Lake Ladoga Karelia. The history of the formation of Lake Ladoga and its connection with the Baltic Sea. Climatic features of the area

There is such a charming region in Russia, the attractiveness of which is given by the magnificent mirror-like surface of countless lakes. Some information about it wonderful place can be found in this article. Here we will talk about the diversity of the landscape of this region, about where Lake Ladoga is located. A description will also be given.

This area occupies the northwestern part great Russia. It is discreet and at the same time surprisingly attractive and diverse. Taiga landscapes give way to swamps rich in cloudberries, lingonberries and cranberries. The more elevated areas are decorated with spruce forests and small-leaved forests.

This is one of the largest in Europe freshwater lakes. The length is 219 km, and the largest width is 138 km. Its eastern and northern parts belong to Karelia, while the southern and southeastern shores belong to Leningrad region. The water capacity of this lake is 908 km³.

Previously, the Littorin Sea was connected to the lake by a wide strait, and the river. Mga flowed to the east and also flowed into it.

Where it is now, the land rose rapidly, and thus the lake, after time, turned into a reservoir of a closed type. The water level began to increase, its waters flooded the river valley. Mga and broke into the Tosna valley. 4000 years ago a strait appeared between Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, which is now the valley of the river. Neva. The relief has practically not changed over the last approximately 2.5 thousand years.

The northern section of Lake Ladoga is located on the Baltic Crystalline Shield, and the southern section is on the East European Platform.

From the history of Lake Ladoga

The described lake is present on one of the very first geographical maps of the Moscow state, which was compiled in 1544 by Sebastian Munster (German cartographer). More detailed map was introduced in 1812 at the Admiralty Department.

Ladoga for Russia has always been the territory of an important of strategic importance. In the 9th century, an important water route from the Varangians to the Greeks passed here. There is also documentary evidence of the existence of Nevo (the name of Lake Ladoga in the old days) - an Old Russian chronicle dated 1228. And the first capital Kievan Rus was at the confluence of the Ladoga Lake r. Volkhov. Petrovsky time is also associated with this lake. Lake Ladoga also witnessed the battles of the Northern War.

Where Lake Ladoga is located, a huge number of significant historical events took place. Do not list everything. But it is important to note that Lake Ladoga is the "Road of Life" during the Second World War. Most of the coast of the lake in this difficult time for the country was in the German-Finnish occupation. The people of Leningrad were cut off from the whole world. Only the southwestern part of the lake was open for communication with the Soviet troops (1941-1943). This route started from the port of Osinovets on Lake Ladoga and ended at the docks of Leningrad.

Over the entire period of the existence of this road, more than 1.5 million tons of cargo was transported and transported along it, which allowed the surviving residents of Leningrad to hold out until the blockade was lifted. Also, about 900 thousand people were evacuated along this road.

Much of the history is kept in this great lake. Today, at the place where the most important "Road of Life" ran, there are 102 memorial pillars and 7 monuments. All of them are included in the "Green Belt of Glory". This is a memory of the past very difficult times.

Lake Ladoga is located on the territory of Karelia and the Leningrad region and is considered the largest freshwater lake in Europe. It stretches from south to north for 219 km, the maximum width is 138 km. The depth varies unevenly: in the northern part it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in the southern part - from 20 to 70 m.

The famous Lake Ladoga, on the ice of which the Road of Life ran during the blockade of Leningrad, today - unique monument Karelian nature attracting thousands of tourists every year. Its shores and islands are amazingly picturesque. The most famous are, of course, Valaam and Konevets, where ancient unique monasteries are located. But every island, every rocky cape on Ladoga is something special.

On the shores of the lake are located Priozersk, Novaya Ladoga, Shlisselburg in the Leningrad region; Sortavala, Pitkyaranta, Olonets, Lahdenpokhya - in Karelia. 32 rivers flow into the reservoir, and only one flows out - the Neva.

