Explorers of the Mariana Trench. Single unit Deepsea Challenger. Video from the Mariana Trench

People have always been attracted to something elusive, some kind of mystery, something that can keep a secret. For example, the highest point of the Earth is Everest or the deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench (Marian Trench). But if about 4 thousand people have already managed to visit Everest, then only three people visited the "bottom of the Earth" - the first dive as part of two people - Don Walsh and Jean Picard in 1960, the next after them was a very famous director who shot such masterpieces like Titanic, Terminator, Aliens, Avatar - James Cameron.

Bathyscaphe "Trieste" - it was on it that they made the first dive to the bottom Mariana Trench People

Facts about the Mariana Trench:

• The depth of the trough is 10,994 ± 40 m below sea level, as measured in 2011;
• The Mariana Islands, located nearby, gave the name to the deepest point of the Earth;
• The trench stretched for one and a half thousand kilometers along these same islands;
• The geology of the basin is a large tectonic fault, where one plate comes under another.

The pressure at the bottom is 1100 times greater than at the surface of the Earth, but this does not interfere with life at these depths. It also has its inhabitants who have adapted to live in darkness and under such pressure.

Basically, these are tiny unicellular organisms - Foraminifera:


The size of such living creatures is only 1 mm, although during the first dive of the bathyscaphe in history with people, the researchers noted that they met flat fish, up to 30 cm in diameter, resembling a flounder in appearance.

History of measurements and diving to the bottom of the Mariana Trench:

For the first time ever lowest point The British tried to measure the land in 1875, but their lot (a device for measuring depths) reached a depth of just over 8 thousand meters. After 76 years in 1951, another British ship, but interestingly with the same name - the Challenger, using an echo sounder, calculated a depth of 10,863 meters. Since then, the lowest point of the Mariana Trench has been called the Challenger Deep. In 1957, already the Soviet ship "Vityaz" conducted research here and determined the depth of 11,023 meters.

Each new expedition that measured the depth gave its numbers, which differed from the previous ones. Such errors are associated primarily with the properties of water, which can vary depending on the depth.

The latest updated depth information is 10,994 meters with an accuracy of ±40 m.

The first people to visit the bottom of the ocean were explorers Don Walsh and Jacques Picard on January 23, 1960.

"Trieste" - the so-called bathyscaphe on which scientists descended to ocean depths. The descent took 4 hours 48 minutes, having stayed there for 20 minutes, the bathyscaphe went to the top and the ascent took 3 hours

Bathyscaphe Deepsea Challenger on which the director carried out his dive

The next human descent took place 52 years later in 2012. James Cameron is a legendary director, the third person in history to descend to this place, and the first to do it alone. Unlike his predecessors, Cameron spent 6 hours at the bottom and took a number of photographs and high-quality video recordings. The dive took 2 hours and the ascent only 1 hour.

And finally, a video filmed from the Deepsea Challenger bathyscaphe, in which James Cameron made his dive.

Video from the Mariana Trench:

I suggest you watch another interesting video from National Geographic from the last dive:

There are deepest faults in the earth's crust - sea depressions at the bottom of the oceans, where impenetrable darkness and the highest pressure reign. We offer a selection of the deepest sea ​​trenches, which the lack of technology does not yet allow to study well.

1. Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench on our planet, which is located in the Pacific Ocean not far from those who gave it its name Mariana Islands. The depth of the trench is 10994 ± 40 m below sea level.

Paradoxically, the Mariana Trench is more or less explored - three people have already managed to descend here.

The first time this happened on January 23, 1960, when the bathyscaphe, on board of which were US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and researcher Jacques Picard, managed to sink to a depth of 10,918 m. Then there was no such technology as now, and two people were connected with the world only by a strong cable. After a successful return, the researchers said that they saw flat, flounder-like fish at the very bottom, but, unfortunately, there are no photographs.

Just a year ago, director James Cameron descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. It was easier for him, even though he was alone: ​​in 50 years, technology had gone far ahead. Moreover, his bathyscaphe "Deepsea Challenger" was equipped with everything necessary for photo and video shooting, and there were also 3D cameras on board. Based on the material received, the National Geographic channel is preparing a film.

