Why are winters harsh on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Physical and geographical description. Okhotsk fauna and flora

Square Sea of ​​Okhotsk 1.603 million sq. km. Average depth 1780 m maximum depth 3521 m West Side sea ​​has a shallow depth, and is located on the continental shelf. In the center of the sea are the Deryugin depressions (in the south) and the TINRO depression. In the eastern part there is the Kuril basin, in which the depth is maximum.

October to May-June Northern part the sea is covered with ice. South- East End practically does not freeze.

The coast in the north is strongly indented, in the northeast of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk there is its largest bay - Shelikhov Bay. Of the smaller bays of the northern part, the most famous are the Eyriney Bay and the bays of Shelting, Zabiyak, Babushkin, Kekurny, Odessa Bay on Iturup Island. in the east coastline The Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the southwest, the largest are Aniva and Patience bays.

Fishing (salmon, herring, pollock, capelin, navaga, etc.).

Main ports: on the mainland - Magadan, Ayan, Okhotsk (port point); on the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov, on the Kuril Islands - Severo-Kurilsk.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is named after the Okhot River, which in turn comes from the Even okat - "river". The Japanese traditionally called this sea "Hokkai" (北海), literally "North Sea". But since this name now refers to North Sea Atlantic Ocean, they changed the name of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to "Ohotsuku-kai" (オホーツク海), which is an adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.

The sea is located on the Okhotsk subplate, which is part of the Eurasian plate. bark under for the most part Sea of ​​Okhotsk continental type.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk was discovered during the first campaigns of the Cossacks through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.

The local hunting tribes called it Lam - which means: “water”, “sea”, and from this word one of the first names of the sea came from among Russian sailors - “Lamskoye”, and the name of the coastal Tungus - “Lamuts”. Sometimes the sea was also called Tunguska.

However, another name gradually came into use and was fixed, namely, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The water area is 1603 thousand km².

Vsevolod Sibi... The coldest... Islands of the Hunts...

Subsequently, when Kamchatka was discovered and trips along the coast and the sea to this rich peninsula and to the mouth of the Penzhina River became more frequent, other names for the sea began to be used - "Kamchatka" and "Penzhina". However, these names did not take root.

It would seem, why should the sea be named after a small river that flows into it between 59 and 60 degrees north latitude? Much larger and deep rivers flowing into this sea - like the same Penzhina. Why was their name not associated with the name of the sea? In this case, the matter depended not on the size of the river, but on its role in the life of coastal explorers.

The Cossacks, having left Yakutsk, moved east not straight through the mountains and taiga, but along a winding path along the rivers and portages between them. The caravan trail eventually led them to the Okhota River, and along it to the seashore.

Now Okhotsk is one of the ordinary port points and has lost its former significance. Other, much larger and more important centers arose along the coast.

But the surviving name of the sea testifies to the historical role of the river and the port, from which the Russian people began the development of a large sea area.

Almost everywhere the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are high and rocky. From afar, from the sea, they stand out on the horizon with black stripes framed on top by brown-green patches of vegetation. Only in some places west coast Kamchatka, near the northern part of Sakhalin - wide low-lying areas approach the sea.

The bottom of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is similar in some respects to the bottom Sea of ​​Japan: both here and there, despite great depths, there are underwater hollows, indicating that even in the Quaternary period, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe present sea stood high above ocean level and two huge rivers flowed through it - the Amur and Penzhina. Then a geological catastrophe occurred - part of the mainland sank and was flooded with the ocean. This is how the relatively young Sea of ​​Okhotsk was formed.

According to geologists, the eastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is one of the "restless" areas the globe. Until now, there are large fluctuations - shifts of the earth's crust.

We can feel and see them through earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, changes in the shape of islands.

Academician A. Zavaritsky believes that the Kamchatka-Kuril region is the most interesting region of the globe for science.

Often in this part Pacific Ocean are happening underwater eruptions volcanoes and underwater earthquakes. The originality of the area on the Kuril Islands is especially noticeable.