Every year, since 1997, the Ladoga Trophy has been held on the shores of the lake: a rally in off-road vehicles along the perimeter, the route of which is approximately 1200 km.

How to get to Lake Ladoga

First of all, you need to decide on which side of the lake to “drop anchor”. To the north and east can be reached from Petrozavodsk, to the north, east, south and west - from St. Petersburg.

From St. Petersburg, most types of transport go to Priozersk. Every half hour from Northern bus station and several times a day from the Parnas metro station - buses of the Piteravto company (off site), travel time about 2.5 hours; daily electric trains of the North-Western Suburban passenger company(off site) from the Finlyandsky railway station you will get to your destination in just 2 hours (usual the train is coming almost 3). By car to Priozersk - also about 2 hours from Piskarevsky Prospekt along the A-118 and A-121 highways (it is also Priozerskoye Highway).

There is also a railway station in the village of Lake Ladoga, it takes a little less than 1.5 hours from St. Petersburg from the Finland Station by daily train SZPPK, by car more than an hour along the Road of Life.

To the "Karelian part" of the lake, to Sortavala, from St. Petersburg's Ladozhsky station, travel more than 5 hours by train St. Petersburg - Kostomuksha with Russian Railways / FPC (off site). By company bus Passenger Transportation”, which runs several times a day from the Northern Bus Station, - 5-6 hours (all flights in this direction make a stop in another picturesque place - Lahdenpokhya).

From St. Petersburg across the island go cruise ships operator "Vodokhod" (off. site): the voyage takes a week, starts from the St. Petersburg pier "Utkina Zavod". From Priozersk from the Valaam pier, the ship "Valaam" will deliver to the island of the same name in 3.5 hours, "Meteor" - in 1 hour 15 minutes, departure daily. From Moscow, from the North river station, multi-day tours with a visit to Valaam invites you to make "Mosturflot" (off. site).

Bicycle rental is available in Priozersk, Shlisselburg, Novaya Ladoga, Lahdenpokhya. The bike can be found through the site of private announcements, but most often the rental is listed in the list of services of large camp sites.

Ladoga lake

Lake Ladoga Hotels

Dozens of hotels, guest houses, family hotels and even peasant estates operate on the shores of Lake Ladoga all year round. They are ready to accept both single tourists and whole groups - by prior arrangement.

The price tag per night is from 1500 RUB for accommodation in a budget double room in the Starhouse mini-hotel in Shlisselburg on the street. Chekalova, 14 to 25,000 RUB for a cottage for 6 people in the "Ladoga Estate" on the Karelian coast of Lake Ladoga (Ozernaya St., 1, Niemelyankhovi settlement, not far from Sortavala). The house has its own sauna, a fully equipped kitchen, three double bedrooms with private bathrooms and a barbecue area.

The cost of a single room in a hotel or in guest house- from 5000 RUB per day. However, numerous visitors are happy to save on this item of expenditure and settle on the banks of Ladoga as savages, in tents.

What to bring

The St. Petersburg coast of Ladoga is not rich in exclusive gifts: a typical set of magnets, mugs, postcards, woodwork and birch bark. On the Karelian coast of the lake, the assortment of souvenirs is more interesting.

Karelia is a deposit of shungite. Beads, bracelets made from this mineral and even cosmetics with it can be found in Sortavala, Lahdenpokhya, Pitkyaranta and others. settlements Karelian part of Ladoga. They also sell the famous Karelian Balsam and Karelian Collection tinctures.

Another one noteworthy a rarity - products from the Karelian birch: spoons, caskets, plates. Tablecloths and napkins with Zaonezhsky embroidery will be an excellent addition to them.

It is impossible to leave Lake Ladoga without "delicious souvenirs" - raw and smoked fish, berries, mushrooms, herbs. Someone will be lucky to collect and catch on their own, the rest - a direct road to the markets.

From Ladoga churches and monasteries, especially from Valaam, guests bring icons, candles, crosses. The island is also famous for its gingerbread.