And recently, information was received that there are real mountains at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: with the help of echolocation, it was possible to “see” four ridges 2.5 km high.

2. Tonga Trench

The Tonga Trench is the deepest trench in the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest on Earth. The maximum known depth is 10,882 m. It is unusual primarily in that the speed of movement of lithospheric plates in the Tonga region is much greater than in all other parts of the planet where there are gaps in the earth's crust. Here, the plates move at a speed of 25.4 cm per year against the usual 2 cm. This was established by observing the tiny island of Nyautoputana, which annually shifts by an average of just 25 cm.

Somewhere in the middle of Tonga, the Apollo 13 lunar landing stage was stuck, falling there during the return of the lunar module to Earth. It is located approximately at a depth of 6,000 m, and no attempts have been made to extract it from there. Together with it, a plutonium energy source containing plutonium-238 fell into the waters of the Pacific Ocean. It seems that this did not cause much harm to the environment, although given that the half-life of plutonium-238 is slightly less than 88 years, and the module fell there in 1970, very interesting discoveries can await the pioneers who decided to go down to the bottom of Tonga.

3 Philippine Trench

The Philippine Trench is also located in the Pacific Ocean near Philippine Islands. The maximum depth is 10,540 m. Little is known about the trench - only that it was formed as a result of subduction. No one tried to go down to its bottom, since the Mariana Trench, of course, is more interesting.

4. Kermadec chute

Kermadec connects to the north with the Tonga Trench. The maximum depth is 10,047 m. During an expedition in 2008, a strange pink creature of the species Notoliparis kermadecensis was photographed here at a depth of 7,560 m. Other inhabitants were also found there - huge crustaceans 34 cm in length.

5. Izu-Bonin Trench

The maximum depth of the Izu-Bonin Trench, also known as Izu-Ogasawara, is 9,810 m. It was discovered at the end of the 19th century during the expedition, when the decision was made to lay telephone cable along the ocean floor. Of course, first it was necessary to make measurements, and in one place, not far from the Izu Islands, the lot of the Tuscarora did not reach the bottom, recording a depth of more than 8500 m.

In the north, Izu-Ogasawara connects with the Japan Trench, and in the south with the Volkano Trench. In this region of the ocean there is a whole chain deep sea trenches, and Izu-Bonin is just a part of it.

6. Kuril-Kamchatsky Trench

This depression was discovered shortly after Izu-Bonin during the same expedition. The maximum depth is 9,783 m. This trough is quite narrow compared to all the others, its width is only 59 m. The slopes of this trough are known to contain ledges, terraces, canyons and valleys that appear up to the maximum depth. The bottom of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench is uneven, divided by rapids into separate depressions. To the best of our knowledge, detailed studies have not been carried out.

7 Puerto Rico Trench

The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the border of the Atlantic Ocean and caribbean. The maximum depth is 8,385 m, and this is the most deep place V Atlantic Ocean. The area where the trench is located is a zone of high seismic activity. The last disaster happened here in 2004, when eruptions underwater volcanoes caused a tsunami that hit the countries indian ocean. Recent studies have shown that it is possible that the depth of the trough is gradually increasing due to the fact that the North American tectonic plate - the southern "wall" of the trough - is gradually lowering.

An active mud volcano was discovered at a depth of 7,900 m in the Puerto Rican Trench, which erupted rock 10 km high in 2004. A column of hot mud and water was clearly visible above the surface of the ocean.

8. Japanese chute

The Japanese Trench is also located in the Pacific Ocean, as the name suggests, is located near Japanese islands. The depth of the Japan Trench, according to the latest data, is about 8,400 m, and the length is more than 1,000 km.

So far, no one has yet reached its bottom, but in 1989, the Shinkai 6500 bathyscaphe with three researchers on board sank to a mark of 6,526 m. Later, in 2008, a group of Japanese and British researchers managed to photograph large groups fish 30 cm long at a depth of 7,700 m.

