European rivers by length. River of Empires: the largest river in Western Europe

detailed map Europe in Russian. Europe on the world map is a continent, which, together with Asia, is part of the Eurasia continent. The border between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountains, Europe is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. There are 50 countries on the territory of Europe, the total population is more than 740 million people.

Map of Europe with countries and capitals in Russian:

Large map of Europe with countries - opens in a new window. The map shows the countries of Europe, their capitals and big cities.

Europe - Wikipedia:

European population: 741 447 158 people (2016)
Europe Square: 10,180,000 sq. km.

Satellite map of Europe. Satellite map of Europe.

Satellite map of Europe in Russian online with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses:

Sights of Europe:

What to see in Europe: Parthenon (Athens, Greece), Colosseum (Rome, Italy), Eiffel Tower (Paris, France), Edinburgh castle(Edinburgh, Scotland), Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain), Stonehenge (England), St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican), Buckingham Palace (London, England), Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), leaning tower of pisa(Pisa, Italy), Louvre (Paris, France), Big Ben (London, England), Blue Mosque Sultanahmet (Istanbul, Turkey), Hungarian Parliament Building (Budapest, Hungary), Neuschwanstein Castle (Bavaria, Germany), Dubrovnik Old Town (Dubrovnik, Croatia), Atomium (Brussels, Belgium), Charles Bridge (Prague, Czech Republic), Basil's Cathedral Blessed (Moscow, Russia), Tower Bridge (London, England).

The largest cities in Europe:

City Istanbul- population of the city: 14377018 people Country - Turkey
City Moscow- population of the city: 12506468 people Country Russia
City London- population of the city: 817410 0 people Country - UK
City Saint Petersburg- population of the city: 5351935 people Country Russia
City Berlin- population of the city: 3479740 people Country: Germany
City Madrid- population of the city: 3273049 people Country - Spain
City Kyiv- population of the city: 2815951 people Country Ukraine
City Rome- population of the city: 2761447 people Country - Italy
City Paris- population of the city: 2243739 people Country - France
City Minsk- population of the city: 1982444 people Country - Belarus
City Hamburg- population of the city: 1787220 people Country: Germany
City Budapest- population of the city: 1721556 people Country - Hungary
City Warsaw- population of the city: 1716855 people Country - Poland
City Vein- population of the city: 1714142 people Country - Austria
City Bucharest- population of the city: 1677451 people Country - Romania
City Barcelona- population of the city: 1619337 people Country - Spain
City Kharkiv- population of the city: 1446500 people Country Ukraine
City Munich- population of the city: 1353186 people Country: Germany
City Milan- population of the city: 1324110 people Country - Italy
City Prague- population of the city: 1290211 people Country - Czech Republic
City Sofia- population of the city: 1270284 people Country - Bulgaria
City Nizhny Novgorod - population of the city: 1259013 people Country Russia
City Belgrade- population of the city: 1213000 people Country - Serbia
City Kazan- population of the city: 1206000 people Country Russia
City Samara- population of the city: 1171000 people Country Russia
City Ufa- population of the city: 1116000 people Country Russia
City Rostov-on-Don- population of the city: 1103700 people Country Russia
City Birmingham- population of the city: 1028701 people Country - UK
City Voronezh- population of the city: 1024000 people Country Russia
City Volgograd- population of the city: 1017451 people Country Russia
City Permian- population of the city: 1013679 people Country Russia
City Odessa- population of the city: 1013145 people Country Ukraine
City Cologne- population of the city: 1007119 people Country: Germany

Microstates of Europe:

Vatican(area 0.44 sq. km - the smallest state in the world), Monaco(area 2.02 sq. km.), San Marino(area 61 sq. km.), Liechtenstein(area 160 sq. km.), Malta(area 316 sq. km - an island in the Mediterranean) and Andorra(area 465 sq. km.).

Sub-regions of Europe - regions of Europe according to the UN:

Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, France, Switzerland.

Northern Europe: Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.

Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Macedonia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Vatican, Greece, Malta.

Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova.

EU countries (members and composition of the EU in alphabetical order):

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Republic of Cyprus, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Finland, Croatia , Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.

Climate of Europe mostly moderate. European climate is particularly influenced by water mediterranean sea and the Gulf Stream. In most European countries, there is a clear division into four seasons. In winter, snow falls on most of the continent and the temperature is below 0 C, while in summer the weather is hot and dry.

