Maximum Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk became an inland sea of ​​Russia

Separated by conditional boundaries. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is a fairly large and deep sea in our country. Its area is about 1603 thousand km2, the volume of water is 1318 thousand km3. Average depth this sea is 821 m, the maximum depth is 3916 m. According to its features, this sea is a marginal sea of ​​a mixed continental-marginal type.

There are few islands in the waters of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, among which the largest is. Kuril ridge consists of 30 different sizes. Their location is seismically active. There are more than 30 active and 70 extinct ones here. Seismic activity zones can be located both on islands and under water. If the epicenter is under water, then huge ones rise.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, with a considerable length, is quite equal. Along the coastline there are many large bays: Aniva, Patience, Sakhalin, Academies, Tugursky, Ayan and Shelikhova. There are also several lips: Tauiskaya, Gizhiginskaya and Penzhinskaya.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

The bottom is a wide range of different underwater elevations,. Northern part The sea is located on the continental shelf, which is a continuation of the land. In the western zone of the sea there is a shoal of Sakhalin, located near the island. In the east of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is Kamchatka. Just not most of located in the shelf zone. A significant part of the water expanses is located on the continental slope. The depth of the sea here varies from 200 m to 1500 m.

South edge The sea is the deepest zone, the maximum depth here is more than 2500 m. This part of the sea is a kind of bed, which is located along the Kuril Islands. The southwestern part of the sea is characterized deep depressions and slopes, which is not typical for the northeastern part.

In the central zone of the sea there are two hills: the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Oceanology. These elevations divide the sea underwater space into 3 basins. The first basin is the northeastern TINRO basin, which is located to the west of Kamchatka. This depression is distinguished by small depths, about 850 m. The bottom has. The second basin is the Deryugin depression, located to the east of Sakhalin, the water depth here reaches 1700 m. The bottom is a plain, the edges of which are somewhat elevated. The third basin is the Kuril. It is the deepest (about 3300 m). is a plain that extends 120 miles in the western part, and 600 miles in the northeast.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is influenced by the monsoon climate. The main source of cold air is located in the west. This is due to the fact that the western part of the sea is strongly cut into the mainland and is located not far from the Asian cold pole. Relatively high from the east mountain ranges Kamchatka impede the advancement of warm Pacific. The largest number heat comes from the water Pacific Ocean and the Sea of ​​Japan through the southern and southeastern borders. But the influence of cold air masses dominates over warm air masses, therefore, in general, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is quite severe. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is the coldest in comparison with the Sea of ​​Japan.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

During the cold period (which lasts from October to April), the Siberian and Aleutian lows have a significant effect on the sea. As a result, winds from the northern and northwestern directions prevail in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The power of these winds often reaches storm strength. Especially strong winds seen in January and February. Their average speed is about 10 - 11 m / s.

In winter, the cold Asian monsoon contributes to a strong decrease in the northern and northwestern parts of the sea. In January, when the temperature reaches its minimum limit, on average the air cools down to -20-25°C in the northwestern part of the sea, to -10-15°C in the central part and to -5-6°C in the southeastern part. In the last zone, the influence of warm Pacific air is felt.

In autumn and winter, the sea is under the influence of continental. This leads to increased wind, and in some cases to cooling. In general, it can be described as clear with reduced. On those climatic features influenced by cold Asian air. In April-May, the Siberian anticyclone ceases to operate, and the influence of the Honolulu maximum increases. In this regard, during the warm period, small southeast winds are observed, the speed of which rarely exceeds 6–7 m/s.

IN summer time different temperatures are observed depending on . In August, the highest temperature is recorded in the southern part of the sea, it is +18°C. In the central part of the sea, the temperature drops to 12-14°C. The northeast has the coldest summer average temperature does not exceed 10–10.5°C. During this period, the southern part of the sea is subject to numerous oceanic cyclones, due to which the wind strength increases, and storms rage for 5-8 days.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

A large number of rivers carry their waters to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, but they are all mostly small. In this regard, it is small, it is about 600 km 3 during the year. , Penzhina, Okhota, Bolshaya - the largest flowing into the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. fresh water have little effect on the sea. The waters of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Pacific Ocean have great importance for the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Between the waters of the Japanese and Bering Seas located in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

This body of water limits the territory of Japan and Russian Federation and is the most important port point on the map of our country.

Previously, among the names of the sea were Lamskoe, Kamchatskoe, and the Japanese - Hokkai, i.e. North.

Shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

This reservoir is considered to be one of the largest and deepest in Russia, as well as the coolest Far Eastern sea. The area of ​​the water area is 1603 km 2, and the depth is over 800 m on average. The maximum depth indicator is almost 4 thousand meters. The coastal boundary of the reservoir is quite even, several bays pass along it. However, in the northern part of the waters there are many rocks and sharp cliffs. For the territory of this sea, storm warnings are completely normal.

