The history of the emergence of air transport for children. The history of the development of air transport. European Renaissance and the Ottoman Empire

It is human nature to strive for the impossible. The eternal dream of man - to rise into the air like a bird - is reflected in many legends of all times and peoples. People built wings by gluing the bearing planes from bird feathers, made from vines, covering them with silk, paper, and the thinnest leather. However, these experiments ended in failure: the sky did not accept a person. And not only nature resisted the daring dream of people, the path to heaven was blocked by the curses of churchmen, the fires of the Inquisition, the formidable monarchy.

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"A man is not a bird, he should not have wings. If he puts on himself like wooden wings, he creates against nature ... For this fellowship with evil spirits, cut off the head of the inventor ... And the fiction, like equipped with the devil's help, after the divine liturgy, burn with fire." So Tsar Ivan the Terrible commanded - says one of the most respected historians of aviation.

But in spite of everything, in Rus' already in the 16th century attempts were made to fly in balloons (Figure 5.1). So, in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, a serf made a flight around the Alexander Sloboda, for which he was executed, and his "apparatus" was burned. In 1696, an unnamed Russian man tried to fly on wings covered in thin skin. In 1729, near Ryazhsk, the blacksmith Chernik-Groza flew on wings made of wire and feathers. In 1731 in

Ryazan clerk flew in a hot air balloon filled with hot smoke.

We find the origins of the scientific approach to the problem of human flight in the titan of thought Leonardo da Vinci, who studied the aerodynamics of bird flight and found a solution to the design of flight that was many centuries ahead of his time.

body apparatus, which was actually carried out only in the twentieth century.

Wings did not go well for a long time. And the dream did not give rest, and then the dodgy, cunning and enterprising person began to look for workarounds. He saw smoke rising from the ground and flying into the sky. AND old dream transformed into a new idea.

The French brothers Jacques Etienne and Joseph Michel Montgolfier were hereditary paper manufacturers and enlightened people of their time. The eldest of the brothers - Joseph - did a lot of physics and chemistry in the laboratories of Paris, and the youngest - Etienne, an architect-engineer - managed all the affairs of the company.

The Montgolfier brothers simply reasoned that if hot air is enclosed in some closed volume (projectile), then the projectile must have a lifting force, and it will fly. They understood that for this it was very important not to overweight the shell of the future projectile. So they took the strongest and thinnest paper they could produce, glued a pointed bag with an open mouth at the bottom, filled the bag with hot smoke, and on June 5, 1783, the projectile lifted off the ground and flew. On September 19, the second flight took place with passengers (rooster, ram and duck).

After the successful rise and landing of the animals, logic demanded that a person be sent flying as well. The balloon pilots agreed to be Pilatre de Rozier (figure 5.2), who had already made several ascents with the tethered balloon Montgolfier, and the Marquis d'Arlande (figure 5.3).

This flight, lasting about 20 minutes,

In the same year, the French physicist Professor Jacques Alexander Charles made a flight on a balloon filled with hydrogen (charliere).

The balloons of the Montgolfier brothers (hot air balloons) flew quite successfully. However, the list of ballooning victims was destined to be opened by Pilatre de Rozier, who died two years after his first flight.

Both hot air balloons and charliers eventually received common name – balloons.

In 1875, D. I. Mendeleev proposed a project

controlled stratospheric balloon, which was the prototype

later created airship.

Free-floating balloons have never been and could not be considered a means of regular transport.

Only with the creation in 1900 by Ferdinand Zeppelin (Figure 5.4) of the first controlled rigid airship (Figure 5.5) did attempts begin to create regular flights.

Between 1910 and 1914, German airships made over 1,500 flights and carried 34,028 passengers. The airship "Graf Zeppelin", built in 1929, lifted 30 tons of cargo and 54 people, accommodated in double cabins. It was equipped with a buffet with an electric kitchen, and hot and cold water was supplied to the bathrooms. cold water. This airship is

Sewed 529 flights, 114 of them across the Atlantic, flew 1,700,000 kilometers, transported about 160,000 passengers.

The Akron airship, built in the USA in 1932, carried 5 aircraft that started and returned to the airship during its flight.

Having achieved tremendous success, the airship industry gradually began to curtail and in the mid-thirties of the 20th century almost disappeared. The reasons for this were that the credibility of airships was undermined by a number of major disasters. The last giant airship "Hindenburg", which belonged to Germany, exploded in the air on May 6, 1937, while mooring it to the mast at an American airfield

Lakehurst. The reliability of the flying giants was recognized as insufficient. The whole trouble was that hydrogen, which filled most of the controlled balloons, is explosive, and non-flammable and non-explosive helium, although it found its use in aeronautics, turned out to be too expensive at that time.

The second and very significant reason is to keep giant airships on the ground, especially in bad weather and when strong wind, it was very difficult.