Relief of Europe- these are mainly mountains and plains, and there are much more plains. Mountains occupy only 17% of the entire European territory. The largest European plains are Central European, East European, Middle Danube and others. largest mountains– Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc.

The coastline of Europe is very indented, which is why some countries are island states. The largest rivers flow through Europe: the Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Dnieper and others. Europe is distinguished by a special careful attitude to its cultural and historical heritage and natural resources. There are many national parks in Europe, and in almost every European city unique historical monuments and architecture of past centuries have been preserved.

Reserves of Europe (national parks):

Bavarian Forest (Germany), Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus), Belovezhsky National Park (Poland), Borjomi-Kharagauli (Georgia), Braslav Lakes (Belarus), Vanoise (France), Vikos-Aoos (Greece), High Tauern (Austria), Dwingelderveld (Netherlands), Yorkshire Dales (England), Kemeri (Latvia), Killarney (Ireland), Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Koto De Doñana (Spain), Lemmenjoki (Finland), Narochinsky (Belarus), New Forest (England), Pirin (Bulgaria), Plitvice Lakes (Croatia), Pripyat (Belarus), Snowdonia (England), Tatras (Slovakia and Poland), Thingvellir (Iceland), Sumava (Czech Republic), Dolomites (Italy), Durmitor ( Montenegro), Alonissos (Greece), Vatnajokull (Iceland), Sierra Nevada (Spain), Retezat (Romania), Rila (Bulgaria), Triglav (Slovenia).

Europe is the most visited continent in the world. Numerous resorts of southern countries (Spain, Italy, France) and a rich and varied historical heritage, which is represented by a variety of monuments and attractions, attracts tourists from Asia, Oceania and America.

Castles of Europe:

Neuschwanstein (Germany), Trakai (Lithuania), Windsor Castle (England), Mont Saint-Michel (France), Gluboka (Czech Republic), De Haar (Netherlands), Coca Castle (Spain), Conwy (Great Britain), Bran (Romania) ), Kilkenny (Ireland), Aegescove (Denmark), Pena (Portugal), Chenonceaux (France), Bodiam (England), Castel Sant'Angelo (Italy), Chambord (France), Aragonese Castle (Italy), Edinburgh Castle (Scotland) , Spissky castle (Slovakia), Hohensalzburg (Austria).

This river has carried its course through many centuries, is associated with the culture and customs of different peoples, in this respect it has no equal. And, despite the fact that it is located in Western Europe, Russian history is closely intertwined with it. Repeatedly on its banks fought with a powerful Ottoman Empire, and even before the adoption of Christianity, Prince Svyatoslav fought on these shores. And, of course, many cities located on the banks of this river were liberated by Soviet troops.

TravelAsk has collected only the most interesting things about the Danube.

The longest and most multinational

The length of the Danube is 2860 kilometers, and if we talk about Europe as part of the world, then only the Volga overtakes it in its length. The river basin is also impressive - 817 thousand square kilometers.

The peculiarity of the Danube is that it is an international river: it originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany, and then flows through nine more countries: Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Hungary, Austria, Croatia, Serbia and Slovakia.

The capitals of four states stand on the banks of the Danube: Budapest (), (), Vienna () and Bratislava (Slovakia). A reservoir flows into the Black Sea. No river flows through so many countries. Just imagine how the banks of the Danube are multinational, diverse in their culture and customs.

Known to the ancient Greeks

The first known references to the Danube are found in the writings of Herodotus. The Greeks called the river Istres. The historian wrote that the river originates in the country of the Celts, and then flows with seven branches into the Euxine Pont (Black Sea). The modern name of the reservoir was given by the Celts around the first half of the 1st millennium BC.

The ancient Romans fought on the banks of the Danube. It was on the eve of the war that Emperor Trajan built in 103-105 AD. most big bridge across the river.

The length of the bridge was more than a kilometer, and for those times it was a colossal figure.

In fact, little is left of it now.

Especially for travelers

On the banks of the Danube, the climate is rather mild: hot summers and winters, mostly with rain and occasional snow. The river is especially attractive for travelers: after all, there are excellent cruises along the Danube with visits to several countries. All cities can be seen slowly from the inside, and such a trip will bring real pleasure. Perhaps this is the most comfortable acquaintance with Europe.

