"My city. Nut during the Great Patriotic War. Attractions and excursions

Shlisselburg(German Schlusselburg—"key-city") - a city (since 1780) in Russia, in the Kirovsky district Leningrad region.

Administrative center and the only locality Shlisselburg urban settlement.

The fortress "Oreshek" is located in the city - a branch of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

Shlisselburg

Flag	Coat of arms

Story

The city was founded by Prince Yuri Danilovich of Novgorod in 1323, who founded a wooden fortress on Oreshek Island (a lot of hazel grew here). It was named after Oreshek Island. In 1353, the Novgorodians laid a stone fortress, erected fortress walls and towers.

The Swedes besieged Oreshek more than once, trying to push the Novgorod Republic away from the sea, and it repeatedly passed from hand to hand. In 1613, during the Swedish intervention, the fortress was captured by the Swedes. They renamed it to Noteburg(Swede. Noteborg from Swede. Nöte - nut, borg - fortress, city).

In 1702, it was conquered from the Swedes by Peter I, who gave the city its current name (another version is Schlusenburg, the common name is Shlyushin). The area near the fortress, on the left bank of the Neva, was populated almost simultaneously with Oreshok. Here was the Spaso-Gorodetsky churchyard, or Spas-on-Neva, later turned into a settlement. In 1780 the settlement was transformed into county town Shlisselburg, St. Petersburg province.

SHLISSELBURG (SHLYUSHIN) - a county town with a fortress at the source of the Neva River from Lake Ladoga;
from St. Petersburg - 60 versts, from Moscow - 664 versts, the number of houses - 392, the number of inhabitants: 3240 m. p., 1609 railways. P.;
There are four Orthodox churches. Parish school and school of cantonists. Postal and telegraph station. Calico factory. Apartment 1st camp. (1862)

In the 20s-30s of the 20th century, the Leningrad Veterinary and Zootechnical Institute carried out work on the island in the field of military biology - the search for suitable biological pathogens of diseases in humans and animals. Among other things, work was carried out with the bacteria of anthrax, glanders, tuberculosis.

During the Great Terror of 1937-1938, according to available data, 90 residents of the city were shot.

During the Great Patriotic War, the city was occupied (September 8, 1941) and destroyed, at the same time, the fortress itself held a heroic defense for 500 days, preventing German troops from crossing to the right bank of the Neva. On September 25, 1941, the ships of the Ladoga military flotilla landed near the city and the Shlisselburg landing was killed. On January 18, 1943, during the Iskra operation, the city was liberated by units of the 67th Army of the Leningrad Front: the 86th Infantry Division, a separate armored car battalion of the 61st Tank Brigade and the 34th Ski Brigade.

From 1944 to 1992 the city bore the name Petrokrepost. In 1996, he left the Kirovsky District, becoming an independent municipality. On January 1, 2006, it again entered the Kirovsky District as an urban settlement.

Until 2010, Shlisselburg had the status of a historical settlement, however, by a joint order of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry regional development RF dated July 29, 2010 No. 418/339, the city was deprived of this status.

Geography

The city is located in the northwestern part of the district on the left bank of the Neva at its source from Lake Ladoga.

The distance to the district center is 6 km.

The distance to St. Petersburg is 50 km.

Demography

Changes for the period from 1825 to 2015:

Local government

The head of the Shlisselburg urban settlement, Vasilenko Dmitry Yuryevich.

The head of the city administration is Khomenko Nikolai Vasilyevich.

Economy

The main enterprise of the city is the Nevsky Shipbuilding Shipyard- Founded in 1913. The activities of the enterprise are the construction, repair and maintenance of the fleet.

Transport

The road passes through the city H135 St. Petersburg - Kirovsk - Shlisselburg.

From St. Petersburg to Shlisselburg can be reached by bus:

River communication is carried out to the fortress "Oreshek" and the village named after Morozov.

