Experts told which regions of Russia have the most dangerous drinking water. Where is the cleanest water in Russia and in the world
Subscribe to site
Guys, we put our soul into the site. Thanks for that
for discovering this beauty. Thanks for the inspiration and goosebumps.
Join us at Facebook And In contact with
Thanks to the active life of mankind, there is not so much truly clean water on the planet. But still, corners of virgin nature have been preserved, where the water is especially transparent and clean. As a rule, these are those places where a small number of people live or countries where the ecology and cleanliness of water bodies are closely monitored by government services. So, where on the planet is the most pure water?
French Polynesia (Bora Bora)
This island, located in the Pacific Ocean at a distance of 240 km from Tahiti, belongs to France, which became its owner as a result of sea exploration and conquest. Bora Bora is especially popular among those who are professionally engaged in diving, because thanks to the crystal clear water, the entire undersea world it turns out, as in the palm of your hand.
Turtles, sharks and stingrays feel great in such water and their population only increases every year. Here you can find the rarest species marine life and, under the supervision of an instructor, observe their life, immersed in warm ocean. Polynesians rightly believe that they have the cleanest water in the world.
Lake Tahoe
This lake is located on the border of two American states- California and Nevada. This reservoir is rightfully considered one of the oldest on the planet, the age of Lake Tahoe is more than 2 million years. Due to the fact that more than 40 rivers flow into the lake, and only one flows out, the percentage of clean water is very large.
The US government has given the lake the status of a national park, so it is protected by a special agency. There is a highway around the lake, but travel directly to the reservoir is prohibited and violators will face a huge fine. Lake Tahoe is an example of how a civilized country treats the purity of the water and tries to preserve the lake in its original form for their descendants.
Germany, Lake Königssee
This lake is considered the cleanest body of water in Germany, it arose as a result of the melting of glaciers and also has the status of a National Park. located in picturesque corner Bavaria, this lake every year attracts hundreds of travelers and tourists from all over the world. The lake is surrounded by beautiful alpine mountains and once you get there, you feel cut off from the whole outside world. To keep the reservoir clean, the government banned the movement of diesel ships and boats on the lake. Thanks to numerous underwater springs and lakes flowing into Königssee, the water here is constantly updated and seems emerald.
Rio Sucuri River Brazil
The waters of this river attract divers from all over the world. The river is so clean that sometimes it seems that it does not exist at all, and the fish swim right through the air. Due to the fact that the river is far from the usual tourist routes, she managed to preserve the original and unique flavor. Snorkeling is also a highlight tourist holiday on the banks of this river. Every year, the flow of eco-tourists who want to take a leisurely walk along the river and admire the original underwater gardens is growing. To see all the inhabitants, it is not even necessary to take optical instruments. This river really has the cleanest water in the world.
Crater Lake, USA
The history of this reservoir, located in the state of Oregon, began many millennia ago. The lake arose in the crater of the volcano, after its eruption. The incredible blueness of the water is explained great depth lake, it is considered one of the most beautiful places all of the United States. Despite centuries of history, the first mention of Kreiter was recorded only in the 19th century. This is due to the remote location of this lake. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, US President Theodore Roosevelt, together with Congress, passed a law according to which the lake and the territory adjacent to it became a National Treasure.
Despite the fact that most of the year the lake is covered with snow, it almost never freezes. Location in the crater and warm air currents with Pacific Ocean keep the water from freezing and average temperature does not fall below the mark of 12 degrees Celsius.
Such places with crystal clean water, on our planet is getting smaller every year. An unreasonable and careless attitude to such gifts of nature can lead to the fact that they completely disappear from the face of the earth and our descendants will never be able to see such wonderful lakes, rivers and oceans.
Ecology of life: Most people try to spend their holidays where it is warm, where there is no cold and snow. There is nothing more refreshing than swimming in clear cool water, whether it be the sea, lake or river. Lucky for us, we live on beautiful planet, where there are amazing, completely transparent reservoirs. So why not take a trip to one of the places with the cleanest water?
Most people try to spend their holidays where it is warm, where there is no cold and snow. There is nothing more refreshing than swimming in clear cool water, whether it be the sea, lake or river. Lucky for us, we live on a beautiful planet with amazing, crystal-clear bodies of water. So why not take a trip to one of the places with the cleanest water?
