Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe in a ship. First circumnavigation and other notable circumnavigations
The first trip around the world, or rather, swimming, was made by the expedition of the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan in the period from 1519 to 1522. During the expedition, he died and one of the captains of Magellan's squadron named Juan Sebastian de Elcano completed the voyage.
During the first trip around the world, the spherical shape of the Earth was proved in practice. Magellan discovered the east coast South America, a strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as the island of Guam and the Philippine archipelago.
The second voyage around the world (and the first English voyage around the world) was made in 1577-1580 by Admiral Francis Drake. He discovered the strait between South America and Antarctica and explored West Coast South America.
The third and fourth voyages around the world were made in 1586-1588 and 1598-1601 by Thomas Cavendish and Olivier de Noort, respectively. They did not make serious geographical discoveries.
The first round-the-world trip made by the French took place in 1766-1769. An expedition led by Louis Antoine de Bougainville discovered islands in the Tuamotu and Louisiade archipelagos.
Three round-the-world voyages of James Cook, made by him in 1768-1771, 1772-1775 and 1776-1779, opened for Europeans the island status of New Zealand, the existence of the Great barrier reef, mainland Australia, Hawaiian Islands and Alaska.
The first Russian round-the-world trip was made by an expedition under the command of Ivan Krusenstern in 1803-1806.
The second Russian circumnavigation of the world was made in 1815-1818 by an expedition under the command of Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue. The expedition discovered a number unknown islands Pacific Ocean and explored north coast Alaska.
During the Russian round-the-world trip of 1819-1821, the expedition under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica and several islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Another Russian circumnavigation under the leadership of Otto Kotzebue was made in 1823-1826. This time, islands were discovered in South Polynesia, Micronesia and other areas of the Pacific Ocean.
The round-the-world expedition of the Englishman Robert Fitzroy, made in 1831-1836, is famous for the fact that Charles Darwin took part in it and collected data for the future theory of the evolution of the organic world.
The first solo trip around the world dates back to 1895-1898. For 3 years 2 months and 2 days circumnavigation on sailing yacht by Joshua Slocum.
The first round-the-world trip by air, on an airship, was made in 1929 by the German aeronaut Hugo Eckener.
The first non-stop flight around the world was made in 1957 by three US Air Force B-52 aircraft.
1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight around the Earth in a spaceship.
The first round-the-world trip under water in autonomous mode without ascents for the entire time of the voyage was made in 1966 by a detachment of nuclear submarines of the USSR Navy under the command of Rear Admiral A. Sorokin.
The first autonomous circumnavigation of the world on a sailing yacht without calling at ports and any outside support was made in 1968-69 in 313 days by Robert Knox-Johnston.
First circumnavigation- Spanish naval expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The expedition was staffed by a large team (according to various estimates, 265-280 people) on 5 ships. As a result of the mutinies, the most difficult crossing of the Pacific Ocean and skirmishes with the population of the Philippines and the Spice Islands, the team was greatly reduced. Only one ship, the Victoria, managed to return to Spain with 18 people on board. Another 18 people who were captured by the Portuguese returned to Europe later. The expedition also turned out to be very successful commercially, bringing the organizers a lot of profit.
In August 1519, the first round the world expedition from five ships. The Spanish king Charles I approved and equipped her on her way (at home, in Portugal, Magellan's plan was rejected). With luck, Spain could lay claim to the discovered new lands. The path of the expedition lay southwest across America in the direction of the Moluccas.
The journey was not easy. More than once, Magellan's subordinates tried to stage a rebellion in order to return to Spain.
The flotilla moved along east coast South American continent in search of access to the "South Sea" Having reached the southern tip of the mainland, the flotilla discovered a deep bay. The ships moved cautiously forward, cutting their way through the labyrinth of winding channels. The shores seemed completely deserted, but in the darkness of the night on south coast the strait suddenly lit up the fires. That is why Magellan called this country Tierra del Fuego, becoming its discoverer.
Passing between Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego along the Strait, which is now called Magellanic, the sailors entered the Pacific Ocean.
For three months the travelers did not see the land, provisions, and drinking water are over. Famine and scurvy began on the ships. Sailors had to eat ship rats and chew on the ox skin that was used to cover the sails in order to somehow satisfy their hunger. The crew lost 21 men who died of exhaustion. The expedition was plagued by misfortune. When, finally, the travelers reached land (these were the Philippine Islands) and were able to stock up on food and water, Magellan, to his misfortune, got involved in the internecine strife of local rulers and was killed in battle by the natives on April 27, 1521.
Only one ship returned from sailing three years later - the Victoria. Under the command of J. S. Elcano, he completed the voyage in 1522. The surviving members of the crew were greeted with honors and triumph as participants in the world's first circumnavigation.
The importance of Magellan's voyage cannot be overestimated.
First, with his circumnavigation, he proved the sphericity of the Earth.
Secondly, Magellan's expedition gave an idea of the relative sizes of land and sea on the globe.
