Lesson "Transport: air, land, water". Characteristics of the features of aviation transport, as well as its importance in the transport complex

A vehicle is a technical device, the purpose of which is to transport people or goods over long distances. There are more than 10,000 such devices in the world today. Therefore, in order to distinguish one transport from another, people came up with a standard classification, thanks to which all types of vehicles can be conditionally divided according to their purpose, the energy used and the medium of movement.

Main types of vehicles

As mentioned above, depending on certain features, all types of vehicles can be divided into three main groups:

• by appointment;
• by energy used;
• on the medium of travel.

Since the above types of vehicles have their own classification, features and differ from each other in certain ways, they can be considered in more detail.

Types of transport by destination

Purpose refers to the area in which a particular mode of transport is used most often. That is, these vehicles can be:

• Special use. These include military (armored vehicles, tanks) and technological transport (track vehicles).
• Common use. This category includes all types of water, air and land transport used in the field of trade and provision of services. For example, a truck that transports goods is already a vehicle that fits into the general use category.
• Individual use, i.e. those vehicles that a person uses personally. The most common individual transport is a personal car or motorcycle.

In addition, there is also a separate subcategory of public transport. This includes urban (public) transport, that is, one that carries passengers on certain routes, according to a schedule and for a fee. These can be buses, trams, trolleybuses, etc.

Types of transport by energy used

Depending on the energy used, there are vehicles:

• Driven by wind power, for example, sailing ships (sailboats).
• Driven by muscular force (moved by a person or animal). The most common human-propelled vehicle is the bicycle, which is propelled by foot pedals. In addition, there are small rowing boats and velomobiles that are less used in everyday life, which also move with the help of human power. Animal-driven vehicles are described in more detail below under the appropriate heading.
• With a personal engine. This type, in turn, is divided into vehicles with a thermal and electronic engine.

A heat-powered vehicle is a mechanical vehicle that works by converting heat into energy needed to move. The source of heat in such engines can be, for example, organic fuel. One of the most famous representatives of transport with a heat engine is a steam locomotive, which is set in motion by processing (kindling) coal.

An electronic vehicle is one whose engine is powered by electricity. The main vehicles of this type are trams, funiculars, monorails, electric cars and electric boats.

Modes of transport by travel medium

Depending on the medium of movement, transport can be:

• ground (road, rail, bicycle, pipeline, as well as transport driven by animals);
• air (aviation and aeronautics);
• water (surface and underwater vessels);
• space (devices and machines moving along airless paths);
• different kind.

Other modes of transport include stationary lifts (elevators), elevators, cable cars, etc.

Ground transport

There are various ground vehicles, which are divided according to a number of criteria:

• By type of mover, there are caterpillar (some types of tanks, tractors and cranes), wheeled (cars, bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles), as well as ground vehicles that are driven by animals.
• By the number of wheels, there are: monocycles (one-wheeled vehicles), bicycles (two-wheeled vehicles), tricycles (three-wheeled vehicles) and ATVs (four-wheeled vehicles).
• According to the types of roads, there are railway and trackless vehicles. Rail transport refers to any vehicle that carries goods and passengers on rail tracks. That is, it can be locomotives, wagons, trams, monorails and trestle transport. Any land transport, including vehicles that move on land, refers to trackless transport.

Automotive vehicles

The most popular and widespread type of land vehicles is road transport. Automobile includes all types of means by which cargo and passengers are transported along trackless tracks. Many cars are designed not only for transportation over short distances, but also over long distances, especially in cases where it is impossible to deliver passengers, products or materials in any other way.

All road transport is divided into:

• For racing cars, which are most often used in car and sprint races (drag racing, auto slalom, etc.). These include, for example, monoposts - single cars with open wheels used in Formula 1 races.
• On transport vehicles that serve only for the transport of goods and passengers. Depending on the purpose of the destination, they are passenger cars (personal use cars), trucks (vans, tractors, etc.) and transportation (buses, fixed-route taxis, etc.).
• On special machines, which, among other things, are equipped with additional equipment designed for certain purposes. These include, for example, ambulances or fire trucks.

Vehicles driven by animals

People learned to use animals as means of transportation when other types of land transport did not yet exist. Although years have already passed, modern vehicles have appeared, many still prefer to ride a horse or harness an animal to a wagon to transport any cargo.

Vehicles driven by animals include:

• Horse-drawn transport. Horses, dogs, camels, buffaloes, elephants and other mammals that can be tamed and trained for transportation are mainly used as vehicles for moving cargo and passengers on wagons, carts.
• Pack transport. The very name of pack transport comes from the packing luggage (pack), which is attached to the back of the animal. Such a vehicle is used in cases where horse-drawn transport is impractical, for example, in mountainous areas, where the slopes are too steep and the roads are narrow, which greatly complicates the movement of wagons and carts. In addition to mountainous regions, pack animals are used in rural and swampy areas, as well as in deserts or in northern regions where there are poor roads or there are practically none.
• Horse transport, which is designed both for the transport of passengers and for participation in special sports competitions and competitions. Horses, camels and elephants are the main types of riding transport.

Pipeline vehicles

The main purpose of pipeline vehicles is only the transportation of goods (chemicals, liquid and gaseous products) through special channels (pipes). This type of land transport is the cheapest and most popular, which has no analogues in the world. For example, on the territory of the Russian Federation, pipelines are used to transport more than 95% of the oil produced.

In addition to cheapness, pipeline water transport has other advantages:

• fast shipping;
• low cost of transportation;
• no loss of cargo during delivery;
• pipelines can be laid anywhere and in any way (not counting airways).

The main types of pipeline vehicles: sewerage, water supply, garbage chute and pneumatic transport (pneumatic mail).

Air Transport

Airplanes appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and quickly gained popularity around the world. This type of transport also includes helicopters, airships, airbuses, airplanes. This is one of the fastest, but expensive types of vehicles, which is intended for passenger and cargo transportation over long distances (more than 1 thousand km) by air. In addition, there are airplanes and helicopters that perform official functions (for example, extinguish fires, spray insecticides over fields, air ambulance, etc.). Typically, air transport is used by tourists and businessmen who want to quickly get to another country or even to another continent. These vehicles transport large and heavy items, products with a short shelf life, as well as valuable items.