Cuisine and restaurants of Lake Ladoga

Catering establishments in the villages and towns of Lake Ladoga are not a dime a dozen, of course, but you won’t die of hunger either. In restaurants and cafes, Russian, Caucasian and European cuisines are held in high esteem, there are pizzerias, where you can taste sushi and rolls.

The main ingredient of most local dishes is fish, most often pike perch. Dumplings, meatballs, soups and snacks are made from it. Fish is also added to the "gates" - branded Karelian pies made from rye dough. They are also made with mushrooms and berries, which are abundant in the local forests.

Cafes and restaurants are located mainly at hotels, camp sites, guest houses and near the main attractions. The interior and service sometimes cause criticism, but the skill of the chefs, on the contrary, deserves praise.

The difference in prices is small: in Sortaval, and in Shlisselburg, and somewhere in Vidlitsa, breakfast for two will cost 700 RUB, lunch - 1200 RUB, and dinner with alcohol will cost about 2500 RUB.

Entertainment and attractions

It makes no sense to list all the museums on the shores of the lake - their name is legion, the expositions are often similar: the history of the city, folk crafts, paintings by local artists. The museum of the private collection of Kronid Gogolev in Sortavala (Komsomolskaya st., 6) stands apart. Its founder is a skilled wood carver. In his own art space, he exhibits not only his own works, but also the creations of other Sortavala masters. Another almost pilgrimage place is the Road of Life Museum in the village of Lake Ladoga.

Among the exhibits of the museum are steamships, an airplane, military guns, which stand directly under open sky. In the indoor halls - an exhibition of cars that cruised along the Road of Life, expositions dedicated to the Great Patriotic war and the famous track. 5 km from the museum, to the south of the lake - the memorial "Broken Ring".

One of the main "miracles" of Ladoga is the island of Valaam and the Spaso-Preobrazhensky standing on it monastery. People come here to feel special peace and tranquility, to pray at the myrrh-streaming icon of the Mother of God by Hieromonk Alipy, to admire the landscapes that inspired Kuindzhi, Shishkin, Roerich.

You can sail to Valaam and back by boat from Priozersk, where the Kexholm fortress (Korela fortress) built in the 13th century stands: a small building is surprisingly harmoniously inscribed in the landscape. Near Priozersk is the island of Konevets. A whole ensemble of religious buildings brought him fame, which is crowned by the Konevsky Nativity of the Theotokos Monastery. A miraculous icon of the Mother of God, brought from Athos by the founder of the monastery, Arseniy Konevsky, is exhibited within its walls.

The south of Ladoga is Shlisselburg with the not-so-impregnable Oreshek fortress, built by the grandson of Alexander Nevsky. From its observation deck, the views of the lake and the Neva flowing from it are especially good. East of Shlisselburg is Novaya Ladoga, which boasts a group of wooden and stone churches and cathedrals and memorial sites associated with the Road of Life.

Fishing on Lake Ladoga

53 species of fish live in Lake Ladoga: Ladoga slingshot, salmon, trout, char, whitefish, vendace, smelt, bream, cheese, blue bream, silver bream, rudd, asp, catfish, pike perch, roach, perch, pike, burbot and others. Human impact on the reservoir reduces the number of valuable fish - salmon, trout, char, lake-river whitefish and others, and the Atlantic sturgeon and Volkhov whitefish are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

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A noticeable impact on climatic conditions renders the lake itself. This is characterized by the smoothing of extreme values ​​of climatic characteristics, as a result of which the continental air masses, passing over the surface of the lake, acquire the character of maritime air masses. average temperature air in the area of ​​Lake Ladoga +3.2 °C. The average temperature of the coldest month (February) is ?8.8 °C, the warmest (July) is +16.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 475 mm. The smallest monthly amount of precipitation falls in February - March (24 mm), the largest - in September (58 mm). During the year, western and southwestern winds prevail in most of Lake Ladoga. The average monthly wind speed in the open part of the lake and on most of the islands from October to January - February is 6-9 m/s, in other months 4-7 m/s. On the coast, the average monthly wind speed varies from 3 to 5 m/s. Calms are rarely observed. In October, storm winds with a speed of more than 20 m/s are often observed on Lake Ladoga, maximum speed wind reaches 34 m/s. Breezes are observed along the entire coast in the summer in windless sunny days and clear nights. The lake breeze starts at about 9 am and lasts until 8 pm, its speed is 2-6 m/s; it extends 9-15 km inland. Fogs are observed most often in spring, late summer and autumn.