Thirdly, Magellan proved that the greatest ocean stretches between America and Asia. It was he who gave this ocean the name Pacific, which we still use today. And he chose such a name, because in the course of four months of sailing on the ocean he was fortunate enough not to meet a storm.
In addition, he proved the existence of a single World Ocean on our planet.
Fernan (Fernando) Magellan (Magalhaes)(Port. Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish. Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes[(f)eɾ'nando ðe maɣa'ʎanes], lat. Ferdinandus Magellanus; 1480, Sabrosa, Traz-os-Montes region, Kingdom of Portugal - April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Philippines) - Portuguese and spanish navigator with the title of adelantado. He commanded the expedition that made the first known circumnavigation of the world. He opened the strait, later named after him, becoming the first European to travel by sea from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
Around the world
Conquerors high seas- the first person to swim around the earth
Age of discovery
The age of discovery was full of sea voyages and the desire to find the way to the spices of the Far East, while eastern mediterranean was blocked by powerful competitors. When Vasco da Gama sailed around the cape Good Hope to reach India in 1488, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts in the south and east. The Spaniards, who agreed to share the world with the Portuguese in the Treaty of Tordesillas of June 7, 1494, sailed west. They did not have the slightest idea about the American continent and no one knew that there was a Pacific Ocean.
Christopher Columbus(1451-1506), an Italian who moved to Spain, on the basis of the theory that the earth is round, decided that it was possible to reach the Far East from the other side. He persuaded the monarchs to finance his expedition and sailed in 1492. After 10 weeks of sailing, he reached an island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Thinking he had found islands near Japan, he continued swimming until he reached Cuba (which he thought was China) and Haiti. He met black people there, whom he called "Indians" as he was sure he was sailing across the Indian Ocean.
Columbus made 3 more voyages in New World, which he believed was the East, in 1493, 1497 and 1502, exploring Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica and Trinidad. He never reached North America, and while he was alive, he thought that he had reached Asia.
North America has already been discovered
Viking ships reached North America nearly 500 years before Columbus set sail. Sailed off Iceland in the mid 990s Biarni Heriolfsson veered off course and arrived at unknown land. He did not investigate or name her. IN 1002, Leifr Eiriksson followed the course of Biarni and arrived on the coast of modern Canada. He then traveled south and discovered an island which he named Vinland (today's Newfoundland), where he established a colony and traded with local population, known as the Skraelings 3 years. Ultimately, the Skraelings forced them to leave, but the Vikings continued to sail to Canada for the forest.
"New Found Earth"
In 1497, King Henry VII granted John Cabot(1450-1498) the right to explore. On May 2, Cabot and a team of 18 other people gathered for small ship called Matthew in Bristol, England. He sailed further north than Columbus to get out of the Spanish territories. On June 24, the team spotted land. Cabot believed he had found an island off the coast of Asia and called it "new found land". This was the first documented landing in Newfoundland since the Vikings. Cabot returned to England on August 6, 1497, and although he brought no treasures or spices, he was the first to mark the North American coast on a map.
Name "America"
The line by which the Portuguese and Spaniards divided the world between them passed through the Atlantic, as a result of which Spain acquired the western lands, including the Americas. Brazil went to the Portuguese, who also had East Africa and India. But, since it was not possible to determine the exact location of the line, the question arose about the exact location of the line. In 1501, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent his fleet to Brazil. One of the members of the flotilla was an Italian Amerigo Vespucci. He was one of those first explorers who said that South America was not an island at all, but a whole continent, calling it the "New World". Vespucci is an excellent cartographer, he sold copies of his maps to the German cartographer Martin Waldsemüller, who, by redrawing them in 1507, honored Vespucci and wrote his name on the South American continent. And so the southern continent began to be called "America".
Amerigo Vespucci, after whom it is named American continent in 1507.
First trip around the world
swam first Earth Ferdinand Magellan. He was born in Oporto, Portugal in 1480. In 1505, he was enrolled in the fleet, where he learned all the intricacies of ship management and military affairs during a battle in India from the Portuguese royal governor. In 1509 he took part in the Battle of Death, which gave the Portuguese a huge advantage in the Indian Ocean.
For 7 years he traded Cochin, porcelain and canes.
Like Columbus, Megellanus believed that Far East reachable through the west. After being snubbed by the Portuguese king, he convinced King Charles I of Spain that at least half of all the "spicy" islands were in the Spanish part of the unexplored world. In September 1519, Magellan set off on 5 ships ("San Antonio", "Santiago", "Trinidad", "Victoria" and "Concept"), consisting of 280 crew members, full of desire to travel, despite adversity and mutinies that arose on the ship.
An Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, kept a diary during the entire journey.
November 20, 1519 they crossed the equator, and saw Brazil on December 6. Magellan thought it would be unwise to sail near Portuguese territory, as he sailed under the Spanish flag, and on December 13 he anchored near today's Rio de Janeiro. They were met by the Guarani Indians, who believed that white people were gods and gave them gifts. After they replenished their supplies, they headed south, reaching Patagonia (Argentina) in March 1520. Santiago was sent to explore further south, but was lost in a storm.