Attractions

• Museum-Reserve "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad"
• Fortress "Oreshek" - a branch of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.
• Museum of Local Lore
• Monument to Peter I
• Blagoveshchensky cathedral
• Nicholas Church
• Staraya Ladoga Canal

Decree of the President Russian Federation dated February 20, 1995 No. 176 "On approval of the List of objects of historical and cultural heritage of Federal (All-Russian) Significance” the monuments of urban planning and architecture include:

• Ensemble Red Square, XVIII—XIX centuries:
  • Cathedral of the Annunciation, 1764-1818
  • Nicholas Church, 1770-1853
  • chapel, 1864

In cinema

• In 1995, Shlisselburg served as the image of a small provincial Soviet town during the stagnation in the science fiction film The Fourth Planet directed by Dmitry Astrakhan.

Initial Russian name the city at the source of the Neva - Oreshek, which under the Swedes was replaced by Noteburg (literally "Nut City"), is associated with Orekhov Island (named so because of its shape). The name "Shlisselburg" was given to the city by Peter the Great, and its literal translation from German is "Key-City", which contained a hint - the conquest of Sweden will begin from this place. Soviet name Petrokrepost.

The fortress on Orekhovy Island was first founded by the Novgorodians in 1323 on the border with Sweden. Initially, the fortress was earthen and wooden, but after a fire in 1352 it was rebuilt in stone. At the end of the 15th century, with the annexation of the Novgorod Republic to Muscovy, the fortress walls were rebuilt, or rather, a new fortress was built almost from scratch, the height of the walls of which reached 12-15 meters.

In September 1611 the fortress was besieged by the Swedes, and in May 1612 the Russian garrison surrendered. Nut became part of Sweden and was renamed Noteburg. However, the fortress was under the control of the Swedes for less than 100 years: on October 11, 1702, after a 10-day bombardment, the Russian army, led by Boris Petrovich Sheremetev, took the fortress. Peter the Great personally participated in this assault as a scorer-captain. The city was renamed Shlisselburg.

After Northern war Shlisselburg became a suburb of St. Petersburg and completely lost military value. Therefore, it was decided to turn the fortress, standing on the island and completely isolated from the outside world, into a political prison. The construction of prison buildings began in the fortress, and over the two hundred years of its existence, many famous prisoners visited Shlisselburg: the wife of Peter the Great Evdokia Lopukhina and his sister Maria Alekseevna, the young heir to the throne John Antonovich (he was arrested with his mother at the age of two, imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress at the age of sixteen and killed while trying to liberate at the age of twenty-six), members of the Supreme Privy Council, Princes Dolgorukovs (executed) and Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn (died in the fortress), disgraced favorites (Duke Biron with his family), Decembrists (Bestuzhev brothers , Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker, Alexander Petrovich Baryatinsky, Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin), participants in the Polish uprising, anarchists (Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin), people's will (Vera Nikolaevna Figner, Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov - hanged in the fortress), Socialist-Revolutionaries (Ivan Platonovich Kalyaev - hanged in the fortress) . In general, for the severity of the regime and insular position Shlisselburg got the nickname "Russian Alcatraz" for a reason.

During the revolution of 1905, all prisoners were released from the prison, and the fortress turned into a landmark for several months, but after, since 1907, Shlisselburg again became a prison - a hard labor center of a special regime. In February 1917, the prisoners were again released (more than 900 criminals were released along with political prisoners), this time for good. From 1928 to 1940 the fortress was one of the museums of the Revolution.

In 1941-44, the Petrokrepost was the front line of the defense of Leningrad, and despite the fact that almost all the defenders of the fortress were killed, and the fortress itself turned into ruins, the Germans could not take the Petrokrepost. The feat of the defenders of the Petrokrepost did not allow the Nazis to close the blockade ring from the east, and saved millions of lives in Leningrad.

Since 1966, restoration work has been going on in the fortress, and Petrokrepost (since 1993 again Shlisselburg) has become one of the most visited tourist attractions in the Leningrad Region.

Until 1991, the only major enterprise in Shlisselburg was a shipyard. But the plant is currently closed.

The main attraction of Shlisselburg, unique even in the rich in sights in general and especially in the fortress of the Leningrad region, the Oreshek fortress is located on Orekhovy Island between two branches of the Neva.