The ocean is much closer to us than the planets of the solar system. However, its bottom has been studied only by 5 percent. And how many more secrets do the waters of the oceans keep? This is the greatest mystery of our planet.

Max Depth

The Mariana Trench, or otherwise the Mariana Trench, is the deepest place in the world's oceans. Amazing creatures live here and there is practically no light. However, this is the most famous place, which is still not fully understood and is fraught with many unsolved mysteries.

Diving into the Mariana Trench is a real suicide. After all, the water pressure here is thousands of times higher than the pressure at sea level. The maximum depth of the world's oceans is approximately 10,994 meters with an error of 40 meters. However, there are daredevils who descended to the very bottom, risking their own lives. Of course, this was not without modern technology.

Where is the deepest place in the oceans

The Mariana Trench is located in the region, and to be more precise, in its western part, closer to the east, near Guam, about 200 kilometers from the deepest place in the world's oceans, it resembles a crescent-shaped trench in shape. The depression is approximately 69 kilometers wide and 2,550 kilometers long.

Mariana Trench coordinates: East longitude - 142°35', North latitude - 11°22'.

bottom temperature

Scientists have suggested that at maximum depth there should be very low temperature. However, they were very surprised by the fact that at the bottom of the Mariana Trench this indicator remains above zero and is 1 - 4 ° C. Soon this phenomenon was found and an explanation.

Hydrothermal springs are located approximately at a depth of 1600 meters from the surface of the water. They are also called "white smokers". Jets come out of the sources very hot water. Its temperature is 450° Celsius.

It is worth noting that this water contains a huge amount of minerals. It is these chemical elements that support life on great depth. Despite such a high temperature, which is several times higher than the boiling point, the water does not boil here. And this is due to the relatively high pressure. At this depth, this figure is 155 times higher than at the surface.

As you can see, the deepest places in the oceans are not so simple. There are still many mysteries hidden in them that need to be unraveled.

Who lives at such a depth

Many people think that the deepest place in the world's oceans is an abyss where life cannot exist. However, this is not the case. At the very bottom of the Mariana Trench, scientists have discovered very large amoebas, which are called xenophyophores. Their body length is 10 centimeters. These are very large unicellular organisms.

Scientists assume that this species amoeba has acquired such dimensions because of the environment in which they have to exist. It is worth noting that these single-celled creatures were found at a depth of 10.6 kilometers. Many factors influenced their development. This and the absence sunlight, and high enough pressure, and, of course, cold water.

In addition, xenophyophores have simply unique abilities. Amoebas tolerate exposure to many chemicals and elements, including lead, mercury and uranium.

shellfish

The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is very high. In such conditions, even creatures with bones or a shell have no chance to survive. However, not so long ago in Mariana Trench shellfish were found. They live near hydrothermal springs, because serpentine contains methane and hydrogen. These substances allow a living organism to fully form.

It is still not known how mollusks manage to keep their shells in such conditions. In addition, hydrothermal springs release another gas - hydrogen sulfide. And he, as you know, is fatal to any mollusks.

Liquid carbon dioxide in its purest form

The Mariana Trench is a deep place in the oceans, as well as wonderful world with many unexplained phenomena. There are hydrothermal vents located near Taiwan, outside the Okinawa Trench. This is the only underwater area known to this moment where there is liquid carbon dioxide. This place was discovered back in 2005.

Many scientists believe that it was these sources that allowed life to originate in the Mariana Trench. After all, here is not only the optimum temperature, but also chemicals are present.

Finally

The deepest places in the oceans simply amaze with the extraordinary nature of their world. Here you can meet living organisms that feel great in complete darkness and at high pressure and cannot exist in another environment.

It is worth noting that the Mariana Trench has the status of a national monument of the United States. This marine reserve is the largest in the world. Of course, for those who want to visit here, there is a certain list of rules. Mining and fishing is strictly prohibited in this place.