True, usually the cost of such trips is not low, especially compared to budget ones. bus tours, and starts at about 750 euros.

Fact #1. Approximately 30% of the Danube flows in Hungary.

Fact #2. Danube provides drinking water 10 million people and is one of the most important sources drinking water in Europe.

Fact #3. The Danube is the leading European a tourist route. river cruises are very popular here, hundreds of thousands of tourists go to them.

Fact #4. This river is the most important shipping direction in Central and Eastern Europe.

Fact #5. There are many walking and cycling paths along the Danube, so you can watch the river from almost any bank.

Fact #7. Many travelers consider the Danube to be the highlight of Budapest, because the river is a real symbol of the city. The capital of Hungary was formed by the merger of three cities on opposite sides of the Danube - Buda, Obuda and Pest.

Fact #8. In Slovenia, the capital of Austria is not called Vienna, but Dunaj. Well, the name of the river in their language sounds a little different: Danova.

Detailed solution topic Topic 6 in geography for students in grade 10, authors V.P. Maksakovskiy Basic level 2017

Gdz Geography workbook for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Using the maps of the atlas, describe the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use standard plan characteristics EGP of the country(see plan on p. 233).

Task 2. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has so many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Put republics and monarchies on contour map. Also use Table. 2 in Applications.

Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. The modern monarchs of Europe wield limited power or simply perform a ceremonial role.

Task 3. Using the mineral map of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing natural conditions for the development of the country's (region's) industry.

Task 4. Using fig. 44, give a description of foreign Europe as the main region of immigration of the population. Select countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Get from fig. 44 as much information as possible.

In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, while in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. At the same time, there is a migration of the population within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from the less economically developed countries of Europe (the Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.

Task 5. Using the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, describe the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with mono-ethnic, bi-ethnic, and multi-ethnic populations.

Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. Ural family represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.

Task 6. Using fig. 45 and physical map foreign Europe in the atlas, classify the millionaire cities of the region according to their EGL. Determine the cities located: 1) on the sea coasts; 2) at the mouths of rivers; 3) away from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) away from the seas. Reflect the results of the classification in the table. In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?

In which countries are the capitals located near the geographical centers of these countries?

In Belarus, Spain, Poland.

Task 7. Using the text and drawings of the textbook, maps of the atlas and tables 22-27 in the "Appendices", specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and the largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. According to Figures 21-26, establish where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from to foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the entire industrial output of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering focuses primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry was especially developed. Such car brands as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the United States and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows), Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, Canada.

Task 8. Using a map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore pools; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including maritime).

Examples of ferrous metallurgy centers focusing on: 1) hard coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, the Urals in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).

Task 9. With the help of fig. 49 identify crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the middle and southern European types of agriculture. Set the similarities and differences. For an explanation, also use the agro-climatic map in the atlas.

The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock, as well as pig and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic needs of the population for food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant and sometimes predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. For the South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, the predominance of crop production is characteristic, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).

Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railroads, navigable rivers and seaports region. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

Transport networks selected countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (FRG).

Task 11. Using the plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a message about cultural and historical sights. Why did they become major centers tourism?

There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol of London is clock tower Palace of Westminster, better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. Changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also on Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Above trafalgar square two more sights of London rise - these are the London National and Portrait Galleries. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located five minutes walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is the Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the Treasures of the British Crown. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.

London, like Paris, are the oldest cities in Europe, its cultural centers.

Task 12. Make a project for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know the World Heritage Sites. Suggest one or two route options.

European countries have big amount attractions that are listed world heritage UNESCO. To get acquainted with them, you can make 2 routes, one will pass through Northern Europe, some countries of Central Europe and the UK. Second route will pass for the countries of Central Europe.

1 route (main points):

Suomenlinna fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drotningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geirangerfjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Runestones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk-Elshout district (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) - Schroeder House (Utrecht, the Netherlands) - 17th century concentric canals in the Singelgracht quarter (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) - Historic city center of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in the Spienne area (Mons, Belgium) - Megalithic monuments Stonehenge (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)

2 route (main points):

Palace and park complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historic center of Warsaw (Poland) - Concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim, Poland) - Royal Salt Mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka, Poland) - Historic Center of Krakow (Poland) - Historic Center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral (Speyer, Germany) - Cathedral St. Mary and St. Michael Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)

Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Determine the main branches of its industry and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production was formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, Bochum.

