Economic and geographical characteristics of the Republic of Khakassia. In the steppe and foothill regions of Khakassia, the mole, ermine, Siberian weasel live, in the mountains - squirrel, hare, wolf, fox, bear, etc. Birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie. In the rivers - taimen, tench, burbot, etc. K

The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southwestern part Eastern Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei river basin, in the territories of the Sayano-Altai highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. The length from north to south is 460 km, from west to east (in the widest part) - 200 km. In the north, east and southeast, Khakassia borders on the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the south - on the Republic of Tyva, in the southwest - on the Republic of Altai, in the west - on the Kemerovo Region.

The republic includes 3 cities of republican subordination: Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Chernogorsk; 8 districts: Altaisky, Askizsky, Beysky, Bogradsky, Ordzhonekidzevsky, Tashtypsky, Ust-Abakansky and Shirinsky. The administrative center is the city of Abakan, located in the southeast of the republic, on the banks of the river. Abakan, left tributary of the Yenisei.

The climate of Khakassia is sharply continental, with cold winters and hot summers. Characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature, air and precipitation. average temperature July + 19 C , January -20 C . The duration of the frost-free period is from 80 to 120 days. Annual rainfall ranges from 250 to 780 mm. The prevailing winds are southwesterly. In April and May, strong winds are observed almost every year, reaching speeds of 17-20 m/s. Winter sets in late October - early November.

By the nature of the relief, mountainous (eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakansky ridge, northern slopes of the Western Sayan - height up to 2930 m) and flat (Minusinsk, Chulym-Yenisei basins) parts are distinguished.

Plain areas are confined to wide river valleys and are called steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya, etc.).

On the territory of the republic there are deposits of coal, iron ore, non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, molybdenum, lead, gold, etc.), gypsum, building materials.

Khakassia is located in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The vertical zonality of landscapes is clearly expressed. Soddy-podzolic, as well as mountain-taiga podzolic and mountain-tundra soils predominate in the mountains. In the intermountain basins and partly in the foothills there are various types of chernozems. In the lowest parts of the basins there are dry turf-cereal steppes, along the outskirts - forb steppes and forest-steppe (a combination of meadow steppes with larch, birch and pine copses).

Mountain taiga forests rise to a height of 1200 m in the north, 1600 m and higher in the south. On the dry slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau there is a light coniferous taiga of larch and pine, on the slopes of the Abakan Range and the Western Sayan there are dark coniferous forests with a predominance of fir and cedar.

In the steppe and foothill regions of Khakassia, the mole, ermine, Siberian weasel live, in the mountains - squirrel, hare, wolf, fox, bear, etc. Birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie. In the rivers - taimen, tench, burbot, etc.

On the territory of Khakassia there are reserves Small Abakan, Chazy.

Main industries: mining (coal mine "Yeniseiskaya" and coal mine "Chernogorsky"; iron ore - JSC "Abakan Mining Administration"; non-ferrous metal ores - JSC "Molybdenum" (Sorsk); marble - JSC "Sayanmramor"), light (woolen - JSC "Siteks"; knitting factory "Khakassia"; footwear - JSC "Sayan"; leather - JSC "Iskozh"), mechanical engineering (production of cars (JSC "Abakanvagonmash"); containers, truck cranes), non-ferrous metallurgy (Sayan aluminum plant, Sorsk molybdenum plant, JSC "Tuimsky plant OCM" (brass rolled)), forestry and woodworking ("Sayanles"), food (meat - JSC "Abakansky Meat Processing Plant"; dairy, etc.). Hydrolysis plant in the village of Ust-Abakan.

The main industrial centers: the cities of Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Chernogorsk, Abaza, Sorsk; Urban settlement - Ust-Abakan. In agriculture, the leading place is occupied by agriculture (crops of grain (mainly wheat) crops), meat and dairy animal husbandry, sheep breeding, and poultry farming.

The transport complex in the Republic of Khakassia is represented by road, rail, air and water (river) transport. The remoteness of the Republic of Khakassia from the main economic centers of the country, the need to overcome long distances led to the development transport system in the republic. The main purpose of the transport industry is freight and passenger transportation.

Railway lines pass through the territory of the Republic of Khakassia: Abakan-Taishet, Abakan - Achinsk, Abakan - Novokuznetsk.

The body of legislative power is the Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia - the highest representative and the only legislative body of the Republic of Khakassia. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia consists of 75 deputies elected by the citizens of the Republic of Khakassia on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a period of 4 years in single-mandate (one district - one deputy) constituencies with an approximately equal number of voters.