In addition, the relatively low speed of airships could not satisfy the ever-increasing demands of the time.

Until recently, it seemed that airships had finally outlived their usefulness. But in Lately the idea of ​​airship building received a new development.

The argument in favor of the creation of new airships can be that if we take the cost of transferring one ton of cargo per kilometer for an aircraft per unit, then for a helicopter it will be 5.65, and for an airship only 0.33. A helium-filled airship built with modern materials could be the safest and heaviest aircraft that can be operated without costly airfields.

The idea of ​​creating an aircraft heavier than air (the idea of ​​aviation) appeared and was developed much earlier than the idea of ​​a balloon. In 1754, M.V. Lomonosov proposed a project for an aircraft in the form of a twin-rotor helicopter, which he called an aerodynamic machine.

A huge merit in the development of gliders belongs to the engineer Otto Lilienthal (Figure 5.6) and his brother Gustav, the owners of a mechanical workshop who lived in the suburb of Berlin - Steglitz. Nobody before

Otto Lilienthal failed so well

to substantiate the theory and practice of gliding flight, as he did.

The development of the first aircraft models began in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. So, in 1867, N. A. Teleshov proposed a project for the Delta aircraft, which closely resembles its own appearance modern supersonic aircraft with a deltoid wing.

An outstanding contribution to the creation of the aircraft was made in 1876 by the captain of the Russian navy A. F. Mozhaisky, who created a flying model of an airplane with a clock spring as an engine.

In 1877, he also presented a draft monoplane, which had all the parts characteristic of modern aircraft: a fuselage, a fixed carrier wing (wings), a tail, a wheeled landing gear and a power

installation. A. F. Mozhaisky in 1888 built

silt twin-engine aircraft with three propellers (ri-

see 5.7). He himself designed the installed-

steam engines on the aircraft with a capacity of 10 and 20 liters. with., which were made abroad. It was the first plane in the world to take off with a person on board.

In 1894, the design of the airplane was developed by K. E. Tsiolkovsky.

Experiments were also carried out abroad to create aircraft. In England, the first aircraft was built in 1894.

The Americans, the brothers Orville (Figure 5.8) and Wilbur (Figure 5.9) Wright, December 17, 1903, putting a small gasoline engine on the glider, flew 800 m in 59 s. They are often considered the inventors of the aircraft.

On July 25, 1909, Frenchman Louis Blériot crossed the English Channel in a monoplane of his own design in 32 minutes.

The beginning of industrial aircraft construction in Russia dates back to 1908-1909, when Russian engineers created

Dali first original designs domestic aircraft. In 1913, Russian designers led by I. I. Sikorsky built the Bolshoi Baltic aircraft, huge for that time, and then the Russian Knight with a flight weight of 4.2 tons (abroad there was no aircraft heavier than 1 ton) . This world's first four-engine aircraft took on board 7 people and developed a speed of 90 km / h. In the same year, he built an even heavier aircraft "Ilya Muromets" for 16 people (Figure 5.11) and designed a new one - "Svyatogor"

with a flight weight of 6.5 tons and a flight speed of 114 km / h.

In the summer of 1918, under the leadership of Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky, the father of Russian aviation, the " flying laboratory", transformed in December into the Central Aerodynamic Institute (TsAGI).

Fast pro started the process of creating new aircraft and engines for them. On February 8, 1924, the firstborn took to the air civil aviation three-seat passenger aircraft AK-1 (Figure 5.12) designed by V. A. Aleksandrov and V. V. Kalinin. In 1925, this aircraft participated in a long-distance flight on the route Moscow - Beijing.

In May 1924, the first all-metal aircraft flew. design office A. N. Tupolev ANT-2 (3 seats) with a 100 hp engine. With. A year later, TsAGI created

given all-metal heavy sa-

Molet ANT-4 "Country of Soviets" with

two engines, which set world records for carrying capacity and flight range. On this plane in 1929 Shestakov's crew flew along the route: Moscow - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka - Seattle - San Francisco - Chicago - New York (21242 km, of which 8000 km above water).

In 1929, M. M. Gromov on a new all-metal aircraft ANT-9 flew 9037 km in 53 flight hours.

In 1930-31, one of the largest aircraft of that time - ANT-14 with a capacity of 36 passengers.

In 1934, the ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" was designed for 80 passengers with 6 and 8 engines of 900 hp each. s., speed of 250 km/h and flight weight of 42 tons.

The ANT-25 ultra-long-range aircraft were created (Figure 5.13). On such an aircraft in 1937, the crew of V.P. Chkalov made a non-stop 63-hour flight Moscow-Vancouver (Canada) through the North Pole, and the crew of M.M. 62 hours 17 minutes from Moscow via the North Pole to California.

