Vehicles. Air Transport. Lesson "Transport: air, land, water"
AIR TRANSPORT, transportation of passengers, mail and cargo on aircraft - airplanes and controlled balloons. Scheduled air transport is carried out between certain points according to a set schedule, while occasional flights are made without a schedule.
Currently, in countries that own an air fleet, passenger air transport predominates, which also serves for postal transportation. Cargo air transport still does not exist at all, and it is only partly carried out on mail-passenger aircraft. The main advantage of air transport is speed, the main disadvantage is high cost. When comparing air transport with land and sea transport, the following points should be noted: 1) the ability to move in a direct direction (at long distances - along a great circle arc), 2) the ability to cross land and water areas without changing vehicles, and 3) flexibility in changing routes.
Average air transport speed: on airplanes 130-160 km / h, 1200-1600 km per day without night flights, 2500-3000 km per day with night flights; on controlled balloons 80-110 km / h, 1800-2500 km per day (according to projects). Max Speed transport aircraft reaches 215 km / h, and special racing aircraft - 512 km / h. Walkable distance without descent: on airplanes on average 500-700 km, on controlled balloons (according to projects of transoceanic lines) - up to 3-5 thousand km. However, air transport gains time only at distances over a certain length: on short lines, the gain is completely absorbed by the delivery of passengers from the city to the airfield and back. For overhead lines competing with the railway, the minimum length is about 300-400 km. On lines exceeding 1500 km, time savings compared to railways can only be obtained by night flights; otherwise, a flight break for the night can reduce the winnings to zero. The problem of night flights is of great importance for air transport, especially in the countries of Western Europe and North America with a dense railway network. In recent years, a number of lines have been equipped for night flights. Tab. 1 shows the comparative gain in time on different air transport lines.
The regularity of air transport suffers greatly from meteorological causes (fog, blizzard, poor visibility) and from mechanical defects (damage to the motor and equipment). IN summer season irregularity due to meteorological reasons is only 1-2% of all flights, in the autumn and winter months it greatly increases, and for the winter a significant part of the air lines are completely closed. Violation of the regularity for mechanical reasons gives from 1 to 5%, on average - 2.5% of the number of flights started, i.e. for every 20-100 (average 40) flights, depending on the nature of the line, its length and qualities material part, there is one flight interruption or forced landing. The use of multi-engine aircraft increases the regularity of air transport, although in this case the possibility forced landings en route is not excluded, and it is still necessary to have a certain number of alternate landing sites along the overhead line.
Air network development. The first regular air lines appeared in 1918 in the USA (an experimental New York-Washington postal line) and Germany (military postal lines in the occupied territory of Ukraine). In 1919, a number of lines of postal and passenger communication arose in France, Germany and England. So far, all lines are operating on aircraft. A pilot line operated in Germany in 1919 on controlled balloons of the Zeppelin type. In the USSR, after several experiments of air communication on aircraft of old military types in 1918-1921, from May 1, 1922, the mail-passenger and cargo communication Moscow- Koenigsberg (1200 km) of the mixed Russian-German Air Communications Society, abbreviated as Deruluft. In August and September of the same year, the Moscow-Nizhny-Novgorod line of the Aviaculture society worked during the All-Union Fair. At the beginning of 1923, Dobrolet joint-stock companies were formed (All-Union Society for Voluntary air fleet) and “Ukrvozdukhput (Ukrainian Society of Air Communications). Both societies developed a significant network of overhead lines. The third company "Zakavia" (Transcaucasian Society of Civil Aviation), which arose in the same year, was liquidated in 1925. At present (beginning of 1928), the network of overhead lines in the USSR is 7400 km and is operated by three companies: Dobrolet, Deruluft and Ukrvozdukhput .
World network of air lines in 1927 it reached a length of about 65,000 km; of these, about 40,000 km are in Europe (Fig. 1).
Germany has the most extensive network, united by the German Air Hansa (Deutsche Luft-Hansa), about 20,000 km, France (1927) has about 11,000 km of air lines; the most important of them are: Paris-London (Air-Union society), Paris-Berlin (Farman society, in parallel with the German Air Hansa), Paris-Vienna-Constantinople with a branch Prague-Warsaw ("International Air Communications Company ”, with the participation of Romanian and Hungarian capital) and colonial lines: Toulouse-Casablanca-Dakkar with a branch to Algeria and Tunisia and a planned continuation to South America (Latekoer society), England has only about 1500 km of air lines in Europe connecting London with the main capitals of the continent. In the colonies, England leads great job to prepare a network of "imperial" air routes, both on airplanes and on controlled balloons. Of the projected London-India-Australia air route, only the Cairo-Baghdad-Basra section (Imperial Airways Society) is currently operating regularly. The remaining countries of Europe have partly national, partly mixed air services societies, usually subsidized by the state and operating relatively small lines local importance. In the USA, since 1920, the air mail line New York-San Francisco (4300 km) began to work, crossing the whole country (see Fig. 2).