Ridge Kuril Islands, lying on the border between the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the open part of the ocean, is completely special world. About thirty large and small islands and many rocks volcanic origin are included in this range. Many islands are crowned high mountains, up to one and a half to two kilometers high. On many islands, hot springs spring from underground with a water temperature of 35 to 70 °. Some of the springs have healing properties. Smoke rises above some mountains that are active volcanoes.

There are about 30 islands active volcanoes. This shows that in the bowels of the earth here and now it is restless. Sometimes earthquakes in the ocean produce waves several tens of meters high, which roll over an enormous distance. One of these waves, the ship "Natalia" in 1780 was thrown into the depths of the island of Urup 300 meters from the coast. The ship remained ashore. A laconic entry has been preserved about this: “January 8th. In 1780, there was a severe earthquake, the sea rose so high that the gukor - that is, the ship that was in the harbor - was carried to the middle of the island.

Severe living conditions on the Kuril Islands, especially in the northern ones. ocean waves they hit the rocky shores with noise, breaking into millions of spray. Droplets of water, picked up by the wind, rush through the islands. Fogs linger here for a long time. Strong storms often occur in winter.

Video: Sea of ​​Okhotsk:...

Separated by conditional boundaries. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is a fairly large and deep sea in our country. Its area is about 1603 thousand km2, the volume of water is 1318 thousand km3. The average depth of this sea is 821 m, the maximum depth is 3916 m. According to its features, this sea is a marginal sea of ​​a mixed continental-marginal type.

There are few islands in the waters of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, among which the largest is. Kuril ridge consists of 30 different sizes. Their location is seismically active. There are more than 30 active and 70 extinct ones here. Seismic activity zones can be located both on islands and under water. If the epicenter is under water, then huge ones rise.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, with a considerable length, is quite equal. There are many large bays along the coastline: Aniva, Patience, Sakhalin, Academies, Tugursky, Ayan and Shelikhov. There are also several lips: Tauiskaya, Gizhiginskaya and Penzhinskaya.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

The bottom is a wide range of different underwater elevations,. The northern part of the sea is located on the continental shelf, which is a continuation of the land. In the western zone of the sea there is a shoal of Sakhalin, located near the island. In the east of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is Kamchatka. Only a small part is located in the shelf zone. A significant part of the water expanses is located on the continental slope. The depth of the sea here varies from 200 m to 1500 m.

The southern edge of the sea is the deepest zone, the maximum depth here is more than 2500 m. This part of the sea is a kind of bed, which is located along the Kuril Islands. The southwestern part of the sea is characterized deep depressions and slopes, which is not typical for the northeastern part.

In the central zone of the sea there are two hills: the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Oceanology. These elevations divide the sea underwater space into 3 basins. The first basin is the northeastern TINRO basin, which is located to the west of Kamchatka. This depression is distinguished by small depths, about 850 m. The bottom has. The second basin is the Deryugin depression, located to the east of Sakhalin, the water depth here reaches 1700 m. The bottom is a plain, the edges of which are somewhat elevated. The third basin is the Kuril. It is the deepest (about 3300 m). is a plain that extends 120 miles in the western part, and 600 miles in the northeast.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is influenced by the monsoon climate. The main source of cold air is located in the west. This is due to the fact that the western part of the sea is strongly cut into the mainland and is located not far from the Asian cold pole. Relatively high from the east mountain ranges Kamchatka impede the advancement of warm Pacific. The greatest amount of heat comes from the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of ​​Japan through the southern and southeastern borders. But the influence of cold air masses dominates over warm air masses, therefore, in general, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is quite severe. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is the coldest in comparison with the Sea of ​​Japan.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

During the cold period (which lasts from October to April), the Siberian and Aleutian lows have a significant effect on the sea. As a result, winds from the northern and northwestern directions prevail in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The power of these winds often reaches storm strength. Especially strong winds seen in January and February. Their average speed is about 10 - 11 m / s.

In winter, the cold Asian monsoon contributes to a strong decrease in the northern and northwestern parts of the sea. In January, when the temperature reaches its minimum limit, on average the air cools down to -20-25°C in the northwestern part of the sea, to -10-15°C in the central part and to -5-6°C in the southeastern part. In the last zone, the influence of warm Pacific air is felt.