Executive body The Government of the Republic of Khakassia is the highest executive and administrative body state power of the Republic of Khakassia, is appointed for the term of office of the elected Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Khakassia and resigns upon the new election of the Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Khakassia, continuing to perform his duties until the formation of the Government of the Republic of Khakassia of a new composition.

The Republic of Khakassia (until July 3, 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Region) has existed within its modern borders since October 20, 1930. The official languages ​​are Khakass and Russian.

In general, the economic and geographical position of the Republic of Khakassia is very favorable (relief and climatic conditions favorable for agriculture and for the development of industry). Also, in the EGP of the republic, an important role is played by the neighborhood with such developed regions as Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Republic of Khakassia has an advantageous transport and geographical position (the presence railway, roads, air and river routes). Its geographical position is advantageous on the South Siberian Railway connecting the Republic with the Minusinsk right bank, Irkutsk region, Kuzbass. Along the river The Republic has access to the Yenisei to the Central Krasnoyarsk region and the Yenisei North.

Historical ways of settlement and development of the economy.

Khakassia is part of the Sayano-Altai Highlands. As scientists suggest, human ancestors settled in the territories of the Sayano-Altai highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin over 300 thousand years ago. The ancient history of this region is unique and original. Khakassia is known all over the world for its ancient historical and archaeological monuments. Archaeologists do not accidentally call it "archaeological Mecca".

For thousands of years on the territory of modern Khakassia, numerous cultures of the Finno-Ugric, Iranian, and ancient Turkic peoples have clashed. The ancient Chinese states also had a certain influence on the development of the South Siberian peoples: in the ancient Chinese chronicles we find references to the northern neighbors, called the Khyagasy by the Chinese. The relationship between these peoples was not simple: there were countless military clashes, a struggle for survival, and periods of relative calm, when there were lively trade and cultural exchanges.

Since ancient times, Khakassia had caravan routes with Mongolia, China, Tibet and India. In the era of the Kyrgyz Khaganate, there was a branch of the Great Silk Road that connected Khakassia with Tuva. This path was mentioned in the ancient Turkic runic monuments of the 7th - 8th centuries.

Writing in the basin of the upper reaches of the Yenisei (including Khakassia) existed, according to the assumptions of Professor L.R. Kyzlasov, up to the Mongol conquest, i.e. until the 13th century, and according to recent studies, until the later period of the 17th-18th centuries.

Since the 13th century, the peoples of the Sayano-Altai, incl. the Yenisei Kirghiz began to experience ever-increasing pressure from the southern neighbors of the Mongols. As a result of long bloody battles that lasted several decades, the Mongol troops invaded the territory of the Kyrgyz (Khakass) state and in 1293. it fell.

The Mongolian period in the history of Khakassia is characterized by enormous human losses, the decline of culture, and feudal fragmentation. After the destruction of the Khakass state, the disparate feudal principalities on the territory of Khakassia could not create a strong unified union due to external and internal reasons. A certain stability occurred only by the beginning of the 17th century, when four feudal uluses (principalities) Altysarsky, Altyrsky, Ezersky and Tubinsky were formed. The uluses were ruled by princes from the ruling family of the Kyrgyz.

The process of entry of Khakassia into Russia was long and controversial.

In March 1707, Tsar Peter 1 signed the Decree on the construction of a prison in Khakassia, which was built in fifteen days, from August 4 to August 18, 1707. This year is the year when Khakassia became part of Russia. For the final consolidation of Khakassia as part of Russia, on its southern border in 1718, another prison, Sayansky, was built.

The territory of Khakassia was of interest to the tsarist government, primarily for its riches. Even under Peter 1, DG Messerschmidt made the first descriptions of the nature of Khakassia and its minerals. This contributed to the development of industry here. By the beginning of the 30s of the 18th century, many copper deposits were discovered: Syrskoye, Mainskoye, Bazinskoye, where industrial ore mining is organized. In 1740, two plants were built: the Lugansk copper smelter and the Irbinsk ironworks.

To provide metallurgical plants with raw materials in the 30-40s of the 18th century, the Karyshsky and Zastupovsky mines on the river were developed. White Iyus, Erbinsky on the Yerba River, Askizsky, Bazinsky, Syrsky and Tashtypsky on the Abakan River, Mainsky and Uysky on the Yenisei River.