The county building in Shlisselburg almost did not survive. On central square, near the mouth of the Ladoga Canal, you can see two churches: the Annunciation (1764) and Nikolskaya (1739). Nearby are the modest Gostiny Dvor and the chapel built in 1835.

The Ladoga Canal is a unique hydraulic structure. The channel was part of a single water system, which through the Volkhov connected St. Petersburg along the rivers with Central Russia. Lake Ladoga has always been considered one of the most dangerous lakes in the world; storms with waves of up to six meters high, so the construction of a canal in the 18th century along the shore of the lake was a real necessity. The entrance to the canal was located in the Sviritsa region (beyond the Volkhov), the exit was in Shlisselburg, at the source of the Neva, and in fact the Ladoga Canal consists of two canals: Staroladoga and Novoladozhsky. The first was started under Peter the Great, and completed in 1731, and went at a considerable distance from the lake, the second channel, stretching along the very shore and deeper, was dug in 1861-66. With the advent railways the channels fell into disrepair, and at present the Staraya Ladoga Canal is almost overgrown, and the Novoladozhsky Canal is used for the movement of small displacement ships (it has no locks). Directly within the city, even just on the way to the pier, you can see several locks and alignments of the Ladoga Canal, in particular, a four-chamber lock (1836) at the canal's exit from the Neva.

Geographic Encyclopedia

A city in the Leningrad Region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railroad station. 12.5 thousand inhabitants (1993). Shipbuilding shipyard. Founded by Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323; before 1611 Nut. In 1611 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SHLISSELBURG, a city in the Leningrad Region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railway station. 12.0 thousand inhabitants (1998). Shipbuilding and ship repair plant. Founded by Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323 (see ... ... Russian history

Petrokrepost Dictionary of Russian synonyms. shlisselburg n., number of synonyms: 2 city (2765) ... Synonym dictionary

- (colloquially Shlyushin) county town of St. Petersburg province, at the source of the Neva from Lake Ladoga, 60 miles from the city of St. Petersburg (along the Neva). The city itself is located on the left bank of the Neva, at its connection with the Ladoga canals, in ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

City in Russia, Leningrad region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railroad station. 12.0 thousand inhabitants (1998). Shipbuilding shipyard. Founded by the Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323; until 1611… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Shlisselburg city, Leningrad region Founded by the Novgorod prince. Yuri Danilovich in 1323 on about. Nut like a fortress Oreshek. In 1611 the fortress was captured by the Swedes and Russians. Nutlet transformed into Noteborg key, Burg fortress); used more... Toponymic Dictionary

Shlisselburg- Shlisselburg. Shlisselburg fortress. Shlisselburg, a city in the Leningrad Region, 64 km east of Saint Petersburg. Pier on the left bank of the river. Neva, at its source from Lake Ladoga. Railroad station. Population 11.9 thousand people ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

In the Leningrad region, regional subordination, 64 km east of St. Petersburg. Pier on the left bank of the river. Neva, at its source from Lake Ladoga. Railway station on the opposite bank of the river. Population 12.5 thousand people ... ... Cities of Russia

The city, so named by Peter I, folk. Shlyushin. About more early titles see Nut, above. From it. Schlüsselburg, literally the key city, on the outskirts of Baltic Sea. According to this fortress, a political prisoner was also called a Shlisselburger. ... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

Books

• Gallery of Shlisselburg prisoners. Part I, . St. Petersburg, 1907. Printing house of M. M. Stasyulevich. Edition with 29 portraits. Owner's binding. The original cover has been retained. The safety is good. January 8, 1906…
• Shlisselburg and his martyrs, . Petrograd, 1919. Book publishing house of the Union of Communes of the Northern Region. Typography "Kopeyka". Typographic cover. The safety is good. Edition SHLISSELBURG AND HIS MARTYRS: (ON THE OPENING OF THE MONUMENT…
• In casemates. Essays and materials on the history of Russian prisons. Shlisselburg. Suzdal prison. Peter and Paul Fortress, A S Prugavin. Reproduced in the author's original spelling. IN…