Although this mode of transport is a noisy, expensive pleasure, it is indispensable for scientific expeditions that go to distant continents or other hard-to-reach places where it is difficult or impossible to reach in any other way.

Water transport

This is one of the classic types of vehicles. Such transport is intended for transportation along artificial (reservoirs, canals) and natural (lakes, rivers, seas, etc.) waterways.

Unlike air transport, water transport is one of the cheapest after pipeline transport. That is why almost everything is transported by such vehicles: from building materials to minerals. And such watercraft, such as, for example, ferries, are even capable of transporting other vehicles.

But here passenger traffic has become much smaller in recent years. This is justified by the rather low speed with which ships move from one seaport to another.

The main types of vehicles moving along the waterways: surface (boats, boats, liners, ships) and underwater vessels.

Space transport (spacecraft)

Space transport (spacecraft) - a mechanical vehicle designed to transport goods and passengers in a vacuum (in space). Of course, speaking of the transportation of people, it is understood that they are both passengers and the crew that controls the spacecraft. Basically, such transport is intended for more specific purposes. For example, space stations are designed for various studies of the terrain, oceans and atmosphere that cannot be carried out on Earth, and satellites allow people to watch international television programs and make weather forecasts for meteorologists. In addition, some spacecraft are used for military purposes (surveillance of war zones, reconnaissance of the activities of other countries, detection of approaching space objects, etc.).

From the main space transport can be distinguished: satellites, spacecraft, orbital and interplanetary stations, planetary rovers.

Air transport in our country performs various functions. However, its main task is passenger transportation and urgent transportation of mail and cargo.
The use of aviation is not limited to transport purposes: it is widely used in agriculture and forestry, in construction, installation, geological exploration and prospecting, in meteorology, etc.
In areas where there are no railroads, primarily in the north of Siberia and the Far East, in hard-to-reach mountainous areas, aviation often serves as the only means of transport.
The main technical and economic features of air transport include: high speed of transportation of passengers and cargo, high mobility and autonomy in flight, the ability to significantly shorten the route compared to land and water modes of transport, the organization of end-to-end non-stop communications. Air transport is constantly being technically improved. Passenger and high-speed aircraft heavy duty with gas turbine and turbojet engines.
In the overall work of air transport, passenger traffic is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. The predominant use of air transport as a passenger means of communication is predetermined by the high cost of transportation. Air transport transports only goods, the rapid delivery of which is of great economic importance, and most of them are passenger aircraft, smaller - cargo.
In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed down. For 1993 - 1995 passenger traffic fell by half, and passenger turnover - by almost 40% (see table. 10.4). on internal highways and local lines passenger turnover decreased by 2.1 times, but on international airlines it increased by 2 times. The united Aeroflot broke up into 413 airlines, of which 157 actually operated. There are 845 airports in the country, including 66 of federal importance, 49 of international status. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%.
An extensive network of transit (over long distances) and local airlines. Moscow is connected by airlines with the capitals. neighboring countries, centers of republics, territories, regions and large cities Russian Federation. Direct air communication has been established since 87 foreign countries. In the system of international air airlines of our country there are air lines that are operated by Aeroflot jointly with foreign airlines. This, for example, is the Trans-Siberian Airway, which is regularly used by Aeroflot, the Japanese airline Jal, the French Air France, the British BOAC, the Scandinavian CAC, and the German Lufthansa.
Table 10. Main indicators of the development of air transport in Russia points, conditions of transportation (tariffs, regularity, comfort, frequency of flights, etc.).
The leading place in the formation of air transport passenger flows belongs to the Moscow air hub, which accounts for more than 10% of all initial passenger departures. Flights are made from Moscow in five directions: Caucasian, southern, eastern, Central Asian and western. The largest number of passengers is transported by air from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Sochi. A large flow of passengers is characterized by the eastern direction, going from Moscow through the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia to the Far East, as well as the southern direction - to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus.
In addition to Moscow, powerful passenger flows are formed in the aviation hubs of St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Sochi, Mineralnye Vody, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Samara. From each airport, the most powerful passenger flows follow a limited number of routes. Thus, Moscow airports, having a direct air connection with 200 cities of the country, send about half of all passengers to 18 - 20 cities, from St. Petersburg, half of air passengers go to 9 cities.
On local airlines, many passengers are transported in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Transportation of air passengers is characterized by high unevenness. The II and III quarters of the year account for more than half of the annual volume of passenger traffic. In winter, the number of flights is sharply reduced. The unevenness of traffic is greatest on lines serving resort areas.
In the future, passenger transportation over medium and long distances will be developed. Air transport will take the main place in cargo transportation during the development of the northern and northeastern regions of the country.
The main directions for the development of air transport are increasing the capacity (carrying capacity) and speed of aircraft, improving the technical equipment of ports, especially in the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East, and ensuring flight safety.
Currently, a comprehensive program "Transport of Russia" is being developed. First of all, the issues of increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, establishing the work of transport engineering, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, etc., need to be addressed. In a market economy, our country needs a transport system that can adapt to rapidly changing circumstances.
Among the proposals worthy of attention is the creation of a 2,000-kilometer-long Baltic-Center-Black Sea transport corridor. This is a whole system of communications that unites highways, railways, airports, ports, warehouses, cargo terminals, etc. Over time, the Russian corridor may become part of a transcontinental transport system connecting Northern and Western Europe with the countries of the Middle East, Turkey, Iran.

Aviation transport.

Aviation transport - a type of transport that transports goods and passengers by air using aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc.; contributes to the internationalization and globalization of all aspects of human activity. Air transport is the fastest and most expensive mode of transport.

Advantages: message speed; maneuverability and efficiency (especially in the organization of new routes); huge coverage of territories and water areas; the shortest route; the possibility of quick relocation of rolling stock in case of changes in passenger flows, incl. due to accidents on other modes of transport; saving public time due to faster delivery; unlimited carrying capacity (limited only by the capacity of the airfield); relatively small investment (per 1 km air way about 30 times less than for 1 km of railway track). The functions of air transport are close to those of telecommunications. Air transportation provides the most valuable (works of art, antiques, precious metals ...) and urgent cargo.