An important place in the development of the economy of the Khakass-Minusinsk Territory was played by gold mining, where a “gold rush” began in Siberia in the 30s and 40s of the 19th century. By 1860, 127 mines were operating on the territory of the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts. The main gold mining areas were the mines of Sarala, God-given (now the Kommunar mine) and Balakhchino. In 1852, 3,800 workers worked in the gold mines and mines in the Minusinsk District. The formation of the working class began.

For two centuries since the entry of Khakassia into Russia, its territory has been inhabited and mastered by the Russian population. Already in 1822, there were 90 Russian settlements on the territory of the Khakass-Minusinsk region.

In the 18th century, cattle breeding prevailed in the Khakass farms. Purely cattle-breeding farms were not engaged in agriculture, they raised cattle in large quantities. And agricultural holdings, along with arable farming, had cattle in moderate sizes. Hunting farms hunted, kept a few livestock and sowed grain in small quantities.

In all cattle-breeding farms, herd horse breeding occupied the first place in the structure of the herd.

In the 19th century, the Khakass moved from a semi-nomadic pastoral economy to a semi-sedentary one with two migrations a year.

Fur trade in the 19th century becomes commercial. According to the census of 1890-1891, there were 1714 hunters-traders in Khakassia, of which 67% were in the Askiz department.

On the eve of October 1917, a characteristic feature of Khakassia was a multi-structural economy, it included patriarchal-feudal, patriarchal-clan, small-scale and private capitalist structures, which were intertwined and did not exist in a “pure” form.

The absolute majority of the Khakass population at that time was engaged in individual agricultural production, and 93.7% did not use hired labor. Buys were only 2.5%.

The 20th century was a turning point in the history of Khakassia. Soviet power changed the structure National economy Khakassia. It has turned from an agrarian, predominantly cattle-breeding region into an industrial region. Large enterprises were built here: the Sayan aluminum plant, Abakanvagonmash, the Sorsk molybdenum plant, the Abakan and Tey iron mines, and many others. Energy heart Khakassia became the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.

Population and labor resources. Functional typology of cities.

The total area of ​​Khakassia is 61,900 sq. km. The population of the republic is 583,200 people, including 414,100 people living in urban areas and 169,100 people in rural areas. The share of the republic in Russia is 0.4% both in terms of area and population. The population density is 9.4 people per 1 sq. km. km.

According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, representatives of 108 nationalities lived in the republic, including: Russians (79.5%), Khakasses (11.1%), Ukrainians (2.3%), Germans (2%), Tatars (0.8%), Belarusians (0.7%), Chuvashs (0.6%), Mordovians (0.6%), Shors (0.2%), Poles (0.1%) and other nationalities (2.1%).

The total population of the Republic of Khakassia for the period 1993-2006 has undergone minor changes. So in 1993, 583.6 thousand people lived in the republic, at the present time in 2006 - 583.2 thousand people, that is, the number of inhabitants decreased by 400 people. In the structure of the population, the number of children aged 1 to 14 decreased from 18.5% in 1993 to 16.6% in 2006, the proportion of elderly people increased from 13.0% (1993) to 16.9 % (2006), that is, the population of the republic has aged for 13 years. The share of the urban population in the Republic of Khakassia in 2006 was 72%. Life expectancy has decreased from 67.4 years in 1993 to 62.4 years in 2006, i.e. decreased by 4 years. Against this background, the problem of excess mortality of men is especially noticeable, the difference in life expectancy between men and women is 11-12 years, the expected life expectancy of men does not reach 60 years (2006 - 56.3). The natural population decline has been observed in the Republic of Khakassia since 1993 and in 2006 amounted to 5.7 per 1000 population.

The birth rate in the Republic of Khakassia over the past years has been declining from 15.2 per 1,000 population in 1993 to 11.2 in 2006, the rate of decline was 26.3%, but the birth rate in the republic still remains higher than in Russian Federation by 11.5%. The territories of compact residence of the Khakasses - the Tashtypsky and Askizsky districts - have always been distinguished by a high birth rate. Large large families - national feature indigenous people of Khakassia. But even in these territories, there has been a decrease in the birth rate by 18-36% over the past ten years.