In August, Magellan decided it was time to sail south to find his way to the east. In October they saw the strait. During their voyage, the captain of San Antonia turned back to Spain, taking most of the provisions.
Into the Pacific
By the end of November, 3 ships left the bay for the Pacific Ocean. Magellan thought that the "spicy" islands were already close, but they sailed for another 96 days without seeing the ends of the earth. The condition of the crew on the ships was terrible. They survived on sawdust, leather strips and rats. Finally, in January 1521, they saw the island and stopped to celebrate. In March, they sailed to the island of Guam. They continued their voyage and sailed to the Philippines, arriving there on March 28.
After being supported by the island king, Magellan was foolishly embroiled in a tribal war and died in battle on April 27, 1521. Sebastian del Cano took command of the ships and 115 survivors. Due to the lack of crew for the third ship, the ship "Concept" was burned.
They sailed to the Moluccas ("spicy" islands) in November and loaded up with valuable spices. To ensure that at least one ship arrived in Spain, the Trinidad sailed back east across the Pacific while the Victoria continued west. "Trinidad" was captured by the Portuguese, and most of team was killed. "Victoria" managed to avoid the attack of the Portuguese in the waters indian ocean and they circled the Cape of Good Hope. September 6, 1522, almost three years after the start historical journey, "Victoria" and 18 team members (among whom was Pigafetta) arrived in Spain. They were first, who circumnavigated the globe.
Reproduction of the ship on which Ferdinand Magellan led the first circumnavigation of the world.
Second trip around the world
The second circumnavigation was completely explorer-a former pirate Englishman Francis Drake(1540-1596). Seeing that the Spaniards are collecting a new big empire, Queen Elizabeth I surreptitiously sent Drake west, with the added purpose of harassing the Spanish. On December 13, 1577, Drake set sail from Plymouth in England, with 6 ships under his command.
In September 1578, 5 ships returned to the Strait of Magellan, but Drake sailed on in his Golden Lane. By June 1579, he had reached the shores of today's California and continued northward to the current border of Canada and the United States. Then, he turned to the southwest and crossed the Pacific Ocean in 2 months. He sailed across the Indian Ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope. He returned in the Golden Lana, loaded with gold and spices, back to Plymouth on September 26, 1580. He became first captain who circumnavigated the world.
Captain Cook
Another famous circumnavigation was the James Cook. He sailed from England on August 25, 1768 on the ship Indive with 94 crew and scientists on board. April 11, 1769 they reached the island of Tahiti. By government order, they moved south, arriving at New Zealand 6 October. By April 1770, Cook had studied and recorded notes on Australia. Then, "Indeva" went to Java, by the end of sailing through the Cape of Good Hope. On July 13, 1771, Cook landed at Dover. For his historic 3-year voyage, he was appointed captain of a sea vessel by King George III.
First solo circumnavigation of the world
Joshua Slocum. Born in Nova Scotia in 1844, he became an American citizen and Captain Slocum at the age of 25. On April 24, 1895, the 51-year-old Slocum set sail from Boston in his 11 meter sloop the Spray, a dilapidated oyster boat he rebuilt himself.
Slocum crossed Atlantic Ocean and approached the Suez Canal. At Gibraltar, he met Mediterranean pirates, and sailed back across the Atlantic and down the Brazilian coast through the dreaded Strait of Magellan. He faced deadly currents, rocky coasts and rough waters troubled sea when he sailed near Australia, through the Cape of Good Hope and the Atlantic.
On June 27, 1898, after more than 3 years and 74,000 km, Joshua Slocum entered Newport, Rhode Island, as first person to complete the first solo circumnavigation of the world. He describes his outstanding cruise in his book Sailing Around the World.
Joshua Slocum - the first person to sail alone around the world (1895-1898). Planning to start his voyage from the Amazon, Slocum set off from Wynyard Haven on November 14, 1909, but he and his ship disappeared.
Joshua Slocum became the first person to circumnavigate the world on his sloop the Spray.
First around the world with one stop
The honor of sailing around the world with just one stop went to Francis Chichester(1902-1972). In 1966, 64-year-old Chichester set sail on his 16m ketch "Gypsy Mot IV" from England. The steering mechanism broke at a distance of 3,700 km from Australia. Soon, after sailing from Sydney, the Gypsy tipped over, but leveled off on its own. Near Cape Horn, Chichester encountered 15m waves. But he is not a man who deviates from his plans. In 1960 he was the winner of the first transatlantic race for one. He also made the longest solo seaplane flight (from England to Australia). On May 28, 1967, after 226 days at sea, he was greeted by half a million people in Plymouth, England.
Francis Chichester completed the first one-stop circumnavigation of the world on the Gypsy Moth IV.