Flaws: high cost of transportation (in this regard, it is not freight); dependence on weather conditions.

Initially, air transport developed as a specialized means of passenger transportation. Today, the share of cargo transportation by air is increasing. This is due to the advent of larger aircraft capacity. There has been a tendency to transport small consignments of goods. The cost of transportation should be reduced by reducing insurance, simplifying packaging and packaging due to the absence of external influences. At the same time, the share of air cargo turnover in the total volume is small. The functions of this type of transport are expanding based on the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress. The process of formation of personal aircraft is gradually taking place.

The specific areas of air transport activity include: installation of building high-rise structures, main gas and oil pipelines, power lines; traffic inspection; agricultural work; firefighting; communication with remote and hard-to-reach areas; ambulance med. help; mail transportation; exploration; aerial photography…

The movement of air transport is carried out:

1. strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of organizing takeoff and landing on the runway;

2. according to the system of allocation to each unit of the rolling stock of its own traffic corridor, depending on the speed and carrying capacity of the aircraft.

traffic corridor- ϶ᴛᴏ estimated flight altitude and coordinate system in the longitudinal and horizontal flight planes. The corridor system makes it possible to disperse aircraft in the air. Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining flight altitude.

The rolling stock of air transport includes:

1. devices lighter than air (airships, balloons, balloons, gliders);

2. apparatuses of heavier air (airplanes, helicopters).

The safe operation of air transport requires a complex infrastructure (maintenance personnel, radar, telecommunications, sophisticated ground equipment). The infrastructure of the industry is a network of airports. Airport - ϶ᴛᴏ a transport company that receives and sends passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, organizes and maintains rolling stock flights. Airports are international, republican and local. Aerodrome - ϶ᴛᴏ a specially adapted land plot with a complex of facilities and equipment for take-off, landing, parking and maintenance. Airfields are the main, alternate and base.

Air transport enterprises are corporatized, but air traffic control systems are not subject to privatization. This is largely due to the fact that the state is responsible for flight safety and people's lives.

The operations of airports are also separate from the ownership and operations of airlines. At the same time, equal access of airlines to the infrastructure of any airport and the free choice of an airport for equal conditions for the competitive struggle of airlines are ensured.

In the Soviet Union, air transport developed very actively. In the 80s. Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world. In addition to serving domestic routes, he maintained contacts with many foreign countries. Today, Russia is also one of the largest aviation powers. At the same time, with the collapse of the USSR and the separation of a number of small independent airlines from it, Aeroflot lost its leading position. In the 70s - early 80s. Aeroflot was equipped with modern aircraft, technically quite comparable with the best foreign analogues. However, starting from the second half of the 80s. the pace of renewal of the domestic fleet has slowed down sharply. In the years economic crisis Since this process has almost completely stopped, in connection with this, the main and urgent task of Russian air transport is to replace obsolete liners with new aircraft.

Russia has the longest air routes in the world (800 thousand km). First of all, these are the routes connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg with the cities of the Far East:

Moscow - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

Moscow - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;

St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

St. Petersburg - Perm - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The main centers of air traffic, where many air routes intersect, are the largest cities of the country: Moscow and St. North Caucasus, as well as all big cities on the air route Moscow - Vladivostok. In the regions of the Far North and territories equated to it, helicopters play an important role in the transportation of goods and passengers. Οʜᴎ deliver cargo and passengers to oil fields and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide emergency medical care, etc.

Today Russia has over 1.3 million km of airlines. On its territory state register airports in 2010, 232 airports were registered, 71 of which are international. Cargo turnover of air transport is 0.1%, passenger turnover - 30%. In our country, there are 46 airlines of various forms of ownership, of which 11 companies are large, with the volume of transportation of more than 1 million passengers a year. The largest airports in terms of passenger traffic are: in Moscow - Domodedovo, Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo; in St. Petersburg - Pulkovo; in Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo; in Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo; in Krasnodar - Pashkovsky; in Sochi - Adler.
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Their passenger turnover was over 2 million passenger-km in 2011 ᴦ.

LITERATURE

2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.

Aviation transport. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Air transport." 2017, 2018.

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Vehicles. Air Transport

The purpose of the lecture: to consider the technical characteristics of air transport

Keywords: aircraft, takeoff weight, flight range, layout, airfield, traffic corridor

1. Characteristics of fixed assets, technical means of the air fleet

performance helicopter air transportation

Air transport is the fastest and most expensive. The world network of air routes is constantly growing, and by the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 8 million km. The main purpose of air transport is the transportation of passengers. Its share in the transport passenger turnover exceeds 10%, and in the freight turnover - 1%. Its importance increases for the delivery of passengers and goods to hard-to-reach areas (for example, remote northern regions Siberia and the Far East).

Air communication covers all continents, but the most intensive lines exist between North America and Europe. The geography of air transport is also characterized by a network of airports, there are more than 1000 international ones alone.

In terms of cargo transportation, the US airports (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago), the largest metropolitan airports of Western Europe (London, Paris, Amsterdam), Japan (Tokyo) are in the lead. More than 70% of the planet's aircraft fleet is concentrated in the United States.

The structure of the aircraft fleet is dominated by American Boeing, Douglas, Lockheed aircraft, and the bulk of flights in European countries are made by aircraft of the same brands.

In Kazakhstan, air transport accounts for 9.6% of all intercity passenger traffic (in the US - 17%).

Among the trends in the development of air transport, the following can be noted: an increase in the speed and range of flights, an increase in the share of intercontinental transportation, and an increase in aircraft capacity. Air transport is characterized by a high degree of concentration of capital. US in control most air travel in the world.

The technical basis of air transport is: aircraft, airports and air lines (routes).

An aircraft is an aircraft supported in the atmosphere by interaction with air. Aircraft include aircraft heavier than air (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, rotorcraft) and lighter than air (blimps, balloons, both powered and free).