The planes required runway, so the idea arose to create an aircraft with vertical takeoff. This idea was not new. Even in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci, dated 1486-1490, a schematic diagram of a helicopter, a heliocopter, is depicted. However, although the helicopter idea is simple, it requires a very difficult implementation. That's why there was such a long way to a flying helicopter.

In 1934, the achievement of the FW-61 helicopter, designed by Heinrich Focke, was recorded as a world record: height 3427 meters, flight duration - 1 hour 20 minutes, maximum speed- 122.55 km / h.

Great successes of civil aviation in transportation were achieved in the post-war period. During this time, the aircraft fleet was updated three times. The Il-12 and Il-14 aircraft were created, which were the pinnacle of aviation technology for their time. Piston technology dominated until the 60s. But for high speeds this engine is getting heavy. Therefore, already from the end of the 50s, they began to intensively produce second generation aircraft with turbine engines, V

of which about 95% of the thrust comes from the screw, and 5% from the jet stream of hot gases. This category includes reliable aircraft with a high flight resource An-24 and Il-18. The latter was awarded a gold medal in Brussels. It was purchased by 17 foreign airlines. It was used to deliver polar explorers to Antarctica. Later in this job he was replaced by IL-76D.

Flagship air fleet in the 60s there was a Tu-114 turboprop aircraft (4 engines of 15000 hp each, cruising speed 750 - 850 km / h, which was then inaccessible to any propeller-driven aircraft in the world). For almost 20 years, aircraft of this type served the lines, making non-stop flights along the routes: Moscow - Havana, Moscow - Montreal, Moscow - Tokyo, etc. operating aircraft.

were later created third generation machines - turbojet bringing the speed closer to the speed of sound. These aircraft became widespread in the 70s and now occupy a leading position in aircraft fleet. The world's first turbojet passenger aircraft was the Tu-104, built even before domestic turboprop aircraft of the second generation, such as the Il-18, Tu-114, etc. In September 1956, the Tu-104 made the first regular flight from Moscow to Irkutsk with 50 passengers on board at a speed of 900 km/h. This jet passenger aircraft opened a new era in civil aviation.

On December 22, 1976, a prototype of the Il-86 airbus for 350 seats took off for the first time (Figure 5.14). This is a wide-body double-deck

aircraft equipped with 4 turboventilators -

torsion engines, allowing speeds up to 1000 km / h. Later, the Il-96-300 wide-body long-haul aircraft was created, which can cover a distance of about 10 thousand km without landing, taking 300 passengers on board.

Since the 70s, the Il-62 turbojet aircraft has become the flagship of the civil fleet, which takes up to 198 passengers and develops a speed of 900-1000 km / h with a flight range of 9-11 thousand km. The Tu-104 and Il-18 were replaced by a more economical, jet-powered Tu-154, with a capacity of up to 180 passengers.

On medium lines leading place occupies Tu-134 for 80 seats with a flight range of 3200 km, and local lines- Yak-40 with a capacity of 33 passengers, flight range - 1500 km, speed - 820 km / h. The Yak-42 120-seat passenger jet aircraft (Figure 5.15) has become widespread in servicing short and medium-haul lines.

For servicing long-distance ma-

gistral lines was created super-

sound passenger aircraft Tu-144 (Figure 5.16), capable of carrying 126 passengers over a distance of 6500 km at a speed of 2350 km/h. In December 1968, he took to the air for the first time. Unfortunately, after the accident on demonstration flights, the operation of aircraft of this type was discontinued. February 28, 1969 made its first flight in France, the Anglo-French supersonic

aircraft "Concorde" similar in

parameters with the Tu-144.

Freight transportation is getting more and more development. The An-22 "Antey" aircraft with a load of 80 tons stands out in the fleet of trucks. It can take up to 700 people or bulky equipment.

Significant transportation work is performed by the so-called small aircraft, i.e., small-capacity aircraft An-2 (Figure 5.17), L-410 and others. Their role is especially notable in

agriculture.

great job performed by helicopters. They are used in agriculture, for medical and sanitary service, in geological surveys, pipeline construction, installation of structures, for fighting forest fires, ice reconnaissance, searching for schools of fish, observing road traffic and its regulation, etc. The most famous helicopters are: Mi-1; Mi-2; Mi-4; Mi-6; Mi-8; Mi-10 (Figure 5.18); Ka-15; Ka-18; Ka-26. Their speed is from 130 to 300 km / h, passenger or cargo

capacity - from 3 to 16 passengers and from 0.22 to 12.0 tons,

flight range - from 244 to 970 km.

The characteristics of the most common aircraft and helicopters are given in tables 5.1 and 5.2.