Geographic Encyclopedia

SHLISSELBURG- a city in the Leningrad region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railroad station. 12.5 thousand inhabitants (1993). Shipbuilding shipyard. Founded by Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323; before 1611 Nut. In 1611 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SHLISSELBURG- SHLISSELBURG, a city in the Leningrad region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railway station. 12.0 thousand inhabitants (1998). Shipbuilding and ship repair plant. Founded by Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323 (see ... ... Russian history

shlisselburg- Petrokrepost Dictionary of Russian synonyms. shlisselburg n., number of synonyms: 2 city (2765) ... Synonym dictionary

Shlisselburg- (colloquially Shlyushin) county town of St. Petersburg province, at the source of the Neva from Lake Ladoga, 60 miles from the city of St. Petersburg (along the Neva). The city itself is located on the left bank of the Neva, at its connection with the Ladoga canals, in ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Shlisselburg- a city in Russia, Leningrad region, a pier on Lake Ladoga, at the source of the river. Neva. Railroad station. 12.0 thousand inhabitants (1998). Shipbuilding shipyard. Founded by the Novgorodians as a fortress on Orekhovy Island in 1323; until 1611… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Shlisselburg city, Leningrad region Founded by the Novgorod prince. Yuri Danilovich in 1323 on about. Nut like a fortress Oreshek. In 1611 the fortress was captured by the Swedes and Russians. Nutlet transformed into Noteborg key, Burg fortress); used more... Toponymic Dictionary

Shlisselburg- Shlisselburg. Shlisselburg fortress. Shlisselburg, a city in the Leningrad region, 64 km east of St. Petersburg. Pier on the left bank of the river. Neva, at its source from Lake Ladoga. Railroad station. Population 11.9 thousand people ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

Shlisselburg- In the Leningrad region, regional subordination, 64 km east of St. Petersburg. Pier on the left bank of the river. Neva, at its source from Lake Ladoga. Railway station on the opposite bank of the river. Population 12.5 thousand people ... ... Cities of Russia

Shlisselburg- a city named so by Peter I, folk. Shlyushin. For earlier names, see Oreshek, above. From it. Schlüsselburg, literally the key city, on the outskirts of the Baltic Sea. According to this fortress, a political prisoner was also called a Shlisselburger. ... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

Books

• Gallery of Shlisselburg prisoners. Part I, . St. Petersburg, 1907. Printing house of M. M. Stasyulevich. Edition with 29 portraits. Owner's binding. The original cover has been retained. The safety is good. January 8, 1906 ... Buy for 10640 rubles
• Shlisselburg and his martyrs, . Petrograd, 1919. Book publishing house of the Union of Communes of the Northern Region. Typography "Kopeyka". Typographic cover. The safety is good. Edition SHLISSELBURG AND HIS MARTYRS: (ON THE OPENING OF THE MONUMENT… Buy for 2660 rubles
• In casemates. Essays and materials on the history of Russian prisons. Shlisselburg. Suzdal prison. Peter and Paul Fortress, A S Prugavin. Reproduced in the author's original spelling. IN…

Shlisselburg(German Schlusselburg-"key-city") - a city (since 1780) in Russia, in the Kirovsky district of the Leningrad region. The city is located - a branch of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

Story

The city was founded by Prince Yuri Danilovich of Novgorod in 1323, who founded a wooden fortress on Oreshek Island (a lot of hazel grew here). It was named after Oreshek Island. In 1353, the Novgorodians laid a stone fortress, erected fortress walls and towers.

The Swedes besieged Oreshek more than once, trying to push the Novgorod Republic away from the sea, and it repeatedly passed from hand to hand. In 1613, during the Swedish intervention, the fortress was captured by the Swedes. They renamed it to Noteburg(Swede. Noteborg from Swede. Nöte - walnut, borg - fortress, city ).

