The deepest water in the world. The deepest trenches on Earth: world leaders
Despite the fact that the oceans are closer to us than the outer planets of the solar system, people have explored only five percent of the ocean floor, which remains one of the greatest mysteries of our planet. The deepest part of the ocean Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is one of the most famous places, about which we still do not know very much. With water pressure that is a thousand times greater than at sea level, diving into this place is akin to suicide. But thanks modern technologies and a few daredevils who, risking their lives, went down there, we learned a lot of interesting things about this amazing place.
The Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is located in the Western Pacific Ocean to the east (about 200 km) of the 15 Mariana Islands near Guam. It is a crescent-shaped trench in the earth's crust, about 2550 km long and 69 km wide on average.
The coordinates of the Mariana Trench are 11°22′ north latitude and 142°35′ east longitude.
According to the latest research in 2011, the depth of the deepest point of the Mariana Trench is about 10,994 meters ± 40 meters. For comparison, the height of high peak world - Everest is 8,848 meters. This means that if Everest were in the Mariana Trench, it would be covered by another 2.1 km of water.
Here are others Interesting Facts about what you can meet along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench.
1. Very hot water
Going down to such a depth, we expect that it will be very cold there. The temperature here reaches just above zero, varying from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean, there are hydrothermal vents called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.
This water is rich in minerals that help support life in the area. Despite the temperature of the water, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, the water does not boil here due to the incredible water pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.
2 Giant Toxic Amoebas
A few years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, giant 10-centimeter amoebas called xenophyophores were discovered. These single-celled organisms probably got so big because of the environment they live in at a depth of 10.6 km. Cold temperature, high pressure and no sunlight, most likely contributed to the fact that these amoeba acquired huge sizes.
In addition, xenophyophores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to many elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead, which would kill other animals and people.
3. Clams
The strong water pressure in the Mariana Trench does not give any animal with a shell or bones a chance to survive. However, in 2012, shellfish were discovered in a trough near serpentine hydrothermal vents. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows living organisms to form. How the molluscs retained their shell under such pressure remains unknown.
In addition, hydrothermal vents release another gas, hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly to shellfish. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these mollusks to survive.
4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide
The Champagne Hydrothermal Spring of the Mariana Trench, which lies outside the Okinawa Trench near Taiwan, is the only known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be found. The spring, discovered in 2005, got its name from the bubbles that turned out to be carbon dioxide.
Many believe that these springs, called "white smokers" because of the lower temperature, may be the source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with low temperatures and an abundance of chemicals and energy that life could originate.
5. Slime
If we had the opportunity to swim to the very depths of the Mariana Trench, we would feel that it is covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in its usual form, does not exist there. The bottom of the depression is mainly composed of crushed shells and plankton remains that have sunk to the bottom for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of the water, almost everything there turns into fine greyish-yellow thick mud.
6. Liquid sulfur
The Daikoku Volcano, which is located at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Trench, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. There is a lake of pure molten sulfur. The only place where liquid sulfur can be found is Jupiter's moon Io.
In this pit, called the "cauldron," the bubbling black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists have not been able to explore this place in detail, it is possible that even more liquid sulfur is contained deeper. This may reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.
According to the Gaia hypothesis, our planet is one self-governing organism in which all living and non-living things are connected to support its life. If this hypothesis is correct, then a number of signals can be observed in the natural cycles and systems of the Earth. So the sulfur compounds created by organisms in the ocean must be stable enough in the water to allow them to pass into the air and back to land again.
7. Bridges
At the end of 2011, four stone bridge, which stretched from one end to the other for 69 km. They appear to have formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.
One of the Dutton Ridge bridges, which was opened back in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high, like a small mountain. At its highest point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km above the "Challenger Deep". Like many aspects of the Mariana Trench, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the very fact that in one of the most mysterious and unknown places discovered these formations is amazing.
8James Cameron's dive into the Mariana Trench
Since the discovery of the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep in 1875, only three people have been here. The first were American lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Picard, who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Challenger.