Since 1924, it has been operating day and night and has been electrified for over 2,200 km. In addition to the one named, 17 more air lines operate here under a contract with the postal department. The length of the entire US network by the end of 1927 reached 15,600 km. Most American lines operate all year round. Among other non-European lines, Belgian lines in the Congo, German seaplane lines in Colombia (South America) and Australian lines, which reached over 4000 km in 1927, should be noted.
Air lines of the USSR. 1) Dobrolet, after experiments with air communication on the Moscow-Nizhny-Kazan and Sevastopol-Yalta lines, from 1925 concentrated his efforts on outlying lines, giving very big win in time, in areas devoid of normal mechanical transport. In 1927, Dobrolet maintained lines in Central Asia: Tashkent-Samarkand-Termez-Dushambe, 930 km, and Chardzhui-Khiva-Tashauz-Chimbay, 480 km (Fig. 3).
At the end of 1927, regular flights along the lines Frunze-Alma-Ata, 240 km, and Tashkent-Termez-Kabul, 1140 km. In Transbaikalia, a line of the same company operates: Verkhneudinsk-Urga (in Mongolia), 600 km away, with a planned extension to Beijing. About the enormous savings of time given by these lines, the concept of Table. 1. 2) Ukrvozdukhput in 1927 operated the daily line Moscow-Baku, 2510 km, through Kharkov-Rostov-Mineralnye Vody-Grozny. An extension of this line to Pahlavi (Anzeli, Northern Persia) was opened to connect with the Persian-German Junkers Pahlavi-Tehran line. 3) Deruluft in 1927 worked on the Moscow-Kenigsberg-Berlin line, 1800 km long. The listed lines, except for Asian ones, work only in summer time, Asian lines operate almost the whole year, with short breaks in the winter months.
Current state. Air transport means. In addition to a small number of adapted military aircraft, three categories of postal and passenger aircraft operate on modern air lines: a) exclusively postal, small in size, with engines of 150-400 hp. s., without a passenger cabin (main arr. on American lines); b) passenger aircraft and seaplanes of medium power, single-engine, 200-500 hp. With.; c) large passenger aircraft and seaplanes with 2, 3 and 4 engines, with a total power of 600 to 1300 hp. S.: The most used types are given in Table. 2.
Aircraft of low power, below 70 hp. s., are not used in regular air transport and so far serve only for sports. Aircraft from 70 to 150 hp. With. in some cases, they are used on short lines (access roads), as well as on individual flights for hire (taxi). Controlled balloons (airships) for overhead lines are under construction in England and Germany and belong to the rigid type (Zeppelin system). Their volume is from 100 to 150 thousand m 3; number of motors 5-7; their total power is up to 3000 liters. With.; speed 110-120 km/h; seats for passengers 100, full commercial load 20-30 tons.
Air transport statistics. The work of overhead lines in the main countries of Western Europe is characterized by the data in Table. 3 and 4.
The volume of work of the overhead lines of the USSR, although still inferior to the scale of Western Europe, has shown rapid and regular growth in recent years (see Table 5).
Air transport security . As can be seen from Table. 6, the number of accidents in air transport is still high compared to railways, and the degree of safety is insufficient. However, a strictly objective comparison based on statistics cannot be given, since air transport has not yet reached such a scale and is not of a mass character. According to Russian statistics railways in 1913, 1 passenger was killed per 1,300,000 passengers transported or 825,000 train-kilometres travelled. That. in relation to the number of kilometers traveled, air transport for passengers can already now be equal in safety to railways, but in relation to the number of passengers transported, the number of accidents in air transport is many times greater than in land transport.