Around the world alone
Today's solo non-stop sailing around the world still captures the imagination. Chay Blyth, nicknamed "Man of Steel", was one of the few who traveled against the wind around the world from east to west on a British Steel ketch in 1971. He completed his voyage in 302 days. Two years later, French Alain Cola on his trimaran "Manureva" sailed around the world through three great capes, which took him only 129 days of navigation.
First woman who sailed around the world became an Englishwoman Lisa Clayton. She sailed on the 11m tinplate Spirit of Birmingham from Dartmouth, England on September 17, 1994, ending her rigorous voyage after 285 days.
Jonathan Sanders Traveled around the world alone 5 times. He also managed an outstanding non-stop circumnavigation of the world between May 1986 and March 1988, covering 128,000 km.
Circumnavigation has become a passion, as did the Whitbread race. Then the French Philip Janto proposed the idea of a round-the-world race without stopping.
Competitions
In 1982, the British company proposed the BOC competition - around the world alone. It has now been renamed to AroundAlone, whose main goal, as it says: "One man, One boat, Around the world." This is the longest distance in an individual sport. Hard way, whose distance of 43,000 km consists mainly of distant oceans. The finish line is literally beyond the edge of the world. (The next race will take place on September 26).
And there is The Race- a non-stop race around the world without rules and without borders, which starts from the Strait of Gibltar at midnight on December 31, 2000. No rules only means that the only limit is imagination and technology.
In 120 AD The Egyptian mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemyus) invented several planes by means of which, areas on uneven surfaces of the Earth can be displayed on flat surfaces.
His geography appeared in Europe in 1406, and with the invention of the printing press in 1450, his plans were published and universally accepted.
The Cunard Laconia Ship Company offered the first round-the-world cruise on Laconia in 1922.
Black Henry.
A name that almost no one knows. Enrique de Malaca was a slave and translator of Ferdinand Magellan.
Magellan himself never completed his round-the-world trip. In 1521, he was killed in the Philippines, when he was only halfway to his goal.
Magellan first visited East Asia in 1511, sailing there from Portugal across the Indian Ocean. It was there that he found Black Henry. Magellan bought it in Malaysia at the slave market, and then took it with him to Lisbon, returning back the same way.
On all subsequent travels, Henry invariably accompanied his master - including an attempt to circumnavigate the world, on which Magellan set off in 1519. This time the caravels went to opposite side- across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - so that when the expedition reached East Asia in 1521, Henry became the first person in history to completely circumnavigate the globe.
No one knows where Black Henry comes from - he was probably captured and sold into slavery as a child by pirates from Sumatra - but when he arrived in the Philippines, he was surprised to find that locals speak his native language.
After the death of the commander, the expedition continued its journey, successfully completing a round-the-world trip under the command of Magellan's deputy, Juan Sebastian Elcano, a Basque by birth.
True, Black Henry was no longer on the ship. Elcano refused to honor his patron's last will promise to free Henry from slavery, so Henry decided to flee and was never seen again.
Thus, Juan Sebastian Elcano became the first man in history to circumnavigate the globe in one voyage.
He returned to Seville in September 1522. Four years earlier, five caravels set off to sea, but only one Victoria was able to get home. The ship was bursting with spices, but of the 264 people who initially went on a round-the-world trip with Ferdinand Magellan, only eighteen survived: scurvy, malnutrition and skirmishes with the natives dealt with the rest.
The Spanish king granted Elcano a coat of arms with the image of the globe and the motto: "You were the first to sail around me."
In modern times, Black Henry is considered a national hero by several southeastern nations.
On January 7, 1887, Thomas Stevens of San Francisco completed the first bicycle trip around the world. In three years, the traveler managed to overcome 13,500 miles and open a new page in the history of world travel. Today about the most unusual circumnavigations.
Thomas Stevens' cycling around the world
In 1884, "a man of medium height, dressed in a worn blue flannel shirt and blue overalls ... tanned as a nut ... with a protruding mustache", this is how the journalists of that time described Thomas Stevens, bought a penny-farthing bicycle, grabbed a minimum supply of things and Smith & Wesson .38 caliber and hit the road. Stevens crossed the entire North American continent, covering 3,700 miles, and ended up in Boston. There he came up with the idea of traveling around the world. He sailed to Liverpool on a steamboat, passed through England, crossed by ferry to French Dieppe, crossed Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Further, his path ran through Armenia, Iraq and Iran, where he spent the winter as a guest of the Shah. He was refused passage through Siberia. The traveler crossed the Caspian Sea to Baku, reached Batumi by railway, and then sailed on a steamer to Constantinople and India. Then Hong Kong and China. A end point route became where Stevens, by his own admission, was finally able to relax.
Around the world in an amphibious jeep
In 1950, Australian Ben Carlin decided to travel around the world in his modernized amphibious jeep. Three-quarters of the route with him was his wife. In India, she went ashore, and Ben Carlin himself completed his journey in 1958, having covered 17,000 km by water and 62,000 km by land.