In 1702, it was conquered from the Swedes by Peter I, who gave the city its current name (another option is Schlusenburg, the common name is Shlyushin). The area near the fortress, on the left bank of the Neva, was populated almost simultaneously with Oreshok. Here was the Spaso-Gorodetsky churchyard, or Spas-on-Neva, later turned into a settlement. In 1780, the settlement was transformed into the county town of Shlisselburg in the St. Petersburg province.

SHLISSELBURG (SHLYUSHIN) - a county town with a fortress at the source of the Neva River from Lake Ladoga;
from St. Petersburg - 60 versts, from Moscow - 664 versts, the number of houses - 392, the number of inhabitants: 3240 m. P.;
There are four Orthodox churches. Parish school and school of cantonists. Postal and telegraph station. Calico factory. Apartment 1st camp. (1862)

In the 20s - 30s of the XX century, the Leningrad Veterinary and Zootechnical Institute carried out work on the island in the field of military biology - the search for suitable biological pathogens of human and animal diseases. Among other things, work was carried out with the bacteria of anthrax, glanders, tuberculosis.

During the Great Terror of 1937-1938, according to available data, 90 residents of the city were shot.

During the Great Patriotic War, the city was occupied (September 8, 1941) and destroyed, at the same time, the fortress itself held a heroic defense for 500 days, preventing German troops from crossing to the right bank of the Neva. On September 25, 1941, the ships of the Ladoga military flotilla landed near the city and the Shlisselburg landing was killed. On January 18, 1943, during the Iskra operation, the city was liberated by units of the 67th Army of the Leningrad Front: the 86th Infantry Division, a separate armored car battalion of the 61st Tank Brigade and the 34th Ski Brigade.

From 1944 to 1992 the city bore the name Petrokrepost. In 1996, he left the Kirovsky District, becoming an independent municipality. On January 1, 2006, it again entered the Kirovsky District as an urban settlement.

Until 2010, Shlisselburg had the status of a historical settlement, however, by a joint order of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2010 No. 418/339, the city was deprived of this status.

Geography

The city is located in the northwestern part of the district on the left bank of the Neva at its source from Lake Ladoga.

The distance to the district center is 6 km.

Distance to St. Petersburg - 50 km.

Time for inspection: Time for inspection: 2-4 hours.

Why go to Shlisselburg:
1. The ensemble of the Novgorod-Moscow-Swedish-imperial fortress Oreshek on an island at the source of the Neva, notable for its rare beauty and power fortifications, but even more so for the ancient prisons of the Russian Alcatraz.
2. Hydraulic structures of the Ladoga Canal.
3. The exit point of the Neva from Lake Ladoga and the lake itself.
4. Memorials of the Road of Life

Orientation . Getting around in Shlisselburg is very easy. From Red Square, where the bus arrives, you can see both the urban buildings of the county Shlisselburg and the Ladoga Canal. You need to cross the canal and reach the banks of the Neva (300 meters). From there, the Oreshek fortress itself will be perfectly visible, and you will surely find the Aygun ferry near the shore. If you get to Oreshek from the Petrokrepost station (see " Practical information"), it's even easier - just go to the pier and wait for the same "Aygun".

Shlisselburg is a typical city of the Leningrad Region. That is: gray, gloomy, shabby and terribly poor. Cracked facades of churches, dirty houses, an abandoned shipyard - Shlisselburg leaves a very difficult impression. Few cities in Russia can see such hopeless poverty.

Churches and civil buildings

The county building in Shlisselburg almost did not survive. On the central square, near the mouth of the Ladoga Canal, you can see two churches: Blagoveshchenskaya (1764) and Nikolskaya (1739). Both are rather inconspicuous in architecture and are in a terrible state. Nearby are the modest Gostiny Dvor and a chapel built in 1835. In general, this part of the city can be passed without stops. Near the pier from which the Aygun ferry departs, pay attention to monument to Peter the Great the work of the great sculptor Mark Matveyevich Antokolsky.