T a b l e 5.1 - Characteristic passenger aircraft

T a b l e 5.2 - Characteristics of helicopters

Balloons and airships

Hot air ballooning was colorfully described by Jules Verne in his fantastic stories. The balloon is more than 220 years old, it has a complex and dramatic history of development: a return at the end of the 20th century and intensive development for tourism, advertising, sports. Today, ballooning is a unique and profitable branch of the enterprise system and a unique method of attraction that attracts the attention of everyone without exception. Ballooning is an elite entertainment for wealthy tourists.

The first hot air balloon was designed and built in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers. It was a huge balloon filled with hot air. Jean-Francos was the first person to fly in a hot air balloon. This happened on October 15, 1783 and marked the beginning of the era of aeronautics. The design of the hot air balloon has changed little from its invention to the present. The balloon is almost always spherical or pear shaped.

In 1852, Henry Giffard installed a small steam engine in a balloon nacelle. This engine rotated the propeller, which allowed the direction of the airship to move at a speed of 8 km per hour against the wind. Only 46 years later, in 1898, Alberto Santos-Dumont, a wealthy Brazilian living in Paris, began experimenting with gasoline internal combustion engines to drive a propeller. balloons. On October 19, 1901, he lifted a cigar-shaped balloon into the air and made an 11-kilometer flight over Paris. At the beginning of the 20th century, balloons began to be used for scientific purposes in the study of the stratosphere, and in 1901 the first high-altitude ascent was made.

At the beginning of the century, in 1914, Hans Berliner made a balloon trip from Germany to the Urals.

Unguided balloons were reconstructed into airships that carried motors and propellers, complex control systems. In Germany, the airship industry successfully developed - huge airships were built and operated with a strong frame made of light alloys, covered with rubberized fabric, gas-filled multi-sectional body. Most capital ship had a cigar shape 245 m in length and 41 m in diameter, it could carry 50 passengers with a crew of 60 people. in a trailed gondola or a load of 215 tons.

In 1910, Zeppellin opened a company that carried out commercial transportation of more than 14 thousand passengers within three years. These airships covered a distance of more than 61,000 km without accidents. In 1919, the airship first crossed Atlantic Ocean. In 1929, the Graf Zeppelin airship made an unprecedented flight around the Earth. The airship Hindenburg made ten scheduled commercial flights across the Atlantic.

Airships were also used for military purposes. During World War I and World War II, airships and balloons of various designs were used in combat operations for observation and reconnaissance, hunting for submarines, and for setting up anti-aircraft barriers. Formally, the last airship was withdrawn from service in the United States only in 1962. In an era of intensive development of scientific and technical progress in the second half of the 20th century, balloons began to be actively used for travel, tourism and sports competitions.

Initially, the design of an aircraft was created - a glider glider - aerodynamically perfect, capable, using the lifting force of air currents, to soar silently for hours in airspace. The pioneer of gliding was the German Otto Lilienthal (1848-96). John Montgomery (USA) around the same years built a glider and lowered it from a balloon. Somewhat later, in 1896, Octave Chanute, an American inventor, built an easily and steadily controlled glider. Inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1902 improved the airframe by adjusting the elements of the wing and tail. In the general case, the glider took on the form of an aircraft familiar to us today.

Beginning in 1935, gliders equipped with scientific instruments were widely used for air navigation and meteorological purposes. Gliders were used during World War II to deliver small reconnaissance groups and troops.

In the post-war period, very aerodynamically perfect forms of the fuselage for gliders were developed.

Parachute - a device made of durable fabric that opens in the air like an umbrella and is used to slow down the descent of an object or person to the ground from a height in the air. Initially, a parachute was invented to provide rescue from a damaged aircraft or aircraft and has been used for these purposes to this day, with the exception of civil aviation for passenger transportation.

The parachute was invented at the same time hot air balloon, however, regardless of this design (and in exact translation from French means "preventing a fall"). There is evidence that in 1306 in China, acrobats used umbrellas to jump from a height. The first demonstration of a parachute was carried out in France in 1783. Someone Louis Sebastian Lenormand publicly jumped from a tree with two beach umbrellas. The Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin was the first professional skydiver, he made many parachute jumps, including one from a height of 2400 m in England in 1802.

Parachuting ("parachuting") or "skydiving" has become a popular sport of parafoils, international competitions have been held since 1950. The Parachuting Federation was created. Military personnel, youth and even the disabled actively participate. The parachute is used for landing groups of tourists in hard-to-reach areas, for example, at the North Pole, as well as rescuers. Skydiving is a popular sport and entertainment. Jumping young and old.

Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.

Helicopter

Helicopter - unique aircraft capable of taking off and landing vertically on a small platform, hovering in the air, performing horizontal controlled flight, including in different directions - forward, backward, sideways, making turns and other aerobatics.

Unlike a conventional aircraft, a helicopter does not have wings. The lifting force is created by a propeller with an adjustable blade angle located horizontally above the cabin.