In autumn and winter, the sea is under the influence of continental. This leads to increased wind, and in some cases to cooling. In general, it can be described as clear with reduced. On those climatic features influenced by cold Asian air. In April-May, the Siberian anticyclone ceases to operate, and the influence of the Honolulu maximum increases. In this regard, during the warm period, small southeast winds are observed, the speed of which rarely exceeds 6–7 m/s.

IN summer time different temperatures are observed depending on . In August, the highest temperature is recorded in the southern part of the sea, it is +18°С. In the central part of the sea, the temperature drops to 12-14°C. The northeast has the coldest summer average temperature does not exceed 10–10.5°C. In this period South part The sea is subject to numerous oceanic cyclones, due to which the strength of the wind increases, and storms rage for 5-8 days.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk carries its waters a large number of rivers, but they are mostly small. In this regard, it is small, it is about 600 km 3 during the year. , Penzhina, Okhota, Bolshaya - the largest flowing into the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. fresh water have little effect on the sea. The waters of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Pacific Ocean have great importance for the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk, whose resources are of great importance for states, is one of the most major seas related to the Pacific Ocean. Located off the coast of Asia. It is separated from the ocean and islands - Hokkaido, east coast Sakhalin and the chain of Kuril lands.

It is worth noting that this sea is considered the coldest of all located on Far East. Even in summer, the temperature above it does not exceed 18 degrees C. south side, and in the northeast thermometers show 10 degrees - this is the maximum figure.

Brief description of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

It is cold and powerful. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk washes the shores of Japan and Russia. According to its outlines, the reservoir resembles an ordinary trapezoid. The sea stretches from the southwest to the northeast. The length at the maximum limits is 2.463 km, and maximum width- 1,500 km. The coastline is over 10,000 km long. The depth of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (indicator of the maximum depression) is almost 4,000 km. The type of reservoir adjacent to the outskirts of the mainland is mixed.

Volcanic activity extends both to the surface and to the bottom of the sea. When a seismic movement or explosion occurs underwater underwater volcano, it can cause huge tsunami waves.

hydronym

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk, whose resources are used in the national economic spheres of the two countries (Russia and Japan), got its name from the name of the Okhota River. By official sources earlier it was called Lamsky and Kamchatsky. In Japan, for a long time the sea was called "Northern". But due to confusion with another body of the same name, the hydronym was adapted and now the sea is called the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Importance of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk for Russia

It cannot be overestimated. Since 2014, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk has been classified as an inland water Russian Federation. The state makes full use of its resources. First of all, it is the main supplier of salmon fish species. These are chum salmon, sockeye salmon, chinook salmon and other members of the family. The extraction of caviar is organized here, which is highly valued. No wonder Russia is considered one of the largest suppliers of this product.

The problems of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, however, as well as other water bodies, have led to a significant decrease in populations. It was for this state that it was necessary to limit the catch of fish. And this applies not only to the salmon family, but also to other species, such as herring, flounder, cod.

Industry

Russia has achieved great results in the development of industry on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. First of all, these are ship repair enterprises and, of course, fish processing factories. These two areas were modernized in the 90s and are now of great importance for economic development states. Nowadays, many commercial enterprises have appeared here.

Industry is also developing quite well on about. Sakhalin. Earlier, in tsarist times, he was perceived negatively, as he served as a place for exile of people objectionable to the rule. Now the picture has changed radically. The industry is flourishing, people themselves tend to come here in order to earn big money.

Kamchatka seafood processing enterprises entered the world market. Their products are highly appreciated abroad. It meets the standards and is quite popular in many countries.

Thanks to oil and gas deposits, Russia is a monopoly in this area. There is not a single state that could supply the same volumes of oil and gas to Europe. That is why a lot of money from the sovereign treasury is invested in these enterprises.

Islands

There are few islands in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the largest of them is Sakhalin. Its coastline is heterogeneous: lowlands are observed in the northeast, the southeast is slightly elevated above sea level, and there is a shallow in the west.