Linapacan Island
The province of Palawan is famous for one of the most wonderful beaches not only in the Philippines, but all over the world. Palawan is made up of many small islands, one of which is Linapacan. This island has a beautiful beach with clear water and white sand, untouched nature and approximately 14,000 inhabitants.
Clear sea in the Maldives
There's a reason why Maldives became one of the most romantic places destinations in the world are their beaches. Located in the Indian Ocean, a group of islands can offer guests the cleanest waters and the most colorful, diverse ecosystems on the planet. Not surprisingly, tourism is the main source of income in the Maldives. Behind last years the number of resorts has increased significantly, so everyone who wants to experience a piece of paradise will find a place for themselves here. The clear sea and many resorts in the Maldives will gladly welcome all guests.
Waters of Peyto Lake
Here you will not find warm beaches, since Peyto Lake is located in rocky mountains Canada is one of the most impressive in the world. Peyto Lake is fed by glacial melt water and is located in Banff National Park, which is best visited in the summer. During the warmer months, glacial mountain streams flow into Peyto, giving the lake its distinctive turquoise color. Because of its beauty, this place is especially popular with photographers and tourists.
Cleanliness of Crater Lake
Almost all crater lakes have the clearest, clearest water, and the lake in Crater National Park is no exception. The lake was formed when Mazama volcano collapsed thousands of years ago. Most deep lake in the United States, Crater Lake is also known as "old man" because of the huge tree that has stood upright in the middle of the lake for over 100 years.
Holbox Island
Known as a place for parties and vacations with Hollywood stars, Holbox Island in Mexico boasts the most clear sea in the world (at least locals sure of that). Isla Holbox is located on the Yucatan Peninsula and is popular destination for kiteboarding because of its ideal conditions: shallow water, wide sea area, and suitable winds.
The sea in Cayos Cochinos
For tourists who want to avoid commercialized attractions, Cayos Cochinos in Honduras will become great place for vacation. A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea is virtually untouched by man and devoid of roads. There are hiking trails that connect one beach to another. The waters in these parts are distinguished by the purest marine life, making Cayos Cachinos perfect place for swimming and diving.
Clear waters of Rio Azul
One of the confirmations of how clean the water is in Rio Azul is its second name - “blue river”. The water here is so pure that you can drink it. This is because the river, located in Argentina, gets its perfectly pure water from the glaciers and snow plains in the Andes. Being safe to drink, Rio Azul's water is absolutely clear and blue.
Colombian Playa Blanca
Playa Blanca, which means " White beach”, really matches his name. This is a very clean remote beach located 45 minutes by boat from Cartagena. Here you can wander on the powdery white sand and swim in it completely clear waters in complete seclusion. You will not doubt for a second that the trip was worth it. In addition, here you can try fresh ceviche, which is sold right on the beach.
Sea in Bodrum
Turkey is very rich in history and seaport Bodrum stands out in this regard. Once upon a time, the legendary Mausoleum in Halicarnassus was built here - one of the Seven Wonders Ancient World. Bodrum is also famous for its amazingly clear waters. Many divers say that the water is so clear that the boats on it seem to float in the air!
Italian Sardinia
Beautiful mediterranean island west coast Italy, Sardinia is known for its breathtaking beaches and stunning views of the mountains and seas. Visiting Sardinia allows you to kill two birds with one stone. You can comprehend history by looking at the ancient sights of Sardinia, or you can swim in the perfectly clear sea. The islands have remained untouched by commercial tourism and are considered the jewel of the Mediterranean.
Waters of the Verzasca River
In southern Switzerland, a 30-kilometer mountain river Verzasca, which flows into famous lake Maggiore. In addition to crystal clear turquoise waters and exotic-colored rocks, the river also has a very strong and dangerous current. But despite all the factors, it famous place for scuba diving, and the valley is often used for bungee jumping.
The purest source of Pupu
The beauty of New Zealand cannot be any films or photographs, even if it is Lord of the Rings. The beauty of the country is best appreciated physically by going on a trip here. One of the most beautiful places in the country - Pupu Spring, located on south island countries. The spring is believed by Maori to have spiritually healing powers. Most likely they think so because of the absolute purity of the water and its powerful streams, releasing 14,000 liters per second!