Aircraft do not include aircraft that move only due to jet thrust or inertia (rockets, spacecraft, as well as hovercraft, meteorological balloons).

The rolling stock of aircraft consists mainly of airplanes and helicopters and is the leading link in air transport. The classification of the rolling stock of air transport is shown in Figure 1.

As can be seen from the figure, aircraft (airplanes and helicopters) are heavier than air and their flight becomes possible due to the interaction of the thrust force of the engines and the wing, on which an aerodynamic lift force is created when moving in the air. When the aircraft moves in the air, the upper surface of the wing, being more convex than the lower one, flows around the air flow with more speed than the lower one, there is a pressure difference directed upwards, perpendicular to the flight speed. This pressure difference creates aerodynamic lift. If the lift force is equal to the flight weight, then the aircraft flies horizontally. If it is less than the flight weight, then the aircraft flies with a decrease. If the lift force exceeds the flight weight, then a climb occurs.

Each aircraft consists of an airframe, traction engines, landing gear and a set of units and instruments to ensure the functioning of all systems and control them.

A helicopter, unlike an airplane, has a propeller with blades mounted on a vertical shaft, thanks to which this aircraft is kept in weight.

Aircraft and helicopters are also divided by purpose and scope and carry out passenger, cargo and cargo-passenger transportation on local and international lines.

Main types of aircraft civil aviation fly at a speed of 900-1100 km / h at long distances and up to 500-700 km / h - at medium distances.

Aircraft with supersonic speeds (TUs, Boeings, Concordes, etc.) are used for ultra-long distances.

Figure 1 - Air transport rolling stock classification

The main characteristics of aircraft:

takeoff weight;

Range of flight;

Layout scheme.

Take-off weight is the weight of a fully equipped, fueled and loaded aircraft. Aircraft are divided into four classes according to their takeoff weight: the first class includes aircraft with takeoff weight more than 76 tons, to the second - from 30 to 75 tons, to the third - from 10 to 30 tons, to the fourth - with a mass of less than 10 tons.

Flight range - the distance measured on the surface of the earth that an aircraft can fly with the consumption of the entire fuel reserve, with the exception of the air navigation emergency reserve.

According to the flight range, aircraft are divided into main and local airlines. Trunk, in turn, are divided into:

Long-haul (flight range over 6000 km);

Medium-haul (flight range from 2500 to 6000 km);

Short-haul (flight range up to 2500 km).

The flight range of aircraft of local airlines does not exceed 1000 km.

The layout scheme of the aircraft is determined by the relative position of the fuselage, wing, plumage and engines. There are three types of aircraft layout:

Low-wing - the wing is located under the fuselage;

Sredneplan - the wing passes through the fuselage in its middle part;

Vysokoplan - the wing is located above the fuselage. Aircraft engines are installed in the wings, under the wings, on pylons and in the rear fuselage.

The speed of modern transport aircraft with turbojet engines 750-950 km/h, with turboprop engines 500-750 km/h.

Depending on the flight speed, aircraft are divided into:

Subsonic;

supersonic;

Hypersonic.

Subsonic - aircraft, the speed of which does not exceed the speed of sound, supersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound, hypersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound by 4-5 times.

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into:

Transport (passenger and freight);

Educational and training;

sports;

Military;

Special.

Airport or aerodrome - is a complex of engineering structures that ensure the departure to the line and the reception from the lines of passengers and cargo, as well as the preparation and equipment of aircraft to perform transport functions. The airfield is the most important element of the airport. This is an airfield on which one or more airstrips, taxiways, aircraft parking areas, and runways are located. The number of runways depends on the capacity of the airport. One runway may have one or more runways.

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According to the volume of annual passenger service, airports are divided into five classes. The value and class of the airport depends on the size and level of its technical development and equipment.

Airports serving more than 7 million passengers a year (for example, Heathrow Airport in London and J. Kennedy in New York serve 25 million passengers; O "Hara in Chicago - 40 million; Vnukovo - 27 million, etc. .) are out of class, and less than 25 thousand people are not classified.

According to the time of use, airfields are divided into:

Permanent;

temporary,

Daytime and 24/7 operation.

By type of coverage:

With artificial turf runways;

Ground;

Hydroaerodromes;

Ice.

By nature of use:

Basic;

intermediate;

Basic;

Spare.

The cargo complex includes a cargo platform, cargo warehouses, post offices and other facilities. At airports with a large volume of cargo traffic, cargo terminals are provided, which differ from warehouses in their space-planning solution and work technology.

The main element of the passenger complex is the terminal, which sells tickets, checks in passengers, checks in and handles luggage, provides information and other types of passenger services.

The forecourt of the airport is intended for the movement, stopping and maneuvering of public transport.

The airport hotel is designed to accommodate passengers who stay overnight at the airport due to waiting for departure or flight delays.

Passenger apron - a place for short-term parking of aircraft during landing and disembarking of passengers.

Airport services solve the problems of integrated transportation services, for which they have various divisions:

Passenger and cargo transportation services;

Service for the reception, preparation and release of aircraft;

fuel service;

production and dispatching service;

Security Service, etc.

Airways are volumes of airspace in width and height that connect the airspaces of airfield areas and are intended for flights of civil aviation and other departments. Airways are served by means of air navigation and air traffic control.

The airway altitude is divided into lower airspace (up to 6100m) and upper airspace (above 6100m).

In order to make the most efficient use of airspace for flights by aviation of all departments, an air traffic control system is being created to control arriving, departing and transit aircraft with unconditional compliance with safety and flight regularity requirements.

The air traffic control system includes airport controllers (airfield control tower controller, taxi controller, start controller, circle controller and approach controller) and controllers of regional and zonal centers.

The movement corridor (track) is the estimated flight altitude and coordinate system in the horizontal and vertical flight planes.

The corridor system makes it possible to disperse aircraft in the air to exclude the possibility of their collision.

Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining flight altitude.

The technology of air transport operation - movement must be carried out strictly according to the schedule, which is associated with the complexity of organizing take-off and landing at the airfield, as well as the system for allocating each unit of the rolling stock with its own traffic corridor, depending on the carrying capacity and flight speed. IN common complex diverse and diverse technological processes, especially importance has the procedure and terms for the maintenance of aircraft and airports.