Overhead line design. The organization of overhead lines is preceded by the preparation of a technical project, organizational and operational estimates. The technical project includes: 1) establishing a route, determining stages and drawing up a traffic schedule; 2) calculation of the number of aircraft and engines; 3) establishment of types of technical equipment; 4) calculation of flight personnel (pilots, on-board mechanics and on-board radio telegraph operators); 5) location and equipment of airfields and landing sites; 6) projects of buildings at airfields and sites; 7) design of lighting equipment for night flights; 8) organization of the meteorological service; 9) organization of radio-telephone and other types of communication along the line; 10) organizing the supply of materials and spare parts. The route is chosen, if possible, allowing a safe landing en route. The length of stages passed without descent is determined in relation to the qualities of the selected aircraft, taking into account adverse winds and the length of the day in different time of the year. At the same time, a reserve of about 100 km per stage is necessarily provided; the length of stages rarely exceeds 800 km. Landing sites in case of a forced descent are planned every 50-70 km and are provided with distinctive signs visible from above. The flight schedule is based on the average cruising speed of a given aircraft, which is verified by experience (usually 15-20% below the maximum speed). The number of aircraft on the line is determined by the allowable flight load and is equal to the number of kilometers flown on the line per month divided by the allowable flight load per month per aircraft, plus the number of spare aircraft. The latter are usually available 1 per end points plus 1 for every 1000-1500 km of travel. The flight load on the aircraft is normally 8000-12000 km per month. The pilot is usually attached to a specific aircraft and has the same flight load as him, i.e. 60-90 hours of flight per month.
Example: line length - 2000 km, number of flights - 6 per week in each direction, a total of 52 flights per month; speed, on average, 150 km / h, the number of pilots and working aircraft 2000x52 / (90x150) ≈ 7or 8,spareaircraft 3;Totalaircraft 10-11. NumbermotorsVreserveacceptedusuallyin 100%fromnumbersestablishedonairplanes.Termdepreciationmotors 700-1000 hourswork;Foraircraft 2000-3000 hoursflight, or an average of 3-4 years.
The cost of air transportation by aircraft is higher than all other modes of transport (see Table 7).
On a single-engine aircraft, with a capacity of 200-400 hp. With. (4-6 passengers), 1 km of flight costs 1 r.-1 r. 70 k. With daily flights all year round, the cost is closer to the lowest limit, with rare flights, it increases greatly. Large aircraft provide relatively cheaper transport, but only if they are provided with a sufficiently large load, which is still rare. For controlled balloons, there are still no cost figures tested in practice, and for large controlled balloons of 100,000-150,000 m 3 under construction, a cost of 5-10 k. per passenger-kilometer and 50 k.-1 r. with tkm. Reasons for the high cost of transport existing aircraft: a) relatively low carrying capacity (2-3 pass, for every 100 hp); b) the high cost of aircraft and engines, which are still produced in small numbers; c) short depreciation periods for aircraft and engines; d) high cost of fuel; e) high insurance; f) a large percentage of overhead costs due to the poor use of the material part in time (partial year and a small part of the day). Comparison of the cost of air transport with the size of the accepted tariffs shows that air transport is still unprofitable everywhere. The unprofitability is still increasing due to the underload that occurs on many lines. The deficit in all states is covered by government subsidies. Their sizes for 1926: in France - about 5 million rubles, in Germany - about 9 million rubles, in England - about 2.3 million rubles; in addition, the states provide ground equipment for air transport free of charge (airfields, lighting, etc.). The most cost-effective cargo is mail, paid for 4-7 rubles. for 1 T km, but its quantity is still not enough to load overhead lines. The development of air mail is now the surest way to break even air transport. Passengers and freight can only recover costs on lines that run in roadless areas, such as the Central Asian Dobrolet lines and some colonial lines, where in fact now most of the operating costs are covered by revenues; in the near future, such lines will become profitable. The technical progress of aircraft and airship construction promises in the coming decades a significant reduction in the cost of air transport, the achievement of its full profitability and a reduction in tariffs for passengers and mail approximately to the level of the railway. In parallel with this, an increase in the regularity, speed and comfort of air transport is foreseen and, as a result, a huge expansion of its scope.
Air Transport performs various functions in our country. However, its main task is passenger transportation and urgent transportation of mail and cargo.
The use of aviation is not limited to transport purposes: it is widely used in agriculture and forestry, in construction, installation, geological exploration and prospecting, in meteorology, etc.
In areas where there are no railways, primarily in the north of Siberia and the Far East, in hard-to-reach mountainous areas aviation often serves as the only means of transport.
The main technical and economic features of air transport include: high speed of transportation of passengers and cargo, high mobility and autonomy in flight, the ability to significantly shorten the route compared to ground and water sports transport, organization of end-to-end non-stop communications. Air transport is constantly being technically improved. Passenger and high-speed aircraft were put into operation heavy duty with gas turbine and turbojet engines.
In the overall work of air transport, passenger traffic is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. The predominant use of air transport as a passenger means of communication is predetermined by the high cost of transportation. Air transport transports only goods, the rapid delivery of which is of great economic importance, and most of them are passenger aircraft, smaller - cargo.
