How many kilometers per hour does an airplane fly. Speed ​​coefficient of civil aviation. How fast does a passenger plane take off

The question of what speed an aircraft develops during takeoff is of interest to many passengers. Non-professional opinions always differ - someone mistakenly assumes that the speed is always the same for all types of given aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. Let's try to understand this topic.

Takeoff

Takeoff types

• From the brakes. The acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the engines have reached the set thrust mode, and until then the device is held in place with the help of brakes;
• A simple classic takeoff, involving a gradual increase in engine thrust while the aircraft is moving along the runway;
• Takeoff using assistive devices. Typical for aircraft carrying military service on aircraft carriers. limited distance runway compensated by the use of springboards, ejection devices, or even additional ones installed on the aircraft rocket engines;
• Vertical takeoff. It is possible if the aircraft has engines with vertical thrust (for example, the domestic Yak-38). Such devices, like helicopters, first gain altitude from a standstill vertically or when accelerating from a very short distance, and then smoothly transition to horizontal flight.

Consider, as an example, the takeoff phase of a Boeing 737 turbofan aircraft.

Takeoff passenger Boeing 737

• The movement of the aircraft begins after the engine reaches about 800 rpm. The pilot gradually releases the brakes while keeping the control stick neutral. The run starts on three wheels;
• To start taking off from the ground, the Boeing must acquire a speed of about 180 km / h. When this value is reached, the pilot smoothly pulls the handle, which leads to the deflection of the flaps and, as a result, the rise of the nose of the device. Further, the plane accelerates already on two wheels;
• With the nose up on two wheels, the aircraft continues to accelerate until the speed reaches 220 km/h. When this value is reached, the aircraft lifts off the ground.

Aircraft speed is one of the main technical parameters, which affects the duration of the flight. The effect of air currents, the direction of the course and the level of altitude determine what the speed of the aircraft will be at the time of flight. Speed ​​indicators play an important role in the normal functioning of the liner, as well as in modeling and creating new improved models.

First developments

"Ilya Muromets" - the first civilian aircraft. Previously, they flew no more than 105 kilometers per hour. Modern passenger aircraft fly, overcoming 500-900 kilometers per hour, while this figure is not the limit.

Supersonic developments move much faster and significantly save time, therefore they are called high-speed ones. Their maximum speed is 8200.8 kilometers per hour. Due to the inability to provide a reliable level of security, they are not used to transport people.

There are several good reasons for this:

• The complexity of modeling, since it is problematic to fit the streamlined shape of the side to the dimensions of a passenger ship;
• Uses a lot of fuel. Accordingly, the more fuel costs increase, the total cost of tickets increases;
• A small number of airfields with landing sites equipped for supersonic models;
• The need for unscheduled diagnostics or repairs.

Currently there are no functioning supersonic liners for transporting passengers. In the history of the structure of air transport, there were only two such models:

• TU-144, flying about 2150-2300 kilometers in one hour. Was developed in the Soviet Union;
• Concorde is a British development. He is able to overcome 2150 kilometers per hour.

Aircraft classification

Experts subdivide all models into different types depending on the parameters of the wings, their shape, location, type of chassis, engine, takeoff, etc.

Depending on the pace, movement is divided into four types:

1. Subsonic models - the Mach number is below 0.7-0.8 M.
2. Transonic models - is in the range of 0.7 (0.8) -1.2 M.
3. Supersonic models - is in the range of 1.2-5 M.
4. Hypersonic models - over 5 M.

IN modern aviation liners are used first, and in several European states- the second group.

Models of the transonic group move at the speed of sound, while supersonic and hypersonic ones exceed this figure by several times. These aircraft are used only in the military industry.

Passenger aircraft speed

The flight speed of airliners is divided into two indicators:

• maximum (100%);
• cruising (60-80% of the maximum).

The board with passengers is not able to develop top speed, so the cruise value is used.

Additional Information! The developers indicate in the technical documentation for the model both values ​​​​(maximum and cruising speed).

How fast is the plane flying

Liners overcome the same distance for a different period of time. The table below shows in more detail what speed can develop with passenger aircraft in flight and its purpose.

Characteristics of passenger air transport

Attention: The internal data of table “22” is corrupted!

The takeoff speed of the liner depends on its individual technical performance.

Takeoff sequence:

1. Set engine speed. The aircraft begins to move when the engine performs about 810 or more revolutions per minute.
2. Speed ​​set. The movement of the vessel on three wheels with a gradual increase in power along the runway.
3. Separation from the surface of the earth. In order to take off, he needs to accelerate to the mark of 185 kilometers per hour.
4. Height is gaining. As soon as it reaches the mark of 225 kilometers per hour, takeoff begins.

Important! The speed at the time of takeoff directly depends on the weight of the model, for the Boeing 737 this parameter is 225 kilometers per hour, and for the Boeing 747 it should be 275 kilometers.

