New data on the history of the development of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea from the Late Glacial to the present. Baltic Sea

The study of the early ontogenesis of marine fish is associated with the development of a number of important theoretical and practical problems. The expansion of the range of the species, its adaptation to new environmental conditions is determined to a large extent by the ecological and physiological lability of the population in early ontogeny. Numerous studies testify to the decisive importance in the formation of generations of the embryonic and postembryonic periods of development.

In connection with the growing importance of marine products, problems arise not only in the development of commercial resources, but also in their protection. Successful solution of these problems requires a deep knowledge of the biology of fish in all periods of the life cycle and, above all, in early ontogenesis, which mainly determines the adaptation of the species to new environmental conditions and its survival in artificial conditions.

At present, an important place in marine ichthyology is occupied by the study of planktonic phases of fish development - pelagic eggs and larvae. Quantitative accounting of ichthyoplankton can be considered as one of the most representative methods for estimating the number of fish populations /41/.

Many species pass through two planktonic phases of life in ontogenesis (the phase of eggs and the phase of larvae); others - one planktonic phase (the larval phase). Therefore, data on the species composition and abundance of fish larvae can give good information on the species composition of the ichthyofauna. Numerous fish larvae, as consumers of plant plankton, on the one hand, and as food objects for various planktonic and nektonic organisms, on the other hand, play an important role in the tropho-dynamic processes of the sea /31/.

The history of ichthyoplankton research in the Baltic Sea is 100 years old. Their origins were German scientists from the Helgoland Biological Station and the Kiel Marine Laboratory - Ehrenbaum, Shrodtmann and Apshtein. They made the first descriptions of eggs and larvae of Baltic fish and some features of their distribution. Systematic quantitative ichthyoplankton collections in the Baltic Sea proper were started by S. Shtrodtman in 1903. GB Grauman made a significant contribution to the study of Baltic ichthyoplankton. The main direction of her research was the study of distribution features and patterns of population formation in early ontogeny (roe, larvae). The history of Soviet research was continued in Russia by the efforts of the Baltic Sea Laboratory at AtlantNIRO, restored in 1992 /128/.

The coastal zone (as a natural object) is a part of the World Ocean with an adjacent coast, formed under the influence of Holocene marine processes. It includes the coast, coast and shelf. The morphological maritime boundary of the coastal zone is an area with a sharp inflection of the transverse profile, which determines the transition of the shelf to the continental slope. The land boundary of the coastal zone is limited by the position of morphological or lithological features of the marine impact of the Holocene time (the first terrace or marine deposits not covered by aerial deposits) /1/.

The shallow coastal zone of the South-East Baltic is an area that provides the formation of stocks of commercial species and small non-commercial fish, which play an important role in the trophic chains of the ecosystem. Small groups of herring and sprats spawn here - one of the main commercial objects of the Baltic Sea. At the end of summer - beginning of autumn, coastal shallow water becomes a feeding area for juvenile sprat. At the same time, the coastal zone is the focus of many interests, which are often incompatible with the goals of environmental conservation and sustainable fisheries. Thus, the coastal area of ​​the South-Eastern Baltic (Kaliningrad region) has become an arena of intensive management, which is developing rapidly due to the activation and development of investment-attractive sectors of the economy associated with the use of coastal zone resources (for example, the development of oil fields). In addition, the study area is the final water body for the bulk of both pollutants and natural substances /1/. The main way to preserve the ecosystem in the conditions of anthropogenic pressure is to monitor the state of natural ecosystems, an element of which is the ichthyoplankton complex, which is formed in coastal zone. In addition, the study of the dynamics of ichthyoplankton makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the natural reproduction of fish stocks and establish the limits of safe fishing.

Studies of the early ontogenesis of fish, conducted by AtlantNIRO in 2000-2005, were carried out with the aim of understanding the mechanism of population formation, assessing changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of ichthyoplankton, which can serve as an important indicator of future changes in the adult community. However, despite the century-old history of studying the ichthyoplankton of the Baltic Sea, the composition and its spatial and temporal dynamics in the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic of the Kaliningrad region still remain poorly understood. In this paper, for the first time, the results of long-term ichthyoplankton studies in the coastal region are summarized and analyzed. Purpose and tasks of the work.

The aim of the work is: to study the structure and patterns of formation of the ichthyoilactic community of the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic under the influence of abiotic factors.

In the process of work, the following tasks were solved:

1) Assess the species structure and abundance of ichthyoplankton in the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea;

2) Analyze spatial, interannual and seasonal changes abundance and distribution of fish eggs and larvae;

3) Compile a catalog of fish larvae and fry found in ichthyoplankton in 2000-2005;

4) To analyze the influence of abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton;

5) Study the morphology and identify the presence or absence of morphological abnormalities in the development of fish larvae and fry.

Scientific novelty. On the basis of modern data on the ichthyoplankton of the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic, the species structure and population dynamics of the ichthyoilactic complex, as well as species diversity using information indicators, were studied for the first time. For the first time, a catalog of larvae and fry of fish found in the ichthyoplankton of the South-Eastern Baltic has been compiled. The abiotic factors influencing the formation of the ichthyoplankton community have been identified. For the first time, studies of the morphological state of larvae and fry of fish in the study area were carried out in order to identify deformities in development and slowly accumulating changes in the rate of differentiation and the rate of their growth.

Practical significance of research. The results of the work serve as initial information on the state of stocks and habitats of the Baltic fish in accordance with the thematic plan of research work of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise AtlantNIRO. The data are presented at the ICES scientific session to develop ecosystem assessments of the state of stocks and recommendations for fishery management measures, and are also used to monitor the areas of soil dumps and infrastructure of the Kravtsovskoye (D-6) oil field in the Baltic Sea. The performed researches allow to plan accounting surveys for ichthyoplankton. The compiled catalog of fish larvae and fry gives an idea of ​​the ichthyoplankton community of the study area. Studies on the assessment of the morphological state of fish larvae and fry revealed the absence of anomalies in their development at early ontogenetic stages.