The relief of the bottom of Lake Ladoga is characterized by an increase in depth from south to north. The depth varies unevenly: in the northern part it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in the southern part - from 20 to 70 m. Average depth lakes - 50 m, the largest - 233 m (north of the island of Valaam). The bottom of the northern part is uneven, furrowed with depressions, while the southern part is calmer and more smooth. Lake Ladoga ranks eighth among deepest lakes Russia. Transparency west coast Lake Ladoga 2-2.5 m, near the eastern coast 1-2 m, in the mouth areas 0.3-0.9 m, and towards the center of the lake it increases to 4.5 m. The lowest transparency was observed in the Volkhov Bay (0.5 -1 m), and the largest - to the west of the Valaam Islands (8-9 in summer, over 10 m in winter). There are constant disturbances on the lake. During severe storms, the water in it "boils", and the waves are almost completely covered with foam. In the water regime, surge phenomena are characteristic (fluctuations in the water level by 50-70 cm annually, up to a maximum of 3 m), seiches (up to 3-4 m), wave height during storms up to 6 m. The lake freezes in December (coastal part) - February (central part), opens in April - May. The central part is covered solid ice only in very harsh winters. Due to the long and strong winter cooling, the water in the lake is very cold even in summer; it warms up only in the thin upper layer and in the coastal strip. The temperature regime differs in the central deep part of the lake and on the coast. The water temperature on the surface in August is up to 24 °C in the south, 18-20 °C in the center, near the bottom about 4 °C, in winter under ice 0-2 °C. The water is fresh and clean (except for areas polluted by industrial waste), minerals and salts are dissolved in negligible amounts. Water belongs to the hydrocarbonate class (low content of calcium and magnesium salts, slightly more nickel, aluminum).

In Lake Ladoga, 378 species and varieties of planktonic animals were identified. More than half of the species are rotifers. A quarter of the total number of species are protozoans, and 23 percent fall together on cladocerans and copepods. The most common zooplankton species in the lake are daphnia and cyclops. large group aquatic invertebrate animal lives at the bottom of the lake. In Ladoga, 385 species of them were found (mostly various crustaceans). The first place in the composition of the benthic fauna belongs to insect larvae, which account for more than half of all species of bottom animals - 202 species. Next come worms (66 species), water mites, or hydrocarines, molluscs, crustaceans, and others. The lake is rich in freshwater fish, which go to the rivers to spawn. 53 species and varieties of fish live in Lake Ladoga: Ladoga slingshot, salmon, trout, char, whitefish, vendace, smelt, bream, cheese, blue bream, silver bream, rudd, asp, catfish, pike perch, roach, perch, pike, burbot and others . Human impact on the reservoir reduces the number of valuable fish - salmon, trout, char, lake-river whitefish and others, and the Atlantic sturgeon and Volkhov whitefish are listed in the Red Book of Russia. The most productive areas include shallow water South part lakes with depths up to 15-20 m, where the main fishery is concentrated, and the least productive - the northern skerry region. Sturgeon passes through the lake from the Gulf of Finland along the Neva for spawning to the Volkhov and other rivers. Pike perch is found along the southern and southeastern shores of Lake Ladoga. Salmon lives in the lake, which goes to the rivers in autumn, where it spawns. Whitefish, Siberian sturgeon and other fish are bred in Lake Ladoga and Volkhov. In the Ladoga area, 256 species of birds belonging to 17 orders are regularly found. More than 50 species of birds were recorded here during the transit migration in spring and autumn. The migration links of the Ladoga region cover the space from Iceland to India and from South Africa to New Earth. The most attractive territories for birds are the southern Ladoga region. Grebes, swans, geese, ducks, waders, gulls, terns, cranes and shepherds are encountered here on migration, as well as nesting nests of river ducks, tufted ducks, red-headed pochards, gulls, terns, curlews, common and medium-sized curlews, black-tailed godwit, herbalist, golden plover and other shorebirds, the common crane, white-tailed eagle, osprey, red-footed falcon, eagle owl, gray owl, short-eared owl and a number of other birds. The northern skerries are nesting sites for the gray-cheeked grebe, large and medium-sized mergansers, gulls (including barnacle gulls and grouse), terns (including arctic tern), waders and many other species; accumulations of arctic ducks and waders are observed on migration. The only representative of pinnipeds, the Ladoga ringed seal, lives in Lake Ladoga. The number of seals in the lake is estimated at 4000-5000 heads (according to 2000 data). The species is listed in the Red Book.