Nuances at separation from the surface

The correct operation of the vessel depends on the accuracy of the calculation of its speed at the time of lifting into the air and climbing. This value includes the speed at all stages of movement, starting from the moment the aircraft moves along the runway and ending with its separation from the earth's surface. Average speed modern aircraft at the time of separation differs depending on the model. Some Meanings different types shown in the table below.

The average speed of the liner at the time of takeoff from the ground

Attention: The internal data of table “23” is corrupted!

The acceleration index at the moment of separation from the earth's surface is affected by the following factors:

• direction, as well as the rate of movement of air masses;
• the length of the runway, as well as its structure and condition;
• humidity level;
• air pressure.

Due to strong gusts of wind of the opposite direction, it is not enough to develop the maximum acceleration of the vessel for a full take-off. To take off, you need to develop a speed twice the usual value. If the wind is fair, a minimum acceleration is sufficient.

Landing nuances

Landing an airplane is no less important than taking off. It includes several stages:

• lowering the level of height;
• unit alignment;
• keeping it in a stable position;
• mileage.

Aircraft with a large weight should start landing from a height of 25 m, and with a small mass - from 9 m. Their acceleration depends on the mass, as well as landing conditions. As soon as the lifting force is below the weight of the liner, it will begin to gradually lower its altitude, land on runway and will slow down to a complete stop.

Video

Knowing the cruising speed, you can independently calculate how long the flight of a passenger flight will take.

An airplane can transport several hundred people from one point on Earth to another in just a few hours. Modern passenger liners have high speed, which makes the flight process much shorter. And this allows us to travel more and get to know the world.

Average speed of a passenger plane

Modern airliners easily reach speeds of 500 km / h. But this figure is not the limit of aircraft capabilities. The optimal average speed is 800 km/h.

Minimum speed

In order for the aircraft to continue its flight, its speed must be at least 220 km/h. This indicator applies to Boeing aircraft 737-800.

Max Speed

All the same passenger planes Boeing, but already of another modification - 737-500, capable of developing a maximum speed equal to 910 km/h.

First passenger aircraft, average speed was 100 km/h. Now this figure seems ridiculous, since in our time any car, if necessary, can easily reach this mark.

Speed ​​Boeing 747 and Boeing 737

The Boeing 737 is the best-selling aircraft in the world. Over the entire history of the company, "737" transported more than 12 billion people. The maximum speed that an aircraft can reach is 917 km/h. But it can fly normally with minimum speed at 330 km/h.

Undoubtedly, the most recognizable Boeing aircraft is the 747. From 1969 to 2005, this aircraft was the largest, largest and heaviest passenger aircraft.

The Boeing 747 is one of the few modern aircraft that can reach speeds. 1150 km/h. This one is equipped with a two-deck layout, the total capacity of the aircraft is 520 passengers.

Did you know that the Boeing 747 is the longest-range aircraft in the world. In 1989, a non-stop flight was made from the UK, and more specifically, from London, to Sydney. The plane covered a distance of 20 thousand kilometers in 20 hours and 9 minutes. It is noteworthy that the flight was made without cargo and passengers.

Aircraft speed Tu-154 and Tu-144

Domestic passenger aircraft Tu-154 was developed in the distant 60s of the last century and was intended to transport 152 - 180 people. Maximum speed - 950 km/h.

Airplane Tu-144 is a Soviet development of a supersonic aircraft with a maximum rate of 2,430 km/h.

Supersonic passenger aircraft speed

The developers have managed to supersonic aircraft, which can reach speeds 2.5-3 times more than a conventional airliner. It is not difficult to calculate that such an aircraft can be accelerated by about 2500 km/h.

However, they have long abandoned the production of so-called aircraft with supersonic speeds. Why? There are several reasons:

1. Safety. Aircraft designed to operate at supersonic speeds must have the most streamlined body shape. versed in design features aircraft builders understand that the longer the length of the liner, the more difficult it is to achieve this shape. If these features are not observed, it threatens that during the achievement of supersonic speed, the body of the liner may simply fall apart into pieces.
2. Economic side. All supersonic aircraft have low fuel economy, and unlike slower airliners, they are more likely to use it. Tickets for a flight with such an aircraft are several times more expensive than for a regular flight.
3. Unpreparedness of airports. Supersonic aircraft are large-scale, volumetric units. To land such an aircraft, you need a special, separate place.
4. Frequent technical inspection. Given the fact that the aircraft operates at ultra-fast speeds, care must be taken after almost every flight in order not to miss a possible breakdown. Naturally, air carriers are unwilling to buy and use assets that are constantly in need of repair.

Despite a number of shortcomings of this aircraft, some companies are seriously considering the possibility of their production and operation of an aircraft reaching supersonic speeds.

Question answer

How fast does a passenger plane take off?