Despite the fact that the oceans are closer to us than the outer planets of the solar system, people explored only five percent of the ocean floor, which remains one of the greatest mysteries our planet. deepest part ocean - Mariana Trench or Mariana Trenchis one of the most famous places about which we don't know much.

With water pressure that is a thousand times greater than at sea level, diving into this place is akin to suicide.

But thanks modern technologies and a few daredevils who, risking their lives, went down there, we learned a lot of interesting things about this amazing place.

Mariana Trench on the map. Where is she?

The Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is located in the western pacific to the east (about 200 km) from 15 Mariana Islands near Guam. It is a crescent-shaped trench in the earth's crust, about 2550 km long and 69 km wide on average.

Mariana Trench coordinates: 11°22′ north latitude and 142°35′ east longitude.

Depth of the Mariana Trench

According to the latest research in 2011, the depth of the deepest point of the Mariana Trench is about 10,994 meters ± 40 meters. For comparison, the height of high peak world - Everest is 8,848 meters. This means that if Everest were in the Mariana Trench, it would be covered by another 2.1 km of water.

Here are others Interesting Facts about what you can meet along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench.

Temperature at the bottom of the Mariana Trench

1. Very hot water

Going down to such a depth, we expect that it will be very cold there. The temperature here reaches just above zero, varying 1 to 4 degrees Celsius.

However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean, there are hydrothermal vents called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

This water is rich in minerals that help support life in the area. Despite the temperature of the water, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, she does not boil here due to incredible pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.

Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

2. Giant toxic amoeba

A few years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, they discovered giant 10-centimeter amoebas, called xenophyophores.

These single-celled organisms probably got so big because of the environment they live in at a depth of 10.6 km. The cold temperature, high pressure, and lack of sunlight most likely contributed to these amoeba got huge.

In addition, xenophyophores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to many elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead,which would kill other animals and people.

3. Clams

The strong water pressure in the Mariana Trench does not give any animal with a shell or bones a chance to survive. However, in 2012, shellfish were discovered in a trough near serpentine hydrothermal vents. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows living organisms to form.

TO How did mollusks keep their shells under such pressure?, remains unknown.

In addition, hydrothermal vents release another gas, hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly to shellfish. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these mollusks to survive.

At the bottom of the Mariana Trench

4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide

hydrothermal source Champagne The Mariana Trench, which lies outside the Okinawa Trench near Taiwan, is the only known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be found. The spring, discovered in 2005, got its name from the bubbles that turned out to be carbon dioxide.

Many believe that these springs, called "white smokers" because of the lower temperature, may be the source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with low temperatures and an abundance of chemicals and energy that life could originate.

5. Slime

If we had the opportunity to swim to the very depths of the Mariana Trench, then we would feel that it covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in its usual form, does not exist there.

The bottom of the depression mainly consists of crushed shells and plankton residues that have accumulated at the bottom of the depression for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of the water, almost everything there turns into fine greyish-yellow thick mud.

Mariana Trench

6. Liquid sulfur

Volcano Daikoku, which is located at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Trench, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. Here is lake of pure molten sulfur. The only place where liquid sulfur can be found is Jupiter's moon Io.

In this pit, called "cauldron", a seething black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists have not been able to explore this place in detail, it is possible that even more liquid sulfur is contained deeper. It may reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.

According to the Gaia hypothesis, our planet is one self-governing organism in which all living and non-living things are connected to support its life. If this hypothesis is correct, then a number of signals can be observed in the natural cycles and systems of the Earth. So the sulfur compounds created by organisms in the ocean must be stable enough in the water to allow them to pass into the air and back to land again.

7. Bridges

At the end of 2011, in the Mariana Trench, it was discovered four stone bridges, which stretched from one end to the other for 69 km. They appear to have formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.

One of the bridges Dutton Ridge, which was discovered back in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high, like a small mountain. In the high point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km over the Challenger Deep.

Like many aspects of the Mariana Trench, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the very fact that in one of the most mysterious and unknown places discovered these formations is amazing.