Hot air balloon trip around the world
In 2002, American Steve Fossett, co-owner of Scaled Composites, who by that time had already managed to earn the fame of an adventure pilot, flew around the Earth at hot-air balloon. He tried to do this for more than one year and achieved the goal on the sixth attempt. Fossett's flight was the first solo round-the-world flight without refueling or stopping.
Round the world taxi ride
Somehow, the British John Ellison, Paul Archer and Lee Purnell calculated the costs associated with drinking the morning after drinking and found out that a taxi home would cost them much more than the drink itself. Probably, someone would have decided to drink at home, but the British acted radically - they bought a 1992 London cab and set off on a round-the-world trip. As a result, in 15 months they covered 70 thousand km and went down in history as participants in the longest taxi ride. History is silent, however, about their activity in the pubs along the way.
Travel around the world on an ancient Egyptian reed boat
Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl made the transatlantic crossing in a light reed boat built on the model of the ancient Egyptians. On his boat "Ra" he managed to reach the coast of Barbados, proving that ancient navigators could make transatlantic crossings. It is worth noting that this was Heyerdahl's second attempt. The year before, he and his crew nearly drowned when the ship, due to design flaws, began to bend and break apart a few days after launch. The Norwegian team also included the well-known Soviet TV journalist and traveler Yuri Senkevich.
Travel around the world on a pink yacht
Today, the title of the youngest navigator who managed to complete a solo circumnavigation of the world belongs to Australian Jessica Watson. She was only 16 years old when, on May 15, 2010, she completed her circumnavigation of the world, which lasted 7 months. Pink girl yacht crossed South ocean, crossed the equator, rounded Cape Horn, overcame the Atlantic Ocean, approached the shores of South America, and then returned to Australia through the Indian Ocean.
Cycling around the world for a millionaire
75-year-old millionaire, former producer of pop stars and football teams Janusz River repeated the experience of Thomas Stevens. He changed his life dramatically when he bought a $50 mountain bike in 2000 and hit the road. Since that time, River, who, by the way, being Russian by mother, speaks excellent Russian, has traveled to 135 countries and traveled more than 145 thousand km. He learned ten foreign languages and managed to be captured by militants 20 times. Not life, but a continuous adventure.
Jogging around the world
Briton Robert Garside bears the title "Running Man". He is the first person to circumnavigate the world by running. His record was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Robert had several unsuccessful attempts to make a round-the-world race. And on October 20, 1997, he successfully started from New Delhi (India) and finished his race, the length of which was 56 thousand km, at the same place on June 13, 2003, almost 5 years later. Representatives of the Book of Records meticulously and for a long time checked his record, and Robert was able to receive a certificate only a few years later. On the way, he described everything that happened to him using his pocket computer, and all those who were not indifferent could get acquainted with the information on his personal website.
Motorcycle trip around the world
In March 2013, two Britons - Belfast Telegraph travel expert Geoff Hill and former racing driver Gary Walker - left London to recreate the world tour that American Carl Clancy made 100 years ago on a Henderson motorcycle. In October 1912, Clancy left Dublin with a fellow traveler whom he had left in Paris, while he himself continued south of Spain, through North Africa, Asia, and at the end of the tour traveled across America. The journey of Charles Clancy lasted 10 months and contemporaries called this circumnavigation of the world "the longest, most difficult and most dangerous journey on a motorcycle."
Non-stop solo circumnavigation
Fedor Konyukhov is the man who made the first solo circumnavigation of the world non-stop in the history of Russia. On the 36-pound Karaana yacht, he sailed along the route Sydney - Cape Horn - Equator - Sydney. It took him 224 days to do this. Konyukhov's round-the-world trip began in the fall of 1990 and ended in the spring of 1991.
Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov - Russian traveler, artist, writer, priest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in sports tourism. He became the first person in the world to visit the five poles of our planet: the North Geographic (three times), the South Geographic, the Pole relative inaccessibility in the Northern Arctic Ocean, Everest (height pole) and Cape Horn (yachtsmen pole).
A Russian crosses the Pacific Ocean in a rowboat
Russian traveler Fedor Konyukhov, who has five round-the-world voyages behind him, is currently crossing the Pacific Ocean on the Turgoyak rowboat. This time he decided to make the transition from Chile to Australia. As of September 3, Konyukhov has already managed to overcome 1148 km, there are still more than 12 thousand kilometers of the way across the ocean to Australia.
An excellent example for aspiring travelers is the experience of Nina and Gramp, a married couple who have been married for 61 years. They packed their bags and created .
From the school geography course, we know that the first voyage around the world was made by the navigator Ferdinand Magellan. His circumnavigation of the world lasted almost 3 years (from 1519 to 1522). And out of 5 ships that set off on this journey, only one ship returned.
Ferdinand Magellan- this is the man who did first trip around the world.
The navigator began his journey on September 20, 1519, and the end of the circumnavigation fell on September 6, 1522.