The overall mortality rate continues to grow both in the country as a whole and in places densely populated by the indigenous population. In these territories, the overall mortality rate exceeds the republican level by 6-14%. For the period 1993-2006. there was an increase in the overall mortality rate in the Republic of Khakassia by 33%, but compared with the Russian Federation in the Republic of Khakassia, the mortality rate is 10% lower (РХ - 16.0; RF -16.3 per 1000 population in 2005). The structure of total mortality in the republic is presented as follows: I place - diseases of the circulatory system (48%); II place - injuries and poisoning (18%); III place - malignant neoplasms 12.5%. Changes in the structure of mortality (an increase in the proportion of deaths from injuries and poisoning) have been noted since 1993, when this class took second place among the causes of overall mortality in the republic.

Of particular concern is the analysis of the structure of mortality among the able-bodied population. The first place among the losses in this group of the population is occupied by injuries and poisoning. Those who died from accidents, poisonings and road traffic injuries in 74% are people of working age, including 10-12% violent death(murder) and road accidents, 2 times more likely to die from alcohol poisoning 20% ​​and suicide 22%. Persons of working age accounted for 16% of all deaths from diseases of the circulatory system and 28.5% - in the class of neoplasms.

The main reason for the decline in numbers is still the natural population decline. The migration increase, which amounted to 172 people in January-November 2005, compensated for the natural decline by only 6.2%. If in general in Eastern Siberia there is an outflow of the population, then in Khakassia there is an influx of the population with average indicators of monetary income and unemployment. It is associated with the stability of the economy due to large industrial enterprises (Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and an aluminum plant). The positive balance of migration was maintained due to the influx of people from other regions of Russia and the CIS and Baltic countries.

Emigration to non-CIS countries amounted to 494 people, which is 228 people or 31.6% less than in January-November 2004. The bulk of the emigrants (470 people) left for Germany.

In January-November 2005, compared with the corresponding period of 2004, an increase in migration growth was noted in exchange with most of the CIS member states and the Baltic countries. The exceptions were Kazakhstan, Georgia and Latvia, for which a decrease in migration growth was noted.

The number of economically active population of the Republic of Khakassia in the first half of 2006 increased by 1.7% and reached 261 thousand people. The total number of employed people at the beginning of the second half of the year amounted to 231.6 thousand people, it varied during the half year from 229.2 to 239 thousand people. The peak of employment fell on May-June. The total number of unemployed at the beginning of the second quarter was 29.5 thousand people, or 11.2% of total number working population. Compared to the first half of 2005, this figure increased by 45%. The number of registered unemployed is 9.1 thousand people, or 3.2% of the total economically active population. There was a decrease compared to last year's figure by 3.5%. Tension in the labor market - 3 people per vacancy. In the republic, the most problematic area is the Bogradsky district, where 70 people apply for one vacancy. The most problematic city is Sayanogorsk. There are 11 people applying for one vacancy. In Abakan, the number of vacancies exceeds demand by 30%. The working population is not expected to increase in the coming years. Reduction of workers is predicted in the agro-industrial complex, industry, housing and communal services and construction. Now the largest number of vacancies in small business. The number of people employed in peasant farms by individual labor and housekeeping increased by 15%. Those working under civil law contracts - by 26.7%. Significant job cuts occur in trade, agriculture, transport and construction

According to statistical data, the standard of living of the population of the Republic of Khakassia has been steadily increasing in recent years. Thus, in November 2006, the average salary of those employed in the economy of the republic amounted to 9,193.3 rubles, which is 18.3 percent higher than the average salary in 2005 and 2 times higher than the 2002 salary level.

In January-November 2006, the population's average annual monetary incomes amounted to 5,821.7 rubles per month and increased by 14 percent compared to the previous year, and by 85.2 percent in 2002.

At the same time, from year to year there is an increase in the subsistence minimum. If in 2002 its level was equal to 1859 rubles, in 2005 - 2844, in 2006 - 3243 rubles per person.

In connection with the outstripping growth rates of monetary incomes of the population over the growth rates of inflation in the republic, there is a steady decrease in the number of residents living below the poverty line. Thus, in 2002 they had cash incomes below the level living wage 31.8 percent of the republic's population, in 2005 - 28.7 percent, and in the 3rd quarter of 2006 - 22.4 percent or 120 thousand people.

Among the regions of the Siberian Federal District, the Republic of Khakassia ranks 10th in this indicator. Of the 16 subjects, the lowest percentage of residents with incomes below the subsistence level is in the Kemerovo region (13%), the highest (76.1%) is in the Ust-Orda Buryat district, Irkutsk region.

Natural conditions and resources as one of the most important factors of economic development and territorial organization of productive forces.