8James Cameron's dive into the Mariana Trench

Since opening the deepest place in the Mariana Trench - "Challenger Deep" in 1875, only three people were here. The first was an American lieutenant Don Walsh and researcher Jacques Picard who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Trieste.

After 52 years, another person dared to dive here - a famous film director James Cameron. So March 26, 2012 Cameron went down to the bottom and took some photos.

During James Cameron's 2012 dive to the Challenger Deep in a bathyscaphe Deep Sea Challenge, he tried to observe everything that happens in this place, until mechanical problems forced him to rise to the surface.

While he was at the deepest point in the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary sea monsters or any miracles in the Mariana Trench. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was "lunar...empty...lonely" and he felt " complete isolation from all mankind".

9. Mariana Trench (video)

10. The Mariana Trench in the ocean is the largest reserve

The Mariana Trench is national monument USA and the largest marine reserve in the world.

Since it is a monument, there are a number of rules for those who want to visit this place. Within its borders, fishing and mining are strictly prohibited here. However, swimming is allowed here, so you might be the next one to venture into the deepest place in the ocean.

There are many amazing places of this world, which are still unexplored by man. It turns out that only 5% of the ocean area is subject to science, the rest remains a mystery for her, covered in darkness. One of these mysterious places is the Mariana Trench, the depth of which has the most great importance among all studied areas of the seabed. The Mariana Trench is another name for the place.

Under the thickness sea ​​water pressure is a thousand times higher than the pressure that is fixed at normal sea. But high-tech devices and caring risky people helped to learn at least a little about the deep cleft. Pacific Ocean- a real reserve, which is not only inhabited by exotic unique animals, but also there are remarkable topographical objects.

Everyone knows about the existence of this amazing object. Information about it is given to us from a young age, but over time we forget both the numbers and curious facts about this strange and charming place. We decided to remind you where the Mariana Trench is located and what it is. You can learn a lot about the object of the ocean surface.

The heroine of our article is called by the name of the islands, which are located near the "bottom of the earth". It is located along the islands. In the Mariana Trench, the depth of which, it would seem, is capable of destroying all life, there are some microorganisms that have mutated due to high pressure. This tectonic fault has steep slopes - about 8⁰. Below - a wide platform about 5 km, which is divided by stone rapids. The pressure at the very bottom is 108.6 MPa - more than anywhere else on planet Earth.

The history of the study of the phenomenon

1872 is considered the date of discovery of the Mariana Trench, photos of the object appear a little later. The tectonic fault was explored as well as possible by the British on a military corvette in 1951. Becomes known depth Mariana Trench - 10863 meters. Since it was the Challenger ship that sank to the very bottom, to the maximum deep point, it became known as the "Challenger Abyss".

Soviet scientists join the study. Since 1957, the scientific vessel "Vityaz" begins to surf the ocean and discovers that the depth of the Mariana Trench is even greater than previously stated - more than 11 kilometers. Our marine researchers established the fact of life at great depths, destroying the scientific stereotypes of that time. Subsequently, the ship was decommissioned into a museum value. Experiments continue to this day. Five years ago, the “bottom of the world” was visited by the automatic device Nereus, which descended 11 km below ocean level, took new photos and videos.

Diving to the "bottom of the Earth" is at least five hours. The ascent is somewhat faster. It is impossible to stay at the very bottom for more than 12 minutes, taking into account the technology that was at the disposal of the then researchers. Cosmic sums have to be allocated for the study of such terrestrial objects, so the work is going slowly.

Where is it

The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, two hundred meters from the islands of the same name. It looks like a crescent-shaped crevice, its length is more than 2550 km, and its width reaches almost 70 km.

The results of the study showed that the depth in the Mariana Trench is about 11 thousand meters. Everest reaches only 8840 m. If you need a comparison, then the highest mountain on Earth can be turned over and placed entirely on the bottom of the Mariana Trench, but there will still be more than 2 km of water column above the top. We are talking only about the height, the width of the depression and the mountain do not match.