The sea is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Kuriles. We are talking about 3 dozen small areas of land that are in a seismically hazardous zone due to the abundance of volcanoes. Also, the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are separated by Kamchatka and the island of Hokkaido. And the most large island this area - Sakhalin. Some straits of the reservoir act as a conditional border with Sea of ​​Japan. Among the most major rivers flowing into the sea, it is worth noting Amur, Bolshaya, Penzhina, Okhota.

Cities on the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

The main ports and cities of the Okhotsk water area include:

• Ayan, Okhotsk and Magadan on the mainland;
• Korsakov on Sakhalin Island;
• Severo-Kurilsk on the Kuril Islands.

Fisheries of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

(Private fishing: fishing on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, which is allowed only in open season fishing, but certain species, such as crab, require a permit, otherwise it may be considered poaching)

The natural resources of this northern sea are very diverse. Fishing, production of salmon caviar and seafood are actively developing on the territory of the reservoir. Famous inhabitants of these regions are pink salmon, sockeye salmon, cod, chum salmon, coho salmon, flounder, chinook salmon, herring, crabs and squids, pollock, navaga. In addition, there is limited fur seal hunting in the Shantar Islands. Now also popular is the extraction of shellfish, sea ​​urchins and kelp.

(Fishing boat in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk)

Industry in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk began to develop in the 90s. First of all, we are talking about ship repair factories and fish processing enterprises on Sakhalin. The development of hydrocarbon raw materials is also carried out in the Sakhalin region. Currently, 7 points with oil deposits have been discovered in the sea area, which began to be developed back in the 70s. last century.

The area is 1603 thousand km². The average depth is 821 m, the maximum depth is 3916 m. West Side The sea is located over a gentle continuation of the continent and has a shallow depth. In the center of the sea are the Deryugin depressions (in the south) and the TINRO depression. In the eastern part is located Kuril basin, in which the depth is maximum. From October to May - June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. South- East End practically does not freeze. The coast in the north is heavily indented, in the northeast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is its largest bay - Shelikhov Bay. Of the smaller bays of the northern part, the most famous are the Eiriney Bay and the bays of Shelting, Zabiyaka, Babushkina, Kekurny. in the east coastline The Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. To the west, the coastline is heavily indented, forming the Sakhalin Bay and the Shantar Sea. In the south, the largest are Aniva and Patience bays, Odessa Bay on Iturup Island. The rivers Amur, Okhota, Kukhtui flow into it. The Amur River brings about 370 billion cubic meters of water per year, which is 65% of the flow of all rivers flowing into the sea.

Most of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk outside the territorial waters of Russia and Japan belongs to the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Russia, with the exception of a small part adjacent to the island of Hokkaido and belonging to the Japanese EEZ, as well as a narrow enclave in the central part of the sea, which is located at a distance of more than than 200 nautical miles from all coasts. The specified enclave, completely surrounded by the EEZ of the Russian Federation, at the request of Russia and the subsequent decision of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of March 14, 2014, was assigned to the continental shelf of Russia, due to which the Russian Federation has exclusive rights to subsoil and seabed resources in this part (but not on the covering waters and air space above them); there are sometimes erroneous statements in the media that the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is entirely Russian internal waters.

hydronym

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is named after the Okhota River, which in turn comes from Evensk. okat - "river". Previously it was called Lamsky (from the Evensk lam - “sea”), as well as the Kamchatka Sea. The Japanese traditionally called this sea the Hokkai (北海), literally "North Sea". But since now this name refers to the North Sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, they changed the name of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk to Ohotsuku-kai (オホーツク海), which is an adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.

Legal regime

Western sector of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from a height of 5100 m, from the board of the An-26-100, flight Khabarovsk - Okhotsk

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk consists of internal waters, territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of two coastal states - Russia and Japan. In terms of its international legal status, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is closest to a semi-enclosed sea (Article 122 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea), since it is surrounded by two or more states and mainly consists of territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of two states, but it is not one, since it is connected to the rest of the world's oceans not by a single narrow passage, but by a series of passages. In the central part of the sea at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines in the area with coordinates 50°42′ N. sh. - 55°42′ s. sh. and 148°30'E. d. - 150°44′ E e. there is a section elongated in the meridional direction, traditionally referred to in English literature as Peanut Hole, which is not included in the exclusive economic zone and is an open sea outside the jurisdiction of Russia; in particular, any country in the world has the right to fish here and conduct other activities permitted by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, excluding activities on the shelf. Since this region is an important element for the reproduction of the population of some species of commercial fish, the governments of some countries expressly prohibit their vessels from fishing in this area of ​​the sea.