After 52 years, another person ventured here - the famous film director James Cameron. So on March 26, 2012, Cameron went down to the bottom and took some photos. During James Cameron's 2012 dive to the Challenger Abyss in the DeepSea Challenge submersible, he tried to observe everything that was going on in the place until mechanical problems forced him to rise to the surface.
While he was at the deepest point in the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary sea monsters or any miracles in the Mariana Trench. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was "lunar...empty...lonely" and he felt "completely isolated from all mankind".
9. Mariana Trench
10. The Mariana Trench in the ocean is the largest reserve
The Mariana Trench is a US National Monument and the largest marine reserve in the world. Since it is a monument, there are a number of rules for those who want to visit this place. Within its borders, fishing and mining are strictly prohibited here. However, swimming is allowed here, so you might be the next one to venture into the deepest place in the ocean.
There is no world more amazing than the underwater world. The ocean occupies 2/3 of the earth's surface, and its biomass is ten times greater than the biomass of land. In the oceans and seas of the planet, both the largest animals of the planet - whales, and the smallest microorganisms live. The upper layer of the ocean is essentially a soup of plankton, which is the initial link in the most complex food chain.
But it's on the surface of the water. And the depths of the world's oceans remain the most unsolved mystery planet Earth.
The study of the depths of the ocean is associated with a mass of technical and psychological difficulties. A person has learned to climb up already quite confidently, and even conquering highest point planet - Everest - does not cause a storm of delight in the layman. For 57 years that have passed since the first conquest of the Roof of the World, dozens of daredevils have visited the mark of 8848 meters. The same can be said about all other peaks. But on the opposite point of the Earth - at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, people have visited only once so far. Needless to say, the heroes who sank to the very bottom of the Pacific Ocean saw only a small fraction of what the almost eleven-kilometer water column keeps in itself.
A more or less detailed study of the ocean and the Mariana Trench as its deepest point began in the middle of the 20th century. First, an American expedition on a converted military ship Challenger measured the depth, showing a result of 10863 meters, as evidenced by a documentary book that can be purchased at vipbook.info. A few years later, the Soviet expedition clarified the result - 11022 meters. In addition to this, Soviet scientists pulled out from the abyss evidence of the existence of life at depths where nothing living can exist in our usual understanding.
In 1960, a year before the flight of the first man into space, two heroes in a specially designed bathyscaphe sank to the bottom of the abyss of the Challenger, becoming the only people to this day who have visited such a depth. The depth measured by them was 10918 meters. The water pressure here exceeds the atmospheric pressure by 1100 times, and the temperatures are close to 0 Celsius. And in such incredible conditions, the bathyscaphe pilots saw life! Luminous monsters, unusual to look at, feel great where more than a ton of water presses on every square centimeter! Mutant octopuses, scary glowing one and a half meter worms without a mouth, scary-looking anglerfish with a “lantern” on their foreheads… Such creatures in the familiar world can be found, perhaps, only in science fiction films.
All subsequent dives were carried out using "unmanned" vehicles. High-quality images and soil samples from a depth of 11 kilometers were delivered by the Japanese Nereus submersible robot. But all attempts to learn the secrets of the ocean brought more puzzles than riddles. In the course of some dives of deep-sea vehicles, contacts with hitherto unknown and inexplicable from the point of view of modern science life forms.
So, the expedition of the vessel "Glomar Challenger" during the next dive of the deep-sea "hedgehog", developed by NASA, began to receive sounds from a depth of several thousand meters, similar to the grinding of a saw on metal. Large silhouettes appeared on the TV monitor, similar to fairy-tale dragons with several heads. It was decided to save the unique equipment, and after 8 hours the device was raised to the surface. It turned out that the beams of the structure, made of titanium-cobalt steel, were significantly deformed, and the 20-cm-section cable was half sawn (or gnawed?). Details of this expedition were published in 1996 in the newspaper " NY Times".
A similar meeting with the inhabitants of the abyss occurred with the German crew of the Highfish apparatus. Having dropped to the mark of 7000 meters, the apparatus began to emerge. The hydronauts turned on the camera to find out the cause of the problem - and ... At first, what they saw was mistaken for a collective hallucination - a huge prehistoric lizard tried to gnaw through the bathyscaphe with his teeth like a nut! Fortunately for the researchers, the apparatus was equipped with an "electron gun", and the lizard that received the discharge disappeared into the darkness.
