What does the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus mean. Black Sea coast of the Caucasus
In anticipation of the peak of summer holiday season, many tourists are at the final stage of choosing their place summer holidays on the sea. Every year, holidays on the Black Sea coast become more and more comfortable. The price range for accommodation in local hotels, boarding houses, guest houses is quite wide and is available to vacationers with different income levels. The following is an overview of the resorts, which will demonstrate the best places to stay on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
This famous city formed a whole complex of resorts called "Greater Sochi" (Adler, Dagomys, Anchor Gap, Lazarevskoye). Comfortable hotels, various entertainment Sochi attracts Russian vacationers for any wallet. In terms of beach holidays, one of the best places for recreation on the Black Sea in the area Greater Sochi, there will be a rest in Adler. This resort has a wonderful climate and picturesque nature, and its territory is excellently landscaped and has all the necessary infrastructure for good rest on the sea coast.
The best children's resort in Russia is Anapa. A beautiful sandy beach and various health facilities await children from all over Russia.
Arkhipo-Osipovka is a village with beautiful beaches. He is the center for active rest With developed infrastructure. The village has almost no cheap housing for living, which will be a negative feature for many vacationers.
Divnomorsk is quite famous resort village with a variety of hotels for every taste. Cafes, beaches, water park invariably attract Russians to this village. It is located close to railway(station in the city of Novorossiysk) and from airlines (airport in Gelendzhik).
– beautiful place for holidays with young children. There are kilometers of sandy beaches and many hotels located here.
Nebug – a nice place, located in a subtropical climate, the coast of which is blown by sea breezes. Nebug attracts vacationers with its beaches, as well as a fairly developed infrastructure. It has various cafes and hotels, as well as a water park and an ice palace.
Dzhubga. This village is located on federal highway Russian M4 and is popular among vacationers because of the many cheap hotels. Dzhubga is a "paradise" for tourists who go on vacation in their own cars.
Big Utrish. This place is suitable for a comfortable stay, although the resort infrastructure itself is relatively young. In it, tourists admire the mountains and picturesque lagoons.
This resort boasts a developed network of hotels (there are even five-star hotels). The climate on its territory is quite dry (precipitation is rare). Tourists can rest in Kabardinka until November.
Tuapse- is one of the most famous cities south of Russia. It houses some of the best Russian hotels. The city has 3 beaches. But due to the large number of visitors, tourists often choose small, quiet villages located near Tuapse.
The coastline belongs to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus Krasnodar Territory, Abkhazia and Georgia and extends from Anapa to Batumi.
Anapa is the owner of the unspoken title of the most popular resort for families and children's recreation. In Anapa wide sandy beaches and flat bottom. The water here warms up quickly with the beginning of the season and it is relatively safe for children to swim. In Anapa, the sun shines almost all year round, here most of all sunny days than in any other city in Russia.
Novorossiysk is largest port Russia, the Naval base of the Black Sea Fleet of Russia is located here, and Novorossiysk has great potential as a resort city. If you take beach holiday, then you can relax both within the city and in the suburbs of Novorossiysk. In Novorossiysk itself, the sightseeing and cultural component and night life cities.
Gelendzhik is a universal resort city. There is everything for all categories of vacationers. Gelendzhik is suitable for both family vacation as well as for entertainment or cultural activities. Hundreds of hotels, dozens of different beaches. Gelendzhik will please everyone.
Tuapse is located almost in the middle of the Black Sea line of the Caucasus and is one of the most important cities in Russia, it is a strategic transport and port hub. In general, Tuapse is not a resort, but this does not stop thousands of people from coming here just to relax. Tuapse has a peculiar charm, here it is not like in other cities of the Black Sea coast - it is much calmer, more romantic or something ...
Lazarevskoe or Lazarevka is resort area Sochi is notable for its climate and weather. Lazarevskoe is fully protected mountain range and its own favorable microclimate reigns here. The coastline stretches for more than 7 kilometers with a diverse range of entertainment services.
