Why is the Sea of ​​Marmara so named? Sea of ​​Marmara - the smallest sea in the world

The shores of the continents are washed by four oceans. In the waters of one of them, the Atlantic, is the Sea of ​​Marmara. How it is formed, what is its depth, read in the article.

Characteristic

The Sea of ​​Marmara is the smallest sea in the world. Its length reaches two hundred and eighty kilometers, and its width is 80 km. Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located and what is the depth of the reservoir? The bottom of the sea is formed by three basins. The depth of two of them reaches 1,260 meters, and the third - 1,404. More than half of the sea area is a coastal zone, the depth of which is ninety-one hundred meters.

The Sea of ​​Marmara is characterized by uneven salinity of the water. At great depths, it is the same as in the Mediterranean Sea, and at the very surface - as in the Black Sea, the waters of which are diluted by the rivers flowing into it. The level of the two seas, namely the Black and Marble, is different. For the first one, it is higher than for the second, so its waters smoothly overflow through the Bosphorus into the Sea of ​​​​Marmara, on the surface of which a constant current with low salinity water is formed. In the deep layers, a parallel process is carried out. The salty waters that fill the Aegean Sea are pumped into the Sea of ​​Marmara, and the currents passing at depth carry them to the Black Sea.

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? The photo is presented for viewing. It is located in Turkey, being the inland water body of the country. It attracts tourists from different parts of the world because it does not freeze in winter time. Temperature surface water in the cold period is about nine degrees Celsius. This is a very warm sea. In summer its temperature is twenty-nine degrees. The shores are the location of small towns built for the recreation of tourists.

origin of name

The sea is named after one of its largest islands - Marmara, which means "marble" in Latin. Stone was mined on this island. The Sea of ​​Marmara left a deep mark on Greek culture. They called it the Seaside. People of different nationalities lived on the coast, forming villages and colonies. After a series of high-profile events of that time, the Sea of ​​Marmara went to Turkey, formed in 1923.

Location

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? Its location is the territory of Turkey. The sea separates its Asia Minor part, which occupies 97% of the entire area of ​​the country, and the European part, which stretches to the Balkan Peninsula. This is a small body of water compared to other seas in the world.

Through the Bosporus, it communicates with the Aegean - through the Dardanelles. The Sea of ​​Marmara is an important transport facility. Through it for a long time ran sea ​​routes. Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? Its location is the border between Europe and Asia, as well as the territory of a country such as Turkey. In the waters of the sea there are constantly cargo and passenger ships. They carry tons of different cargo and a large number of of people.

Place of education

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? The place of its formation is the depression of the earth's crust. It appeared at about the same time as the Black and Aegean Seas. By historical standards, this period was about 2.5 million years ago.

In those distant times, the Sea of ​​Marmara was a lake. About seven and a half years ago, the Mediterranean Sea was replenished with waters from the Atlantic, which through the Dardanelles (then the strait was still a river) fell into the lake with beautiful name Marble. it has increased significantly.

seismic activity

Where is the Sea of ​​​​Marmara and how it was formed, we mentioned above. But there is an important nuance. In the sea area, the area is restless. Tsunamis and earthquakes often occur here, caused by faults in the seabed. Over the past ten centuries, there have been about three hundred earthquakes of various strengths. In some cases, waves two and a half meters high rose up to forty times. The natural disaster brought a lot of destruction and human casualties.

At present, weather forecasters and geologists in Turkey do not give consoling forecasts. They believe that in 2030 an earthquake of enormous magnitude may occur with an epicenter in the vicinity of the country's capital, the city of Istanbul. The consequences of such a catastrophe would be irreparable.

Marmara Islands

The area is characterized by the presence of island groups with different names:

  • The Marmara Islands are characterized by the presence of giant quarries, where even in ancient times quarried marble. They are available for tourists to visit.
  • Imrali is an island that became the place of detention of the leader of the workers' party. This is what he became famous for.
  • The island of Genin is famous for its springs of thermal waters, the temperature of which reaches eighty degrees above zero.
  • Pashalimany Island is famous for the growth of sycamore groves on it.
  • Gelibolu peninsula. On its territory there is a park of national importance, which is characterized by the presence of the Salt Lake and monuments to Turkish soldiers.