In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed down. For 1993 - 1995 passenger traffic fell by half, and passenger turnover - by almost 40% (see table. 10.4). On domestic routes and local lines, passenger turnover decreased by 2.1 times, but on international airlines it increased by 2 times. The united Aeroflot broke up into 413 airlines, of which 157 actually operated. There are 845 airports in the country, including 66 of federal importance, 49 of international status. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%.
Created extensive network transit (over long distances) and local airlines. Moscow is connected by airlines with the capitals. neighboring countries, centers of republics, territories, regions and major cities Russian Federation. direct air traffic installed since 87 foreign countries. In the system of international air airlines of our country there are air lines that are operated by Aeroflot jointly with foreign airlines. This, for example, is the Trans-Siberian Airway, which is regularly used by Aeroflot, the Japanese airline Jal, the French Air France, the British BOAC, the Scandinavian CAC, and the German Lufthansa.
Table 10. Main indicators of the development of air transport in Russia points, conditions of transportation (tariffs, regularity, comfort, frequency of flights, etc.).
The leading place in the formation of air transport passenger flows belongs to the Moscow air hub, which accounts for more than 10% of all initial passenger departures. Flights are made from Moscow in five directions: Caucasian, southern, eastern, Central Asian and western. The largest number of passengers is transported by air from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Sochi. A large flow of passengers is characterized eastbound, going from Moscow through the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia to the Far East, as well as the south - to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus.
In addition to Moscow, powerful passenger flows are formed in the aviation hubs of St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Sochi, Mineralnye Vody, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Samara. From each airport, the most powerful passenger flows follow a limited number of routes. Thus, Moscow airports, having a direct air connection with 200 cities of the country, send about half of all passengers to 18 - 20 cities, from St. Petersburg, half of air passengers go to 9 cities.
On local airlines, many passengers are transported in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Transportation of air passengers is characterized by high unevenness. The II and III quarters of the year account for more than half of the annual volume passenger traffic. In winter, the number of flights is sharply reduced. The unevenness of traffic is greatest on lines serving resort areas.
In the future, passenger transportation will be developed for medium and long distance. Air transport will take the main place in cargo transportation during the development of the northern and northeastern regions of the country.
The main directions for the development of air transport are increasing the capacity (carrying capacity) and speed of aircraft, improving the technical equipment of ports, especially in the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East, and ensuring flight safety.
Currently, a comprehensive program "Transport of Russia" is being developed. First of all, the issues of increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, establishing the work of transport engineering, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, etc., need to be addressed. In a market economy, our country needs a transport system that can adapt to rapidly changing circumstances.
Among the proposals worthy of attention is the creation of a 2,000-kilometer-long Baltic-Center-Black Sea transport corridor. This is a whole system of communications that unites highways, railways, airports, ports, warehouses, cargo terminals, etc. Over time, the Russian corridor may become part of a transcontinental transport system connecting Northern and Western Europe with the countries of the Middle East, Turkey, Iran.
Air transport is a mode of transport that transports goods and passengers by air using aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc. Air transport is effective in servicing hard-to-reach remote areas, for transporting expensive and perishable goods over long distances. Air transport is one of the most important types of passenger transport.
Air transport Arose in the states of Europe and America after the 1st World War d. In France and Germany, for example, how the mode of transport began to develop from d. In the USSR, the first air line was opened in 1923. France Germany,
The principle of flight is aerostatic by the Archimedean force, equal to the force of gravity of the mass of air displaced by the body; the Archimedean air is aerodynamic by the reactive force due to the dropping down of part of the air flowing around the body during its movement, that is, it is determined by the force of air on the moving body. inertial by the force of inertia of a flying body due to the initial reserve of speed or altitude, therefore such a flight is also called passive; rocket dynamic by reactive force due to the rejection of part of the mass of the flying body. In accordance with the law of conservation of momentum of the system, motion arises when a certain part of its mass is separated from the body at any speed; In airless space, an aircraft can perform inertial flight or on other physical principles (for example, using a solar sail, on the area of which the stellar wind exerts pressure, or by obtaining acceleration after a revolution between relatively massive planets, performing a gravitational maneuver of the solar sail stellar windgravity maneuver
Classification Classification of aircraft can be built on different principles. This does not cover classifications, for example, by the type of engine used, or by the purpose of the aircraft, which are not essentially classifications of the aircraft themselves, and in fact classify the engines, or the payload of aircraft, which can relate to almost any branch of technology, science and economic activity. Of no interest are degenerate classifications (consisting of only two divisions, for example, manned unmanned vehicles).