Provisions for defense:

1) Features of the species structure of the ichthyoplankton community of the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic of the Kaliningrad region and its spatial and temporal variability;

2) The nature of the relationship between the variability of species composition, the number of ichthyoplankton and hydrological factors;

3) Evaluation of the possibility of using morphological analysis of fish larvae and fry to characterize the quality of the environment in the South-East Baltic.

Approbation of work. The results of scientific research underlying the dissertation were repeatedly presented at seminars of the Department of the Baltic Sea and Limans, at a meeting of the biological section of the Scientific Council of AtlantNIRO (2005), at a scientific session of ICES (Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002), at the Second All-Russian School of Marine biology in the section "Marine flora and fauna of the northern latitudes: mechanisms of adaptation and regulation of the growth of organisms" (Murmansk, 2003), at the International Scientific Conference "Innovations in Science and Education - 2005", dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the founding of KSTU and the 750th anniversary Koenigsberg-Kaliningrad (Kaliningrad, 2005).

The author expresses his sincere gratitude to the supervisor of the dissertation work, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Shibaev Sergey Vadimovich. I express my deep gratitude to Cand. biol. Sciences, senior researcher Karaseva Elena Mikhailovna and Senior Researcher laboratory of the Baltic Sea, the head of the ecology group Alexander Stepanovich Zezere for comprehensive assistance and critical remarks on the essence of the work.

I consider it necessary to thank the head of the Department of the Baltic Sea and Limans of AtlantNIRO, Ph.D. biol. Sciences. Feldman Valery Nikolaevich, Head of the Baltic Sea Laboratory Nikolai Alexandrovich Nazarov, researcher of the Baltic Sea Laboratory Tatyana Georgievna Vasiliev for constant attention and support in the work. I would like to express my gratitude to the employee of the Baltic Sea Laboratory V.P. Shopov for direct participation in the collection of materials for writing a dissertation.

1. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The work used materials obtained during ichthyoplankton surveys in the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea within depths from 5 to 50 m (subarea 26, EEZ Russian Federation, Kaliningrad region), in research expeditions on the ships STM-K-1711 "Atlantniro", STM-K-1704 "Atlantis", SChS-7011 "Baltika" and MRTK "Udria" for the period 2000-2005. (May-June, July, August, October). The layout of ichthyoplankton stations is shown in Figure 1.

In scientific expeditions, when collecting ichthyoplankton, the IKS-80 ichthyoplankton net was used: a standard (or half a meter, respectively, throat area) net with a throat area of ​​0.5 m2 and a total length of 5 m. The inner diameter of the hoop is 80 cm. This net is a conical bag from a silk sieve (gas No. 21) and calico, the base of which is reinforced with a metal hoop, and the top ends with a glass. The length of the mesh cone from the top to the base along the side is 300 cm, the circumference of the base is 252 cm, the circumference of the top is 25 cm.

Samples were collected by means of vertical (total) catches (the entire study period is an indicator of the number of specimens/m2), as well as surface or horizontal catches (July is an indicator of the number of specimens/catch).

Vertical fishing was carried out with an ichthyoplankton net from the bottom to the surface, regardless of the depth of the place, with additional work by the ship's engine during the station. The net, attached to the torso of the winch and equipped with a load, is carried overboard and lowered down until the net hoop reaches the surface of the water. Then the counter is set to zero and with the help of a winch the net is lowered to a predetermined depth, noting the angle of deviation of the cable from the vertical. Having stopped the network, they immediately begin to select it at a speed of 1m / s. When making a total catch, they stop the net, usually not reaching the bottom of about 5 m.

Surface fishing was carried out on the circulation of the vessel for 5 minutes (net depth from 1.5 to 3.0 m).

After rising to the deck, the nets were rinsed in buckets, and then the catch of the IKS-80 net was filtered through a sieve No. , run time) and filled with 4% formalin solution (9 volumes of water and 1 volume of 40% formalin).

Figure 1 - Scheme of the location of ichthyoplankton stations in the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic (26th subarea, EEZ of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad region) in 2000-2005.

Data for each sample, indicating: number, coordinates, date, time of fishing, depth of place, weather conditions, length of the etched cable, angle of deviation of the cable, were recorded in the plankton log. The samples were delivered to the shore for office processing. Processing of ichthyoplankton samples was carried out according to the standard method: identification of eggs and larvae of fish, accounting for their abundance and measurement of the length of larvae, which was carried out using the eyepiece-micrometer of the MBS-9 binocular. The measurement accuracy was 0.1 mm /42, 85/.

Between 2000 and 2005 19 surveys and 457 ichthyoplankton stations were made, 764 specimens were identified and measured. eggs and 14135 specimens. fish larvae (table 1 and 2).

Table 1 - Number of ichthyoplankton stations carried out in the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic Sea in 2000-2005

Years Months May-June July August October

2000 5 (24-27.05) 74 (04-06.07) - -

2001 8 (23-28.05) 88 (04-06.07) 8 (22-23.08) 8 (24-25.10)

2002 11 (20.05-01.06) 92 (08-11.07) 14 (24-27.08) -

2003 20 (21.05-06.06) - 16 (26-31.08) 4 (31.10-01.11)

2004 10 (20.05-03.06) 30 (28-29.07) 16 (12-15.08) 9 (28-31.10)

2005 18 (22.05-02.06) - 17 (03-07.08) 9 (09-11.10)

TOTAL 72 284 71 30

Table 2 - Volume of collected and processed material

Completed ichthyoplankton surveys 19

Collected ichthyoplankton samples 536 including:

Vertical fishing 394

Horizontal fishing 142

Measured and identified by species of eggs and larvae of fish, ind. 14899 including:

Caviar, specimen 764

Larvae, specimen: 14135

Including larvae for morphometric analysis, ind. 698

In the areas of accumulation of fish larvae, an additional collection of ichthyoplankton was carried out in order to identify and study morphological deviations in the development of fish larvae and fry. During the voyage of STM K-1711 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea, ichthyoplankton samples were collected. From May 15 to June 2004, and also from May 22 to June 01, 2005, 27 ichthyoplankton samples were collected in the areas of accumulation of fish larvae by vertical fishing of the bottom-surface layer. The IKS-80 net served as a fishing tool. In the period from August 07 to 26, 2004 and from August 2 to August 17, 2005, larvae and fry of fish caught on ichthyoplankton (IKS-80) and mysid surveys (Isaacs-Kidda trawl) were studied. 79 samples were collected, 698 specimens were measured. fish larvae and fry (Figure 2-3, Tables 2 and 3).