LADOGA LAKE

Lake Ladoga, the old Russian name is Nevo, (Ladoga - Karelian Luadogu, Finnish Laatokka) is a lake in Karelia (N and E shore) and the Leningrad Region (W, S and SE shore), the largest freshwater lake in Europe. Refers to the Baltic Sea basin. The area of ​​the lake without islands is from 17.6 thousand km² (with islands 18.1 thousand km²); the volume of water mass - 908 km³; length from south to north - 219 km, maximum width - 138 km. The depth is uneven in the northern part, it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in the southern part - from 20 to 70 m. The cities of Priozersk, Novaya Ladoga, Shlisselburg in the Leningrad Region, Sortavala, Pitkyaranta, Lahdenpokhya in Karelia are located on the shores of Lake Ladoga. More than 30 rivers flow into Lake Ladoga, and only one - the Neva - originates. In the southern part of the lake there are three large bays: Svirskaya, Volkhovskaya and Shlisselburgskaya bays.

The name Ladoga is given to a river, a lake and a city. At the same time, until recently it was not quite clear which of the names is primary. The name of the city was derived from the name of Lake Ladoga (from Finnish *aaldokas, aallokas "wavering" - from aalto "wave"), or from the name of the Ladoga River (now Ladoga, from Finnish *Alode-joki, where alode, aloe - "low terrain" and jok(k)i - "river").

In PVL 12th century. referred to as "the great lake Nebo". Perhaps from the name of the Neva River. Fasmer's etymological Russian-language dictionary:NEVA - a river connecting Lake Ladoga and Fin. bay, for the first time other Russian. Neva, Zhit. Alexandra Nevsk. (XIII century), p. 2; earlier also Nevo - "Lake Ladoga" (Pov. time years and also in the Book. big hell.). From Finnish. Nevajoki, Nevajarvi from neva "swamp", whence also the Swiss, Wed-Nzh.-Ger. Nu "Neva", perceived by the people. etymology as "New (river)".Etymological dictionary of Krylov:NEVA - The name of the river on which Tsar Peter built the new capital of Russia goes back to the Finnish name Nevajoki - "swampy river", derived from the word neva - "swamp".

In the sagas, and later in treaties with Hanseatic cities the lake is called Aldoga (cf. Finnish aalto - wave). From the beginning of the 13th century, the name came into use - Lake Ladoga, formed from the name of the city of Ladoga, which in turn was named after the tributary of the Volkhov River of the same name in its downstream(Fin. alodejoki - a river in a low area). Other variants of the origin of the name of the lake: from the Karelian word aalto (Karelian aalto - wave; hence Karelian aaltokas - wavy). Some researchers consider the primary hydronym Ladoga, from other Fin. *Alode-jogi (joki) "lower river".