Here it is impossible not to recall the huge half-decomposed carcasses of unknown sea giants periodically ejected to the surface. Perhaps the size of the blue whale is not so record-breaking for the world's oceans? Before modern whales, killer whales, sharks, megalodons swam in the ocean - huge predators, only the width of their mouths reached 2 meters! As previously thought, these giants died out 2 million years ago. But recently, megalodon teeth were raised from the bottom of the oceans, the age of which was determined at 24 and 11 thousand years. In 1918, Australian lobster fishermen saw a translucent white fish at least 35 meters long, which exceeds the maximum known height of a fin whale! Lack of pigmentation is also characteristic of deep-sea animals. Perhaps the megalodon did not die out, but adapted to life in unbearable conditions at a depth of 10 kilometers? By the way, the coelacanth, which Europeans considered extinct in the Mesozoic era, was periodically caught by Indonesian fishermen and sold in the market. Only in the 19th century did Europeans "discover" fish market"extinct" fish from the Mesozoic era. So, perhaps, it is not worth burying other prehistoric animals?
Be that as it may, the oceans still contain many secrets and mysteries that we have yet to give answers to.
Where is the deepest place on Earth? How far is it from the center of the earth? If you put Everest there, will it rise above the surface of the Earth?
Today we will deal with the most deep places, holes, wells, caves, wells in the world, natural and man-made
1.8 meters
Graves are usually dug at this depth. It is from this depth that the zombies will come out when the time comes.
Here are famous Paris catacombs- a network of winding underground tunnels and artificial caves near Paris. The total length, according to various sources, is from 187 to 300 kilometers. Since the end of the 18th century, the remains of almost six million people have been buried in the catacombs.
40 meters
The Hotel Terme Millepini in Italy has adopted this bold strategy by digging a 40-metre-deep tunnel for divers and scuba divers. This is the Y-40 pool. The most interesting aspect of the Y-40 deepest pool is that it is filled with thermal water and has a wonderful temperature of 33 degrees Celsius.
105.5 meters
This is the depth of the Arsenalnaya Kyiv metro station, which is located on the Svyatoshynsko-Brovarskaya line between the Khreshchatyk and Dnepr stations. This is the deepest metro station in the world.
122 meters
The roots of the tree can penetrate to such a depth. The tree with the deepest roots is a wild ficus growing in Echo Caves near Ohrigstad, South Africa. This tree grows in South Africa. Its roots go to a depth of almost 122 meters.
230 meters
The deepest river This is the Congo, a river in Central Africa. IN downstream Congo breaks through the South Guinea Upland in a deep narrow (in some places no more than 300 meters) gorge, forming Livingston waterfalls (total fall 270 meters), the depths in this section are 230 meters or more, which makes the Congo the most deep river in the world.
240 meters
This is a railway tunnel Seikan Tunnel in Japan with a length of 53.85 km. The tunnel descends to a depth of about 240 meters, 100 meters below the seabed. It is the deepest under the seabed and the second longest (after the Gotthard Base Tunnel) railway tunnel in the world.
287 meters
Even deeper is the Eiksund Road Tunnel, laid along the bottom of the Sturfjord in the Norwegian province of Møre og Romsdal, connecting the cities of Eiksund and Ryanes. Construction began in 2003, the opening ceremony took place on February 17, 2008, and full-fledged traffic was opened on February 23, 2008. With a length of 7765 m, the tunnel goes to a depth of 287 m below sea level - this is the deepest tunnel in the world. The slope of the roadway reaches 9.6%.
382 meters
Woodingdean is an eastern suburb of Brighton and Hove located in East Sussex, England. It is notable for the fact that on its territory there is the deepest well in the world, dug by hand between 1858-1862. The depth of the well is 392 meters.
Of course, it does not look so picturesque, this is just an illustration.