Monitoring of the morphological state of fish larvae included: 1) visual testing of fish larvae from the monitoring area; 2) measurement of various morphometric parameters of the body in order to identify slowly accumulating changes in the rate of differentiation and growth rate of fish larvae and assess the degree of interannual differences.

Visual testing of larvae, larvae-fry and fry of fish included the detection of the following anomalies /142/: 1) absence of the lower jaw, curvature of the jaws; 2) defects in the development of the eyes (absence or deformation of the lens, absence or mosaic color of the iris); 3) defects in the development of the digestive system (abnormally shortened or thickened intestinal tube); 4) abnormal type of pigmentation; 5) fused individuals.

The measurement of various morphometric parameters of the body was carried out according to the following scheme:

Sprat (mm): 1. Total length (to the end of the fin fold or tail rays); 2. Standard length (to the end of the chord); 3. Preanal distance (from the tip of the upper jaw to the anus); 4. Postanal distance (from the anus to the end of the tail); 5. Head length (from the end of the upper jaw to the base of the pectoral fin); 6. Head height; 7. Body height in the region of the dorsal fin anlage; 8. Measurement of the length and height of the yolk sac (if any).

Steers (mm): 1. Overall length; 2. Preanal distance; 3. Postal distance; 4. Head length; 5. Predorsal length (from the end of the upper jaw to the end of the dorsal fin); 6. Length of the caudal peduncle (from the end of the dorsal fin to the beginning of the caudal fin).

The work was carried out in two stages:

1). Ichthyoplankton survey (May and August): For this station, a double fishery with an ichthyoplankton net was carried out. The first sample was fixed with formalin.

The second was immediately sorted to obtain fish larvae, which were measured according to the above scheme. The analysis presented all available size classes at 0.5 mm intervals. In samples in each size class, at least 5, and in modal classes, at least 10 larvae and fry of each species were measured with an accuracy of 0.1 mm;

Figure 2 - Scheme of stations for morphological monitoring of fish larvae in May and August 2004-2005. (fishing gear - ichthyoplankton net IKS-80) in August 2004-2005. (fishing gear - trawl Isaacs-Kidda)

Table 3 - Number of stations completed for morphological monitoring of fish larvae in 2004-2005

YEAR Date Fishing gear Number of stations Industrial fish larvae ereno 4 malys sprat gobies

2004 15.05-06.06 IKS-80 10 190 -

11-23.08 IKS-80 11 - 21

17-20.08 Isaacs-Kidda trawl 9 78 109

TOTAL 30 268 130

2005 22.05-01.06 IKS-80 17 125 -

02-12.08 IKS-80 18 - 27

08-17.08 Isaacs-Kidda trawl 14 64 84

TOTAL 49 189 sh

2). Selection of fish larvae and fry during mysid survey. The survey is carried out with a 10-foot model of the Isaacs-Kydd trawl with an ichthyoplankton net insert (gas #21). Trawl stations are operated only during the hours of darkness (approximately from midnight local time until dawn).

The trawl is operated from the port (or starboard) side of the vessel. The technique of releasing and receiving a trawl on board in the conditions of an STM-type vessel is being worked out in the course of experimental work, taking into account the technical capabilities of the vessel. Standard trawls are carried out by step fishing from the bottom to the surface.

The order of execution of trawling. Upon reaching the trawling point, the navigator slows down the speed of the vessel to 3 knots, switches on the echo sounder in the mode of operation with IGEK and releases the IGEK. After that, he gives a command to the deck to start setting the trawl. On this command, the employee, who is at the side, throws the net part of the trawl overboard and gives the command to the navigator to poison the winch warp. The pickling of the warp is first carried out at the first speed, after immersing it in water - at the second speed. At the same time, it is constantly monitored so that slack and warp sag do not form during pickling. this may cause the trawl to roll over.

When setting the trawl, the navigator monitors the trawl's immersion using the echo sounder and IGEK readings. After the trawl enters the near-bottom horizon and the pickling of the warp stops, the time is recorded (by a stopwatch), because from this moment the trawl starts to catch. Further, “stepped” fishing along the horizons is carried out. The distance between the horizons is kept the same, the optimal distance is 10 m, but depending on the specific conditions, it can be somewhat less (7-8 m) or more (10-12 m).

As the practice of surveying with the Isaacs-Kydd trawl in the Baltic Sea has shown, the optimal trawl time on each horizon is 1 minute. The transition from one horizon to another should be carried out smoothly, without jumps. On the echo tape, the trawl line should look almost like an oblique line. To do this, the trawl is lifted to the next horizon at the first speed. The last horizon is the surface layer. The exit of the trawl to the surface is monitored by an employee on deck. He instructs the navigator to stop the winch and marks the time. After the time of trawling in the surface horizon, the employee instructs the navigator to select the trawl and slow down to the smallest speed.

The time of work with the trawl is recorded using a stopwatch. The stopwatch is switched on after the trawl has reached the bottom horizon and the winch has stopped. When the trawl moves from one horizon to another, the stopwatch continues to run. The stopwatch is turned off after the surface horizon has been completed, the hauling of the trawl has begun and the speed has slowed down.

The trawling course is selected depending on the weather conditions. In calm weather (wind up to 3 points) it is advisable to trawl along the isobath or downwind. In fresh weather (wind force more than 3 points), the optimal trawling course is with the wind blowing against the vessel's cheekbone.

Catch processing. After the lifting of the trawl is completed, with the help of a special exhaust end, the end of the trawl is pulled on board, then the entire net part. After that, it is fixed on the duck, and the buffoon is suspended vertically and washed off with water from a hose so that all the animals stuck to the sieve are washed into the glass. Next, the contents of the glass are poured into a bucket. Fish larvae and fry were taken from 1/10 of the mysid net catch before formalin fixation and were examined immediately. The obtained number of larvae and fry of fish from 1/10 of the part was recalculated for the entire volume of the sample.