The Kuril Islands are of particular interest. They are small in size, there are about 30 large ones, but there are also smaller ones. Together they form a seismic belt - the largest on the planet. There are about 100 volcanoes on the Kuril Islands. Moreover, 30 of them are operational: they can constantly “excite” the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The resources of the Shantar Islands are fur seals. The largest concentration of this species is observed here. However, recently their production has been regulated in order to avoid complete extermination.

gulfs

The coastline of the reservoir is slightly indented, although it has a large length. There are practically no bays and bays in this area. The basin of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is divided into three basins: the Kuril, TINRO and Deryugin basins.

Most large bays: Sakhalin, Tugursky, Shelikhova, etc. There are also several lips here - deeply cutting into the land sea ​​bays that form the basin of large rivers. Among them are Penzhinskaya, Gizhiginskaya, Udskaya, Tauyskaya. Thanks to the bays, water exchange in the seas also occurs. And on this moment scientists call this question rather problematic.

Straits

They are part Okhotsk basin. This is the important element that connects the reservoir with and also with the Pacific Ocean. In addition, there are low and shallow and Nevelsk. They do not play a special role, since they are quite small. But the Krusenstern and Bussol straits are different large area, while their maximum depth reaches 500 meters. In many ways, they regulate the salinity of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Bottom and coastline

The depths of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are not uniform. From the side of Sakhalin and the mainland, the bottom is represented by a shoal - a continuation of the Asian part of the mainland. Its width is approximately 100 km. The rest of the bottom (about 70%) is represented by the continental slope. Near the Kuril Islands, next to about. Iturup is a sore cavity. In this place, the depth of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk reaches 2,500 meters. At the bottom of the reservoir, two large towering sections of relief are distinguished with rather original names: the hill of the Institute of Oceanology and the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk belongs to different geomorphological forms. Most of them are high and steep slopes. Only western territory Kamchatka and the east Sakhalin have a low-lying character. And here north coast is significantly indented.

Water exchange

The continental runoff is small. This is due to the fact that all the rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are not full-flowing, and cannot play a significant role. The most important is r. Cupid, it is on it that more than half of the total indicator of effluents falls. There are others regarding major rivers. This is Hunt, Uda, Bolshaya, Penzhina.

Hydrological characteristic

The reservoir is completely because the salinity of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is quite high. It is 32-34 ppm. It decreases closer to the coast, reaching a mark of 30 ‰, and in the intermediate layer - 34 ‰.

Most of the territory is covered in winter floating ice. Maximum low temperature water in the cold season ranges from -1 to +2 degrees. In summer sea ​​depths warm up to 10-18ºC.

An interesting fact: at a depth of 100 meters there is an intermediate layer of water, the temperature of which does not change throughout the year and is 1.7 ° C below zero.

Climate features

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is located in temperate latitudes. This fact renders big influence on mainland, providing the Aleutian minimum dominates in the cold part of the year on the territory of the reservoir. It greatly influences northern winds, causing storm storms that continue throughout the winter.

In the warm season, weak southeasterly winds come from the mainland. Thanks to them, the air temperature rises to a large extent. However, cyclones come along with them, which can later form typhoons. The duration of such a typhoon can be from 5 to 8 days.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk: resources

They will be discussed further. It is known that Natural resources Sea of ​​Okhotsk is still poorly explored. The sea shelf with its hydrocarbon reserves is of the greatest value. Today, 7 are open on Sakhalin, Kamchatka, in the Khabarovsk Territory and Magadan administrative center. The development of these deposits began in the 70s. However, in addition to oil, the main wealth of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is flora and fauna. They are of great variety. Therefore, the industry is highly developed here. The most valuable species of salmon fish are found in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In the depths, squids are mined, and in terms of catching crabs, the reservoir is in first place in the world. Recently, mining conditions have become more strict and harsh. And there are restrictions on the catch of some fish.