603 meters
Vertigo Cave Vrtoglavica in the Julian Alps. It is located on the territory of Slovenia, near the border with Italy). The cave was discovered by a joint Slovenian-Italian group of speleologists in 1996. The deepest karst well in the world is located in the cave, its depth is 603 meters.
Fits here easily north tower World shopping malls in New York (its height is 417 m, and taking into account the antenna installed on the roof - 526.3 m).
If you accidentally fall into this hole, you can reach the bottom in 11 seconds.
700 meters
33 miners found themselves under the rubble as a result of the collapse of the San Jose mine on August 5, 2010. They spent more than 2 months in captivity at a depth of 700 meters and were considered dead for almost 3 weeks. As a result of 40 days of work, a well was drilled to save the Chilean miners.
970 meters
This is the largest dug hole in the Earth, from the bottom of which you can still see the sky. The Bingham Canyon Quarry in Utah is one of the world's largest man-made formations. After more than 100 years of mining, a large crater 970 meters deep and 4 km wide was formed. This unique canyon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.
This quarry will fit the entire Burj Khalifa - the most tall building in the world of ever created, which is 828 meters high. And it will not just fit, but more than 140 meters will remain from its “crown” to the surface.
On April 10, 2013, a giant block of earth broke off and rushed into a huge pit in the artificial Bingham Canyon in Utah. Approximately 65 to 70 million cubic meters of earth rattled against the walls of the mine, reaching speeds of up to 150 kilometers per hour. The event was so powerful that it shook the earth - seismic sensors worked, recording an earthquake. The intensity was measured as 2.5 points on the Richter scale.
1642 meters
Baikal is the deepest lake on Earth. Modern meaning the maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m.
1857 meters
The Grand Canyon is one of deepest canyons in the world. Located on the Colorado Plateau, Arizona, USA. Depth - more than 1800 m.
2199 meters
So we got to the deepest cave in the world. This is the cave of Krubera (Voronya) - the only one famous cave in the world deeper than 2 kilometers. The main entrance to the cave is located at an altitude of about 2250 m above sea level.
3132 meters
To date, the deepest is the Moab Khotsong mine in South Africa, located southwest of Johannesburg. Its depth is 3 kilometers. The elevator takes 4.5 minutes to the very bottom, but you can speed up the process: if a person accidentally falls here, then the flight to the bottom will take him 25 seconds.
3600 meters
A living organism was found at such a depth. About a hundred years ago, the English scientist Edward Forbes claimed that there were no living creatures deeper than 500 meters. But in 2011, nematode worms Halicephalobus mephisto were found in a gold mine in South Africa. The second name for these 0.5 mm creatures is "the worm from hell."
4500 meters
The deepest mines in the world are located in South Africa: "Tau Tona", "Witwatersrand" - a depth of more than 4500 m, Western Deep Levels Mine (Western mine deep) - 3900 m (De Beers company), Mponeng - 3800 m. The miners have to work in extreme conditions. The heat reaches up to 60 ° C, and at such a depth there is a constant danger of water breakthrough and explosions. These mines produce gold. The journey here takes the miners about 1 hour.
By the way, the Witwatersrand mine produces from 25 to 50% of the gold mined in the world. Mining is also carried out from the deepest mine in the world, Tau-Tona - its depth is more than 4.5 km, the temperature in the workings reaches 52 degrees.
A piece of gold-bearing ore mined at the deposit:
We move on. The next one will be very deep.
10994 meters
Mariana Trench (or Mariana Trench) - oceanic deep sea trench in the western Pacific Ocean, the deepest known on Earth. It is named after the nearby Mariana Islands. The most deep point Mariana Trench - "Challenger Deep". According to measurements in 2011, its depth is 10,994 m below sea level.
It's very deep. If Everest 8848 meters high could be placed here, then more than 2 km would still be left from its top to the surface.
Yes, there is a place on Earth about which we know much less than about distant space - the mysterious bottom of the ocean. It is believed that world science has not even really begun to study it...
At a depth of 11 kilometers. At the bottom, the water pressure reaches 108.6 MPa, which is approximately 1072 times higher than the normal atmospheric pressure at the level of the World Ocean.