The climate is sharply continental, with dry hot summers and cold winters with little snow. The average air temperature in July is +17.9°C, in January -18.9°C. The average annual precipitation is 300-700 mm per year in the steppe zone and up to 1500 mm per year in the mountain-taiga zone.

The prevailing terrain is steppes, mountains and taiga. The Sayan Mountains, whose height sometimes exceeds 2000 m, occupy two thirds of the territory and are located in the west and south of the republic.

There are practically all types of water bodies in the republic - mountain rivers, tarns, foothill rivers, water bodies with a flat type of regime (small steppe rivers and lakes of closed basins). Most of territory of the Republic belongs to the middle course of the river basin. Yenisei, which is currently regulated by the hydraulic structures of the Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations. His water resources are primarily used to generate electricity.

In Khakassia, there is Lake Shira, well-known in Siberia with healing waters and mud, a significant number of lakes, the waters of which have healing properties.

More than 320 small rivers are involved in the formation of the runoff volume of the Yenisei and Ob rivers. In addition, small rivers play a significant role in the formation of operational reserves groundwater in the steppe part of the Republic, as well as a large role in the agricultural complex. Surface reservoirs are represented by a number of reservoirs (the largest of which are Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskoye, Mainskoye), natural lakes, of which there are more than 500 in the Republic.

The Republic of Khakassia is one of the oldest mining regions in the east of Russia. On its territory, iron, molybdenum, gold, coal, mineral and radon waters, non-metallic minerals are mined: barite, bentonite, facing marbles and granites, building materials. Deposits of copper, polymetals, phosphorites, asbestos, gypsum, jade, jadeite have been explored.

In total, the state balance in the Republic takes into account 166 deposits.

The explored deposits of Khakassia contain (as a percentage of the reserves of the Russian Federation): coal - 3%, iron ore - 1%, molybdenum - 11%, barite - 27%, bentonites - 6.5%, facing stones - 13%. There are high prospects for discovering deposits of manganese, tungsten, antimony, cobalt, highly decorative facing and ornamental stones, industrial accumulations of hydrocarbon raw materials.

The forests of Khakassia are one of the main types of natural resources and play an important role in the development of the economy and a special role in environmental protection.

The forest fund of the Republic of Khakassia is 3988.2 thousand hectares, occupying two thirds of its territory. About 96% of the forest fund falls on mountain forests, which have an increased water-regulating and soil-protective value.

Of particular value in Khakassia are cedar forests, which make up 29% of the total forest fund. 20% of the territory of Khakassia is occupied by the steppe belt.

The total stock of timber of the main forest-forming species is 438 million cubic meters. meters. Incl. conifers - 127 million cubic meters. meters.

The vegetation of Khakassia includes more than 1.5 thousand species of higher plants. About 300 species of plants are medicinal and technical raw materials. The most valuable food plants are wild garlic and bracken, the volumes of which are significant.

There are 2 state reserves, 4 zoological reserves of republican significance, more than 100 natural monuments in the republic. Despite the technogenic impact on the environment of existing and under construction facilities, the environmental situation is assessed as satisfactory.

The total area of ​​the land fund is 6156.9 thousand hectares.

Transport

Air communication

From Moscow (Vnukovo) to Abakan, once a week, the Vladivostokavia airline operates a flight (Moscow - Abakan - Vladivostok - Abakan - Moscow). Once a week there are flights Kyzyl - Abakan - Novosibirsk - Abakan - Kyzyl, Norilsk - Abakan - Yekaterinburg.

There is no air communication between the cities of Khakassia.

Railway

From Moscow to Abakan runs daily Express train. Trains Novokuznetsk - Abakan (11.5 hours on the way), Krasnoyarsk - Abakan (via Sayanskaya, 14 hours on the way), Krasnoyarsk - Abakan (via Achinsk) run daily. Direct cars run to Abakan from Tomsk, Irkutsk, Anapa, Adler, Simferopol. Direct carriage Novokuznetsk - Abaza.

Intercity buses

Abakan is bound by regular bus service with Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Kyzyl, Sayanogorsk, Abaza, Shira.

Highways

The road network in Khakassia is quite developed. The main route M54 Krasnoyarsk - Abakan. The Usinsky tract Abakan - Kyzyl and the highway Abakan - Askiz - Abaza - Ak-Dovurak (Tuva) go through Abakan.

There are enough gas stations and service stations on the roads.

Transport ArrivalFlights to the city of Tunisia are carried out by Aeroflot from Moscow 2 times a week. In summer there are flights to Monastir from Moscow and St.