Fur seals, whales, seals live in the northern waters of the sea. Catching these representatives of the animal world is strictly prohibited. IN recent times fishing is gaining popularity sea ​​urchins and shellfish. From flora matter different types seaweed. Speaking about the use of the sea, it is worth noting its importance in transport sector. She is a priority. Important sea lines are laid here. trade routes, which connect big cities Korsakov (Sakhalin), Magadan, Okhotsk and others.

Ecological problems

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk, like other waters of the World Ocean, suffers from human activities. Here are fixed ecological problems in the form of a drain of oil products and residues of gas compounds. Also quite problematic are the waste of industrial and household enterprises.

get dirty coastal zone began with the development of the first offshore fields, but until the end of the 80s it did not have such large-scale dimensions. Now human anthropogenic activity has reached a critical point and requires immediate resolution. The largest concentration of waste and pollution is concentrated off the coast of Sakhalin. This is mainly due to rich oil deposits.

The area is 1603 thousand km². The average depth is 821 m, the maximum depth is 3916 m. The western part of the sea is located above a gentle continuation of the continent and has a shallow depth. In the center of the sea are the Deryugin depressions (in the south) and the TINRO depression. In the eastern part is located Kuril basin, in which the depth is maximum. From October to May - June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. southeastern part practically does not freeze. The coast in the north is heavily indented, in the northeast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is its largest bay - Shelikhov Bay. Of the smaller bays of the northern part, the most famous are the Eiriney Bay and the bays of Shelting, Zabiyaka, Babushkina, Kekurny. In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka Peninsula is practically devoid of bays. To the west, the coastline is heavily indented, forming the Sakhalin Bay and the Shantar Sea. In the south, the largest are Aniva and Patience bays, Odessa Bay on Iturup Island. The rivers Amur, Okhota, Kukhtui flow into it. The Amur River brings about 370 billion cubic meters of water per year, which is 65% of the flow of all rivers flowing into the sea.

Most of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk outside the territorial waters of Russia and Japan belongs to the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Russia, with the exception of a small part adjacent to the island of Hokkaido and belonging to the Japanese EEZ, as well as a narrow enclave in the central part of the sea, which is located at a distance of more than than 200 nautical miles from all coasts. The specified enclave, completely surrounded by the EEZ of the Russian Federation, at the request of Russia and the subsequent decision of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of March 14, 2014, was assigned to the continental shelf of Russia, due to which the Russian Federation has exclusive rights to subsoil and seabed resources in this part (but not on the covering waters and air space above them); there are sometimes erroneous statements in the media that the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is entirely Russian internal waters.

hydronym

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is named after the Okhota River, which in turn comes from Evensk. okat - "river". Previously it was called Lamsky (from the Evensk lam - “sea”), as well as the Kamchatka Sea. The Japanese traditionally called this sea the Hokkai (北海), literally "North Sea". But since now this name refers to the North Sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, they changed the name of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk to Ohotsuku-kai (オホーツク海), which is an adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.

Legal regime

Western sector of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from a height of 5100 m, from the board of the An-26-100, flight Khabarovsk - Okhotsk

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk consists of internal waters, territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of two coastal states - Russia and Japan. In terms of its international legal status, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is closest to a semi-enclosed sea (Article 122 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea), since it is surrounded by two or more states and mainly consists of territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of two states, but it is not one, since it is connected to the rest of the world's oceans not by a single narrow passage, but by a series of passages. In the central part of the sea at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines in the area with coordinates 50°42′ N. sh. - 55°42′ s. sh. and 148°30'E. d. - 150°44′ E e. there is a section elongated in the meridional direction, traditionally referred to in English literature as Peanut Hole, which is not included in the exclusive economic zone and is an open sea outside the jurisdiction of Russia; in particular, any country in the world has the right to fish here and conduct other activities permitted by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, excluding activities on the shelf. Since this region is an important element for the reproduction of the population of some species of commercial fish, the governments of some countries expressly prohibit their vessels from fishing in this area of ​​the sea.