There is also a hypothesis about the origin of the word "Ladoga" - from the dialect Russian word -alod- signifier open lake, vast water field (Mamontova N. Toponymy of the Ladoga Region). Fasmer's etymological Russian-language dictionary: ALOD - f. "glade, vast and flat terrain", arkhang., mez., (Dal), also "open lake, vast water field", zaon. (Sandpiper). According to Mikkola (JSFOu 23, 11), from Fin. *alode, modern. fin. aloo, alue "that which is below". It is doubtful borrowing from Fin. aavo, aavu "steppe, open lake";Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl: ALOD - f. arch-mez. clearing, vast and flat terrain. Alodnoe place is flat and open.

rice. 1 Islands of Lake Ladoga.

rice. 2 Lake Ladoga near Sortavala.

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rice. 3 Ladozhskoe lake

The basin of Lake Ladoga is of glacial-tectonic origin. In the Paleozoic 300 - 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern basin of Lake Ladoga was covered by the sea. Sedimentary deposits of that time are sandstones, sands, clays, limestones - they cover with a thick layer (over 200 m) a crystalline foundation, consisting of granites, gneisses and diabases.

The modern relief was formed as a result of the activity of the ice sheet (the last, Valdai glaciation ended about 12 thousand years ago). The main factor was: the change in the level of the world ocean, the water of the glacier and its weight - the rise of the land began (and continues). After the retreat of the glacier about 12,600 years ago, a fresh Baltic glacial lake was formed with a level of 25 meters above the ocean. About 10-9.6 thousand years ago, the waters of the lake broke through in the region of central Sweden and the Yoldian Sea was formed, the level of which was 7-9 m higher than the modern level of the Baltic Sea.

Approximately 9500 years ago, the rise of land blocked the strait in Central Sweden and the lake of Ancylus was formed. In the north of the Karelian Isthmus, it was connected by a wide strait to Lake Ladoga. The Mga River at that time flowed to the east and flowed into the lake in the area of ​​the modern source of the Neva.

Approximately 8500 years ago, tectonic processes open the Danish straits and the Litorin Sea is formed. Although the water level was much higher than the current one, it was lower than in Antsil Lake. This led to the formation of the Karelian Isthmus, and the formation of Lake Ladoga.

How long the lake was completely isolated is unknown - the water level in the lake rises faster than the land rises, and when the level of Ladoga exceeded the watershed level, the lake waters, flooding the Mga river valley, broke into the Tosna river valley.

Thus, about 4 thousand years ago, arose new strait between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland, which became the valley of the Neva River. The old strait in the north of the Karelian Isthmus by this time was already above the level of the lake. The relief has not changed significantly for the last 2.5 thousand years.

The northern part of Lake Ladoga lies on the Baltic Crystalline Shield, the southern part lies on the East European Platform. In the areas closest to Ladoga, the southern border of the shield runs approximately along the line Vyborg - Priozersk - the mouth of the Vidlitsa River - the source of the Svir River.

The crystalline basement of the Northern Ladoga area belongs to the ancient primary basement of Fennoscandia and was formed about 2000 million years ago. These are the oldest geological formations on Earth. Over millions of years, the ancient mountains of Svekokarelida have flattened to picturesque hills, rocks and cliffs. The depression of Lake Ladoga was formed in the Tertiary period as a result of a powerful geological fault. At the same time, as a result of faults, the formation of the archipelago and the coastal part of the northwestern shore of Lake Ladoga took place. 12 thousand years ago, after the departure of the glacier, almost the entire surface of the Ladoga region was under the water of the ancient Baltic glacial lake. The climate, water level and salinity of the lake gradually changed. About 4000 - 3000 years ago the formation of the Neva took place and the level of Lake Ladoga dropped by 10 meters.

At the end of the 9th century AD. a change in the hydrography of the region (a decrease in the level of the Baltic and, accordingly, of Lake Ladoga), led to a simultaneous process of shallowing of the rivers of the Ladoga basin, including the Volkhov with tributaries.

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rice. 4 Antsyl Lake includes Ladoga 9500 years ago. The lake's outflow to the ocean is marked.