Although Magellan did not live to see the end of his round-the-world trip. He was killed in a battle with the local population of one of the Philippine islands.
The voyage involved 5 ships.
As far as I know, the first round-the-world trip (crossing all the earth's meridians and rounding the earth's axis) were the Portuguese under the command of Ferdinand Magellan. The voyage lasted three years from 1519 to 1522.
Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the world. He traveled the entire globe in 3 years, starting in 1519 and ending in 1522. Initially, 256 people took part in the journey, but only eighteen managed to complete this difficult journey.
First trip around the world was completely on a ship called Victoria. The first journey around the earth lasted from 1519 to 1522 and took place under the command Magellan. 256 sailors took part in it, but only 18 returned back.
photo of Magellan
First circumnavigation of the world by air was in 1929 and took 20 days to complete on the airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin. This journey was commanded by Hugo Eckener
Pictured: Hugo Eckener
First trip around the earth in space was completely in 1961 our Yuri Gagarin. On the ship Vostok 1, he circled the earth in 108 minutes.
photo of Yuri Gagarin
First hiking around the earth was perfect in 1897. bypassed the earth George Matthew Schilling from USA. He began his journey in 1897 and ended in 1904.
The world's first circumnavigation was made by the Spanish navy flotilla in 1519-1522. The expedition was led by Ferdinand Magellan.
The first circumnavigation of the world ended on September 6, 1522. Only one ship returned to Spain - Victoria with 18 crew members on board. Magellan did not return home either - he died on April 27, 1521 in the Philippines).
The first such journey was by sea. It was made by the Spanish flotilla, which consisted of 5 ships. This expedition was led by Ferdinand Magellan. The journey began in 1519, and it took almost three years to complete it. Only 18 people returned home on one ship. Later, 18 more arrived separately. In total, about 250-280 people were sent.
First time on a ship Victoria in 1519, a round-the-world trip was launched, the expedition lasted until 1522. A team of 256 sailors went to sea, Ferdinand Magellan was the captain, but only 18 people survived.
hiking trip The earth was first walked around by George Matthew Schilling from the USA. Time spent on the campaign: from 1897 to 1904 But considered official recorded round-the-world trip, which took place from June 1970 until mid-autumn 1974, by traveler David Kunst from the USA.
First on the airship Graf Zeppelin - LZ 127, in 1929 flew by air around the Earth Hugo Eckener, Germany. Hugo Eckener and his team circled the Earth in 20 days.
For the first time space round the world trip, was in 1961 very short. In just 108 minutes, Russian pilot Yuri Gagarin circled our Earth on the Vostok-1 spacecraft.
For some reason, immediately when answering this question, I remembered a book by the famous French writer Jules Verne, called Around the World in Eighty Days. In fact, the planet Earth is not that big and you can really travel around the world. And the first who did this was Ferdinand Magellan. famous spanish and Portuguese navigator and explorer of new lands.
The first circumnavigation of the world was made by the Spanish navigator Ferdinand Magellan. It began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. Of the 5 ships that went on the expedition, only 1 returned to Spain - Victoria. Magellan himself was killed in battle with the natives on one of the Philippine Islands. Despite such a sad outcome, this expedition brought a lot of profit to the organizers.
Even from the lessons of school geography, we remember that the first round-the-world trip in the history of mankind was made by the flotilla of the outstanding navigator Ferdinand Magellan. This fact is so well known that the question, posed briefly and clearly: who made the first circumnavigation of the world? - surely the answer will follow, not without a share of surprise: how - who? Magellan!
But, despite the certainty of such an answer, it is nevertheless not true! If you look at a world map or a globe, you can easily find the Philippine Islands stretched out in a chain in the South Pacific. And, again, without difficulty, make sure that this archipelago lies almost exactly halfway through any ship that set off from Europe to circumnavigate the world: after crossing the Atlantic Ocean and passing through the Strait of Magellan at the southern tip of the American mainland, the ship will enter the vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean and after some time will come to Philippine Islands. This is exactly the path that the flotilla under the command of Admiral Magellan made. But in order to complete the voyage around the world, it is still necessary to cross the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean, go around Africa from the south, re-enter the Atlantic Ocean and, having traveled thousands of miles, finally reach the European shores, from where the voyage began.
Why do we mention this in such detail? Just to remind you of one more fact - sad but indisputable: Ferdinand Magellan could not make a round-the-world trip, because he was killed halfway - precisely in the Philippines, on one of the islands in a skirmish with the inhabitants.
However, there is nothing unfair in the fact that the first round-the-world trip in our memory is firmly associated with the name of Magellan: this unprecedented expedition was organized and carried out according to his plan. Another thing is unfair - the fact that for almost four hundred years the name of the person who completed the work conceived by Magellan was consigned to complete oblivion - the name of the person who first flew his ship around the globe and thereby, in particular, proved in practice the sphericity of the Earth. Well, really, try to remember: does the name Elcano tell you anything? Meanwhile, it is he - Juan Sebastian Elcano - who is the first navigator in the history of mankind to circumnavigate the world.