Filling out the journal and labels. The survey log contains all the necessary information that will be required for further processing and analysis of the collected material. The journal is filled after each station. The following data is entered into the journal: 1) station number (continuous numbering); 2) Station coordinates; 3) Completion date; 4) Station start and end time; 5) Depth of the station site; 6) The length of the etched winch warp; 7) The speed of the vessel during the execution of the station (in knots); 8) Fished horizons; 9) Trawling time on the horizon; 10) The total duration of trawling (from reaching the near-bottom horizon to the end of fishing on the surface horizon in minutes and seconds, by stopwatch); 11) The mass of the caught jellyfish; 12) What part of the sample is fixed (to be filled in in case of taking a sub-sample); 13) Water temperature and salinity along the horizons from the bottom to the surface /67, 73, 76/.

The label indicates the minimum data that makes it easy to determine which station a given sample belongs to, even if part of the record is erased.

The following data must be indicated on the label: 1) Date of completion of the station; 2) station number; 3) Depth of place; 4) The total duration of the trawl. The standard label (parchment) is filled in with a pencil.

The total amount of collected and processed material in 2000-2005. presented in table 3

Ichthyoplankton samples were collected at the sites of hydrological stations.

Hydrological observations in the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic in 2000-2005. were carried out by the SBE-19 probe (Sea Bird Electronic, Ltd., USA), which was attached to the frame of the FSI oceanological complex, by continuous sounding of the bottom-surface layer. Temperature, salinity and concentration of oxygen dissolved in water were measured at each station. The oxygen sensor was calibrated at four deep water stations in the central part of the Gdansk Basin. Water samples were taken using the rosette of the FSI complex. The concentration of oxygen dissolved in water was determined by the Winkler method on a Dosimat 715 titration stand (Hydrobios, Germany) /62-77/.

To study the species diversity of the ichthyoplankton complex of the coastal zone of the ichthyoplankton complex, the following indices and indicators were used /2, 60,102/:

Shannon species diversity index Н= - (1) y^(^-l)

Simpson species diversity index D= 1- A d^dg ^ (2)

Dominance index (according to Simpson, 1949) С= 2J 77 (3)

1 \ N) where ni is the abundance of each species; N is the total number of ichthyoplankton. H

Pielow's evenness index E= ,

4) where H is the Shannon species diversity index; n is the number of ichthyoplankton species.

For a comparative assessment of the qualitative composition of ichthyoplankton complexes of vertical and horizontal catches, the coefficient of species similarity (S) was used, to take into account quantitative characteristics - the index of species similarity of A. S. Konstantinov (K):

2C where A is the number of species in sample A; B is the number of species in sample B; C is the number of species common to both samples.

K=^mm(pAj,pB), (6) where paj and pb,i are the proportion of the i-th element in systems A and B, respectively; n is the number of elements that are the same for both systems. O

During the mysid survey, the number of larvae (N) was calculated in ind./1000 m: P

Number of larvae N=-^-1000) (7) o where nj - number of fish larvae in the catch, ind.; 1000 - conversion factor per 1000 m; V is the volume of filtered water, m3.

The volume of filtered water V = svl, (8) L where s is the area of ​​the trawl mouth, 7 m; v - trawling speed (3 knots or 1.54 m/s); t - duration of trawling, sec.

In the morphological analysis of fish larvae, the following statistical indicators were used /85/: "V 2 X Xi

Standard deviation d = \) , (9) n where Xj - value of options; x - arithmetic mean; n is the number of options.

Standard error. r ~ /n "^^ where d2 is the standard deviation; n is the number of options.

Fisher criterion F = , (11)

O 2 where - Z21 and S22 - standard deviations of two sets of data.

Normalized deviation t \u003d g, (12) where - x 1 and x2 - arithmetic mean; 2 are the standard errors of the two datasets.

The calculation of statistical parameters and the construction of statistical graphs were carried out using the program STATISTICA v 6.0 /86/.

1. In the composition of the coastal ichthyoplankton of the South-East Baltic, 4 species of eggs and 15 species of fish larvae and fry were found. They can be attributed to two main assemblages: 1) pelagic eggs and larvae of species that breed mainly in the water column of deep-water basins and coastal zone (sprat prevailed); 2) the dominant group - larvae of species with bottom eggs, breeding in the shallow coastal zone (small goby predominated).

2. The ichthyoplankton community of the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic belongs to the group with medium and low biotic diversity. The number of species is distributed unevenly, and the dominant role in the ichthyoplankton community is played by a limited number of species, which is a characteristic feature of the study area.

3. Seasonal variability of ichthyoplankton in the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic is pronounced. Peak numbers and maximum amount species recorded in July. The longest period of occurrence in ichthyoplankton is in eggs (May-July) and larvae of sprat (May-August), as well as in larvae of the small goby (May-October).

4. Interannual variability in the abundance and species composition of ichthyoplankton in the coastal zone of the South-East Baltic was revealed. The largest abundance and species richness of eggs were observed in 2001. The peak of abundance and species richness of fish larvae was recorded in 2000.

5. The most noticeable influence on the formation of the abundance and species composition of ichthyoplankton in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea in 2000-2005. provided the temperature regime of the waters. Interannual and seasonal fluctuations in the abundance and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton were due to temperature characteristic seasons (warm or relatively cold).

6. In the area of ​​the Vistula Spit, in contrast to the rest of the study area, the relationship with elevated temperatures and the concentration of fish eggs and larvae was insignificant. This area is characterized by a great influence on the distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton of the processes of interaction with the deep-water part of the Gulf of Gdansk. Therefore, here the maximum species diversity and abundance were determined to a greater extent by the removal of ichthyoplankton (sprat, sea burbot, etc.) from the seaward part.

7. The variability of the species composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton is of a natural nature, associated with more or less favorable hydrological conditions for reproduction and is within the limits of natural fluctuations.