The beauty of Wineglass Bay
Australia's Gold Coast is known worldwide for its beautiful beaches and conditions for excellent surfing. But many do not know about Wineglass Bay, located in the Tasmanian National Park Freycinet. The bay is shaped like a crescent, the beaches white sand and clear sea water. All this is complemented by a picturesque backdrop of pink and gray granite peaks. Read more about Wineglass Bay in a separate LifeGlobe article.
Clear waters of Belo Sur Mer
On the shore indian ocean The coastal city of Belo Sur Mer is located in Madagascar. The local waters are among the cleanest in the world. There is a chain 80 kilometers from the coast Virgin Islands where the water is even clearer and the beaches are completely deserted. Scuba diving is the most exciting activity of these islands filled with amazing marine life. Here you can meet the brightest and rarest representatives of the underwater world.
Egyptian Marsa Matruh
Egypt is known for its Red Sea, pyramids and deserts, but not many people know that there are also mediterranean resort with some of the cleanest waters in the world. At Mars Matruh, located to the west of ancient city Alexandria, very beautiful beaches with clear water and soft white sand. Its relatively calm seas are the result of the island being protected by a series of rock formations making Marsa Matruh calm and serene place for beach lovers.
One of the most important factors for clean environment is the availability of clean drinking water for everyone. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks the countries of the world in a variety of ways, referring to their environmental performance.
Top 10 countries with the best tap water:
10. New Zealand . Tap water in this country is perceived as the cleanest and safest in the world.
9. Germany . In water treatment plants, the country follows high-level standards.
8. Sweden . Stockholm has 2 water treatment plants that supply clean tap water to 1.3 million people in the city.
7. England . main reason The high level of tap water is that it is supplied by the water supply company. Water regulation in the country is based on the European Drinking Water Directive and on notification World Organization Health.
6. Italy . The tap water of this country is of excellent quality and is sometimes comparable to bottled water. The state conducts tests to analyze the quality of tap water for several indicators: acidity, the presence of solids at 180 degrees, fluorides, sodium, chlorides and nitrites. These data confirm that the quality of tap water is maintained at a high level.
5. Austria . In this country, tap water comes from groundwater and spring water. To protect these water resources, the Austrian Water Law was created. The supply of high quality drinking water is mandatory under Austrian law.
4. France . This country uses various methods to involve the private sector in maintaining the sanitation of tap water and its supply. The state supports private business so that he is engaged in water treatment (various discounts and lease agreements).
3. Luxembourg . There are approximately 71 springs here, but only 38 of them are used for drinking water. Water is treated at advanced water treatment plants, where ultrafiltration systems are used.
2. Norway . This country has special programs that investigate the protection of groundwater and other water systems in Norway. Regular checks are also carried out to confirm the quality of drinking water.
1. Switzerland . The Water Resources Department of this country takes a variety of measures to provide drinking water without pollution. water resources and the environment. Tap water is of the same quality as bottled mineral water.
Do you drink tap water safely? Do you swim in local waters with a light heart? Do you eat freshly caught river fish with an appetite?
To begin with, a small "water educational program".
Water is one of the most important elements necessary to sustain life on Earth. Our planet is called blue due to the fact that from space it looks exactly like this: 2/3 of the Earth's surface is water, 99% of which is oceans and only a small part is freshwater.
According to experts, water and its quality are one of the main factors that radically affect the quality of life. Of course, one can argue with this, because water seems to be a trifle, here is a penthouse, a leopard rug under your feet, a cool car - they affect the standard of living much more. But let's imagine for a moment what all this is worth if there is no water ...
Although it is a familiar component of everyday existence for us, which always flows from the tap in abundance, it is bottled in pharmacies and stores, despite the underestimation - water is the blood flow supporting the pulse of the Earth.
About 2 billion people, that is, a third of the world's population, suffer from diseases acquired as a result of the use of polluted water.
And then there is Africa, Ethiopia, Indonesia, etc., where water is either almost non-existent or polluted... And every drop of water there is worth its weight in gold, and many locals have not even heard of such innovations as showers or sewerage.
The food that a person eats is 90% water, he himself is 80% water, by old age (by the age after 60 years), with a decrease in metabolism, the “water composition” of a person decreases to 60%.