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara physical map peace? It is located in the Atlantic Ocean. It's bright amazing beauty The sea is located surrounded by the lands of Turkey between Asia Minor and European territories.

Sea of ​​Marmara

The Sea of ​​Marmara is an inland sea that is part of Atlantic Ocean located between Europe and Asia Minor. The sea is located on the territory of northwestern Turkey, separating its Asian part from the European one. The sea is 280 km long and 80 km wide. Despite the relatively small area (11.5 thousand sq. km), the sea is deep: average depth is about 500 m at the greatest 1, 35 km in the center.


Sea of ​​Marmara on the world map

The Sea of ​​Marmara is connected to the Black Sea by the Bosporus and Aegean Sea(part of the Mediterranean Sea) - the Dardanelles. Location Sea of ​​Marmara between the Aegean and the Black Seas is reflected in the level of its salinity: the salinity of the sea is on average 22 ‰, which is less than in the Mediterranean Sea (38 ‰), but exceeds the salinity of the Black Sea (18 ‰). Winter water temperature averages 9 °C, summer - up to 29 °C.

As for the very name of the Sea of ​​Marmara, it appeared a long time ago and characterizes the peculiarity of this region.

: It is believed that the origin of the Marmara Sea is tectonic. The sea was formed as a result of faults in the earth's crust 2.5 million years ago, when the separation of the continents took place. This is an area of ​​frequent earthquakes.

"Propontida" (Seaside)

ancient name Sea of ​​Marmara "Propontis" comes from the Greek propontis, from pro (before) and pontos (sea), which means "seashore". This name arose in relation to the Black Sea, since the Greeks, inhabiting the Mediterranean, crossed the Sea of ​​Marmara and reached the Black Sea.
IN Greek mythology a storm in Protontis drove the Argonauts back to the abandoned island, where during the battle Jason killed King Cyzicus. The name "Propontis" is found in ancient Greek writers of the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. Aeschylus, Herodotus, etc.

Marmara Island

The largest island in the Sea of ​​Marmara is the island of Marmara with an area of ​​130 sq. km. in the southwestern part of the basin.


Marmara Island

The settlement of the island of Marmara occurred with the early colonization of the Ionian Greeks in the 8th century. BC e. The ancient name of the island of Marmara "Prokonnesos" (Greek Prokonnesos), translated as "island of the aristocracy", arose in the 4th century, when the aristocracy from Constantinople settled on the island, with the beginning of the reign of Emperor Constantine.

The modern name of the island of Marmara comes from the ancient Greek marmaros (mermer in Turkish), which means “white, shiny stone”, “marble”. This name is due to the fact that the territory of the island is a long-standing marble deposit. More than 2 thousand years ago, the Romans discovered small island with the "material of God". Soon the first stone craftsmen went to the island and began carving marble from the mountains.

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Extraction of marble from the quarry of the island of Marmara

During the ancient civilizations (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman) in this region, all countries bordering the Mediterranean appreciated the quality, beauty and properties of this natural stone and used it to build palaces, monasteries, sarcophagi, create columns, statues. Marmara Island has granite, shale, marble and other rocks which are still mined in this region. Extracted from local quarries marble was used in architecture, sculpture, construction ancient world and later times.

The Sea of ​​Marmara is the smallest body of water on Earth, which got its name from the island of Marmara, located on its territory. The coast of this water area is decorated with the most various resorts, where tourists from all over the world love to relax.

Sea of ​​Marmara on the world map in Russian

The Sea of ​​Marmara is included in mediterranean basin and refers to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.

The sea arose as a result of a break in the earth's crust, dividing mainland Europe, Africa and Asia.

Where is?

The Sea of ​​Marmara on the world map can be found on Turkish territory at the point where the European and Asian parts of the country meet. The reservoir has borders with the Black Sea through the Bosphorus, and with the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles.

Description of the pool

The Sea of ​​Marmara has a very modest size. Its approximate length is only 280 kilometers, and its width is 80 km. A little more depth than Sea of ​​Azov- 1370 meters. The volume of water is approximately 3382 cubic meters. km.