Classification Devices moving in the Earth's gravitational fieldAerostatic, or "lighter than air" devices, lifted into atmospheric flight by Archimedean force due to a balloon (shell) filled with gas (including heated air), the density of which is lower than the density of atmospheric air, or the use of an evacuated shell (Vacuum airship). According to the method of movement, these devices are divided into: Archimedean force Vacuum airship Balloons that do not have means of purposeful movement in a horizontal plane and move in it with the wind. Balloons Airships with an engine (engines) and controls for purposeful movement along the vertical (up or down) and in the horizontal plane. Airship engine
Classification Aerodynamic vehicles supported in atmospheric flight by aerodynamic lift generated by fast movement in the air of the apparatus itself or its parts. Subdivided into: lifting force Motor driven by the engine. They are divided into: Apparatus with active control of the boundary layer flow, such as EKIP, with a vortex system for controlling the flow in the boundary layer. EKIP Apparatus with uncontrolled boundary layer flow Helicopters (helicopters), the lifting force of which is created propeller, rotated by the engine around a vertical axis. Helicopters helicopters propeller
Classification Cruise vehicles with a fixed (relative to the vehicle) wing: airplanes, cruise missiles, ekranoplanes, ekranoplans, motor hang gliders, paramotors. These include: Autogyros, the wing of which freely rotates around a vertical axis under the influence of air incoming in horizontal flight. Devices that, when taking off from the ground and climbing, like helicopters, with a method similar to fixed-wing devices, in horizontal flight develop wing lift, like airplanes, while the propeller, the axis of which turns to a horizontal position, plays the role of a mover in horizontal in flight. Helicopter rotor wings Propulsion aircraft Non-powered aerodynamic vehicles moving in the atmosphere with a gradual decrease under the combined influence of gravity and aerodynamic forces. Gliders, hang gliders, paragliders. Gliders hang gliders paragliders Parachutes. Parachutes
Classification Aircraft with aerostatic unloading similar to BARS (LA), in which about 80% of the aircraft's lift (500 tons) is achieved by a helium cylinder, and speeds up to 300 km / h are provided by sustainer engines. BARS (LA) Inertial. Moving in the Earth's gravitational field by inertia due to the speed communicated to them in the active part of the trajectory by a rocket engine. They are divided into: inertia active part of the trajectory Ballistic missile warheads moving along ballistic trajectories. ballistic missiles ballistic trajectories Artificial Earth satellites and orbiting space stations moving in outer space around the Earth in closed orbits. Artificial Earth satellites orbiting space stations in orbits Rocket vehicles that overcome gravity without interaction with the atmosphere, due to thrust rocket engine, directed vertically upwards, or having a sufficient vertical component. This method of flight is used on the active part of the trajectory by ballistic missiles and launch vehicles of spacecraft. air cushion, held above the ground or above water due to the increased air pressure created by the compressor between the bottom of the apparatus and a solid or water surface. Air cushion devices
Air transport An airplane (also known as an airplane) is an aircraft with an aerodynamic method of creating lift using an engine and fixed wings (wings) and used to fly in the Earth's atmosphere. (Further in this article, the term aircraft is interpreted only in this sense.) Aircraft engine wings in the Earth's atmosphere
Air transport An aircraft is capable of traveling at high speeds by using the lift of its wings to keep itself in the air. A fixed wing distinguishes an airplane from an ornithopter (majol) and a helicopter, and the presence of an engine from a glider. The aircraft is distinguished from the airship by the aerodynamic method of creating lift, the aircraft wing in the oncoming air flow creates lift.
Types of aircraft Boeing (Boeing) Passenger aircraft for long-haul airlines Dimensions: - wingspan 59.63 m, - aircraft length 70.66 m, aircraft height 19.32 m Passenger cabin dimensions: - length 57 m, - maximum width 6, 13 m, - height 2.53 m Flight data: - cruising speed 940 km / h, - flight range - up to km - passengers in the cabin of three classes - 405, max Condition: mass-produced since 1983 Boeing (Boeing)
Types of aircraft Airbus A310 (Airbus A310) Passenger aircraft for medium-haul airlines Dimensions: - wingspan 43.9 m, - aircraft length 46.65 m, aircraft height 15.81 m Passenger cabin dimensions: - length 33.24 m, - maximum width 5.28 m, - height 2.32 m 255, max Condition: mass-produced since 1983 Airbus A310 (Airbus A310) aircraft, civil aviation aircraft, protection of ground facilities from enemy aircraft. Less commonly, fighters are used to attack land and sea targets. bomberscivil aviation
Currently, the concepts of aviation and air transport have actually become synonymous, since air transportation is carried out exclusively by aircraft heavier than air. (7)
Characteristic:
b Vehicles: airplanes and helicopters
b Communication routes: air corridors
b Signaling and control: aircraft beacons, air traffic control
b Transport hubs: airports
Air transport, one of the modes of transport that transports passengers, mail and cargo by air. Its main advantage is to provide significant time savings due to high flight speed.