12262 meters
We got to the very deep well in the world. This is the Kola superdeep well. Is in Murmansk region, 10 kilometers west of the city of Zapolyarny. Unlike other ultra-deep wells that were drilled for oil production or exploration, SG-3 was drilled exclusively for research purposes in the place where the Mohorovichic boundary comes close to the Earth's surface.
At a depth of five kilometers, the ambient temperature exceeded 70 ° C, at seven - 120 ° C, and at a depth of 12 kilometers, the sensors recorded 220 ° C.
Kola superdeep well, 2007:
The Kola Superdeep was the source of the urban legend about the “well to hell”. This urban legend has been circulating the internet since at least 1997. First time on English language the legend was announced in 1989 on the air of the American television company Trinity Broadcasting Network, which took the story from a Finnish newspaper report published on April Fool's Day. According to this legend, in the very thickness of the earth, at a depth of 12,000 meters, the microphones of scientists recorded cries and groans. The tabloid newspapers write that it is "a voice from the underworld." The Kola super-deep well began to be called the "road to hell" - each new kilometer drilled brought misfortune to the country.
If something is dropped into this hole, 50 seconds will pass before this “something” falls to the bottom.
This is it, the well itself (welded), August 2012:
12376 meters
Well Z-44 Chayvo, which was drilled in Russia on the shelf of Sakhalin Island, is considered the deepest oil well in the world. It goes to a depth of about 13 kilometers - this depth is comparable to the height of 14.5 skyscrapers Burj Khalifa, which is still the tallest in the world. This is the deepest hole mankind has been able to drill.
On this moment, is the deepest place in the world. And it is only at a depth of about 12.4 km. Is it a lot? Recall that the average distance to the center of the Earth will be 6371.3 kilometers ...
Now we approximately know the internal structure of our planet. The outer hard shell of the Earth is called the crust. It is less than 1% of the mass of the planet and has a thickness of 5 to 70 kilometers. Next comes the mantle (outer and inner), and then the core (outer and inner).
How close to the core do you think a person can go? Theoretically, we can in the future make devices that can withstand enormous loads and temperatures in order to get as close as possible to the core, but in practice we have not yet got into the areas that are under the crust.
Let's see what are the deepest places on the planet we know.
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10Lake Sunset
Depth 319 meters
The lake is the largest natural well in the world. It is located in Central Mexico. Its depth is 319 meters and its diameter is about 100 meters. At the same time, a hole was found on one of the “walls” of the well, which may be the entrance to another, deeper “well” or even to a system of deep underground caves.
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9
Depth 370 meters
This is a coal mine located in Elsdorf, Germany. It is considered the deepest open mine in the world. Its depth is about 370 meters, and its area is about 33.9 sq. km. Next to the quarry is an artificial hill, which was formed from the material selected from the quarry.
The hill has its own name Sophienhöhe and is the world's largest artificial hill. Its height is 301 meters.
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8Woodingdean Well
Depth 392 meters
Let's start with a man-made feat that appeared in 1862 in the English town of Woodingdean. It all started with the fact that in 1858, during the construction of a new building, a source of water was required. The decision was made to dig a well. To reduce costs, the workers dug the well with their hands. It was planned to go deep into the ground by 122 meters, lining the walls of the well with bricks.
Workers lowered themselves into the well, and raised the excess earth with buckets to the surface. After 2 years of digging, the depth of the well exceeded the design one by 12 meters, but there was still no water. Despite the fact that this depth was slightly below sea level.
Then it was decided to dig four horizontal shafts at this depth in order to get to the water. But this also did not give any results. Then the construction organizers decided not to give up and get to the water at any cost. At the end of one of the horizontal shafts they began to dig deeper again. After another 2 years in March 1862, the workers felt the earth in the mine begin to rise. People in a hurry began to rise to the surface. After 45 minutes, the water rushed out.
This well is the deepest well in the world that has been dug by hand.
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7Lake Baikal
Depth 1642 meters
Reaching a maximum depth of 1642 meters, Lake Baikal is the most deep lake in the world. The lake is a treasure not only of Russia, but of the whole world, it is a natural reservoir for the purest fresh water. It is home to many plants and animals that are unique.