8. Morphological analysis of the state of larvae, fry of sprat and small goby showed the absence of deviations and anomalies in their development. The morphometric characteristics of the ichthyoplankton of these fish species corresponded to the values ​​obtained in studies more than 40 years ago and taken as the “norm”. The process of formation of morphological deviations of fish larvae and fry is not yet affected by anthropogenic factors. To assess the quality of the environment in the South-East Baltic, the morphological analysis of larvae and fry must be considered in the long term at the genetic level.

1. Aibulatov, N.A. Activity of Russia in the coastal zone of the sea and problems of ecology / N.A. Aibulatov; under. ed. IN AND. Osipov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Oceanology. P.P. Shirshov. -M, 2005. - 364 p.

2. Alimov, A.F. Diversity in animal communities / A.F. Alimov // Biol. diversity approaches to study and conservation: Mater, Conf. Biol. in-ta RAS and Zool. Institute of RAS, Leningrad, February 14-15. and May 14-15, 1990 - St. Petersburg, 1992. - S. 153162.

3. Alisov, B.P. Climatology course / B.P. Alisov. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1952. - Part 1, Part 2. - 487 p.

4. Antonov, A.E. Large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological regime of the Baltic Sea and its impact on the fishery / A.E. Antonov L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987.-248 p.

5. Anthropogenic impacts on coastal marine ecosystems: collection of scientific articles. M.: ed. VNIRO, 1986.-182 p.

6. Appolov, A.B. Some results of studies of macrobenthic fauna in the Eastern Baltic in 1986-1988. / A.B. Appolov // Actual problems of fishery science in the work of young scientists: Sat. scientific tr. / VNIRO. M.: Ed. VNIRO, 1990.-S. 40-58.

7. Arsen'eva, N.Ya. Calculation of atmospheric precipitation and evaporation in the Baltic Sea for 1951-1970. / N.Ya. Arseniev // Tr. GOIN. 1978. - Issue. 147. -S. 82-102.

8. Atlas of waves and winds of the Baltic Sea. Tallinn, 1965. - 87 p.

9. Atlas of waves and winds of the Gulf of Finland. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1967. - 48 p.

10. Atlas of hydrometeorological phenomena dangerous and especially dangerous for navigation and fishing. North and Baltic seas. L., 1980. - 168 p.

11. Atlas of typical wind fields. Klaipeda, 1980. - 180 p.

12. Babich, S.V. Probabilistic analysis and modeling of synoptic, seasonal and interannual variability of wind and waves / S.V. Babich // Probabilistic analysis and modeling of oceanological processes. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.- S. 43-78.

13. Betin, V.V. Ice conditions in the area of ​​the Baltic Sea and on the approaches to it and their long-term changes / V.V. Betin // Tr. GOIN. 1957. - Issue. 41. - S. 54-125.

14. Betin, V.V. Permanent Currents in the Open Part of the Baltic Sea Proper /

15. B.V. Betin, P.V. Panteleev // Collection of works of the Leningrad GMO. 1968. - Issue. 5.1. C.55-95.

16. Betin, V.V. Seasonal variations of the scheme of constant currents in the Baltic Sea and their changes under the influence of the wind / V.V. Betin, P.V. Panteleev // Collection of Leningrad GMO and Petrozavodsk GMO. 1970. - Issue. 6. - S. 45-69.

17. Biryukov, N.P. Baltic sprat (Biological state and economic use) / N.P. Biryukov. L .: Publishing house Leningrad. un-ta, 1980. - 144 p.

18. Borisenko, M.M. Some results of studies of the regime of strong winds in the Baltic and in the north-west of the ET USSR / M.M. Borisenko, N.K. Kravchenko // Tr. Zap.-Sib.NIGMI. 1979.-№45.-S. 41-51.

19. Borisov, A.A. Climatic features of the Kaliningrad region / A.A. Borisov // Izv.VGO. 1972. - No. 2. - S. 84-91.

20. Buz, A.I. Conditions for the formation of squalls in the south of the Baltic states / A.I. Buz //Tr.GMTs. -1973.-Iss. 105.-S. 46-54.

21. Buz A.I. Questions of forecasting wind speed / A.I. Buz // Weather-forming processes and dangerous weather phenomena over Lithuania and the Kaliningrad region. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. - S. 120-128.

22. Wind and waves in the oceans and seas. Reference data. Register of the USSR. L.: Transport, 1974. - 360 p.

23. Hydrometeorological characteristics of the Baltic Sea / comp. L.F. Rudovica. -M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1943. 249 p.

24. Hydrometeorological conditions of the shelf zone of the seas of the USSR. Handbook.T. 1. -Issue 1. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1983. - 173 p.

25. Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the seas. T.Z. Baltic Sea. Issue. 2. Hydrometeorological conditions and oceanological foundations of the formation of biological productivity / ed. F. S. Terzieva /and others/ St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1994.-435 p.

26. Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the Seas of the USSR. T.Z. Baltic Sea. Issue. 1. Hydrometeorological conditions / ed. F. S. Terzieva /and others/ St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1992.-450 p.

27. Grauman, G.B. Spawning ecology of the Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias L.) and factors that determine its effectiveness / G.B. Grauman. Kaliningrad, 1968. -20 p.

28. Davidan, I.N. Wind waves in the World Ocean / I.N. Davidan, L.I. Lopatukhin, V.A. Rozhkov. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 256 p.

29. Davidan, I.N. Long-term changes in hydrological conditions in the central part of the Baltic Sea and their connection with atmospheric processes / I.N. Davidan, A.E. Mikhailov, A.I. Smirnova // Meteorology and hydrology. 1989. - No. 8. - S. 6573.

30. Dekhnik, T.V. Ichthyoplankton of the Black Sea / T.V. Dekhnik. Kyiv: "scientific thought", 1973.-235 p.

31. Materials of the Second All-Russian School of Marine Biology, Murmansk, November 3-5, 2003. Apatity: Ed. Kola scientific center RAN, 2004. - S. 178181.

32. Ivanovich, V.M. Ichthyoplankton research in the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic / V.M. Ivanovich // Fisheries. 2006. - No. 5. - S. 76.