Air transport has lower fixed costs than railroads. water transport or pipelines. The fixed costs of air transport include the purchase of aircraft and, where necessary, special handling equipment and containers. Variable costs include kerosene, aircraft maintenance, and flight and ground personnel.
Since airports require very large open spaces, air transportation, as a rule, is not combined into a single system with other modes of transport, with the exception of road transport.
Air transport transports a variety of goods. The main feature of this type of transport is that it is used to deliver goods mainly in case of emergency, and not on a regular basis. Thus, the main cargoes transported by air are either high-value or perishable goods when high fare justified. Potential objects of air cargo transportation are also such traditional products for logistics operations as assembly parts and components, goods sold by postal catalogs.
Air transport ranks third in terms of passenger traffic. It is also used in the national economy for the transportation of urgent cargo, in the construction of pipelines, bridges, power lines, in carrying out work for agriculture, geological exploration, and fisheries. The level of development of air transport is an indicator of the degree of scientific and technical potential of the country. In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed down. Currently, the technical staffing of the ground base is 60%, and for air terminal complexes - no more than 30%. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%. Therefore, it is necessary to more intensively finance the air transport complex so as not to be left without it soon, and it is necessary to stimulate our famous design bureaus government orders.
In the transport system modern Russia air transport, which is the basis of civil aviation, is one of the main types. In its total work, the transportation of passengers is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. The largest number passengers are transported on airlines connecting Moscow with eastern regions, St. Petersburg, resort areas and with the capitals of the CIS countries. In cities such as Tashkent, Novosibirsk, Sochi, 60-70% of Moscow passengers are delivered by plane, and to Khabarovsk and Ashgabat - up to 90%.
In Russia, aviation is the most expensive mode of transport, but at the same time the fastest. The first air line in Russia was opened in 1923 (Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod). At present, a network of airlines is widely developed, connecting the most important industrial centers countries, as well as the capital of Russia - Moscow - with the capitals of the CIS countries, the capitals and cities of many countries of the world. Developed air communication between major cities and resorts.
Air transport plays a special role in the poorly developed regions of Siberia and the Far East, where, together with seasonal river transport, it is often the only means of communication. The most massive and stable passenger flows are concentrated on airlines from Moscow in five main directions: Caucasian, southern, eastern, Central Asian and Western. Air transport carries passengers parallel to almost all major rail lines. At the same time, the share of air transportation is larger than that of railways on lines from Moscow to Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk and further to the east, as well as from Moscow to Sochi, Mineralnye Vody, and the capitals of the CIS countries. The main flows of citizens are concentrated in the eastern (Siberia and the Far East) direction.
Air transport in our country performs various functions. However, its main task is passenger transportation and urgent transportation of mail and cargo.
In areas where there are no railroads, primarily in the north of Siberia and the Far East, in hard-to-reach mountainous areas, aviation often serves as the only means of transport.
air transport environment
An extensive network of transit (over long distances) and local airlines has been created. Moscow is connected by airlines with the capitals of neighboring countries, centers of republics, territories, regions and major cities of the Russian Federation. Direct air communication is established with 87 foreign countries. In the system of international air airlines of our country there are air lines that are operated by Aeroflot jointly with foreign airlines. (7)
The dream of flying has been in people's minds for a long time. The solution to the design of the aircraft was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, far ahead of his time.
In Rus', attempts to fly hot-air balloon were undertaken in the ΧVI century, for which the serf who made the flight was executed - the era of Ivan the Terrible. In 1696, an attempt was made to fly on wings covered with thin skin, in 1729 the blacksmith Chernik-Groza tried to rise on wings made of wire and feathers, in 1731 a clerk from Ryazan flew in a balloon, for which he was expelled from the city under the threat of burning at the stake or living burial.
After that, the Frenchman Charles flew in a balloon, in 1875 Mendeleev proposed a project for a controlled stratospheric balloon, in 1900 the controlled Zeppellin airship became a contender for the conquest of the air basin.
idea modern aircraft and its main elements were proposed by Mozhaisky in 1876, having created a flying model of an airplane with a clock spring. In 1881 he built a twin-engine aircraft, in 1882 he assembled it, but strong vibration and lack of funds delayed the flight for another two years (in the area railway station Mozhayskaya in the place of the first human flight on a device heavier than air, a memorial sign was installed).
This aircraft was recognized as the best design of that time, defining the progress of aircraft construction. It was the first plane to take off with a person on board.