Task 14. Using the "visiting card" of the countries of foreign Europe on the flyleaf of the textbook and a selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, do short message about one of the countries (of your choice).

When preparing a message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. The area of the territory is 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people By state structure is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living.

The level of urbanization of the country is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. IN ethnic composition The population is dominated by Germans (92%).

Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated mainly in the industrial production sector and the service sector. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% - production. The agricultural sector makes up 0.5-1.5% of GDP, which employs the same number of the economically active population of the country.

Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% of agricultural products are produced by animal husbandry. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. The second place in importance is occupied by pig breeding.

Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and a member of the G7.

Task 15. Using the maps of the atlas, put on the contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural regions, highways and seaports of one of the countries of foreign Europe (of your choice).

Task 16. Review the material of part I of the textbook and topic 6 "Foreign Europe", as well as the tables of "Appendices" and write down in a notebook all the information and figures related to Germany. Use your abstract for more complete characteristics economic and social geography of this country.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of the FRG is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes of the latitudinal and meridional directions, the availability of access to the Baltic and North Seas.

According to the form of government, Germany is a parliamentary republic, and according to the form of administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.

In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the United States, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita, it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.

The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.

In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.

Mechanical engineering is focused on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. Great Britain, the Czech Republic, there are enterprises of this industry in almost every city.

The automotive industry was especially developed. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.

The country has developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The copper industry stands out from the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry.

The transport network of Germany belongs to the multicenter.

Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of productivity of field and garden crops and the productivity of animal husbandry. The industry is characterized by the predominance of animal husbandry. Breed mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the needs of the population for food. From food crops highest value have wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets.

The international specialization of Germany is the export of cars, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronic products, ships, chemicals and light industry products.

Task 17. Work in a notebook

17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) the size of the territory; 2) population; 3) the level of urbanization. Draw your own conclusions.

By area

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. In Europe there is a part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).

By population

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among the countries of Europe, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among the countries of Europe there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people, and less than 1 million.

By level of urbanization

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with a percentage of urbanization above 80% are dwarf states and the most economically the developed countries Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by the influence of climate. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

17.3. Using the tables, figures and text of topic 6, determine which countries in the region are in the top ten countries in the world in the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products. Present the data obtained in the form of a table.

17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual journey along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). Often the Danube is called an "international" river, as it flows through the territory of 10 states: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. main feature Danube - the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the most muddy among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. The territories of the water basin covered by the Danube along its entire length have the most diverse landscape. These are high mountain regions with glaciers, mountain ranges medium height covered woodlands. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. IN downstream The Danube forks and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.

17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates of Western Europe.

San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. It is located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by the territory of Italy. San Marino is the oldest state Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is completely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, towering above the hilly plain of the foothills of the Apennines. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all attractions. calling card, as well as the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country) is the medieval complex "Three Towers of San Marino", located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many in the capital various museums. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

17.6. Determine the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying the topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

When compiling maps on this topic, the following methods were used:

The cartographic method, with which you can trace the structure of the industry;

Movement signs that are used to show the spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena (for example transport routes, population migration, etc.);

Icon method (reflecting the volume of production by country);

Qualitative and quantitative background method.

Block of self-control and mutual control

Test knowledge of a specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries of foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?

Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.

2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?

Answer: Of the listed Danube waterways, let Hungary and Serbia use them for access to the sea, since they have no access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of these countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open outlet to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.

3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe belong to the category of world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?

Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)

4. Which of the following areas are highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South German?

Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are character traits Western European city?

In the center of such a (Western European) city, there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which narrow streets old town with residential buildings, shops and buildings. In the old city, architectural and historical sights are usually preserved. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.

2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy economy in Eastern Europe?

In the fuel and energy sector of most countries of foreign Europe leading place occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). IN Eastern Europe, unlike the countries of Western Europe, the focus on coal as a source of energy was partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region are also oriented towards coal basins.

3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?

In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. Ore deposits predominate in the southern part, and fuel resources are much smaller here.

4. What are the characteristics transport system foreign Europe?

The transport system of the region belongs to the Western European type. In terms of transportation distance, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But it ranks first in the world in terms of the provision of a transport network. It is characterized by high traffic density, great importance of international and transit traffic. Automobile transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe, the role of the capital is not played by the largest city of this country?

Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.

2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?

Answer: Monaco has the highest population density (more than 10,000 people/km2). Also, high density is typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. How can you get from the North to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland peninsula?

Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Seas. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.

4. What industries are most typical for industrial regions and nodes that have formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal fields?

For the industrial areas formed in the capital regions, mechanical engineering, electronics, and the food industry are typical. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (processing of fish and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.

5. Which metallurgical plants operate on imported raw materials and fuel?

Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate on imported raw materials and fuel. Such combines are found in Italy (Taranto), in Germany, France, Great Britain.

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of population immigration?

Europe is characterized by the "aging of nations", when the proportion of the elderly population is increasing and the proportion of people of young and working age is sharply declining. When superimposed on this is still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, the countries of Europe for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of soldiers in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has increased dramatically. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).

2. Why is there a sharp preponderance of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?

These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always political centers shit So Rome became modern capital Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was transferred from Rome to other cities.

3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, 60-80% falls on industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - on agriculture?

The countries of Southern Europe have more favorable agro-climatic resources in comparison with the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This allows the active development of agriculture, a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves of mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.

4. Why do oil monopolies conduct exploration and production of oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?

Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires expenses for the delivery of this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries pursue an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries to reduce the dependence of the country's energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, the development and production of oil on its territory is carried out.

5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?

Agricultural lands in Norway occupy 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, heavily dissected by fjords and cut through by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has a long coastline and is washed by the seas from 3 sides. As a result, fishing has developed.

6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?

The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through the territory of such countries as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. Also, the river is navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, together with climatic conditions region (the Rhine does not freeze during the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are large cities characterized by a high level of industrial development.

7. Why Europe has been and remains the main area of international tourism?

This region has rich history And cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.

8. Why is the state of environment, usually the most threatening?

In the old industrial regions, coal was the main energy resource. When coal is burned, it is released into the atmosphere a large number of particulate matter and carbon dioxide. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the state of the environment. All these problems are multiplied by the long existence of these areas, during which economic activity person.

Specify:

1. In which of the following countries do people speak the languages of the Germanic group? Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?

Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.

2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?

Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is characteristic of Italy, Germany and France.

3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.

Statement 2 is true for France, Finland.

Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.

Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.

Statement 5 is true for Germany, Switzerland.

Can you:

2. From memory, identify countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia?

Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 - Portugal; 3 - Austria.

4. Name the country of foreign Europe, where there is practically no rural population?

Answer: Monaco, Vatican.

5. Exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?

Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.

Choose the correct answer:

1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.

Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.

2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Dutch.

Answer: Parisian agglomeration.

3. From the capital cities of the region to sea coast located: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.

Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.

4. Most of the oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (in the world ranking 13th place as of 2016 according to OPEC).

Find out the country:

1. island country Western Europe, in the past characterized by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.

Answer: Ireland.

2. A country located on a peninsula in northern Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.

Answer: Sweden.

3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, the population of which speaks four official languages.

Answer: Switzerland.

The rivers of Foreign Europe are not the largest in the world; their length barely reaches 3000 km, but they have created an extensive shipping network. Even where there is no natural mouth, people dug channels, drained the sea to ensure the delivery of cargo far inland. Today, the water arteries of Europe play a key role in the development of the region.

Major water arteries

We list the largest rivers in Western Europe:

Danube - 2850 km.
Rhine - 2200 km.
Elba (Laba) - 1140 km.
Loire - 1010 km.
Tahoe - 1010 km.

Rice. 1. Map of the rivers of Foreign Europe

All rivers from the above list perform a transport function. They carry thousands of tons of cargo and hundreds of passengers every day. In addition, navigable rivers are:

Vistula;
Audra;
Ebro;
Maas;
Scheldt.

Danube

The Danube is a legendary river, the longest in Western Europe. The vast stretch has helped connect many states that do not have access to the sea. The sources are in the mountains in Germany, and the mouth is on the border of Romania and Ukraine. The river flows into the Black Sea.

Rice. 2 Danube

Ten states formed along the Danube. Four of the most beautiful capitals of Europe stand on the river: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade. And the Romanian part of the river delta is even included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Rhine

The Rhine is considered an important connecting water system between Germany, France and Holland. Movement starts from small town in Switzerland - Basel. With the rest of the main rivers of Europe, the Rhine is connected by canals. The mouth begins in the Netherlands and ends in the North Sea. It flows into the North Sea.