2. International air transportation

International air transportation occupies a special place among foreign trade transportation. Yielding to other modes of transport in the volume of traffic, international air transport compares favorably with them in other indicators. International air transport is a type of international flight, which is defined as the operation of aircraft in the airspace of more than one state. The very same international air transportation is formulated in the Convention to unify some of the rules relating to international air transportation. International air transportation - transportation, in which the place of departure and the place of destination are located on the territory of two states or on the territory of one state, if a stopover (landing) is provided on the territory of another state. In order to coordinate the actions of international air carriers and provide them with the necessary organizational and legal framework, two large international air transport organizations were created in the mid-1940s: the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association IATA (IATA).

The International Civil Aviation Organization - this organization, headquartered in Montreal, is still the main forum for aviators around the world. Now it brings together 188 countries, officially referred to as the Contracting States. The activity of ICAO is determined by the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation - a legal act and a fundamental source of international air law.

All ICAO regulations are aimed at ensuring flight safety, aviation security (protection against terrorism) and the maximum simplification of the process of air transportation between states. Out of many specialized agencies operating under the auspices of the UN, ICAO is not only the largest, but also the most efficient organization that ensures uniformity and order in the transportation of more than 1.6 billion passengers and 30 million tons of cargo annually by air. Unlike ICAO, another international air transport association - IATA (International Air Transport Organization), founded in 1919, is engaged in the financial management of air travel. The clearing system, for example, allows airlines to manage financial flows centrally. During the year, 34 billion US dollars transferred by more than 300 airlines pass through the IATA financial chamber. The settlement system for the sale of passenger transportation simplifies the process of issuing tickets and reduces the costs associated with their sale.

There are seven standing committees within IATA:

Advisory for transportation;

Technical;

Combating aircraft hijacking and theft of cargo and luggage;

Legal;

Financial;

Conjuncture of world commodity and transport markets;

Medical.

One of the activities of IATA is to develop and adopt recommendations on the organization and conditions of transportation, as well as on the principles for constructing tariffs and determining their level. This activity is carried out at regional transportation conferences, for which the whole world is divided into three zones. The first is Western, which includes all the countries of the Western Hemisphere. The second is the Euro-African-Asian zone, which includes countries to the west of Iran. The third is the Asia-Pacific zone, which also includes Australia and Oceania.

Flights on international airlines according to the form of their performance can be classified:

On regular (carried out in accordance with the terms of agreements on air communication between states);

For non-scheduled (performed on the basis of special permits for single flights):

a. additional,

b. special,

c. charter.

International air fares can be subdivided into:

Passenger;

luggage;

Freight.

3. Air transport performance

In air transport, in addition to those common to all modes of transport, the following performance indicators are calculated.

Aircraft passenger seat occupancy rate? kps characterizes the use of aircraft seats. It is determined by dividing the passenger-kilometres performed?Plpas by the limit passenger-kilometres (seat-kilometres) ?Pmaxps:

The actual speed of delivery of passengers from the point of departure to the point of destination v is determined by dividing the length overhead line between these points L by the time spent by passengers on the trip by air? T:

The time spent on the trip is the sum of the time of transportation from the settlement to the airport tt1; waiting at the airport of departure t01 ; flight, including stops at intermediate airports tn; waiting at the destination airport t02 ; transportation from the airport to the locality tt2:

T= tt1 + t01 + tn + t02 + tt2 (3)

From the above formula it can be seen that the total time spent on a trip by air is the sum of flight and ground. Ground time on average is about 3-3.5 hours.

The technical flight range LTECHN is the maximum distance that an aircraft (helicopter) can fly in calm relative to the ground, having completely used up the fuel filled in its tanks by the time of landing.

The practical flight range Lact is the distance that an aircraft (helicopter) can fly relative to the ground with the remainder of the fuel provided for the navigational reserve in the tanks by the time of landing of the aircraft.

Cruise speed VKP is the distance traveled per unit of time with uniform, rectilinear horizontal flight of the aircraft and the operation of the engines in cruise mode and the calculated flight altitude and aircraft weight.

Flight speed Vp -- the average distance traveled by the aircraft per unit time (excluding landing time en route) in calm. It is calculated taking into account the cost of flight time at all stages of flight from takeoff to landing.

Commercial speed VKOM is the distance traveled per unit of time from the takeoff run at the initial airport to landing at the final airport, taking into account stops at intermediate airports.

The productivity of the aircraft and helicopter P is the volume of transport products performed by the aircraft (helicopter) in 1 hour.

This indicator can be determined for the entire fleet of aircraft and for each type.

Transportation of passengers and cargo by air transport is carried out by regular and non-scheduled carriers. Scheduled carriers are airlines that carry passengers, cargo, mail, both on a regular and contract basis. Scheduled services include flights scheduled and operated in accordance with the published schedule for a fee, as well as additional flights caused by the overload of scheduled flights.

Non-scheduled carriers are enterprises that carry out commercial transportation of goods and passengers for the needs of enterprises and the population on an irregular basis (charter flights, special flights, tourist routes).

Accounting for completed shipments is kept separately for these groups of carriers. Within groups, transportation is divided into local, domestic and international.

Local transportation - both points of the flight, i.e., the initial and final ones, which are located on the territory of the republic, territory, region.

Domestic transportation - between the points of the flight, located within the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

International transportation includes transportation in which one of the points of the flight is outside state border RK; they include transportation to non-CIS countries and CIS countries.

When accounting for transportation, the unit of observation is the aircraft departure. The primary document is a consolidated loading sheet, which certifies the boarding of passengers and the delivery of cargo to the aircraft at the airports of departure, the acceptance from the aircraft of its entire load at the airports of destination and the carriage by the aircraft. Completion of the consolidated load sheet is made in triplicate on the basis of the passenger and baggage check-in sheet, as well as the postal and cargo sheet. The first copy of the consolidated load sheet is handed over to the crew and serves to record their work, the second copy is transferred to the transportation department of the nearest landing airport (where a new sheet will be issued for the next flight segment), the third copy remains at the initial airport to record the completed flights.