In general, water is everywhere, water is necessary for all living organisms. Human health is 80% dependent on water quality - according to scientists who conducted special studies.
Of course, if you use clean and compliant water, but live in an unfavorable area where the air is filled with toxic emissions, eat junk food, there will be little health benefit. Agree that a set of measures is needed. However, you can move to an area with the cleanest air, eat village products, but if you drink “bad” water, the effect of the first two steps will be less than just improving the quality of water. Water is our everything, together with everything else, of course.
How and what kind of water appears in the tap?
From the river water intake, through several stages of purification, water enters the city water supply system, or from an artesian well. The source of water is mainly freshwater reservoirs, rivers, reservoirs.
« How is the water intake on the river? Hydraulic jacks are laid on the bank, with the help of which the river bottom is pierced with steel pipes. Water, partially filtered by sand and clay, enters the water intake facility through pipes. Here, with the help of grids and gratings, large mechanical impurities are retained. Further, the water enters the treatment plants, passes through numerous filters, is freed from the remaining suspension, while moving rather slowly and undergoing chemical treatment before entering the settling tanks. Then the water passes through filters, while the treatment facilities are able to retain 99% of the bacteria contained in natural water, and the water is considered drinking. However, in each city or village, the degree of purification, despite the all-Russian standards, may be different. The season also matters - during the flood, when melting snow penetrates the water intakes, the water will be dirtier and the risk of catching any infection increases.
Water from artesian wells comes in a slightly different pattern. Conventionally, it can be considered cleaner, because in this case, water is raised from a depth of 100, or even more meters- at such a depth, it is sufficiently filtered by the soil and is less susceptible to environmental pollution. Iron removal stations are usually installed on artesian wells, which allow you to remove excess salts and metals from the water, the rest of the cleaning is carried out according to the plan already described.
Water in the reservoirs is replenished due to the action of the water cycle in nature, including the “harvest” of melt and rain. In recent years, due to the reduction of stocks fresh water specialists are trying to implement artificial extraction of fresh water.
« According to various estimates, the share of fresh water in the total amount of water on Earth is 2.5-3%.
About 85-90% of fresh water is in the form of ice .
In connection with the expanding pollution of water sources, population growth, and the development of new territories, the task of artificially obtaining fresh water arises. This is achieved by:
— desalination sea water, including solar desalination;
- condensation of water vapor from the air, using deep sea water;
– condensation of water vapor in daily cold accumulators, in particular - natural origin such as caves in coastal rocks» (Wikipedia)
In theory and in practice, all pollution, drain, waste, sewer water and other muck does not go anywhere forever, they remain on the planet, settle in a thick layer on the walls of reservoirs, wander with impurities in fresh water, in the end sometimes - in order to save money, wastewater is treated and re-entered into our faucet. If, nevertheless, part of the waste is able to transform quite noblely, becoming fertilizers, then there are chemical compounds that do not decompose into natural environment. They poison the entire ecosystem. Water affected by emissions from factories transmits the disease to the surrounding flora and fauna. And we, not only drink partially poisoned and insufficiently clean water (at times treated sewer), we also breathe emissions from enterprises, automobile exhausts.
In addition to all the delights of the water cycle in nature, we face an additional risk: if, after passing through the purification systems, city tap water can still be considered relatively clean, depending on the perfection of the equipment and the region, then after passing through pipes and all communications, it becomes “contaminated” by complete.
The urban system is something like a huge tubular web, no one cleans the pipes for decades, and no one will do it, as a result of the so-called "secondary pollution", the water comes to us charged with everything that steel tanks have accumulated in themselves. Rust, harmful impurities, construction debris, in case of violation of the insulation of sewer pipes - it is possible for sewage to enter the running water. Night water also contains an increase in the number of bacteria that accumulate as a result of fluid stagnation.
“Colonies of bacteria need stagnant water or at least its slow current to reproduce. Plus the opportunity to "settle" on a rough surface - well, they have it in rusty pipes - in order to grow and multiply. Chlorine, which is added to water at treatment plants, stays in it for quite a long time, but sooner or later it is consumed and simply ceases to act. That's when in the very center of the city there is a danger of picking up an infectious disease with tap water.
