of knowledge of the geography of London. Cars of this type can often be found in other large cities, with similar strict rules.

Outside London, ordinary cars and minibuses can obtain a taxi license. Although local governments decide how they should differ from conventional vehicles, regardless of this, taxis always have an additional plate, usually on the back of the car, which indicates the registration of a taxi and the number of passengers it can carry. Visually, taxis can almost always be distinguished by an illuminated sign on the roof and often by their characteristic coloration.

Mini taxis (also known around London as "pre-order cars") are regular sedans or minivans and are available throughout the country. They operate like taxis but must be pre-booked from the respective mini-taxi services or by phone. Mini-taxi fares can be metered, as in conventional taxis, and are priced by distance/time or "unmetered" at a set rate for the chosen route. Properly organized mini-taxi services always equip their cars with locally approved signs, the same as on regular taxis.

Any other cars or drivers offering to take you anywhere may not be licensed or insured; in some large cities there are problems with such drivers imposing their services, so it is worth being careful, especially for women traveling alone.

Sea transport

Ferries connect Britain to many islands including the Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Orkney and Shetland. There are also a number of car and passenger ferries connecting England with France and Ireland with the United Kingdom. More information about ferry routes can be found on a special website.

Hitch-hiking

Hitchhiking in the UK can be a problem - walking on the side of the motorways is not allowed, so it's best to start driving from the entrances to the highways, and best of all from gas stations and service stations. In the UK, hitchhiking is not very popular, many drivers may be surprised, as this trend is a thing of the past. In England in general, hitchhiking is worse than in Scotland and Wales, although this is not a strict rule. Please note that traffic in many of the outlying lands of Scotland and Wales is very light. Another example is that in the southwest of England it is always easier to catch a car than in the southeast. It is also difficult to hitchhike around big cities. You should not go out at the intersection of the tracks - it will be extremely difficult to catch a car here.

If signs are used, then you need to write on them the number of the route, not the city. In other words, when getting from Birmingham to London, you should not write "London", but "M25".