On November 13-14, 2013, a subcommittee established within the framework of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf agreed with the arguments of the Russian delegation as part of the consideration of the application of the Russian Federation for recognition of the bottom of the above-mentioned area high seas extension of the Russian continental shelf. On March 15, 2014, the 33rd session of the Commission in 2014 adopted a positive decision on the Russian application, first filed in 2001, and filed in a new wording in early 2013, and central part Sea of ​​Okhotsk outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation was recognized as the continental shelf of Russia. Consequently, in the central part, other states are prohibited from mining "sedentary" biological resources(e.g. crab, shellfish) and subsoil development. Catching other biological resources, such as fish, is not subject to the restrictions of the continental shelf. Consideration of the application on the merits became possible due to the position of Japan, which, by an official note dated May 23, 2013, confirmed its consent for the Commission to consider the essence of the application without regard to resolving the issue of the Kuril Islands.

temperature and salinity

In the cold season, more than half of the sea surface is covered with ice for 6-7 months. In winter, the water temperature at the sea surface ranges from -1.8 to 2.0 °C, in summer the temperature rises to 10-18 °C.

Below the surface layer, at a depth of about 50-150 meters, there is an intermediate cold layer of water, the temperature of which does not change during the year and is about −1.7 °C.

The waters of the Pacific Ocean entering the sea through the Kuril Straits form deep water masses with a temperature of 2.5-2.7 ° C (at the very bottom - 1.5-1.8 ° C). IN coastal areas with a significant river flow, the water has a temperature of about 0 ° C in winter, and 8-15 ° C in summer.

15 ships, on which there were about 700 people, were captured by ice.

The operation was carried out by the forces of the icebreaking flotilla: the icebreakers "Admiral Makarov" and "Krasin", the icebreaker "Magadan" and the tanker "Victoria" worked as auxiliary vessels. Coordinating Headquarters rescue operation was in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the work was carried out under the leadership of the Deputy Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Viktor Olersky.

Most of the ships got out on their own, the icebreakers rescued four ships: the trawler "Cape Elizabeth", the research vessel "Professor Kizevetter" (first half of January, "Admiral Makarov"), the refrigerator "Coast of Hope" and the mother ship "Commonwealth".

The second liberated ship was the Professor Kizevetter, whose captain, as a result of the investigation, was deprived of his diploma for six months.

In the area of ​​January 14, the icebreakers gathered together the remaining ships in distress, after which the icebreakers escorted both ships of the caravan on a coupler.

After the “mustache” of the “Commonwealth” was broken, it was decided to first pass through heavy ice refrigerator .

Wiring was suspended around January 20 due to weather conditions, but on January 24 it was possible to bring the refrigerator "Coast of Hope" to clean water.

On January 26, the towing "whiskers" broke again, we had to lose time for the delivery of new ones by helicopter.

On January 31, the Sodruzhestvo floating base was also taken out of ice captivity, the operation ended at 11:00 Vladivostok time.

In culture

• Two-part Australian documentary"Wild Sea of ​​Russia" (eng. Russia's Wild Sea,) is dedicated to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Notes

1. Old maps of Russian cities - from ancient times to the present day (indefinite) . www.retromap.ru Retrieved 15 January 2016.
2. Dobrovolsky A. D., Zalogin B. S. Seas of the USSR. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. With ill., 192 p.
3. A.I.Alekseev, V.A.Nizovtsev, E.V.Kim, G.Ya.Lisenkova, V.I.Sirotin. Geography of Russia. Household and geographical areas. Grade 9 / A.I. Alekseev. - 15th, stereotypical. - Moscow: Bustard, 2014. - S. 254-255.
4. Revised partial submission of the Russian Federation to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in respect of the continental shelf in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Part 1. Summary. 2013.
5. The UN Commission included the enclave in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk into the Russian continental shelf. UN news. March 14, 2014.
6. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is our everything (indefinite) . // rg.ru. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
7. FAO: World review of highly migratory species and straddling stocks…
8. Diagram of Peanut Hole
9. http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/eng01_rev13/2013_05_23_JPN_NV_UN_001.pdf
10. ESIMO (indefinite) . Retrieved February 6, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
11. Bondarenko, Anna.

1. Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

2. The sea enters the Pacific basin.

3. Located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido.

4. Located between 43° and 62° parallel north latitude.

5. Position of the sea between 135° and 165° meridians east longitude.

6. The length of the sea in directions in degrees and kilometers:

The extent of the sea from south to north is 19° degrees, i.e. approximately 2100 km;

The length of the sea from east to west is 20° degrees, 1575 km.

The length in km was calculated based on the length between parallels and meridians on a map with a scale of 1:35,000,000.

7. Washes the shores of Russia and Japan: the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kurile Islands, O. Hokkaido, oh Sakhalin, Shantar Islands.