The summary loading sheet indicates the airports of departure and destination, type, number, aircraft affiliation, flight number, date of departure, airport of first landing, for each airport of destination data on the number of initial and transit passengers, weight of baggage, mail, cargo are entered.

Initial shipments are those that depart from this airport. Transit includes such shipments that were originally sent from another airport, and from this airport, which is intermediate, are sent in the direction of further travel.

The loadsheet data is used to compile the “flight report” and calculate the performance of airlines.

Literature

Volgin, VV Logistics of acceptance and shipment of goods: a practical guide / VV Volgin. - Moscow: Dashkov i K?, 2009. - 457 p.

Gadzhinsky, A. M. Logistics: a textbook for higher educational institutions in the direction of training "Economics" / A. M. Gadzhinsky. - Moscow: Dashkov i K?, 2011. - 481 p.

Golubchik, A. M. Freight Forwarding Business: Creation, Formation, Management / A. M. Golubchik. - Moscow: TransLit, 2011. - 317 p.

Ivanov, D. A. Supply chain management / D. A. Ivanov. - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic University Publishing House, 2010. - 659 p.

Integrated logistics systems for resource delivery: (theory, methodology, organization) / I. A. Elovoy, I. A. Lebedeva. - Minsk: Law and Economics, 2011. - 460 p.

Kurganov, V. M. Logistics. Transport and warehouse in the supply chain of goods: educational and practical guide: for students of higher educational institutions / V. M. Kurganov. - Moscow: Book World, 2009. - 512 p.

Kurochkin, D.V. Logistics: a course of lectures / D.V. Kurochkin. - Minsk: FUAinform, 2012. - 268 p.

Logistics: a textbook for students of the specialties "Commercial activity", "Marketing" of institutions providing higher education / I.M. Basko et al. - Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University, 2007. - 431 p.

Logistics: a textbook for students of higher education institutions in economic specialties / V. I. Margunova et al. - Minsk: Higher School, 2011. - 507 p.

Logistics: textbook / B. A. Anikin et al. - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011. - 405 p.

Logistics. Advanced course: for students of economic specialties of higher educational institutions / M. N. Grigoriev, A. P. Dolgov, S. A. Uvarov. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011. - 734 p.

Logistics: integration and optimization of logistics business processes in supply chains / V. V. Dybskaya - Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. - 939 p.

Warehousing logistics: textbook: specialty 080506 “Logistics and supply chain management” / VV Dybskaya. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2012. - 557 p.

Moiseeva, N. K. Economic fundamentals of logistics: a textbook on specialty 080506 “Logistics and supply chain management” / N. K. Moiseeva. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2010. - 527 p.

Nerush, Yu. M. Logistics: textbook / Yu. M. Nerush. - Moscow: Prospect: Velby, 2008. - 517 p.

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Air Transport. Air transport occupies a significant share in the noise regime of many cities. The fleet of civil aviation aircraft is constantly being updated; new turbojet and turboprop aircraft (TU-134, TU-154, IL.-62, Yak-40) have appeared on the airlines. Passenger and freight traffic is increasing, a large number of airfields and airports, the existing ones are being reconstructed. Often, civil aviation airports are located in close proximity to residential areas, and air routes pass over numerous settlements.[ ...]

Air Transport. For modern aviation There are two determinants of aircraft impact - aircraft noise and aircraft engine emissions of pollutants. Although aircraft have recently appeared in Russia, the noise from which is significantly lower than that of those currently in operation, aircraft that meet only minimum requirements have the greatest environmental impact. international standard noise.[ ...]

Air transport is currently developing primarily as a passenger transport. It ranks second (after the railway) in the total passenger turnover of all types of transport in intercity traffic.[ ...]

In recent years, air transport has become one of the most important means of passenger communication over medium distances as well.[ ...]

Fuel economy in air transport is also possible by improving its aerodynamic characteristics (design of bearing surfaces that provide ultra-fast air flow around the upper planes of the wings, which predetermines an increase in lift and a decrease in drag, etc.). Reducing the weight of the wing, increasing the lift, reducing drag means fuel savings of 15%.[ ...]

Taking into account the rapid development of air transport and the constant increase in the industry's need for specialists of this profile, we can assume that graduates of the institute in this specialty will have many different job offers and interesting job.[ ...]

In addition to transportation work, air transport performs a significant amount of other work in the national economy: agricultural (fertilization, weed control), forest protection and forest engineering (extinguishing forest fires, forest pest control, determining the forest reserve, etc.), assembly and construction, and is also used in the provision of urgent medical care to the population.[ ...]

The steady growth in the volume of air transport leads to an increase in air pollution by exhaust gases from aircraft engines. It is estimated that the average engine jet aircraft, consuming 15 tons of fuel and 625 tons of air in one hour, emits 46.8 tons into the atmosphere carbon dioxide, 18 tons of water vapor, 635 kg of carbon monoxide, 635 kg of nitrogen oxides, 15 kg of sulfur oxide, 2.2 kg of solid particles. At the same time, the average residence time of these particles in the atmosphere is about 2 years. The greatest pollution of the environment takes place in the area of ​​airports. The harmful effect of air transport on the environment also lies in the fact that nitrogen oxides emitted by the engines of supersonic aircraft during their flight in the lower layers of the stratosphere intensively oxidize ozone, which, as already noted, plays a very important role in preserving life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation and thereby protecting living organisms from death.[ ...]

The atmosphere is the medium for the movement of air transport and birds, the medium for the propagation of radio waves and sound vibrations (providing radio, various devices, etc.). She happens to be natural resource to obtain oxygen, nitrogen, neon, argon and other inert gases. However, the atmosphere is exposed to anthropogenic influences, such as oxides, soot, fumes. The consequences of exposure to, for example, sulfur oxides are detrimental to the natural environment.[ ...]