There are several islands in the waters of the Sea of ​​Marmara. Some of them are inhabited, but there are also wild territories. The largest are considered Marble And Princes' Islands. Tourists are often brought to them during a boat trip.

The coastal zone varies depending on the area. In the north the coast is predominantly rocky and covered with forests. Here at the bottom there are many reefs, so this region is very popular with diving enthusiasts. South coast heavily indented by bays and gulfs.

The flora and fauna of the Sea of ​​Marmara is similar to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Sea of ​​Marmara is the smallest in the world

Here fishery is developed, in particular, such fish as mackerel, mullet, horse mackerel, herring and tuna are caught in large volumes. There are a lot of shellfish in the water: oysters, mussels and sea dates, as well as octopuses, lobsters and squids. Among the algae in the water, diatoms and peridineas predominate.

Climate

The Sea of ​​Marmara is dominated by mediterranean climate . On average, in summer time the water warms up to + 26 ° C, but of all the seas washing the territory of Turkey, it is considered the coldest (by 3-4 degrees). In winter, the sea does not freeze, and the water cools down to +9 degrees. At the bottom, the water temperature does not fall below +14°C.

The holiday season is the period from May to October, when the temperature sea ​​water here it warms up to a maximum of + 27 ° C.

What countries is washed by?

The Sea of ​​Marmara washes Turkish coast. The navigable routes of the ships following from the Black Sea to the Aegean and back pass through the water. This has little effect on the quality of sea water, since major ports are far from the resorts.

sea ​​shores

The Sea of ​​Marmara has enough many fans who prefer to spend time in the resorts located on its coast. There are sandy and rocky shores, as well as picturesque bays and bays with a unique picturesque nature.

Popular resorts

Marmara resorts have become popular for a long time, as their purpose is very diverse. There are famous thermal And health resorts , as well as beach and entertainment places.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Marmara is familiar to many by such names:

  • Genen– the main thermal spa;
  • Denizkent- a place dominated by magnificent beaches;
  • Chekirge- a coast known for warm mineral springs;
  • Thermal- a resort famous for its thermal baths;
  • Erdek – the oldest resort region.

If you plan to vacation on the coast of the Marmara Sea with children, then for such purposes it is better to choose resorts located on south coast, since the sea is cleaner here, and the beaches are sandy with a gentle slope into the water. In addition, there are a lot of attractions in this place. by the most popular resort in this region is Yalova- famous city thermal springs, well-established infrastructure and picturesque nature.

On the north coast is Istanbul And Izmit- two large industrial and tourist centers having importance for Turkey.

In these resort towns most often they come to get acquainted with the sights of the country, since the beach here is hardly suitable for swimming.

In general, in the north of the Sea of ​​Marmara coastal zone heavily waterlogged, so tourists are recommended to go on vacation to the resorts of the south.

largest island

There are many islands in the Sea of ​​Marmara, among which the largest is considered Marmara. Its approximate dimensions are 17 km long and 8 km wide. It has a hilly relief, and its coasts are mostly steep with small bays and beaches.

Since ancient times, the Greeks lived on the island and mined marble on it, and today they organize excursions here, where they show works of art Ancient World and Byzantium. Ferries arrive in the port of Marmara, delivering tourists from the mainland.

Vacation pros and cons

With the onset of vacation, many decide to relax, while preferring the resorts of Turkey, thanks to low cost and the ability to quickly reach them. At the same time, the Sea of ​​​​Marmara is popular because along its coast there are comfortable hotels, comfortable beaches superior comfort, A local air so clean that no resort in the country can compare with it.

The advantages of a holiday on the Sea of ​​​​Marmara are obvious:

  1. Great Opportunities;
  2. High service;
  3. An abundance of attractions;
  4. Comfortable weather conditions;
  5. A small number of vacationers;
  6. Opportunity to improve your health.

The disadvantages include the fact that holiday season in this region lasts much less than in other resorts in Turkey.

Unlike the resorts of the Mediterranean and Aegean, where season lasts from May to the end of November, on the Sea of ​​Marmara it ends in early October.