It is very dangerous if bacteria from the group coli and enteroviruses that infect gastrointestinal tract and the hepatitis virus. These micro-organisms enter water bodies where water is taken from, from city sewers; are washed away by rains and floods of rivers from fields that are fertilized with manure. In the water, pathogenic microflora begins to actively multiply, and the water has to be excessively chlorinated, especially during floods.
— O.V. Efremov, “Caution: the water we drink. Latest data, current research”
Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, gastritis, duodenal ulcers, nephritis, hepatitis, metabolic disorders - all these diseases are often the result of drinking poor-quality water.
What water should be?
Pure. But since in the majority we are not free to influence the process of its purification ourselves, guided by our own standards, there are basic norms for all. In the normative document San-PiN 2.1.4.559-96 "Drinking clean water", the indicators of clean water are divided into four groups: epidemic, radiological, chemical, organoleptic.
“That is, we are talking about bacteriological safety, the absence of extraneous taste and smell, radiation that does not exceed the natural level, as well as the absence of chemically dangerous impurities.
According to these current standards and norms, high quality drinking water is:
water with appropriate organoleptic characteristics - transparent, odorless and with a pleasant taste;
water with pH = 7–7.5 and hardness not higher than 7 mmol/l;
water, in which the total amount of useful minerals is not more than 1 g / l;
water in which harmful chemical impurities either make up tenths to hundredths of their MPC, or are completely absent (that is, their concentrations are so small that they are beyond their determination by modern analytical methods);
water in which there are practically no pathogenic bacteria and viruses
At the same time, in Russia as a whole, every fourth sample of drinking water does not meet the hygienic requirements for sanitary and chemical ones, and every ninth one - according to the bacteriological indicators of the current standards.
— O.V. Efremov, “Caution: the water we drink. Latest data, current research”
Chlorine used to disinfect water (depending on water quality and infection status) locality- saturation with chlorine can be increased 6 times compared to the usual dose) will not save you from some pathogens, in addition - with frequent use of such water, the risk of oncological diseases, premature aging, cardiovascular diseases, dysbacteriosis increases. In general, chlorine is both a disinfectant and a poison.
“Chlorine is mutagenic and can cause infertility in men. Chlorinated water when washing the floor is absorbed through the skin (albeit a little, but we wash the floor often), and a little bit of chlorine gets into the air. Studies have found that frequent visits to the pool, where chlorine vapors are above the water, is tantamount to systematic smoking. The lungs are damaged, like a heavy smoker. Taking a bath with chlorinated water in terms of effects on the body is equal to ten liters of chlorinated water taken orally.
But that's not all. The danger is not limited to the fact that we drink water that has been treated with chlorine. Water must be purified not only for drinking, but also for domestic use.
According to SanPiN, the concentration of chlorine in tap water after disinfection is not dangerous for a healthy person. But! Only for healthy! Are there many healthy people in our country now?”
— O.V. Efremov
In general, you should not overdo it with Domestos for business purposes. But what about showering and bathing? There are special filters that are easily installed in the elements of the plumbing system and purify water from impurities, chlorine, etc. It’s just that, unfortunately, very often people begin to think about the seriousness of the problem and how to solve it when all the seriousness is already on the face, and in advance - many do not want to think. The sooner you install high-quality filters, the more health potential will remain unspent. Although there is a point that you can make a business out of any fear. So dirty water and the fear of getting infected with something from its use are no exception. Variations of filters and "pseudo-filters" are now countless. Some, in addition to the banal sale of the product, are promoting an entire ideology to create a society where there is only clean water. Filters, water ionizers still worth choosing really and efficiently operating.
About how scammers deceive people by offering them dubious water filters
The method of water purification can be sorption, mechanical, ion-exchange.
How to choose a filter. Some tips in the video review
Regions with the cleanest and dirtiest water
“The most unfavorable in terms of the quality of tap water are the Northern, Far Eastern and Kaliningrad regions. According to the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, the very low quality of drinking water in Buryatia, Dagestan, Kalmykia, Primorsky Krai, Arkhangelsk, Kaliningrad, Tomsk, Omsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Kaluga, Saratov and Yaroslavl regions. In Kalmykia, Karelia and Karachay-Cherkessia, more than 70% of water samples do not meet sanitary standards and norms. The tap water of Yekaterinburg is recognized by experts as "technical", that is, not suitable for drinking and cooking.