The helicopter is capable of carrying cargo or passengers. Passenger helicopters are divided into three categories according to passenger capacity: the first one is from 2 to 5 passengers; the second from 5 to 12 passengers. For these categories, small single-engine helicopters are commonly used. The third category of large vehicles is capable of carrying from 12 to 40 passengers and is used in commercial transportation.

The ingenious Leonardo da Vinci in 1438 created the preconditions for the design of a helicopter and developed a propeller capable of ascending and descending vertically, but it became available only much later to put his idea into practice.

The first prototype of a modern helicopter was built by the French Launoy and Bienvenu in 1784 (i.e., much earlier than airplanes and gliders). In 1843, the Englishman D. Kayley built a steam helicopter, but the design was too bulky and heavy and could rise from the ground by a meter. A helicopter capable of rising into the air and hanging for several minutes above the ground was built by the Frenchman Paul Korn only in 1907, however, no methods of controlling the machine in flight were created and during the tests the apparatus was tied to the ground with ropes. In 1916, the Austrians created a more successful design of the device, which rose in unmanned mode to a 200-meter height and stayed in the air for one hour, but the device was still tied to the ground with cables.

In 1931, the idea of ​​a tiltrotor was implemented, i.e. aircraft with motors that could turn from horizontal to vertical and provide practically vertical landing and takeoff. At present, such aircraft are widely used in military aviation. The development of helicopter designs was carried out quite intensively in different countries, but only by 1938 was it possible to create a helicopter that reached an altitude of 3000 m and completed more than an hour of manned flight. Active in various countries helicopter construction began to develop only after the Second World War. In the USSR, several successful designs of helicopters were created, including the most powerful one, the MI-26, capable of lifting up to 40 tons of cargo.

Today, helicopters are highly reliable, can stay in the air for a long time, and be used in complex weather conditions. The speed of the helicopter reaches 200-220 km per hour, the flight range is limited by the capacity of the fuel tanks. By helicopter in 1982 committed trip around the world, which took 29 days and 3 hours. average speed flight was 55 km / h.

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Purpose: the formation of children's ideas about various types transport and
the history of their development.
Tasks:
Develop logical thinking, speech, mindfulness,
Activate the vocabulary of children with the words airship, chariot, boat,
glider, etc.
Age: senior preschool age.
Equipment: pictures depicting transport.
Game task:
arrange the pictures in order of appearance in a person's life.
Sort the pictures according to belonging to a certain
mode of transport (land, air, water).
1 or more children can take part in the game.
WITH reverse side pictures are written small stories, how it appeared
this species transport. Therefore, this game can be used in the classroom, with
introducing children to the history of the development of transport.
The game is ready to use. It is enough to print, cut out pictures, with
reverse side to arrange the text.

Water transport.
1.
Raft.
The raft is the first ship in the world. People cut down trees
cleared of branches, tied them together and went to
path.
Comfortable? Why?
Waves roll over the logs, that and
look, they will wash one of the sailors into the water.

2.
Boat.
Many years passed before the first
boat. It is stronger, more reliable than a raft. Not so on her
dangerous to go out to sea.
Cut down with an ax or burn the core in a tree -
here is the finished boat. Rather, a person. Then there appeared
oars. A man floats in a canoe, rowing with oars. A
the boat is moving slowly. How to be? What came up
man to swim faster?

3.
Rook.
Such a small sailboat
is called a rook. It appeared much later than the boat.
The boat was built from planed boards. She was
big size and accommodated not only people and luggage,
but even large animals. The rooks were beautiful
decorated in the form of fish or birds, bringing good luck. A
most importantly appeared sail. With the help of the wind sail

inflated and carried the ship through the waves. But man
I wanted to create a faster ship.
4.
Corvette, brigantine, frigate, schooner - these were
big ships, multi-sail. They had a lot
greater speed than the rook. But a lot
wasted human energy. When the wind died down,
was to work with oars, and it is so difficult when
the ship is so big. What do you think
came up with people to replace the sail and oars.

5.
Steamboat. Put on a ship steam engine
- it turned from a sailboat into a steamship. Coal in
the firebox burns, the water in the boiler boils. The steam of the wheel turns
wheels slap on the water with blades - a ship on the sea
floats. This is where the ship comes in.

6.
Motor ship.
Here is such a handsome man - the ship plows the waves of the seas
and oceans. Not a ship, but a whole floating city. Already
propeller has long replaced paddle wheels.
It seems to be screwed into the water, thereby moving

the ship is much faster. By the boat motor boat
screws are small sea ​​vessels- giants and
giant screws.
Air Transport.
1. It was a very, very long time ago, thousands of years ago.
People envied the birds...

What do you think the person came up with to
rise to the sky?
There were daredevils who tried to make
wings to fly but their attempts are over
failure. There was such a young man, his name was Icarus. He
made wings, but could not fly.
Birds can fly because they have very strong
muscles and light weight. The muscles of our arms and shoulders
so strong, and the body, the bones are hard and heavy.
2. Balloon.