Similar attempts were also made in Germany, France, England, and America. The beginning of industrial aircraft construction in Russia is attributed to 1908-1909, in 1913 Russian designers led by Sikorsky built an aircraft with a flight weight of 4.2 tons (there was no aircraft heavier than 1 ton abroad at that time). This aircraft took on board 7 people and developed a speed of 90 km / h, then they designed an aircraft with a flight weight of 6.5 tons.
6.3.1. General characteristics of air transport
Air transport is the fastest and most expensive in the world. The network of air routes is constantly growing, and by the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 8 million kilometers. The main role of air transport in the transportation of passengers, its share in the world's passenger transport exceeds 10%, although in the cargo turnover - only 1%. Its value immeasurably increases for hard-to-reach areas where there are no other modes of transport (for example, for remote northern regions Siberia and the Russian Far East).
Air communication exists between all continents, but the most intense lines exist between North America and Europe. The geography of air transport is also characterized by a network of airports, of which there are more than 1000 international ones alone. Most the world's air travel is controlled by the United States.
Among the airports that carry out the most significant passenger transportation, one can name the airports of the USA (O Haara, Chicago), Great Britain (London, Heathrow), Japan (Tokyo, Naryta, Kansai, Osaka). Kansai Airport was opened in 1995 and is located on an alluvial island five kilometers from the coast, which allows it to operate around the clock, unlike the old one, which is located in the center of Osaka and operates only during the daytime due to noise.
In terms of cargo transportation, the US airports (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago) are in the lead, the largest metropolitan airports Western Europe (London, Paris, Amsterdam), Japan (Tokyo). More than 70% of the planet's aircraft fleet is concentrated in the United States.
The structure of the world aviation fleet is dominated by American Boeing, Douglas, Lockheed aircraft, and the bulk of flights in European countries are made by aircraft of the same brands.
In Russia, air transport accounts for 14.6% of all intercity passenger traffic (in the USA - 17%).
Among the trends in the development of air transport, the following can be noted: an increase in the speed and range of flights, an increase in the share of intercontinental transportation, and an increase in aircraft capacity. Air transport is characterized by a high degree of concentration of capital.
The air transport system consists of many functionally interconnected subsystems. The main elements of the air transport system are: the “crew-aircraft” system, the control system air traffic, system of technical operation, objects and personnel of commercial services.
technical basis air transport are:
aircrafts,
airports,
air lines (routes),
aircraft repair factories.
Aircraft can be heavier than air - airplanes, helicopters, gliders, rotorcraft and lighter than air - airships, powered and free balloons. All of these are aircraft. The concept of aircraft does not include aircraft moving only due to jet thrust or inertia (rockets, spacecraft), as well as hovercraft, meteorological balloons.
Aircraft fleet air transport consists of airplanes and helicopters.
Aircraft are divided into passenger, cargo, combined (cargo-passenger) and special applications (agricultural, sanitary, aerial photography), as well as training.
The most important technical and economic indicators of aircraft are: capacity (for passengers) and carrying capacity, speed, non-stop flight range.
Airports- a complex of engineering and technical facilities that ensure the departure to the lines and the reception from the lines of passengers and cargo, as well as the preparation and equipment of aircraft.
An airport is an air transport enterprise designed to carry out regular air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and to service aircraft flights. The airport includes aerodrome with a runway system, cargo and passenger complexes, aviation technical base, airport services, communications and flight support.
Aerodrome- the most important element of the airport, includes the airfield, on which one or more airstrips, taxiways, aircraft parking areas are located, runways. The number of runways depends on the capacity of the airport. One runway may have one or more runways.
cargo complex includes a cargo apron (a place for short-term parking of aircraft during loading and unloading of cargo), cargo warehouses, post offices and other facilities. At airports with a large volume of cargo traffic, cargo terminals are provided, which differ from warehouses in their space-planning solution and work technology.
Passenger complex designed for fast and safe service of departing, arriving and transit passengers, meeting and seeing off.
The main element of the passenger complex is terminal, where ticket sales, passenger check-in, baggage clearance and processing, information and other types of passenger services are carried out.
Airways- these are air corridors limited in width and height, connecting the airspaces of aerodrome areas, and intended for aircraft flights. The routes are served by means of air navigation and air traffic control.
6.3.2. Aircraft
Airplanes and helicopters are the most widely used.
Airplane is an aircraft that flies in the atmosphere with the help of engines and wings, on which aerodynamic lift is created when moving in the air. When the aircraft moves in the air, the upper surface of the wing, being more convex than the lower one, flows around the air flow with more speed than the lower one, there is a pressure difference directed upwards, perpendicular to the flight speed. This pressure difference creates aerodynamic lift. If the lift force is equal to the flight weight, then the aircraft flies horizontally. If it is less than the flight weight, then the aircraft flies with a decrease. If the lift force exceeds the flight weight, then a climb occurs.