It is worth noting that the water temperature is not always suitable for families with children, as it is even on hot days seems cool. But such conditions are great for those who have health problems. The absence of the scorching sun, the healing air filled with phytoncides and the opportunity to refresh yourself in water with such a temperature make the rest comfortable for the elderly, and thermal waters sources help in the treatment of many diseases.

The Sea of ​​Marmara, located in Turkey, is perfect for a summer vacation, as it has everything to make this vacation unforgettable.

And in this video (note removed by owner) you will find out what you found at the bottom of the Sea of ​​Marmara: Source:

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? Coordinates, map and photo.

Oceans, lakes and rivers

Sea of ​​Marmara

General characteristics

The Sea of ​​Marmara lies on the border of Asia and Europe. Considered one of inland seas Atlantic Ocean. The reservoir connects the Black and Aegean seas, communicating with them through the straits. Communication with the Black Sea is carried out through the Bosporus, and with the Aegean through the Dardanelles.

The length of the reservoir is 280 km, the maximum width is 80 km. The area of ​​the water mirror reaches 11350 sq. km or 4380 sq. miles. Max Depth corresponds to 1370 meters. The average volume of water is 3382 cubic meters. km.

Bosphorus is 30 km long maximum width in the northern part 3.7 km and the minimum in the southern part 0.7 km. The depth of the fairway varies from 35 to 80 meters. Has top and downstream. The fresher upper one carries water from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara. The saltier lower one, on the contrary, directs masses of water from Marble to Black. On the banks of the strait is the city of Istanbul.

Strait of the Dardanelles It is 65 km long and 1.2 to 6 km wide. The maximum depth corresponds to 103 meters with an average of 52 meters. Connects the Aegean Sea with the Sea of ​​Marmara. In ancient times, the strait was called the Hellespont. In later times, it was renamed in honor of the mythological city of Dardania, allegedly built on Mount Ida. At present, in the southern part of the strait on the coast of Asia Minor, there is seaport Canakkale. The city coast forms the bay of Canakkale.

Water temperature V winter period is 9-10 degrees Celsius. In summer, the upper layer warms up to 28-29 degrees Celsius. The salinity of the water is higher than in the Black Sea, but lower than in the waters of the oceans. At the same time, the bulk of salt water is concentrated at depth. It has a high density and does not rise to the surface.

The southern coast is very strongly indented by bays and bays. Here you can name such bays as Izmit, Germik, Bandirma and Erdek. For north coast characteristic underwater reefs.

sea ​​name

The name is intriguing and it really has something to do with marble. In the western part of the reservoir is the island of Marmara. The island is big. Its area is 130 sq. km. It has the richest deposit white marble. Hence the name of the reservoir. In Greek, the word "marble" is translated as "marmaron". In English it sounds like "sea of ​​marmara". Well, it was changed into Russian as the Sea of ​​Marmara.

Sea of ​​Marmara on the map

Islands and rivers

The largest islands are Marmara and Princes. There is already a general idea about Marmara, and as for the Princes, there are nine of them. They are located very close to Istanbul.

Where is the Sea of ​​​​Marmara: its characteristics

Their total area is 10.83 square meters. km. The largest island is Buyukada. Its area is 5.36 sq. km. In second place is the island of Heybeliada with with total area 2.4 sq. km. The third place is occupied by the island of Burgaz. Its area is 1.5 sq. km. The rest of the islands are much smaller.

IN salt water only small rivers flow, and mainly from the Asian coast. One of the largest is the river Granik or Biga. This water flow begins on the slope legendary mountain Ides. Its length is 80 km. In summer, the river resembles a large stream due to the low water level.

This water stream is more remarkable for its history than its size. It flows past the city of Biga. In this place in 334 BC. e. Alexander the Great entered the battle with the Persian troops under the command of Darius III. The Persians were defeated. This victory was the first in a series of all the victories of the great commander of antiquity. In the annals of that time, the river was described as a mighty water stream with a fast current and cycles.

There is also the Susurluk River, which also does not strike the imagination with its size. Other rivers and rivulets would be more correctly called large streams that feed a salty reservoir with fresh water.