33. Ignatavichene, I.O. On some features of fluctuations in the circulation of the atmosphere and the climate of the Baltic states / I.O. Ignatavichene // Articles on hydrometeorology. -Vilnius, 1971.-S. 61-72.

34. Research on the dynamics of the waters of the Baltic Sea / ed. R.V. Ozmidova M.: ed. IOAN, 1977.-306 p.

35. Ichthyoplankton and its importance for the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of the World Ocean / Proceedings of the Institute of Oceanology. P. P. Shirshova / M .: Nauka, 1986, - T. 116. 176 p.

36. Casanova, I.I. Key to eggs and larvae of fish of the Baltic Sea and its bays / I.I. Casanova, under ed. ON THE. Dmitrieva // Biology and fishing of the main commercial fish of the Baltic Sea. T. XXVI.: tr. VNIRO. 1954. - S. 221-265.

37. Kaleis, M.V. Modern hydrological conditions in the Baltic Sea / M.V. Kleis //Ambio Special Report. 1976. - No. 4. - P. 37-44.

38. Kalinina, E.M. Reproduction and development of the Azov-Black Sea gobies / E.M. Kalinin. Kyiv: Nauk, Dumka, 1976. - 118 p.

39. Kaushila, K.I. Experience of regionalization of the Southern Baltic according to local factors of climate formation / K.I. Kaushila // Articles on hydrometeorology. Vilnius, 1970.- S. 52-62.

40. Krylova, V.D. Disturbances in the development of Bester at the early stages of ontogenesis with artificial breeding / V.D. Krylov // Proceedings. report V All-Union Conference on the early ontogenesis of fish, Astrakhan, 1-3 Oct. 1991 M., 1991. - S. 194-198.

41. Lebedeva, O.A. Influence of anthropogenic factors on the early ontogenesis of fish / O.A. Lebedev // Proceedings. report V All-Union Conference on the early ontogenesis of fish, Astrakhan, 1-3 Oct. 1991-M., 1991.-S. 149-151.

42. Mykolayunas, M.M. Spatial-temporal structure of dangerous winds over the water area of ​​the transition from the ports of the southern Baltic to Atlantic Ocean/ MM. Mykolayunas: Information letter of the Lithuanian UGKS. Vilnius, 1987. - 124 p.

43. Mikhailov Yu.D. Probabilistic characteristics of coastal currents of the Baltic Sea / Yu.D. Mikhailov // Tr. GOIN. 1972. - Issue. 111. - S. 76-97.

44. Monin, A.S. Variability of the World Ocean / A.S. Monin, V.M. Kamenkovich, V.G. Court. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1974. - 262 p.

45. Moskalkova, K.I. Morpho-ecological features of the development of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pall.) / K.I. Moskalkova // Morpho-ecological analysis of fish development. M.: Nauka, 1967. - S. 48-76.

46. ​​Nemova, N.N. Biochemical indication of the state of fish / N.N. Nemova, R.U. Vysotskaya; ed. M.I. Shatunovsky; IT Biology KarRC RAS. M.: Nauka, 2004.-215 p.

47. Nikolsky, G.V. Private ichthyology / G.V. Nikolsky. Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional Textbook for universities in the specialty "Ichthyology". M.: "High School", 1971. -472 p.

48. Odum, Yu. Fundamentals of ecology / Yu. Odum. M.: Mir, 1975. - 740 p.

49. Report on the flight SRT-4379 to the South-East Baltic in the area of ​​the Gdansk Bay and in the Latvian zone to the Shventoy point in September 1972 / Isp. N.N. Yanchenko and others, Kaliningrad, 1972.-20 p.

50. Report on the implementation of expeditionary oceanological work on the R/V Monocrystal to study drift and non-periodic currents in the water area adjacent to the D-6 structure. Kaliningrad, 1994. - 22 p.

51. Research report on the 25th voyage of R/V-8390 "Atlantis" to the Baltic Sea in May-June 2000 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2000. 43 p.

52. Report on ichthyoplankton and hydrological survey in the area of ​​the coast of the Kaliningrad region on SChS-7011 "Baltic" in the Baltic Sea in July 2000 / Isp. E. A. Gribov et al., Kaliningrad, 2000. 20 p.

53. Research report on the 30th voyage of STM-8391 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in May 2001 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2001. -42 p.

54. Report on ichthyoplankton and hydrological survey in the area of ​​the coast of the Kaliningrad region on SChS-7011 "Baltic" in the Baltic Sea in July 2001 / Isp. E. A. Gribov et al., Kaliningrad, 2001. 18 p.

55. Report on research work MRTK-0749 "Udria" in the Baltic Sea in August 2001 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2001. 13 p.

56. Research report on the 30th voyage of R/V-8390 "Atlantida" to the Baltic Sea in October 2001 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2001.-43 p.

57. Research report on the 33rd voyage of STM-8391 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in May-June 2002 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2002. 44 p.

58. Report on ichthyoplankton and hydrological survey in the area of ​​the coast of the Kaliningrad region on SChS-7011 "Baltic" in the Baltic Sea in July 2002 / Isp. E. A. Gribov et al., Kaliningrad, 2002. 21 p.

59. Report on research work MRTK-0749 "Udria" in the Baltic Sea in August-September 2002 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2002, -11 p.

60. Research report on the 37th voyage of STM-K-1711 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in May-June 2003 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2003. 43 p.

61. Report on research work MRTK-0749 "Udria" in the Baltic Sea in August-September 2003 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2003. -19 p.

62. Research report on the 34th voyage of the STM-K-1704 "Atlantis" to the Baltic Sea in October-November 2003 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2003. 47 p.

63. Research report on the 40th voyage of STM-K-1711 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in May-June 2004 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2004. 48 p.

64. Research report on 41 voyages of STM-K-1711 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in August 2004 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2004. 29 p.

65. Research report on the 42nd voyage of STM-K-1711 "Atlantniro" to the Baltic Sea in October-November 2004 / Beginning. expeditions of A. S. Zezer, Kaliningrad, 2004. 54 p.