Aircraft according to their purpose are divided into: transport (passenger and cargo); educational and training; sports; military; special.
The main characteristics of aircraft are: takeoff weight; range of flight; layout scheme.
Takeoff weight- the mass of a fully equipped, fueled and loaded aircraft. By takeoff weight, aircraft are divided into four classes.
The first class includes aircraft with takeoff weight more than 76 tons, to the second - with a mass of 30 to 75 tons, to the third - with a mass of 10 to 30 tons, to the fourth - with a mass of less than 10 tons.
Range of flight- the distance measured on the surface of the earth that an airplane can fly with the consumption of the entire fuel reserve, with the exception of the air navigation emergency reserve.
According to the flight range, aircraft are divided into mainline and local airliners. The main ones, in turn, are divided into:
long-haul (flight range over 6000 km); medium-haul (flight range from 2500 to 6000 km); short-haul (flight range up to 2500 km).
The flight range of aircraft of local airlines does not exceed 1000 km.
The speed of modern transport aircraft with turbojet engines is 750-950 km/h, with turboprop engines 500-750 km/h.
Depending on the flight speed, aircraft are divided into subsonic; supersonic; hypersonic.
Subsonic - aircraft whose speed does not exceed the speed of sound. Supersonic - Aircraft whose speed exceeds the speed of sound. Hypersonic - aircraft whose speed exceeds the speed of sound by 4-5 times.
6.3.3. Air transport of Russia
Russian air transport transports passengers, cargo, and mail. It is an important link in the economic and social structure of the country.
For Russia, which occupies one eighth of the earth's land, air transport is a factor in the normal functioning of markets for goods and services, interregional and international relations. The specifics of the geographical and climatic position of the country, the low density of the land transport network in a number of regions, big sizes countries necessitate the widespread use of air transport. About 70% of the territory of Russia (Siberia, North, Far East) have practically no developed land and water communications, about 50% of passenger and freight traffic for these areas is provided by air transport.
Business travel, tourism, agricultural work, forest fire fighting, monitoring natural environment, mapping, geological, ice reconnaissance, reconnaissance of fisheries, implementation of unique construction and installation works, provision of medical care, emergency help in emergencies without air transport would be difficult and often impossible.
Every year in Russia, air transport transports about 25 million passengers (70% in domestic traffic) and 0.7 million tons. cargo. The length of civil aviation air lines is about 800 thousand km, including more than 200 thousand km - international lines.
The collapse of the USSR also led to the collapse of the only monopoly company, Aeroflot, which consisted of regional civil aviation departments located at major airports in the country.
There are currently 330 airlines and 845 airports operating in Russia. 63 airports are of federal importance, 52 operate international flights.
The Russian aircraft fleet consists of 8,200 units, including about 1,900 mainline passenger aircraft, more than 800 - cargo, about 2500 helicopters, the rest - aircraft of local airlines.
In recent years, there has been a reduction in passenger transportation by air in Russia, mainly due to a decrease in the solvency of the population, caused by a sharp increase in air ticket prices. Since January 1, 1993, air transportation of passengers has been carried out at free fares. A further decrease in the volume of passenger traffic and passenger turnover is also predicted. It should be noted that with a reduction in passenger traffic by domestic airlines, on international lines during the same period it constantly increased.
In recent years, there has been a certain stabilization in the development of air transport, there has been an increase in the volume of passenger and cargo air transportation. The use of aircraft has somewhat improved - there has been a noticeable stabilization of airfares. In recent years, dozens of the most important production facilities have been introduced in civil aviation, despite significant difficulties. Among them are air terminal complexes, terminals in Pulkovo, Vnukovo, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Domodedovo, Arkhangelsk, Magadan, Koltsov, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Barnaul, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Grozny, Sochi; runways and other airfield facilities at Sheremetyevo, Bykovo, Chita, Vladivostok, Salekhard, Murmansk, Bratsk, Koltsov, Ust-Ilimsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Novgorod airports; aviation technical bases in Khabarovsk, Ust-Ilimsk. A medical center was put into operation in Moscow (a hospital for 480 beds and a polyclinic for 750 visits a day), a dispensary for flight personnel in Vladivostok, a hotel in Khabarovsk and other social facilities.
February 2003 marks the 80th anniversary of Russian Civil Aviation. During this time, aviation has passed a long and difficult path of development and has become one of the modern industries. National economy- air Transport.