Economy

A cozy pond hidden between Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, is of great economic importance not only for Turkey, but also for many other Mediterranean countries. Marines pass through it. trade routes from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Numerous peoples with a rich culture have lived on the shores since ancient times. Fishing and tourism are well developed in these fertile places.

At the end of December 1999, a Russian oil tanker of the Volgoneft-248 type crashed in the Sea of ​​Marmara. The tragedy happened right on the road seaport Barns. The cause was a severe storm. A huge 5-meter wave split the tanker in half. There were 4.5 thousand tons of oil products on the ship. Fortunately, only a small part of them ended up in the sea, so an ecological disaster was avoided.

: 40°43′21″ s. sh. 28°13′29″ in. d. /  40.72250° N sh. 28.22472° E d. / 40.72250; 28.22472(G) (I)

Square11,472 km² Volume4,000 km³ Greatest depth1355 m

Marmara map Sea of ​​Marmara Sea of ​​Marmara K:Water objects in alphabetical order

Geography

The shores are predominantly mountainous, strongly dissected in the south and east (the bays of Izmit, Gemlik, etc.). Largest islands- Marmara, Princes, off the northern coast there are underwater reefs. Small rivers Granik, Susurluk and others flow into the sea (almost all from the Asian coast).

Hydrology

The sea does not freeze; in winter the water temperature on the surface is 9 °C, in summer up to 29 °C. The hydrology of the sea is characterized by the exchange of waters of the Black and Aegean seas through the straits. Salinity on the surface is up to 26 ‰, which is much more than in the Black Sea, but much less than in the oceans. At the same time, the salinity of the bottom water is noticeably higher - up to 38 ‰, which is comparable to the salinity of the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna of the Sea of ​​Marmara has a species composition akin to the Mediterranean.

Economic use

The coast of the sea has been densely populated since ancient times; in the northeast, near the Bosphorus is the city of Istanbul. On the coast there are numerous resorts (Erdek, Mudanya, etc.).

see also

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Notes

Literature

  • Makarov S. O. On the exchange of waters of the Black and mediterranean seas- St. Petersburg. 1885
  • The Sea of ​​Marmara // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
  • Spindler I. B. Materials on the hydrology of the Sea of ​​Marmara, collected during the expedition of 1894 on the Turkish steamer "Selyanik" - St. Petersburg, 1896

Links

  • // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [i dr.]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
Inland seas of Eurasia