66. Essays on the biological productivity of the Baltic Sea / Under. ed. D. E. Gershanovich. M., 1984.- 389 p.

67. Patokina, F.A. Ecology of nutrition and nutritional relations of mass fish of the Baltic Sea / F.A. Patokina // Fishing Issues. 2000. - V. 1, No. 2-3, part II. - S. 86-87.

68. Pinchuk, V.I. On the species composition of goby fish of the genus Pomatoschistus (Gobiidae) in the seas of the USSR / V.I. Pinchuk, M.Ya. Savchuk // Questions of ichthyology. 1982. - Vol. 22, issue. 1,-C. 9-14.

69. Pomeranets, K.S. Spatial variability of water temperature in the Baltic Sea / K.S. Pomeranian // Tr. GOIN. 1972. - Issue. 110. - S. 37-44.

70. Preliminary assessment of the current state of biodiversity within the Kaliningrad region (final): research report // Book 1. X. D. No. 9 / E / Supervisor M. M. Khlopnikov. Kaliningrad. 1996. - 326 p.

71. Problems of research and mathematical modeling of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. International project "Baltic". Issue 1.-L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1983.-255 p.

72. Russ, T.S. Guidelines for the collection of eggs, larvae and fry of fish / T.S. Russ, I.I. Casanova; M: Food industry., 1966. 42 p.

73. Rokitsky, P.F. Biological statistics / P.F. Rokitsky. 3rd ed., rev. Minsk: Higher. school, 1973. - 320 p.

74. Guidelines for the calculation of the elements of the hydrological regime in the coastal zone of the sea and in the mouths of rivers during engineering surveys. Moscow: Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. 112 p.

75. Soskin, I.M. Currents of the Baltic Sea based on the processing of hydrological observations by the dynamic method / I.M. Soskin, L.N. Kuznetsova, V.I. Solovyov // Tr. GOIN 1963. - Issue. 73 - S.76-95.

76. Soskin, I.M. International expeditionary research on the Baltic Sea / I.M. Soskin // Information collection. No. 4 - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1957. S. 8891.

77. Soskin, I.M. Empirical dependencies for calculating wind currents / I.M. Soskin //Tr. GOIN 1962. - Issue. 70, - S. 56-68.

78. Reference book on the climate of the USSR. JL: Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1966 - Issue. 6 h. III. - 92 p.

79. Sustavov, Yu.V. Research of wind currents of the Baltic Sea on the basis of a mathematical model of the interaction of boundary layers / Yu.V. Sustavov, E.S. Chernyshova, I.E. Tsuprova// Tr. GOIN 1982. - Issue. 157. - S. 29-43.

80. Temnikova, I.P. Experience of climatic zoning of the Gulf of Riga / I.P. Temnikova // Meteorology and hydrology. 1972. - No. 7. - S. 108-114.

81. Tkach, A.V. Anthropogenic impact on the nutrition of fish larvae in the Sevastopol Bay / A.V. Weaver // Tez. report V All-Union Conference on the early ontogenesis of fish, Astrakhan, 1-3 Oct. 1991-M., 1991.-S. 155-157.

82. Tupikin, S.N. Types and trajectories of storm cyclones in the southern Baltic / S.N. Tupikin // Abstracts of reports. section 37th Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR, dedicated. Modern problems of studying the World Ocean, Frunze, 1980. P.41-51.

83. Tupikin, S.N. Typification of storm cyclone trajectories for the southern part of the Baltic Sea / S.N. Tupikin // Regime-forming factors, hydrometeorological and hydrochemical processes in the seas of the USSR. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. - S. 260-269.

84. Tylik, K.V. Ichthyofauna of the Kaliningrad region / K.V. Tylik. Reference manual Kaliningrad: Publishing house of KSTU, 2003. - 128 p.

85. Khandozhko, JI.A. Typical trajectories of storm cyclones for the northwest ETC / L.A. Khandozhko //Tr. LGMI, 1964. - Issue. 22. - S. 54-61.

86. Hupfer, P. Baltika. Small sea big problems / P. Hupfer. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982. - 135 p.

87. Tsverava, V.G. Storms on the Baltic Sea and their connection with the ESP / V.G. Tsverava //Tr.GGO. -1965. Issue. 149. - S. 46-52.

88. Zirgoffer, A. The Atlantic Ocean and its seas / A. Zirgoffer. -M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1975. 350 p.

89. Shibaev, S.V. System analysis in fisheries research / S.V. Shibaev. Kaliningrad: KSTU, 2004. - 315 p.

90. Anon. Report of the working group on assessment of pelagic stocks in the Baltic / ICES С.М./ Assess. 1991,-18 p.

91. Anon. Systematic list of Estonian fishes. World Wide Web Electronic Publication, 14 January 2000. http://www.fishbase.org., version (10/2004).

92. Arias, A. Estados juveniles de la ictiofauna en las canos de las salinas de la bahia de Cadiz. Institute de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia / A. Arias and P. Drake // CSIC, 1990. -20 p.

93 Collette, B.B. Family Belonidae Bonaparte 1832 needlefishes / B.B. Collette // Calif. Acad. sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes, 2003. - No. 16.-22 p.m.

94 Collette, B.B. Belonidae / B.B. Collette, N.V. Parin; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds,) // Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Unesco, Paris, 1986. Vol. 2. - P. 604-609.

95. Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau. Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification / J.A. Cooper, F. Chapleau // Fish. Bull., 1998. No. 96(4). - P. 686-726.

96. Dawson, C.E. Syngnathidae. /C.E Dawson; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) // Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris, 1986. Vol. 2. - P. 628-639.

97. Defant, F. Klimat und Wetter der Ostsee / F. Defant // Kiel.Meeresforshugen. 1972.-Vol. 28, No.l. - P. 1-30.

98. Defant, F. Synoptik und Energetic der Hauberger Sturmflugwetteriage von Februars 1962 / F. Defant // Energetisha Analyze und Berechnung des Windfeldes// Offenbach-am-Main., 1972.-35 p.

99. Didzis, U. The structure and dynamics of fish communities in the Latvian coastal zone (Pape-Perkone), Baltic Sea / U. Didzis, E. Urtanas, A. Minde, D. Uzars // Acta Universitatis Latviensis. 2003. - Vol. 662.-P. 33-44.