According to experts from the Research Institute of Human Ecology, the most polluted tap water is in the northern and northwestern regions of Russia, since a significant number of various chemical and oil refineries are concentrated there.
According to the Moskompriroda, the water in the Moskva River belongs to pollution classes 4–6 (from polluted to very dirty). Moreover, over the past 12 years, the amount of sulfates that enter the Oka from wastewater from Moscow enterprises has increased 4 times, chlorides - 1.5 times. The content of iron, copper, nitrite nitrogen, phenol in water has greatly increased.
As a result of studies in nine cities of the Siberian region, it was found that the impact of polluted water on morbidity ranges from 7.7 to 41%. Every year the number of epidemic outbreaks of acute intestinal infectious diseases that are caused by transmission of infection through water"
— O.V. Efremov, “Caution: the water we drink. Latest data, current research”
Of the natural reservoirs, the cleanest are: lakes Baikal, Ladonezhskoye, Onega, Taimyr, Khanka, Chany (West Siberian region), Teletskoye ( Altai region), Svetloyar, Seliger (Tver region), lakes of Karelia.
Most clean rivers- small - in Siberia and on Far East. The dirtiest are Tom, Oka, Lena, Irtysh, Yenisei, Ob, Volga.
What are you proud of?
Russia by resources surface water takes leading place in the world. Only in unique lake Baikal contains about 20% of the world's fresh lake water reserves and more than 80% of Russia's reserves. With a total volume of 23.6 thousand km³, about 60 km³ of rare in purity is reproduced in the lake annually. natural water» (Wikipedia)
Baikal is generally a separate reason for pride , besides being the deepest and clear lake world, it is also a huge reservoir of fresh water.
It was a discovery for me how important good water is for flowers, or at least settled water. There was a period when I watered indoor plants with tap water - and they all started to get sick, the reason was not obvious. When I began to defend the water before watering - they appearance improved significantly. This is flowers. And what can we say about a person?
Summarizing. What can be done in a situation with "bad" water? In Africa, and such, even a liter of such water, there is a shortage ... Yes, and in villages where there is no running water - too. Do not wash the pipes now in some miraculous way from the inside. You can, of course, create innovative fantastic equipment that tests the inner surface of pipes from the inside and removes them in case of contamination. But the problem is not only secondary pollution… You can't change the whole system.
You can stock up on bottles of water extracted from a clean artesian well (water must be obtained from a well located at least 50 km away from the city and packaged there), you can put additional filters on taps, you can separately filter water in special tanks. So the problem is more solvable.
Image
Russian state is not included in the list of the top ten countries that are distinguished by the high quality of drinking water. Although in Russia there are a number of places with high drinking water quality.
List of Russian regions with high quality drinking water
- Altai. This region is characterized by high rates of environmental cleanliness. The high quality of drinking water is also explained by the fact that this region has: healing air, clear lake waters in the local mountains. The authorities pay great attention to maintaining a high level of local ecology - treatment facilities are equipped at any enterprises with industrial and production activities.
- Karelia. A protected region in which drinking water has high quality indicators. The explanations are simple: a favorable ecological situation in the area. Experts do not include cities with developed industry here, since the ecology in them is not at the highest level (as well as drinking water).
- Tyva. On the territory of this republic there are lakes with mineral water with healing properties. Drinking water directly depends on the ecological situation in a particular area: the worse it is, the lower the quality of the water. The region has reserved places protected by the state, therefore it is not marked on last place in the water quality rating.
- Kabardino-Balkaria. The region is located in the south of our state. On its territory there is mineral springs, and the high quality of water is also reinforced by the healing air of high purity.
- Buryatia. The location of this region is the center of Asia. Here are excellent indicators of ecology, which is promoted by coniferous forests in the reserves. And the drinking water is of excellent purity. We should also mention the protected area of the Baikal coast - 16% of the coastal zone. In this area it is forbidden by our legislation to build objects of economic and industrial type.
Water quality maps in Russia
You can learn about the quality of drinking water, both from springs and from the taps of the central water supply, from sites that contain such information. Their design is mainly handled by water treatment companies, so the information may not always be reliable. So, in the cranes of Moscow, the indicators correspond to all the necessary standards established at the state level. The same cannot be said about the quality of water from spring sources.
- Map of springs, wells and wells in Russia -