The ozone layer of the atmosphere is also being destroyed. Air transport is a way to deplete ozone reserves where it is absolutely needed. The ozone shield attenuates the lethal ultraviolet solar radiation in the atmospheric layer between 40 and 15 km above the earth's surface by about 6500 times. Destruction of the ozone screen by 50% increases 10 times / ultraviolet radiation, which affects the vision of animals and humans, and leads to an effect on living organisms similar to ionizing radiation. The ozone content in the atmosphere over the Antarctic is decreasing.[ ...]

On a way further development energy and air transport recently more and more clearly emerges an obstacle, which, by analogy with the sound and thermal barrier, is called the erosion barrier. This barrier is caused by the smallest particles - drops of moisture or grains of dust, the size of which is hundreds and thousands of times. smaller sizes aircraft or power plants and which turn into a formidable weapon when the speed of their collision with the surface of the product exceeds hundreds of meters per second.[ ...]

Means of external rail, water, air transport, along with urban vehicles, can be a source of intense carbon monoxide emissions. Thus, the main engines of ships in the forced mode of operation emit gases containing carbon monoxide: the motor ship of the Belomorskles type - 70-80 mg / m3, the diesel-electric ship of the Amguema type - about 270 mg / m3. Ship auxiliary engine emissions contain carbon monoxide at an average concentration of 77.7 mg/m3 and 345.9 mg/m3, respectively. The authors of these data (L. E. Bespalko et al., 1974) rightly conclude that the exhaust gases of ships in the port can be a significant source of air pollution, especially since engines consume up to 1-2 tons of fuel per hour .[ ...]

As for air pollution by other modes of transport, the problem is less acute here, since vehicles of these types are not concentrated directly in cities. So, in the largest railway junctions, all traffic has been switched to electric traction, and diesel locomotives are used only for shunting work. River and sea ports, as a rule, are located outside the residential areas of cities, and the movement of ships in the port areas is almost negligible. Airports, as a rule, are 20-40 km away from cities. In addition, large open spaces over airfields, as well as over river and sea ports, do not pose a danger of high concentrations of toxic impurities emitted by engines. It should be noted that carburetor gasoline engines are almost never used in railway, sea, river and modern air transport.[ ...]

Eels are transported by road and air in rigid oxygen-aerated containers (stocking density is one fish weighing 500-800 g per 10 liters of water) or in plastic bags (water volume is 1.5-2 liters) filled with water and oxygen. After planting the fish, the water needs to be changed 3-4 times to remove mucus. Water temperature should not exceed 12-14°С, transportation time - 6-8 hours.[ ...]

The main sources of noise in the city are vehicles, rail and air transport, industrial enterprises.[ ...]

Along with motor transport, air transport is becoming a serious air pollutant. Thus, a jet plane crossing the Atlantic Ocean consumes as much oxygen in 8 hours of flight as 25 thousand hectares of forest produce it in the same time. According to the National Aviation Administration, planes taking off and landing at the Washington airport emit 35 tons of various pollutants into the surrounding space in just one day.[ ...]

It should be noted that the main sources of noise in cities are: motor transport (up to 80), rail and air transport. Noise in TPP conditions has a major impact on people in the working area.[ ...]

Shapovalov C.JL, Milyavskaya T.I. Functional characteristics of myopia in civil aviation pilots. M.: Air transport, 1990. 185 p.[ ...]

We introduce the reader to fascinating history the birth and heyday of the fight for the Blue Ribbon. We will tell how, under the onslaught of air transport, the fight for the Blue Ribbon came to an end. But it turns out that the Blue Ribbon, just like the ship itself, has an amazing ability to be born again after death. Yes, indeed, the Blue Ribbon in its old sense, that is, as a prize in the struggle for speed, died, but it arose in new forms, symbolizing the beginning of a new, higher stage in the competitive battles for the Passenger. And now we are witnessing the initial period of no less sharp and heated battles for the transformed and rethought Blue Ribbon.[ ...]

City air is poisoned not only by industrial gases, dust and car exhaust. Air transport also makes a significant contribution. For example, a jet aircraft with four turbines during takeoff (and airfields in most countries of Western Europe and the United States are usually located within the city) leaves behind a poisonous plume saturated with such an amount of exhaust gases that 6850 flat cars simultaneously emit .[ . ..]

In addition to the listed rules, there are also rules for regulating emissions from interregional sources - mainly land and air transport, the regulation and control of which is carried out directly by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[ ...]

When extinguishing fires, water or solutions of fire-extinguishing chemicals are most often used. Sometimes it is required to lay temporary conduits, deliver water containers by air and anneal (early launch of oncoming fire on the ground cover). Annealing is carried out by trained firefighters. They start from support bands (rivers, roads, streams) or artificially created mineralized bands.[ ...]

Vehicle noise is generated by the motors, wheels, brakes and aerodynamics of vehicles. Noise generated by work road transport(buses, cars and trucks) is 75-85 dB. Railway transport is capable of increasing the noise level up to 90-100 dB. The strongest noise - aviation - is created by the operation of the engine and the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft - up to 100-105 dB over the air transport route. In airport areas, the number of stillbirths and congenital anomalies is statistically significantly increased. Aircraft noise also leads to an increase in mental disorders. The maximum allowable level of this noise at the earth's surface is defined as 50 dB.[ ...]

Thus, everything that we used to call the weather is an external manifestation of very complex physical processes occurring near the earth's surface or in those layers where air transport operates.[ ...]

Water objects are allocated for use for: drinking, domestic and other needs of the population; medical, resort and health purposes; the needs of agriculture and industrial purposes (including for the needs of hydropower); needs of water and air transport and timber rafting; needs of fish and hunting economy; needs of nature reserves and wastewater discharges.[ ...]

In the structure of passenger rail transportation, 30-90% of the total number of passengers is transported in suburban and local communications. Transportation of passengers railway over longer distances are reduced due to the development of air transport.[ ...]

Millions of viewers, people different professions and ages, every day they are waiting with interest for the announcer's messages - what is the expected weather tomorrow? The weather is of interest to everyone, since it affects the harvest, the catch of fish, the timely delivery of goods by sea, river and air transport, a successful trip to the forest for mushrooms, the transition of climbers in the mountains, the condition of the patient and, of course, our good mood.[ .. .]