100. Dubicka, M. Esguisse du dimat de la Pologne / M. Dubicka // Hommes et terres Nord., 1982.-No. 2.-P. 3-12.

101. Electronic World Wide Web publication. Fishbase, 2004. R. Froese and D. Pauly (Eds.), http://www.fishbase.org., version (10/2004).

102Fonzelius, S.N. Hydrography of the Baltic Deep Basins III / S.N. Fonzelius //Fish.Bd.Swed. Ser. Hydrogr., 1969. No. 23. - 97p.

103. Frank, H. Zur jahresseitlichen Vareation des thermohalinen Geschehens imwestlichen Bornholmbecken / H. Frank //Beitr. Meerreskunde, 1985. No. 53. - P. 3-16.

104. Frimodt, C. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish / C. Frimodt // Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England, 1995. 215 p.

105. Halbeisen, H.-W. Bestimmungsschlussel fur Fischlarven der Nordsee und angrenzender Gebiete / H.-W. Halbeisen // Institut fur Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany, 1988. 58 p.

106. Hela, I. Secular changes in the salinity of the upper waters of the Northern Baltic Sea / I. Hela //Comm.Phys.-Math.Soc.Sci Fennica. 1966. - Vol. 31. - No. bl4. -21p.

107. Hupfer, P. Meeresklimatische Veranderungen im Gebiet der 1900 / P. Hupfer //Veroff. Geoph.Inst.Leipzig-Berlin, 1962. Bd. 17. - H. 4. - P. 355-512.

108. Jones, A. Sexual maturity, fecundity and growth of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. / A. Jones // J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 1974. No. 54. - P. 109-125.

109. Kaiser, W. Zur Ursache der zeitlichen und raumlichen Differenzen des Beganns der Phytoplanktonblute in der Ostsee / W. Kaiser, S. Schulz // Fischerei-Forsch., 1976. No. 14. -P. 77-81.

110. Karasiova, E. Historical ichthyoplankton researches in the Baltic sea and their importance to the analysis of fish stocks of long-term dynamics / E. Karasiova // History of oceanography: Abstracts of the VII International Congress of the History of

111. Oceanography / General Editor V. L. Stryuk. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad University Press, 2003.-P. 439-441.

112. Karasiova, E.M. Invasion and distribution of Cercopages pengoi in the Baltic Sea as an indicator of climatic changes / E.M. Karasiova, V.M Ivanovich, E.A. Gribov // ICES CM 2004/L:05. P. 26-28.

113. Karasiova, E.M. Fish larvae assemblages in the coastal shallow zone of the South -Eastern Baltic Sea: environmental factors driving interannual variability / E.M. Karasiova, E.A. Gribov, V.M. Andreeva//ICES CM2002/0:11.-P. 14-15.

114. Kaszmaruk, B. Okreslenia prawdopodobienstwa wystopowania wiatrow silnych I sztormow wellug dni w strefie palskieso wybzeza Baltiku / B. Kaszmaruk //Zesz.nauk. A.R.Szezecinie, 1973. -No.40. P. 157-162.

115. Klinkhardt, M. Zur Zytogenetik von Platichthys flesus und Limanda limanda (Pleuroectidae, Teleostei) und Karyoevolution der Pleuronectiformes / M. Klinkhardt // Z. Fischkunde, 1993. No. 2. - P. 65-75.

116. Kowalik, Z. Density currents in the Baltic Sea / Z. Kowalik, S. Taranowska //Ocea-nologia (PNR), 1974. Vol. 3 - P. 5-31.

117. Knijn, R.J. Atlas of North Sea fishes / R.J. Knijn, T.W. Boon, H.J.L. Heessen, J.R.G. Hislop // International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1993, - 268 p.

118. Laska, M. Spektral analisys of the periodic water lewel changes in the Baltic / M.Laska / /Intern. Hydrolog. Rev., 1969. No. 46. ​​- 156 p.

119. Matthaus, W. Langzeittrends der Dichte im Gotlandbecken / W. Matthaus //Beitr.Meereskunde, 1983. H. 48. - P. 47-56.

120. Maug6, L.A. Gobiidae. / L.A. mauge; In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) // Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris, 1986. Vol. 2. - P. 358-388.

121. Miller, P.J., Gobiidae./ P.J. Miller; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) // Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Volume 3. UNESCO, Paris, 1986. P. 1019-1085.

122 Muus, B.J. Seafish / B.J. Muus, J.G. Nielsen // Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark, 1999. 340 p.

123. Muus, B.J. Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe / B.J. Muusand, P. Dahlstrom // Collins, London, UK, 1974. 244 p.

124 Muus, B.J. Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks / B.J. Muus, P. Dahlstrom // BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Miinchen, 1978. 244 p.

125. Nankee, R. L. Observations of deformed fish larvae in Long Island Sound and Niantic Bay, Connecticut / R.L. Nankee // Rapp. P. v. Reun. Cons. int. Explore. Mer. 178, 1981.-p. 355-356.

126. Nielsen, J.G. Pleuronectidae / J.G. Nielsen; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) // Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris, 1986. Vol. 3. - P. 1299-1307.

127. Ojaveer, E. Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras L. / E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu and T. Saat (eds.) // Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn, 2003. P. 58-79.

128 Reay, P.J. Ammodytidae / P.J. Ray; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) // Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris, 1986. Vol. 2. - P. 945-950.

129. Riede, K. Global register of migratory species from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081 / K. Riede // Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany, 2004. - 329 p. + appendix.

130 Stein, D.L. Liparididae / D.L. Stein, K.W. Able; In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) // Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris, 1986. Vol. III. - P. 1275-1283.

131. Winkler, H.M. Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea / H.M. Winkler, K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin, H. Jespersen. // ICES CM 2000/Mini:ll. -15p.

132. Zander, C. D. Zur Bedeutung von Kleinfischen in Okosestemen der Ostsee / Von C. D. Zander // Seevogel, 1988. Band 9, Helt 4. - P. 51-55.