And it was like this...
Hereditary fisherman and sailor, Basque from Gipuzkoa Spanish province, owner and captain big ship, a participant in the sea campaigns of the commanders Gonzalo de Cordoba and Cisneros - you must agree that from this cursory listing the image of a courageous and gray-haired sea wolf in battles arises. And yet, this "sea wolf" was barely twenty when he brought his ship from the last campaign to Algeria, where the Spaniards inflicted a crushing defeat on the Moors. Led to ... disappear for almost ten years. Why? For one simple reason: at all times, royal persons made the most tempting promises with extraordinary ease, and when the time came to fulfill them, they forgot about them with the same ease. So it happened this time: the Spanish king Ferdinand, who promised to generously reward the participants in the Algerian campaign, as you might guess, was not going to remember his promises. If we were talking about him alone, the young captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, perhaps, would have come to terms with this blow - in any case, after a decade and a half, he did so, having again experienced the "generosity" of the monarch. But this time it was about the whole team, which had to be paid honestly earned money. And Captain Elcano did an act that was not only fair, but also extremely courageous: he sold the ship and, having bailed out the required amount, paid the crew the due salary. Wait, you might say, of course, this is a fair deed, but what does courage have to do with it?
The fact is that by royal decree it was strictly forbidden to sell ships to the Portuguese - Spain's successful rivals at sea. Such a punishment awaited the violator that Elcano, having sold his own ship and paid off the crew, was forced, as we have already said, to disappear for almost ten years, and not only from the field of view of alguacils (policemen), but also historians: about this period in Unfortunately, we know little about the life of the future great navigator. More precisely - nothing specific. But nevertheless, we can confidently assume the main thing: he remained a sailor, and ten years did not pass in vain - by the age of thirty he was already an experienced and well-known sailor in his circle.
Such an accurate and significant fact allows us to assume this: when in 1518 Magellan began to recruit people for his ships, which had an unparalleled voyage, Elcano was among the team of one of the caravels. The seriousness of the offense of ten years ago has not diminished at all, for the royal decree knew no leniency. And the fact that King Ferdinand died long ago, and that King Charles, who simultaneously became the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, sat on the Spanish throne, did not change matters, because no one canceled the long-standing royal decree and Elcano still remained a criminal in the eyes of the law. And yet, he was taken by Magellan. And this means only one thing: Elcano was a real sailor, and the admiral was ready to look through his fingers at a long-standing misdeed. Moreover, Juan Sebastian was taken not by a simple sailor, but by a boatswain; that is, a person in those days obliged to take an active part in the preparation of the expedition. And just a few months later, even before sailing, Elcano was appointed navigator of one of the ships of the Magellan flotilla. Of course, only a person whose qualities - nautical talent, experience and fearlessness - were indisputable could make such a rapid rise.
And the fact that these qualities were indisputable is evidenced, albeit indirectly so far, by another fact. It is known that the voyage from the very beginning was overshadowed by constant conflicts between the Spanish captains and the Portuguese flotilla commander. These conflicts escalated into an open rebellion, the purpose of which was to remove Magellan. The admiral managed to suppress the rebellion and deal with the rebels in full accordance with the harsh laws of that time: one of the captains was executed, the other landed on the deserted coast of Patagonia, which also meant death, only slow.
Dozens of rebellious sailors were put in chains. Among them was the former navigator of the caravel "Concepcion" Juan Sebastian Elcano ... But barely six months had passed, and the ship's blacksmith removed the chains from the rebellious navigator, because Admiral Magellan, to use a modern expression, "reinstated him in his position." It is impossible to suspect Magellan of kindness - according to contemporaries, he was a man of such severity that it often reached cruelty, he was a true son of his time, when a person's life was valued no more than one maravedi, or, in our words, a broken penny. And at the same time it was the time of the Great Geographical Discoveries when the qualities with which the Basque sailor Elcano was so generously endowed began to acquire true value.
The wisdom of Magellan's decision can hardly be overestimated: we do not know if he would have been able to complete this unprecedented voyage around the world if he had not died ridiculously halfway, but we know for sure that it would have ended ingloriously after his death, if not for Elcano.
After the death of the admiral, captain-generals Espinosa and Carvalho, who successively replaced him, took the last two surviving ships to the shores of Borneo, where they embarked on a real robbery. Only six months later the ships reached the Moluccas. And here one of the caravels of the flotilla - "Trinidad" - had to be put in for repairs, without which she could not continue her journey. Thus, from the entire flotilla of Magellan there was one single ship - the caravel "Victoria", and the captain on it was none other than Juan Sebastian Elcano.
The meaning of this fact is this: it was at this moment that the ... round-the-world trip began! Let me ask you, how can this be? After all, swimming began a year and a half ago!