Ladoga Canal

The Ladoga Canal is a unique hydraulic structure. The canal was part of a single water system that connected St. Petersburg along the rivers with Central Russia through the Volkhov. Lake Ladoga has always been considered one of the most dangerous lakes in the world, it often experienced storms with waves up to six meters high, so the construction of a canal in the 18th century along the shore of the lake was a real necessity. The entrance to the canal was located in the Sviritsa area (beyond the Volkhov), the exit was in Shlisselburg, at the source of the Neva, and in fact the Ladoga Canal consists of two channels: Staroladoga and Novoladozhsky. The first was started under Peter the Great, and completed in 1731, and went at a considerable distance from the lake, the second channel, stretching along the very shore and deeper, was dug in 1861-66. With the advent of railways, the canals fell into disrepair, and at present the Staraya Ladoga Canal is almost overgrown, and the Novoladozhsky Canal is used for the movement of ships of small displacement (there are no locks on it). Directly within the city, even just on the way to the pier, you can see several locks and alignments of the Ladoga Canal, in particular, four-chamber gateway(1836) at the exit of the canal from the Neva.

Fortress Oreshek

The main attraction of Shlisselburg, unique even in the rich in sights in general and especially in the fortress of the Leningrad region, the Oreshek fortress is located on Orekhovy Island between two branches of the Neva, and behind the island the boundless expanse of Lake Ladoga already begins - water to the horizon, and periodically either to the right or to the left pass from the fortress cargo ships. Between Shlisselburg, Oreshok and the Petrokrepost station, a small ferry "Aygun" runs, mainly carrying tourist groups. The ferry runs very often (especially on weekends and tourist season), and you probably won't have to wait longer than half an hour.

Fortress tower. Photo: Ilya Buyanovsky

The fortress is amazing from the water. Impregnable walls, towers, narrow windows - the castle of If or Alcatraz immediately pop up in my memory. The wall that you can see from the water was built during the period when the fortress belonged to Muscovy, and some towers were built by the Swedes. The fortress was badly damaged during the Great Patriotic War, and these walls are restored. Fortress walls facing Lake Ladoga still lie in ruins.

There is a ticket office near the pier, and then there is a fortress gate, very modest in size, more like a door, but with a real lifting mechanism. Inside the fortress there is a wide deserted courtyard overgrown with grass, ruins and prisons. In the center of the courtyard you can see the ruins prison church, inside which is memorial to the defenders of Shlisselburg- a monument to soldiers and several abstract figures soldered from German weapons. The memorial in Shlisselburg is one of the most piercing memorials of the Great Patriotic War, which does not at all make an official impression. Not far from the church fragment of the old fortress wall, erected by the Novgorodians.

But the main attraction of the fortress, which distinguishes it from, say, Koporye or Staraya Ladoga are prisons. Before the revolution, there were four prisons in the fortress, now two have survived. The ruins of the prisons "Zverinets" and " big prison" are located closer to the entrance, and if the Great Prison still retains some outlines, then the Menagerie looks more like rocks of natural origin.

At the far wall of the fortress - New Prison, built in the 19th century - a gloomy two-story building with many cells, known primarily as a place of detention for Narodnaya Volya and Socialist-Revolutionaries. This prison was practically not damaged during the war and gives an idea of ​​what awaited the fighters against the tsarist government.

To the left of the New Prison is the entrance to a small courtyard that houses the Old Prison of the 18th century. There are only about two dozen cells in this one-story building, and its most famous prisoner was Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov, who was hanged here. In different cells of the Old Prison, the interior of a prison cell from different eras has been restored, and the trend makes one think: if the cell of the times of Catherine the Second looks more like a monastery cell, then the conditions in the cell of the times of Nicholas II are unbearable.

However, the Old Prison is not yet the oldest and not the strictest. If you go through it, you can go down to the underground casemates of Shlisselburg. Despite the fact that electric lighting has been installed here, it is still cold, damp, and scary in the casemates. The first prisoners of these casemates came here under Peter the Great, including the wife of Emperor Evdokia Lopukhina and his sister Maria Alekseevna. Later, when more "civilized" prisons appeared, dungeons became equivalent death penalty(which for political crimes in tsarist Russia was unofficially canceled for some time): after a month or two in total darkness, silence, complete isolation, any revolutionary completely went crazy.