Curious facts and stories

• It's hot there. At this crazy depth, it turns out that it is not cold. The thermometer shows a positive value - up to 4⁰С. There are hot springs in the gorge, they make the water a hundred points hotter. Boiling the water column does not give high pressure.

• Population. Ignoring the unsuitable conditions for life, the inhabitants of the "bottom of the world" got along well. Huge xenophyophore amoebas live there - up to 10 cm. These are the simplest, but they mutated due to hot water and pressure. Amoeba are able to survive in an environment filled with dangerous chemical elements.

• The inhabitants of the Mariana Trench also became mollusks, although the form from the cover should have simply cracked under great pressure. But hot springs contain serpentine rich in hydrogen and methane. It is these substances that allow mollusks to survive. They managed to adapt even to hydrogen sulfide secretions, converting them into protein compounds.

• The birthplace of life on the planet. Champagne key at the bottom of the ocean is unique area under water containing liquid CO2. It forms specific bubbles, similar to those in a glass of sparkling wine. Scientists have suggested that a primary form of life could have appeared around this key in due time. This is due to the presence of all the necessary substances.

• The depression is slippery. There is no sand or anything like that. At the very bottom there is a thickness of small shells and dead plankton accumulated over thousands of years. The pressure makes this mass look like slime.

• Sulfur in a liquid aggregate state. The Mariana Trench, which is not so easy to take a photo of, is rich in various geoformations. At a depth of more than 400 meters, on the way to it, there is a whole volcano. Near Daikoku is located big lake, filled with liquid sulfur, which is nowhere else on Earth to be found. The substance boils at a temperature of 187⁰С, and under it, it is believed, there is an even larger layer of liquid sulfur, which could also contribute to the formation of life on our planet.

• There are bridges there. In 2011, a group of research scientists discovered in the Mariana Trench stone bridges. Four structures stretched between the abyss for almost 70 km. They are located between two tectonic plates- Pacific and Philippine. One of them was discovered even earlier, in the 80s of the XX century. It is very high, over 2.5 km.

• The first person at this depth. Since the beginning of its discovery in 1875, only three people have plucked up the courage to dive into the Mariana Trench. The first was an American, Lieutenant Don Walsh, and with him the scientist Jacques Piccard in 1960. The dive was made on board the Challenger. In 2012, film director James Cameron visited the Mariana Trench on a bathyscaphe, and took a photo of it as a keepsake. The man had a painful impression of complete loneliness from this place

.

• The riddle of sawn cables. Incredible depths are terrifying. And the first explorers were afraid of unprecedented monsters inside the Mariana Trench. The first fact of a collision with the unknown happened at the time of the Glomar Challenger dive. The registrar began to record a metallic sound, like a screech, and shadows that appeared around the ship. The teachings became concerned about the expensive equipment made of titanium in the shape of a hedgehog, and a decision was made to take the research vessel onto the ship. The “Hedgehog” was damaged after extraction, the titanium 20-centimeter cables were crumpled, or rather, half sawn. Created full impression the fact that someone wanted to stop the ship at a depth.

• Prehistoric lizard. There was a hitch during the dive of the Highfish ship with scientists on board. The device reached a depth of 7 km and stopped. The researchers turned on the infrared camera. She suddenly snatched out of the ocean darkness a huge dinosaur that was biting into the bathyscaphe. With the help of an electric gun, he was driven away.

• The inhabitants of the Mariana Trench are protected by law. This is a national American monument, by right of the most big nature reserve in the world. There are several restrictions on staying in this area. Mining is prohibited here, you can not fish, but you can swim.

The Mayan Trench is inhabited by:

1. Terrible and not so fish

2. Various octopuses

3. And other strange creatures

We are close to the fact that the Mariana Trench will soon become closer to modern man. Perhaps in the near future there will even be tourism. But for now, this option remains on a par with the possibility of affordable space tourism. It is amazing how similar an earthly object is to distant stars in this respect. It is just as unexplored as the celestial bodies. But we at least know for sure that life exists in the Mariana Trench. According to a common hypothesis, it could have come from there. In this case, the study of the deepest place of the World Ocean acquires global significance.

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