The main hazard of atmospheric pollution in the past was considered to be reduced visibility due to the black smoke cover that often hung over industrial areas. In recent times, this reduction in visibility has been a significant hindrance to commercial traffic, especially air transport, and sometimes, in extreme pollution, road traffic. However, visibility cannot be a direct indicator of the overall pollution of the atmosphere, since reduced visibility is only caused by particulate contaminants such as soot and fly ash, which are large enough to obstruct and scatter visible light. ¡ Gaseous as well as radioactive releases can create significantly higher atmospheric pollution without any loss of visibility. However, changes in visibility can be used to assess a sudden increase in air pollution or to assess the effectiveness of pollution control measures. Observations on visibility in Los Angeles (Neiburger, 1955) found that over the past few decades, average visibility has decreased less significantly than would be expected based on the rapid development of industry in the area over the same period of time. Conversely, the increase in visibility in the areas of Saint-Louis and Pittsburgh (E1y, 1955) after the introduction of anti-smoke measures was an indicator of the effectiveness of the measures taken.[ ...]

These probabilities are calculated by dividing the number of deaths observed each year by the number of inhabitants in the country. It can be seen that the vast majority of all deaths are explained by “internal” causes, while “external” causes are two orders of magnitude smaller than them. At the same time, traffic accidents dominate among external causes. Air transport accidents are characterized by the same risk as natural disasters.[ ...]

Emissions of the seven most massive harmful substances were assessed: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, soot, sulfur dioxide, lead compounds and solids. On average, the total mass of pollutants entering the atmosphere from mobile sources is about 12 million tons per year, including from vehicles - 95%, air transport - 2.5%, sea and river transport - 2.8% .[ ...]

The overhaul of the ship cost three million pounds, but even this desperate effort did not save the “queens”. In the face of fierce competition with other ships and air transport huge liners lost more and more passengers, emptying the company's cash desk. The rest of the company's liners have already been decommissioned or sold.[ ...]

It is known that in a neutral environment, the content of hydrogen ions (H +) corresponds to pH = 7. Acid precipitation is called rain, fog, snow, which have pH [ ...]

An impressive negative example of the growth of chronic bronchitis among Muscovites (Fig. 1) with the increase in the vehicle fleet since the 90s. But no less impressive is another example (positive) - the drop in the level of lead in the blood of the US population (Fig. 2) and, consequently, the corresponding diseases. The latter occurs synchronously with a decrease in the use of leaded gasoline for vehicles up to its complete ban. A significant reduction in the volume of air transport (after 1992) in Russia led to a decrease in the total amount of emissions into the atmospheric air to 280 thousand tons per year (of which only 20% of all waste substances are neutralized).[ ...]

Historically, industrial horticulture originated near large population centers. The rapid deterioration of most horticultural products created certain advantages of proximity to markets due to the monopoly on quality. As transport and storage conditions improved, the advantages of proximity to markets gradually waned. Fast long haul in refrigerators leveled the quality of products sold. The integration of rail and freight transport systems has led to further improvements in transportation efficiency. With the recent use of air transport to transport valuable horticultural products such as flowers and strawberries, the advantages of markets being close to the farms growing these perishable, high-value commodities have diminished.[ ...]

Studies conducted in various regions have shown that NO concentrations in surface air vary from levels below the detection limit of the analysis methods used to around 50 ppm (about 1.2 1012 cm3) in urban air. Recent measurements have revealed a strong anisotropy in the latitudinal distribution of nitrogen monoxide in the upper troposphere. Presented in fig. 5.2, the results of measurements indicate an anomalously high content of NO over the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The formation of such a "cap" is associated mainly with heavy air traffic and the rapid vertical transport of pollutants from ground sources as a result of deep convection.[ ...]

An isolation of 800-500 m is considered sufficient for this purpose. To illustrate the possibility of wind blowing over long distances, the fact that a large amount of oak pollen was brought to Heligoland from the neighboring mainland at a distance of about 00-70 km from the nearest oak plantations is usually given. Cases are known of the deposition of tree pollen into the Arctic for many hundreds of kilometers. Facts:> but subject to doubt. However, the biological significance of long-range aerial transport of pollen is highly questionable for the purpose of pollination. Pollen, being in the air, will quickly lose viability, as has been established for cereals. Effective cross-stunning with the help of the wind is carried out at a small distance, between the nearest individuals, separated from each other by at most a few tens or hundreds of meters.[ ...]

Thanks to all this, man has acquired an exceptional position on Earth: he has become its master. He was already immeasurably less dependent on the conditions of the environment and was able to gradually subjugate it, remake it in his own interests. Man has learned to protect himself from adverse environmental conditions. From the cold, he first took refuge in caves, and then built dwellings; he mastered the fire, covered his body with animal skins, and then with specially made clothes. Gathering and hunting for food were replaced by animal husbandry and agriculture. And the achievements of science and technology have given new types of energy: electrical and atomic. A person was able to move quickly over long distances using land and air transport. In the apartment modern man there was a refrigerator that protects food from spoilage, and an air conditioner that creates a comfortable microclimate. Preventive and curative medicine has become the guardian of human health. At the same time, domestic animals also won a lot, which man provided with warm stables, complete food and all the achievements of zootechnics and veterinary medicine. But, be that as it may, neither a person nor an animal (especially a wild one) can escape the adverse influences of the conditions of existence.[ ...]

Most fruits can be consumed fresh when they contain a large amount of water. After they have menopause, they usually spoil quickly. Thus, the stage of good condition for consumption can be extremely short and fleeting. For this reason, some tastier tropical fruits, such as anona, are not actually known outside of their growing area. As a result, most marketed fruits are either firm enough to be transported fresh (apples, citrus fruits) or can be preserved by drying (dates and figs), processing into jellies and jams, canning (pineapples) or freezing (strawberries). The development of air transport, refrigerators and new packaging techniques have made it possible to supply the largest settlements with world-class fruit products throughout the year. At the same time, ordinary seasonal fruits, such as raspberries, which were abundant in small towns, are actually disappearing and are already considered a luxury item.