Elbe

Another major river in Germany is the Elbe. However, it also flows in the Czech Republic, a little in Poland and Austria. Like the Rhine, it originates in the Alps and ends in the waters North Sea. The mouth is quite wide, so a port was founded there - the city of Hamburg.

Loire

It is the waterway of France. It originates in the Seven Heights and is a wide mountain river intersecting deep gorges and forming waterfalls of unprecedented beauty. On the flat territory it has a very wide flood, especially in the spring, from which settlements standing close to the river.

Tacho

Tahoe feeds The Iberian Peninsula. It is the main navigable river in Spain and Portugal. The upper course is a mountain river. At the mouth of the river is largest port V Atlantic Ocean- Lisbon. It was from this place that navigators began their journey in the era of the Great Discoveries.

Most popular travel along the river is tourist cruises. Along the river, there are many ancient Spanish and Portuguese cities that have retained their medieval flavor.

Cities at the mouths of the rivers

Rhine-Haringvliet, Rotterdam;
Elbe - Hamburg;
Laura - Saint-Nazaire;
Tajo - Lisbon.

What have we learned?

All the major rivers of Western Europe play a key navigational role. They connect cities and countries with the oceans, allowing cheap transportation of goods deep into the continent. Among them the most significant are: Danube, Rhine, Laura, Elbe, Tahoe.

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From Vienna the valley changes dramatically. The channel expands, the speed drops, the banks become lower. From the Devinsky (Moravian) Gates, it is already an almost flat river with a wide floodplain, numerous oxbow lakes. Lots of meanders and sleeves. In the middle reaches, the Danube receives large tributaries - Tisa, Sava, Drava. At the Iron Gates, the channel narrows, a hydrotechnical unit, the Dzherdap, has been built here. In the lower reaches, the Danube is a typically flat river. It receives tributaries from (Prut, Siret), they do not affect the Danube regime. At the mouth, the river is divided into three branches - Sulinsky, Georgievskoye, Kiliya. Through the first - shipping. big economic importance. The Danube is the artery of European states. large ships rise to Vienna.

The second most important river is the Rhine (1320 km). It originates in the Alps and is characterized by a typical alpine regime, with a summer maximum. Lake Constance serves as a flow regulator. At the exit from it near the town of Schaffhausen, the river forms the Rhine Falls, 24 m high. Below, the Rhine flows in a graben between the Black Forest and the Vosges. Here the Rhine takes its first major tributary the Aare River - the main river (the capital is Bern). Below the city of Basel is the middle course. The waters are heavily polluted. The decisive influence on the regime, which here has features of the Hercynian type, is exerted by the tributaries of the Neckar, Sieg, Lahn, Main, Moselle. At the exit from the Rhine Slate Mountains, the Rhine is a flat river, the waters flowing flush with the banks. The shores are protected by a dam mi from a rush of water to the polders. The Rhine is connected by a canal system to the Danube, Rhone, Marne, Weser, Elbe. In terms of cargo turnover, the Rhine ranks first in Overseas Europe. The total length of the waterways in the Rhine system is 3,000 km.

Of the other large ones - Loire, Vistula (each about 1000 km long).

The lakes are unevenly distributed. Their largest accumulation is confined to the areas of Quaternary glaciation (Fennoscandia, Central European). Lake basins were formed as a result of processing and deepening of tectonic cracks. Tectonic-glacial origin largest lakes Northern Europe: Venern, Vättern, Mälaren, Elmaren, Inari.

Damped lake basins in glacial regions with gentle, swampy shores and small sizes - Müritz, Sniardwy, Mamry. In the foothills of the Alps are the terminal glacial lakes- Como, Garda, Lake Maggiore, Firwaldstet. tectonic lakes- Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, on the Balkan Peninsula - Shkoder, Ohrid, Prespa, on the Apennines - Fucino, Trasimene, in - Balaton.

Lakes located in calderas extinct volcanoes- Bolsena, Vico, Bracciano, in the Moselle basin - the Eifel maars.

The most powerful glaciers are located on Svalbard, in and in Scandinavian mountains, the southernmost glaciers are in the Sierra Nevada mountains.