32 rivers flow directly into Lake Ladoga - more than 10 km long, to the most major rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga include: r. Swirl flowing from Lake Onega, R. Vuoksa, originating in Finland, r. Volkhov, flowing from Lake Ilmen, r. Syas and others.

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rice. 5 The Svir River - Podporozhsky district in the NE part of the Leningrad region.

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rice. 6 Svir River, rapids.

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rice. 7 sandy shores Svir river.

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rice. 8 River Vuoksa.

The Vuoksa River is mentioned in the Novgorod chronicles. People have lived in the vicinity of the river since prehistoric times - sites of the Stone Age period were found here, there is a mention of Vuoksa in the ancient epic "Kalevala". In the distant era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Vuoksa River is mentioned as a place of congress for solving state issues.

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pic 9 Vuoksa near Melnikovo.

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rice. 10 A dam on the Vuoksa River in Imatra.

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rice. 11 Priozersk Vuoksa river.

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rice. 12 Upper reaches of the Volkhov River.

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rice. 13 The Volkhov River in the St. Ladogi and Lyubsha (Chernavino-5), mounds in the "tract of the hill".

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rice. 14 The Volkhov River - not far from the mouth.

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rice. 14 river Syas.

Lake Ladoga - Nevo.

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rice. 16 ladozhskoe lake.

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rice. 17 Landscapes of Lake Ladoga.

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rice. 18 Lake Ladoga - shores.

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rice. 19 Lake Ladoga - breaker.

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rice. 20 Lake Ladoga - forest.

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rice. 21 Lake Ladoga - silence.

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rice. 22 Lake Ladoga - autumn.

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rice. 23 Rocky shores of Lake Ladoga.

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rice. 24 Lynx rock, pos. Vartsila, Northern Ladoga.

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rice. 25 Ruskeala, former marble quarry. Height of rocks: 30 - 40 m, Northern Ladoga area.

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rice. 26 Lake Ladoga - stones.

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rice. 27 A boulder near Vidlitsa is a river in Karelia, near Ladoga.

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rice. 28 On the islands of Lake Ladoga.

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rice. 29 Cape Rahaniemi. Radiance August 18, 2003.

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rice. 30 Gorskii Staraya Ladoga canal photo 1909

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Figure 31 Korela Fortress in Priozersk.

Korela (Swedish Kexholm, Finnish Käkisalmi "Cuckoo Strait") is a stone fortress in the city of Priozersk, on the island of the Vuoksa River. Medieval Korela was the most northwestern city of Rus'. The fortress was founded at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Novgorodians on the island of the river Uzerva(Vuokse)to protect the northwestern borders of the republic from the Swedes.

Priozersk - [Karelian. Kagoisalmi, Fin. Käkisalmi - "Cuckoo Strait", Swedish. Kexholm - "cuckoo island"] - administrative center Priozersky district of the Leningrad region. The city is located on Karelian Isthmus, along the banks of the northern branch of the Vuoksa River, between Lake Ladoga and Lake Vuoksa. Until the beginning of the 17th century, it was the center of the Korelsky land, the Korelsky district of the Vodskaya Pyatina. From the 14th century to 1611 the city was known as Korela. From 1580 to 1595 and from 1611 to 1918 the city was called Kexholm. Since 1918, the city, which was part of Finland that gained independence, began to be called Käkisalmi. In 1940, after the Soviet-Finnish war, the city went to Soviet Union, the name Kexholm was returned. In 1941-1944, during the Soviet-Finnish war, the city was occupied by Finnish troops and was called Käkisalmi. In 1944, after the Moscow armistice, the city was ceded to the Soviet Union for the second time. In 1948 it was renamed Priozersk.)

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rice. 32 Fortress Oreshek - Nut Island, (fin. Pähkinäsaari) - small island at the source of the Neva. The main attraction is the ancient Novgorod fortress of the XIV century Oreshek.

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pic 33 Map of the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Ladoga lake. (clickable)

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