True, and yet ... But in order for everything to become clear, let's return to Magellan. And let's start with the fact that the goal of the expedition was not to circumnavigate the world at all.
Her goal was cloves, black pepper and other spices, so valued in the aristocratic circles of Europe and valued literally worth their weight in gold. The whole trouble was that these spices grew very, very far away, on the islands of the Indian Ocean. Rather, it was half the trouble, because the sailors of that time managed to get on their wretched boats even to the Moluccas - the main region of spices. The trouble - for the Spaniards - was that on sea route from Europe to southeast Asia reigned supremely primordial opponents and rivals - the Portuguese, who drowned, without hesitation, any alien ship that dared to set sail for Moluccas.
Thus, for the Spanish spice hunters, the route from Europe to the south along Africa and further, from its southern tip to the east, was booked. Magellan came up with the idea to try to reach the Moluccas not from the east, but from the west. This idea was rejected by the Portuguese king, under whom Magellan served - why look for some other western path if the Portuguese completely own the beaten eastern path? It was then that Magellan offered his idea and his services to the Spanish king Charles. And, as we would say today, there was nowhere to go: spices were needed, but the road to them was inaccessible. And Magellan got the opportunity to equip the flotilla and set sail, the main and only purpose of which was to find a western route to the Moluccas. This path, as we know, was found at the cost of incredible suffering and hardship. Magellan himself did not sail to the Moluccas, having died, as you remember, a little earlier. But if this did not happen and if he himself reached the main goal of the voyage, what would happen next? In other words, would he have taken his ships further, to the west, so that, having circled Africa by the already known eastern route, to return to Europe, or would he have turned back?
It is difficult to say, but the following can be assumed with a high degree of probability. So, the main goal of the voyage is the opening to the Moluccas western way- has been achieved. This path existed, the Portuguese had no idea about it, so that it was possible to return home safely without any risk of meeting them through the already newly discovered path. That is why we have the right to assume that Magellan, having loaded the ships with the spices so desired by His Majesty Charles, would have turned back - across the Pacific Ocean.
But if we cannot know exactly what decision Magellan would have made, we know Elcano's decision: he did not turn back, but moved his ship further. The second stage of the voyage began, namely the circumnavigation. Avoiding meetings with the ships of the Portuguese, Elcano led the "Victoria" much south of the well-known east way. In other words, he led and brought his ship to Europe in a way that no one had traveled before!
On September 7, 1522, the ship Victoria, which was dilapidated in a three-year voyage, somehow kept afloat, anchored off the coast of Spain. On one ship that survived from the entire flotilla, only eighteen surviving sailors returned. These eighteen people circled the globe for the first time, and proved the sphericity of the planet and the fact that there is a single World Ocean.
How were these people met at home, having accomplished a feat unprecedented in the history of navigation? It’s hard to believe, but it was like this: Elcano and his comrades were subjected to weeks of interrogation, the purpose of which was to find out: was the entire cargo of spices taken in the Moluccas surrendered to royal officials or did the sailors conceal part of this cargo? Can you imagine, this was the most important thing for the king of Spain, the emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" Charles V and his officials! And the fact that for the first time in history a round-the-world voyage was completed, that nine-tenths of the flotilla crew died during this three-year trip across four oceans, unprecedented in terms of difficulties and trials, - all this absolutely did not matter!
When the authorities were finally convinced, not without surprise, that the precious cargo from the Moluccas had been delivered and handed over in perfect integrity, the king-emperor decided to generously reward Elcano. And do you know what that reward was? Charles V forgave the great navigator for that offense of thirteen years ago, to which the previous king forced the young captain with his “generosity”! In addition, in a fit of the same generosity, Charles V had appointed Juan Sebastian a pension of 500 escudos, but he immediately came to his senses and delayed its payment until Elcano returned from the second voyage to the Moluccas. It is unlikely that Juan Sebastian was surprised by this decision, which testified to the “generosity” of the emperor, because any Spanish sailor knew the bitter words of Columbus, spoken by him shortly before his death: “After twenty years of hard work and dangers, I don’t even have my own shelter in Spain” . Such was the fate of many outstanding navigators, and not only navigators, and Elcano was no exception ...
On July 24, 1525, a flotilla of seven ships under the command of Captain-General Loaysa and the great helmsman Elcano set off on a new voyage to the Moluccas - a voyage from which Juan Sebastian was not destined to return. Emperor Charles retained his five hundred escudos ... Elcano's health was undermined by the most severe trials, and on August 6, 1526, the courageous captain, who was not yet forty, died on his flagship ship Santa Maria de la Victoria ... The grave of him, the great navigator, who circumnavigated the globe for the first time in the history of mankind, is located in the middle of the great Pacific Ocean ...
For many years the name and feat of the world's first circumnavigator were consigned to oblivion and remained unknown to posterity for more than four centuries.
Agree, reader, that you did not know everything that was said before. Many did not even hear the name Elcano, and the question of who made the first round-the-world trip was answered with complete confidence; Magellan!