8. neighboring seas: the La Perouse Strait and the Tatar Strait (through the Amur Estuary) connect the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with the Sea of ​​Japan.

Neighbor Ocean: The First Kuril Strait and a number of straits in the chain of the Kuril Islands, such as the Fourth Kuril Strait, the Krusenstern Strait, the Bussol Strait and the Friza Strait, connect the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Pacific Ocean.

9. View of the sea: marginal sea.

10. In winter, the water temperature at the sea surface ranges from -1.8° to 2.0° C, in summer surface waters warm up to 10° C and above.

11. Max Depth sea: 3521 m (in the Kuril basin), in some sources there is a depth of 3916 m, but I did not find this figure on the map, so you can operate with it if it is in your textbook.

Fig. 12. Distribution of depths The shelf zone (0–200 m) occupies about 20% of the sea area, the continental slope (200–2000 m), on which separate underwater heights, depressions and islands are distinguished by a sharp change in depths, and the deep-sea basin occupies about 65%, and the deepest basin (more than 2500 m), located in the southern part of the sea - 8% of the sea area.

13. Water salinity distribution: according to the map of average annual salinity surface water of the World Ocean, in the northern and eastern parts of the sea, the salinity of surface waters is up to 32 ppm, and in the central, western and southern parts sea ​​surface water salinity up to 33 ppm.

14. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is located in a temperate climate zone, while its eastern part (in the region of the Kuril Islands) is located in maritime area temperate climate, and the rest in the temperate monsoon region.

15. Features of the structure of the bottom:

The bottom is a wide range of different underwater elevations, depressions and trenches. The northern part of the sea is located on the continental shelf. In the western part of the sea there is a sandbank of Sakhalin, located near the island. In the east of the sea is the continental shelf of Kamchatka. As indicated in paragraph 12, most of the water expanses are located on the continental slope. The southern edge of the sea is the deepest zone; this part of the sea is a bed that is located along the Kuril Islands. The southwestern part of the sea is characterized by deep depressions and slopes. In the central zone of the sea there are two elevations: the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanology, they divide the marine underwater space into 3 basins: the northeastern TINRO basin (small depth of about 850 m, flat terrain), which is located west of Kamchatka. The second basin is the Deryugin depression, located east of Sakhalin, the water depth here reaches 1700 m, the bottom is a plain, the edges of which are somewhat elevated. The third basin - the Kuril - is the deepest (about 3300 m) of these three.

16. Features of the organic world.

Vegetation and animal world on the one hand, they are distinguished by great diversity, and on the other hand, by an uneven distribution of this diversity. If in the southern, warmer part, the number of fish species is about 300, then in the northern, colder part, the number of species is more than two times less, only about 123 species. Nevertheless, in terms of stocks of commercial crab, the sea ranks first in the world. Salmon fish are of great value: chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, chinook, sockeye salmon as a source of red caviar. There is also intensive fishing for herring, pollock, flounder, cod, navaga, capelin, etc. Whales, seals, sea lions, fur seals live in the sea. A huge amount of green, brown and red medicinal algae stands out from the flora.

My dream is to visit Kamchatka or Sakhalin off the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Alas, for me such a trip is long and costly. I hope to see this beauty someday. And now I just have to deepen my knowledge and watch a video about it beautiful place. I think that my knowledge is enough and therefore I want to describe the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Geographical characteristics of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

I remember from school when a geography teacher told us that to describe a large geographical feature you need to open the atlas and find it on the map. Then you need to compose Plan characteristics Sea of ​​Okhotsk:

• the name of the sea;
  
• geographical position;
  
• islands and peninsulas;
  
• dimensions;
  
• depth, salinity;
  
• economic use.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is a marginal sea ​​of ​​the pacific ocean. It is located around eastern shores Eurasia, between Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the mainland. His the area is 1,603,000 km².The maximum depth is 3,916 m and the average salinity is 32‰. Fishing is carried out in the sea fishing and seafood. Most of all, such types of fish are caught: salmon, herring, pollock, capelin, navaga. It is Kamchatka that is famous for its red and black caviar. It is also important transport route . There is a constant oil development from the sea shelf.

Features of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

If you look at the sea from a height, you can see that almost everywhere shores are high, rockye. When you look at the coast from afar, only black stripes are visible on the horizon.

Geologists prove that the eastern part of the sea is one of the most "restless" areas world ocean. Fluctuations of the earth's crust for that territory is a common phenomenon. The Kamchatka-Kuril region is one of the most interesting regions peace. Volcanoes constantly erupt in the sea and this is called seaquake. The Kuril Islands have volcanic origin.

It is interesting that in 1910 a hydrographic expedition took place near Magadan. The researchers did not see small island, which is located three kilometers from the coast and has not been put on the map. Later he was named Island of Misunderstanding.