But people still found a way to get off the ground. They
noticed that over the fire and hot water up rises
warm air. This is what they decided to use. They did
a large balloon with a basket for passengers and filled it with smoke. AND
the ball flew, but as soon as the smoke cooled down, the ball went down. (the first
animals rose into the air on balloons, after them they became
climb people).
To stay in the air longer, they began to put in the basket
brazier with hot coals and the bowl was constantly filled with hot
smoke. But soon the ball did not suit the person.

3. Airship.
The ball was large and clumsy. In addition, the flight depended entirely
from the wind: where the wind blows, the ball flies there.
Again people thought: what could be done so that it would be possible
fly against the wind. And they invented the airship. Rigid frame made of
wood and iron were covered with a dense cloth. It turned out huge
building that looks like a fish. At the bottom, engines were suspended from it.
propellers and cockpit for pilots and passengers. Gas,
with which the airship was filled, lifted it up, and the engines
pulled forward. Now you can fly in any direction. But also
the airship had its drawbacks. He was too big and flew with
small speed.
4. Glider.
Years passed, and here is one Englishman, Sir George Cayley
made a model glider. The model had a fixed
wing and movable tail for turns, besides
there was also a wheeled chassis.

5. Airplane.

The first planes were fragile and clumsy. They
hardly got off the ground, could not rise
high, flew slowly and only near the airfield. TO
also often broke.

7.
People thought about what to do, how to make
planes move faster? Found such a person
his name was Orville Wright, who proved that
fly faster. The secret of success lay in his
light gasoline engine.

8.
Years passed and the aircraft became more perfect.
Now they fly high, higher than birds, outrunning the wind and
to any part of the earth. Pleasant and comfortable to fly to
modern jet liner.

Ground transport.
1.
Chariot. It was a very, very long time ago
thousand years ago. People tamed the horse, because. earlier
she was wild. Horse - strong, hardy
animal, it can transport not only people
but also cargo. For this, people made chariots and
harnessed a horse to it. Thus the first appeared
vehicle.

2.
People had to carry a lot of goods,
then people came up with carts and wagons. They
differed from chariots in that they were on four
wheels, but to hide from the wind and rain people
covered it on top with skins or durable fabric.

Horses carried people over very long distances.
distances. They got tired and had to often
change. This did not suit the people.
3.
To replace the horse, man came up with
steam engine. Have you ever seen how
does the kettle boil? Hot steam accumulates in it,
who begins to toss the lid of the teapot,

It is human nature to strive for the impossible. The eternal dream of man - to rise into the air like a bird - is reflected in many legends of all times and peoples. People built wings by gluing the bearing planes from bird feathers, made from vines, covering them with silk, paper, and the thinnest leather. However, these experiments ended in failure: the sky did not accept a person. And not only nature resisted the daring dream of people, the path to heaven was blocked by the curses of churchmen, the fires of the Inquisition, the formidable monarchy.

"A man is not a bird, he should not have wings. If he puts on himself like wooden wings, he creates against nature ... For this fellowship with evil spirits, cut off the head of the inventor ... And the fiction, like equipped with the devil's help, after the divine liturgy, burn with fire." So Tsar Ivan the Terrible commanded - says one of the most respected historians of aviation.

But in spite of everything, in Rus' already in the 16th century attempts were made to fly in balloons (Figure 5.1). So, in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, a serf made a flight around the Alexander Sloboda, for which he was executed, and his "apparatus" was burned. In 1696, an unnamed Russian man tried to fly on wings covered in thin skin. In 1729, near Ryazhsk, the blacksmith Chernik-Groza flew on wings made of wire and feathers. In 1731 in

We find the origins of the scientific approach to the problem of human flight in the titan of thought Leonardo da Vinci, who studied the aerodynamics of bird flight and found a solution to the design of flight that was many centuries ahead of his time.

body apparatus, which was actually carried out only in the twentieth century.

Wings did not go well for a long time. And the dream did not give rest, and then the dodgy, cunning and enterprising person began to look for workarounds. He saw smoke rising from the ground and flying into the sky. And the old dream was transformed into a new idea.

The French brothers Jacques Etienne and Joseph Michel Montgolfier were hereditary paper manufacturers and enlightened people of their time. The eldest of the brothers - Joseph - did a lot of physics and chemistry in the laboratories of Paris, and the youngest - Etienne, an architect-engineer - managed all the affairs of the company.

The Montgolfier brothers simply reasoned that if hot air is enclosed in some closed volume (projectile), then the projectile must have a lifting force, and it will fly. They understood that for this it was very important not to overweight the shell of the future projectile. So they took the strongest and thinnest paper they could produce, glued a pointed bag with an open mouth at the bottom, filled the bag with hot smoke, and on June 5, 1783, the projectile lifted off the ground and flew. On September 19, the second flight took place with passengers (rooster, ram and duck).