On November 13-14, 2013, a subcommittee established within the framework of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf agreed with the arguments of the Russian delegation as part of the consideration of the application of the Russian Federation for recognition of the bottom of the above-mentioned area high seas extension of the Russian continental shelf. On March 15, 2014, the 33rd session of the Commission in 2014 adopted a positive decision on the Russian application, first filed in 2001, and filed in a new wording in early 2013, and central part Sea of ​​Okhotsk outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation was recognized as the continental shelf of Russia. Consequently, in the central part, other states are prohibited from mining "sedentary" biological resources(e.g. crab, shellfish) and subsoil development. Catching other biological resources, such as fish, is not subject to the restrictions of the continental shelf. Consideration of the application on the merits became possible due to the position of Japan, which, by an official note dated May 23, 2013, confirmed its consent for the Commission to consider the essence of the application without regard to resolving the issue of the Kuril Islands.

temperature and salinity

In the cold season, more than half of the sea surface is covered with ice for 6-7 months. In winter, the water temperature at the sea surface ranges from -1.8 to 2.0 °C, in summer the temperature rises to 10-18 °C.

Below the surface layer, at a depth of about 50-150 meters, there is an intermediate cold layer of water, the temperature of which does not change during the year and is about −1.7 °C.

The waters of the Pacific Ocean entering the sea through the Kuril Straits form deep water masses with a temperature of 2.5-2.7 ° C (at the very bottom - 1.5-1.8 ° C). IN coastal areas with a significant river flow, the water has a temperature of about 0 ° C in winter, and 8-15 ° C in summer.

15 ships, on which there were about 700 people, were captured by ice.

The operation was carried out by the forces of the icebreaking flotilla: the icebreakers "Admiral Makarov" and "Krasin", the icebreaker "Magadan" and the tanker "Victoria" worked as auxiliary vessels. Coordinating Headquarters rescue operation was in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the work was carried out under the leadership of the Deputy Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Viktor Olersky.

Most of the ships got out on their own, the icebreakers rescued four ships: the trawler "Cape Elizabeth", the research vessel "Professor Kizevetter" (first half of January, "Admiral Makarov"), the refrigerator "Coast of Hope" and the mother ship "Commonwealth".

The second liberated ship was the Professor Kizevetter, whose captain, as a result of the investigation, was deprived of his diploma for six months.

In the area of ​​January 14, the icebreakers gathered together the remaining ships in distress, after which the icebreakers escorted both ships of the caravan on a coupler.

After the “mustache” of the “Commonwealth” was broken, it was decided to first pass through heavy ice refrigerator .

Wiring was suspended around January 20 due to weather conditions, but on January 24 it was possible to bring the refrigerator "Coast of Hope" to clean water.

On January 26, the towing "whiskers" broke again, we had to lose time for the delivery of new ones by helicopter.

On January 31, the Sodruzhestvo floating base was also taken out of ice captivity, the operation ended at 11:00 Vladivostok time.

In culture

• Two-part Australian documentary"Wild Sea of ​​Russia" (eng. Russia's Wild Sea,) is dedicated to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Notes

1. Old maps of Russian cities - from ancient times to the present day (indefinite) . www.retromap.ru Retrieved 15 January 2016.
2. Dobrovolsky A. D., Zalogin B. S. Seas of the USSR. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. With ill., 192 p.
3. A.I.Alekseev, V.A.Nizovtsev, E.V.Kim, G.Ya.Lisenkova, V.I.Sirotin. Geography of Russia. Household and geographical areas. Grade 9 / A.I. Alekseev. - 15th, stereotypical. - Moscow: Bustard, 2014. - S. 254-255.
4. Revised partial submission of the Russian Federation to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in respect of the continental shelf in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Part 1. Summary. 2013.
5. The UN Commission included the enclave in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk into the Russian continental shelf. UN news. March 14, 2014.
6. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is our everything (indefinite) . // rg.ru. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
7. FAO: World review of highly migratory species and straddling stocks…
8. Diagram of Peanut Hole
9. http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/eng01_rev13/2013_05_23_JPN_NV_UN_001.pdf
10. ESIMO (indefinite) . Retrieved February 6, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
11. Bondarenko, Anna.