An interesting fact is that if all the water from Lake Baikal is divided equally among all citizens of Russia, then for each inhabitant there will be approximately 2780 railway tanks of 60 tons each.
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6
Depth 2199 meters
This deepest cave in the world is located in Abkhazia near the city of Gagra. The cave has several entrances located at an altitude of over 2000 meters above sea level. It is a system of several wells, which are interconnected by manholes and galleries. Inside there are several high plumb lines, the deepest of which are 110, 115 and 152 meters.
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5
Depth 3048 meters
The deepest mine in the world is the Mponeng Mine in South Africa. Its depth is 4000 meters. However, a mine called Kidd Mine in Ontario, Canada, which is 3,048 meters deep, is closer to the Earth's core than the Mponeng Mine. This is because our planet is not an ideal ball shape. Due to the rotation of the Earth in its equatorial part, the diameter is slightly larger than at the poles. The difference in size is about 140 kilometers. So a person standing at the equator is on average 70 kilometers farther from the core than a person standing at the pole.
The Kidd Mine was opened in 1964 as an open cut and is gradually expanding underground. It is now the largest copper mine in the world. It employs 2,200 workers and mines millions of tons of ore annually.
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4Litke Gorge
Depth 5449 meters
The Litke Gorge (Litke Trench) is an oceanic trench located northeast of Greenland, 350 km north of Svalbard, in the Eurasian Basin in the North Arctic Ocean. This is the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean, its depth is 5449 meters.
The gorge was found and explored Soviet expedition on the icebreaker Fyodor Litke in 1955.
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3Milwaukee Depression
Depth 8385 meters
The Milwaukee Trench is the deepest part Atlantic Ocean. Its maximum depth is 8385 meters. The place is named after the American cruiser who discovered it in 1939.
The Milwaukee Trench is located in the Puerto Rican Trench, which is located at the boundary of two lithospheric plates. The Caribbean Plate is moving east, and the N American Plate is moving west.
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2Challenger Abyss
Depth 10994 meters
In the top five deepest sea trenches the world includes depressions located in Pacific Ocean, and the most famous of them is the Mariana Trench, with a maximum depth of 10994 meters (Challenger Abyss).
The name of the depression comes from Mariana Islands located nearby. The depression stretches for 1500 kilometers, they have a standard V-shaped profile. The bottom of the depression is flat, with a width of 1 to 5 km.
The water pressure at the bottom of the Challenger Abyss is 108600 Pa, which is 1100 times higher than the atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface. People have twice dived to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The first dive was made in 1960 by explorer Jacques Picard and US Navy officer Don Walsh. Their bathyscaphe "Trieste" had walls 127 millimeters thick to resist the monstrous pressure. The second time at the bottom of the depression was the famous director James Cameron in 2012. He plunged into the Challenger Abyss in a single deep-sea vehicle Deepsea Challenger. During the dive, he filmed in 3D.
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1
Depth 12262 meters
This is the deepest man-made place on earth. It is located in the Murmansk region near the city of Zapolyarny.
Work on the start of drilling of the well was timed to coincide with the centenary of the birth of V.I. Lenin in 1970. Unlike others, this well was drilled specifically for the purpose of studying the structure of the planet. The place was chosen specifically where the thickness of the earth's crust is supposedly the thinnest.
Up to 7000 meters drilling proceeded normally. The drill passed through a uniform granite layer of the lithospheric plate. But below the rock was less dense, crumbled, jamming the equipment. I had to slightly change the drilling angles.
After 13 years in 1983, the drillers reached the level of 12066 meters and stopped. But after the resumption of drilling, there was a break in the drill string. Drilling had to be restarted from a depth of 7,000 meters. By 1990, the drill crossed the mark of 12262 meters and the accident was repeated. Further, for financial reasons, the project had to be frozen, and in 2008 the Kola Superdeep Well project was finally abandoned.