Boeing and Airbus aircraft have approximately the same takeoff speed - 270 km/h.

Passenger plane landing speed

The landing speed of a passenger aircraft is measured depending on the weight of the apparatus and the landing conditions themselves. For each aircraft, this number is individual and may vary within 150-230 km/h.

IN modern world It's hard to imagine life without airplanes. Thanks to their high speed, they are ready to take you to the right place. the globe in a relatively short time. Perhaps in the near future, airlines will begin to produce aircraft with even greater speed and carrying capacity. Well, we can only wait.

It is impossible to answer unequivocally, as I recently became convinced when I myself became interested in this issue. Everyone has their own speed, and not one, but several. In general, I will try to explain clearly.

Types of aircraft speeds

The speed of the aircraft depends on the model and intended purpose of the machine. For example, the well-known "corn" accelerates to a maximum of 155 km / h, and some cars can easily get ahead of it. But the twin-engine An-24 reaches 450 km / h, which is called cruising speed. In general, when talking about the speed of an aircraft, they always specify which one is meant:

• takeoff - the one at which he begins to break away from the runway;
• track - own, plus the speed of air masses;
• cruising - the main mode, as a rule, it is up to 80% of the maximum;
• maximum - the limit of possibilities.

And most importantly: the speed of propeller-driven aircraft is an order of magnitude lower than that of jet aircraft.

How fast do planes fly

Nowadays, 500 km / h is no longer the ultimate dream, moreover, a solid part passenger liners almost doubles this figure. So, cruising speed of some types:

• Airbus-310 - 890 km/h;
• Airbus-330 - 935 km/h;
• Boeing 777-200 - 910 km/h;
• Boeing 747 - 955 km/h;
• Boeing 737 - 920 km/h.

It should be noted that in history passenger aviation there were also hypersonic machines. For example, Concord accelerated to 2100 km / h, and its competitor - TU-144, almost to 2350 km / h. However, today they are not used for a number of reasons, the main of which is the increased risk at such speeds. Well, as for the record holder, it was a military aircraft. It happened back in 1976, when the Lockheed SR-71 overcame the threshold of 3530 km / h.

But in order to fly, you must first accelerate. For each car, this is an individual figure, because not only the lifting force is important, but also the weight, as well as the direction of the wind. At the same time, depending on the load, for the same aircraft, the take-off speed will change - the lighter the machine, the lower this indicator will be.

Fly around the Earth in a couple of hours. It's not a myth, it's a reality if you're a passenger on a super-fast plane.

Boeing X-43

The X-43A was designed and built by NASA, Orbital Sciences Corporation and MicroCraft Inc. It took about ten years of research in the field of supersonic ramjet engines, which are capable of accelerating aircraft to supersonic speeds, for the record holder to be born. The project cost a quarter of a billion dollars.

The fastest plane on the planet is no different large sizes. Its wingspan is only one and a half meters, while the length is only 3.6 meters. The fastest aircraft was equipped with an experimental Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (SCRamjet) ramjet supersonic combustion engine. And its main feature is that there are no rubbing parts. Well, the fuel on which the record holder flies is a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. The creators did not begin to allocate space for special tanks for oxygen, it is taken directly from the atmosphere. This allowed to reduce the weight of the aircraft. As a result, as a result of using oxygen with hydrogen, the engine emits ordinary water vapor.

The fastest plane in Boeing world X-43 flies at a speed of 11,230 km/h

It is worth noting that the fastest aircraft in the world was developed specifically for testing latest technology, namely a hypersonic alternative to modern turbojet engines. Scientists believe that hypersonic aircraft will be able to fly to any point on Earth in just 3-4 hours.

Orbital Sciences Corporation X-34

For the first time, this fastest aircraft in the world was tested in the spring of 2001. And it took 7 years and 250 million dollars to create and test the Hyper-X engine. Tests of the X-34 ended in success only in the spring of 2004. Then during startup Pacific Ocean near the island of St. Nicholas, the car accelerated to 11 thousand kilometers per hour. This aircraft is more than a record holder. The length of the aircraft is 17.78 meters, the wingspan is 8.85 meters, the height is already 3.5 meters. The aircraft, although it flies quickly, has an impressive mass of 1270 kilograms. The maximum height it can reach is 75 kilometers.

North American X-15

However, despite the impressive speed, the plane weighs quite decently - more than 15 thousand kilograms. But this is taking into account the mass of fuel. When landing, the aircraft weighs half as much. The height to which the X-15 can climb is almost 110 kilometers. Well, the flight range is 543.4 kilometers.

SR-71 ("Blackbird")

MiG-25 ("Bat")

Fighter-interceptor MIG-25 - the fastest aircraft in Russia

MiG-31

McDonnell-Douglas F-15 ("Eagle")

General Dynamics F-111 ("Aardvark" or "Pig")