The rumor, already spread before, about the defeat of the Austrians and the surrender of the entire army at Ulm, turned out to be true. Half an hour later, adjutants were sent in different directions with orders proving that soon the Russian troops, who had been inactive until now, would have to meet with the enemy.
Prince Andrei was one of those rare officers on staff who considered his main interest in the general course of military affairs. Seeing Mack and hearing the details of his death, he realized that half of the campaign was lost, understood the whole difficulty of the position of the Russian troops and vividly imagined what awaited the army, and the role that he would have to play in it.
Involuntarily, he experienced an exciting joyful feeling at the thought of shaming presumptuous Austria and that in a week, perhaps, he would have to see and take part in a clash between Russians and French, for the first time after Suvorov.
But he was afraid of the genius of Bonaparte, who could be stronger than all the courage of the Russian troops, and at the same time he could not allow shame for his hero.
Excited and irritated by these thoughts, Prince Andrei went to his room to write to his father, to whom he wrote every day. He met in the corridor with his roommate Nesvitsky and the joker Zherkov; they, as always, laughed at something.
Why are you so gloomy? Nesvitsky asked, noticing the pale face of Prince Andrei with sparkling eyes.
“There is nothing to have fun,” answered Bolkonsky.
While Prince Andrei met with Nesvitsky and Zherkov, on the other side of the corridor Strauch, an Austrian general who was at Kutuzov's headquarters to monitor the food of the Russian army, and a member of the Hofkriegsrat, who had arrived the day before, were walking towards them. There was enough space along the wide corridor for the generals to disperse freely with three officers; but Zherkov, pushing Nesvitsky away with his hand, said in a breathless voice:
- They're coming! ... they're coming! ... step aside, the road! please way!
The generals passed with an air of desire to get rid of troubling honors. On the face of the joker Zherkov suddenly expressed a stupid smile of joy, which he seemed unable to contain.
“Your Excellency,” he said in German, moving forward and addressing the Austrian general. I have the honor to congratulate you.
He bowed his head and awkwardly, like children learning to dance, began to scrape one leg or the other.
The General, a member of the Hofkriegsrath, looked sternly at him; not noticing the seriousness of the stupid smile, he could not refuse a moment's attention. He squinted to show he was listening.
“I have the honor to congratulate you, General Mack has arrived, in perfect health, only a little hurt here,” he added, beaming with a smile and pointing to his head.
The general frowned, turned away, and walked on.
Gott, wie naiv! [My God, how simple he is!] – he said angrily, moving away a few steps.
Nesvitsky embraced Prince Andrei with laughter, but Bolkonsky, turning even paler, with an evil expression on his face, pushed him away and turned to Zherkov. That nervous irritation into which the sight of Mack, the news of his defeat, and the thought of what awaited the Russian army had brought him, found its outlet in bitterness at Zherkov's inappropriate joke.
“If you, dear sir,” he spoke piercingly with a slight trembling of his lower jaw, “want to be a jester, then I cannot prevent you from doing so; but I announce to you that if you dare another time to make a fuss in my presence, then I will teach you how to behave.
Nesvitsky and Zherkov were so surprised by this trick that they silently, with their eyes wide open, looked at Bolkonsky.
“Well, I only congratulated you,” said Zherkov.
- I'm not joking with you, if you please be silent! - Bolkonsky shouted and, taking Nesvitsky by the hand, he walked away from Zherkov, who could not find what to answer.

marble sea

mediterranean m. of the Atlantic Ocean, between Europe and M. Asia. The avenue connects. Bosphorus with Black m., prol. Dardanelles with the Aegean m. Area 12 thousand km2, maximum depth 1273 m. Islands: Princes, Marmara. Fishing. On the north coast - the city of Istanbul.

Sea of ​​Marmara

[tour. Marmara, from the name of the island of the same name in this sea, where there were rich workings of white marble; the ancient Greek name M. m. ≈ Propontis (Propontís, from pró ≈ before and póntos ≈ sea)], the Mediterranean Sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, between Europe and Asia Minor. It connects to the north-east. the Bosphorus Strait with the Black Sea, in the south-west. the Dardanelles with the Aegean Sea. The area is 11472 km2. Length 280 km, maximum width 80 km. The average volume is 4 thousand km3, the depth is up to 1355 m. It was formed as a result of large faults in the earth's crust that divided the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. The coasts are predominantly mountainous, strongly dissected in the south and east; at northern shores many underwater reefs. Islands - Marmara, Princes, etc. The sea does not freeze; the water temperature on the surface is 9 ╟C, in summer up to 29 ╟C. The hydrological regime of marine seas is mainly due to the exchange of waters of the Black and Aegean seas through the straits. Salinity on the surface is up to 26┴. The flora and fauna of M. m. are related to the Mediterranean. Fishing (mackerel, etc.). Important communications from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean pass through the sea. M. m. was studied mainly by Russian scientists S. O. Makarov and I. B. Spindler.

Lit .: Makarov S. O., On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, St. Petersburg, 1885; Spindler I. B., Materials on the hydrology of the Sea of ​​Marmara, collected during the expedition of 1894 on the Turkish steamer "Selyanik", St. Petersburg, 1896.

Wikipedia

Sea of ​​Marmara

Sea of ​​Marmara(from the name of the island of Marmara, where large-scale developments of white marble were carried out; - "Propontida"; from - "before" + - "sea": "seaside") - the inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, located between the European and Asia Minor parts of Turkey. In the northeast it is connected by the Bosporus Strait with the Black Sea, in the southwest by the Dardanelles Strait with the Aegean Sea. The sea is elongated in the latitudinal direction; its length is 280 km, the greatest width is 80 km. Area 11,472 km². The average volume of water is 4 thousand km³, the depth is up to 1355 m.

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