I really want to believe that Russian science back to this project. He has many perspectives. The lion's share of the work has already been done, and in order to revive the project, several million rubles are required, an amount that is lifting for a country with high scientific ambitions.
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Conclusion
It was an article about the deepest places on Earth. We hope you have learned something new and interesting from us. Thank you for your attention!
The ocean is much closer to us than the planets of the solar system. However, its bottom has been studied only by 5 percent. And how many more secrets do the waters of the oceans keep? This the greatest mystery our planet.
Max Depth
The Mariana Trench, or otherwise the Mariana Trench, is the deepest place in the world's oceans. Amazing creatures live here and there is practically no light. However, this is the most famous place, which is still not fully understood and is fraught with many unsolved mysteries.
Diving into the Mariana Trench is a real suicide. After all, the water pressure here is thousands of times higher than the pressure at sea level. The maximum depth of the world's oceans is approximately 10,994 meters with an error of 40 meters. However, there are daredevils who descended to the very bottom, risking their own lives. Of course, this was not without modern technology.
Where is the deepest place in the oceans
The Mariana Trench is located in the region, and to be more precise, in its western part, closer to the east, near Guam, about 200 kilometers from the deepest place in the world's oceans, it resembles a crescent-shaped trench in shape. The depression is approximately 69 kilometers wide and 2,550 kilometers long.
Mariana Trench coordinates: East longitude - 142°35', North latitude - 11°22'.
bottom temperature
Scientists have hypothesized that maximum depth must be very low temperature. However, they were very surprised by the fact that at the bottom of the Mariana Trench this indicator remains above zero and is 1 - 4 ° C. Soon this phenomenon was found and an explanation.
Hydrothermal springs are located approximately at a depth of 1600 meters from the surface of the water. They are also called "white smokers". Jets come out of the sources very hot water. Its temperature is 450° Celsius.
It is worth noting that this water contains a huge amount of minerals. It is these chemical elements that support life at great depths. Despite such a high temperature, which is several times higher than the boiling point, the water does not boil here. And this is due to the relatively high pressure. At this depth, this figure is 155 times higher than at the surface.
As you can see, the deepest places in the oceans are not so simple. There are still many mysteries hidden in them that need to be unraveled.
Who lives at such a depth
Many people think that the deepest place in the world's oceans is an abyss where life cannot exist. However, this is not the case. At the very bottom of the Mariana Trench, scientists have discovered very large amoebas, which are called xenophyophores. Their body length is 10 centimeters. These are very large unicellular organisms.
Scientists assume that this species amoeba has acquired such dimensions because of the environment in which they have to exist. It is worth noting that these single-celled creatures were found at a depth of 10.6 kilometers. Many factors influenced their development. This is the lack of sunlight, and rather high pressure, and, of course, cold water.
In addition, xenophyophores have simply unique abilities. Amoebas tolerate exposure to many chemicals and elements, including lead, mercury and uranium.
shellfish
The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is very high. In such conditions, even creatures with bones or a shell have no chance to survive. However, not so long ago in Mariana Trench shellfish were found. They live near hydrothermal springs, because serpentine contains methane and hydrogen. These substances allow a living organism to fully form.
It is still not known how mollusks manage to keep their shells in such conditions. In addition, hydrothermal springs release another gas - hydrogen sulfide. And he, as you know, is fatal to any mollusks.
Liquid carbon dioxide in its purest form
The Mariana Trench is a deep place in the oceans, as well as wonderful world with many unexplained phenomena. There are hydrothermal vents located near Taiwan, outside the Okinawa Trench. This is the only underwater area currently known where liquid carbon dioxide is present. This place was discovered back in 2005.
Many scientists believe that it was these sources that allowed life to originate in the Mariana Trench. After all, here is not only the optimum temperature, but also chemicals are present.
Finally
The deepest places in the oceans simply amaze with the extraordinary nature of their world. Here you can meet living organisms that feel great in complete darkness and at high pressure and cannot exist in another environment.
It is worth noting that the Mariana Trench has the status national monument USA. This marine reserve is the largest in the world. Of course, for those who want to visit here, there is a certain list of rules. Mining and fishing is strictly prohibited in this place.