This flight, lasting about 20 minutes,

In the same year, the French physicist Professor Jacques Alexander Charles made a flight on a balloon filled with hydrogen (charliere).

The balloons of the Montgolfier brothers (hot air balloons) flew quite successfully. However, the list of ballooning victims was destined to be opened by Pilatre de Rozier, who died two years after his first flight.

Both hot air balloons and charliers eventually received a common name - balloons.

controlled stratospheric balloon, which was the prototype

later created airship.

Free-floating balloons have never been and could not be considered a means of regular transport.

Only with the creation in 1900 by Ferdinand Zeppelin (Figure 5.4) of the first controlled rigid airship (Figure 5.5) did attempts begin to create regular flights.

Sewed 529 flights, 114 of them across the Atlantic, flew 1,700,000 kilometers, transported about 160,000 passengers.

The Akron airship, built in the USA in 1932, carried 5 aircraft that started and returned to the airship during its flight.

Lakehurst. The reliability of the flying giants was recognized as insufficient. The whole trouble was that hydrogen, which filled most of the controlled balloons, is explosive, and non-flammable and non-explosive helium, although it found its use in aeronautics, turned out to be too expensive at that time.

The second and very significant reason is that it was very difficult to keep giant airships on the ground, especially in bad weather and strong winds.

In addition, the relatively low speed of airships could not satisfy the ever-increasing demands of the time.

Until recently, it seemed that airships had finally outlived their usefulness. But recently the idea of ​​airship building has received a new development.

The argument in favor of the creation of new airships can be that if we take the cost of transferring one ton of cargo per kilometer for an aircraft per unit, then for a helicopter it will be 5.65, and for an airship only 0.33. A helium-filled airship built with modern materials could be the safest and heaviest aircraft that can be operated without costly airfields.

The idea of ​​creating an aircraft heavier than air (the idea of ​​aviation) appeared and was developed much earlier than the idea of ​​a balloon. In 1754, M.V. Lomonosov proposed a project for an aircraft in the form of a twin-rotor helicopter, which he called an aerodynamic machine.

Otto Lilienthal failed so well

to substantiate the theory and practice of gliding flight, as he did.

The development of the first aircraft models began in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. So, in 1867, N. A. Teleshov proposed a project for the Delta aircraft, which closely resembles modern supersonic aircraft with a delta wing in its appearance.

An outstanding contribution to the creation of the aircraft was made in 1876 by the captain of the Russian Navy A.F. Mozhaisky, who created a flying model of an airplane with a clock spring as an engine.

installation. A. F. Mozhaisky in 1888 built

silt twin-engine aircraft with three propellers (ri-

see 5.7). He himself designed the installed-

steam engines on the aircraft with a capacity of 10 and 20 liters. with., which were made abroad. It was the first plane in the world to take off with a person on board.

In 1894, the design of the airplane was developed by K. E. Tsiolkovsky.

Experiments were also carried out abroad to create aircraft. In England, the first aircraft was built in 1894.

The Americans, the brothers Orville (Figure 5.8) and Wilbur (Figure 5.9) Wright, December 17, 1903, putting a small gasoline engine on the glider, flew 800 m in 59 s. They are often considered the inventors of the aircraft.

On July 25, 1909, Frenchman Louis Blériot crossed the English Channel in a monoplane of his own design in 32 minutes.

with a flight weight of 6.5 tons and a flight speed of 114 km / h.

Fast pro started the process of creating new aircraft and engines for them. On February 8, 1924, the firstborn of civil aviation, the three-seat passenger aircraft AK-1 (Figure 5.12), designers V.A. Aleksandrov and V.V. Kalinin, took off. In 1925, this aircraft participated in a long-distance flight on the route Moscow - Beijing.

given all-metal heavy sa-

Molet ANT-4 "Country of Soviets" with

two engines, which set world records for carrying capacity and flight range. On this plane in 1929 Shestakov's crew flew along the route: Moscow - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka - Seattle - San Francisco - Chicago - New York (21242 km, of which 8000 km above water).

In 1929, M. M. Gromov on a new all-metal aircraft ANT-9 flew 9037 km in 53 flight hours.

In 1930-31, one of the largest aircraft of that time appeared - ANT-14 with a capacity of 36 passengers.

In 1934, the ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" was designed for 80 passengers with 6 and 8 engines of 900 hp each. s., speed of 250 km/h and flight weight of 42 tons.

The ANT-25 ultra-long-range aircraft were created (Figure 5.13). On such an aircraft in 1937, the crew of V.P. Chkalov made a non-stop 63-hour flight Moscow-Vancouver (Canada) through the North Pole, and the crew of M.M. 62 hours 17 minutes from Moscow via the North Pole to California.

In 1934, the achievement of the FW-61 helicopter, designed by Heinrich Focke, was recorded as a world record: height 3427 meters, flight duration - 1 hour 20 minutes, maximum speed - 122.55 km / h.

Great successes of civil aviation in transportation were achieved in the post-war period. During this time, the aircraft fleet was updated three times. The Il-12 and Il-14 aircraft were created, which were the pinnacle of aviation technology for their time. Piston technology dominated until the 60s. But for high speeds, this engine becomes heavy. Therefore, already from the end of the 50s, they began to intensively produce second generation aircraft with turbine engines, V

The flagship of the air fleet in the 60s was the Tu-114 turboprop aircraft (4 engines of 15,000 hp each, cruising speed of 750 - 850 km / h, which was then inaccessible to any propeller-driven aircraft in the world). For almost 20 years, aircraft of this type served the lines, making non-stop flights along the routes: Moscow - Havana, Moscow - Montreal, Moscow - Tokyo, etc. operating aircraft.

were later created third generation machines - turbojet bringing the speed closer to the speed of sound. These aircraft became widespread in the 70s and now occupy a leading position in the aircraft fleet. The world's first turbojet passenger aircraft was the Tu-104, built even before domestic turboprop aircraft of the second generation, such as the Il-18, Tu-114, etc. In September 1956, the Tu-104 made the first regular flight from Moscow to Irkutsk with 50 passengers on board at a speed of 900 km/h. This jet passenger aircraft opened a new era in civil aviation.

aircraft equipped with 4 turboventilators -

torsion engines, allowing speeds up to 1000 km / h. Later, the Il-96-300 wide-body long-haul aircraft was created, which can cover a distance of about 10 thousand km without landing, taking 300 passengers on board.

Since the 70s, the Il-62 turbojet aircraft has become the flagship of the civil fleet, which takes up to 198 passengers and develops a speed of 900-1000 km / h with a flight range of 9-11 thousand km. The Tu-104 and Il-18 were replaced by a more economical, jet-powered Tu-154, with a capacity of up to 180 passengers.

On medium-haul lines, the leading place is occupied by Tu-134 for 80 seats with a flight range of 3200 km, and on local lines - Yak-40 with a capacity of 33 passengers, flight range - 1500 km, speed - 820 km / h. The Yak-42 120-seat passenger jet aircraft (Figure 5.15) has become widespread in servicing short and medium-haul lines.

gistral lines was created super-

aircraft "Concorde" similar in

parameters with the Tu-144.

Freight transportation is getting more and more development. The An-22 "Antey" aircraft with a load of 80 tons stands out in the fleet of trucks. It can take up to 700 people or bulky equipment.

agriculture.

capacity - from 3 to 16 passengers and from 0.22 to 12.0 tons,

flight range - from 244 to 970 km.

The characteristics of the most common aircraft and helicopters are given in tables 5.1 and 5.2.

T a b l e 5.1 - Characteristics of passenger aircraft

T a b l e 5.2 - Characteristics of helicopters

Despite the fact that the great Leonardo da Vinci designed the first aircraft back in 1483, people were able to take to the skies only three centuries later. And it all started with wind-blown balloons.

First experience in aeronautics

Subsequently, repeated attempts were made to install the engine in the nacelle of the balloon, so as not to depend solely on the wind. But only in 1901, the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont managed to fly a cigar-shaped device over the outskirts of Paris with the help of a gasoline engine. The flight distance at that time was only 11 km.

And in 1914, the German Hans Berliner was able to fly from Berlin to the Urals. Gradually, the idea of ​​balloons was replaced by bulky airships capable of carrying many people on board. Huge ships were able to cross the oceans and even fly around the Earth. In particular, as did the airship Graf Zeppelin in 1929. In the future, these aircraft found their application in military aviation.

Parachute prototype development

Already in 1802, another Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin conquered a height of 2400 m. In the middle of the 20th century, the Parachuting Federation was created, which gave impetus to the development of popular entertainment.

The appearance of the first helicopter

Distinguished Russian-American aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky, who was previously engaged in aircraft construction. Sikorsky built in Russian Empire two helicopters - in 1908 and 1909. The helicopter took to the air, but was not strong enough to lift the pilot.

Airframe aerodynamics

At first they were used in the war, when it was necessary to break through to their own through an ambush. Modern technologies made it possible to significantly improve the aerodynamic component of gliders, thanks to which their use has become a separate type of tourist sport.

When the kite became an airplane

Somewhat later, all the advanced countries of the world will use the technology. On this moment The development of technological progress led to the fact that in 2004 NASA designed an unmanned vehicle capable of reaching a speed of 3 km / s. Thus, the appearance of passenger rocket planes can soon be expected.

The heaviest aircraft in the world