Sochi is a federal resort. There is literally everything here. This city welcomes guests all year round and has something to offer for any request. It is difficult to name something that is not in Sochi. And the most remarkable thing is that you can come here all year round. Sochi hosted winter Olympic Games 2014, the Confederation Cup and the FIFA World Cup will be held.
Gagra is one of the most popular resorts Abkhazia. Gagra strikes with the beauty of its nature, the cleanest beaches and water, which heal not only the body, but also the soul. There is really something to see near Gagra, here you can include the Gegsky waterfall, Lake Ritsa, the village of Lykhny, which are the most beautiful places on the planet.
Pitsunda is a legendary resort Soviet Union, which is located in the Pitsunda Reserve, where the largest grove of relic pines is located, therefore, the aroma of pines and the healing effect of sea air are remarkable for Pitsunda. Pitsunda is located in a bay, so there are never storms here. This the resort is suitable for all categories of vacationers - those who prefer family, or beach, or youth types of recreation.
Sukhum is the capital of Abkhazia, ancient city, which was founded before our era and has a long spa tradition. Sukhum has a very rich nature and a favorable climate. Also in Sukhum there are many attractions, such as the Monkey Nursery, Botanical Garden, Bagrat Castle, Great Abkhaz Wall and others. After the Georgian-Abkhaz war, Sukhum is in decline, but that only this city could not survive.
Batumi is a Georgian city, the capital of Adjara. Batumi is modern international resort. This resort town very versatile and available for recreation all year round.
Other significant cities in the region include Gudauta, Ochamchira, and Poti. In addition, the resort value are such settlements like Adler, Arkhipo-Osipovka, Abrau-Dyurso, Dagomys, Divnomorskoye, Dzhubga, Lermontovo, Khosta, Kabardinka, Loo, Novomikhailovsky, Matsesta, New Athos, Gulrypsh, Anaklia, Ganmukhuri, Kobuleti, Makhinjauri, Gonio, Sarpi, Vardane, Tsikhisdziri and Chakvi. There are dozens of different settlements on the Black Sea coast. Write in the comments about unnamed places and where in general it is best to relax on the Black Sea.
The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the territory that stretches along the Black Sea coast from Turkish border and before Taman Peninsula. This zone includes Georgia, Abkhazia and the coastal regions of the Krasnodar Territory.
The fauna of the coast is represented by 60 species of inhabitants. Of the predators, one can single out the lynx, the Caucasian bear, the jackal and the leopard. Roe deer, deer, wild boars, otters, chamois and aurochs also live here. There are many bats.
2 Caucasian bear
In these places a large number of interesting birds, in addition to the usual species, there are also such unusual birds: the great buzzard, the hawk eagle, the dipper, the yellow grouse, the Caucasian black grouse, the birdwing.
7 lamb eagle
9 woodpecker
10 Caucasian black grouse
11 Vityuten - a large pigeon
Who are few here are amphibians and reptiles, sometimes you can see a turtle, there are lizards, snakes, large toads and newts. And of the rare species - red vipers and boas.
Many beautiful and amazing insects live on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The chirping of cicadas can be heard from afar, sometimes there are incredibly beautiful butterflies, for example, a rare oleander hawk moth. Also living here are fireflies, large beetles called ground beetles, clams and centipedes. There are also pests: fruit moth, grape weevil, worms that destroy wooden buildings.
Of the marine animals in these places, there are dolphins, seahorses, sea needles, various outlandish fish, crabs and jellyfish.
The flora of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus has more than 6,000 species that grow here, thanks to the mild subtropical climate. There are many relic plants: high juniper, cherry laurel, Colchis holly, rhododendron and others. Listed in the Red Book of Russia rare plants of this region, such as Colchis needle, Colchis boxwood, yew berry.
The woody vegetation that covered the mountains is represented by species such as hornbeam, oak and coniferous trees. But in the southern part of the area grow evergreen shrubs, creepers, magnolias and palm trees. The climate favors the cultivation of grapes, citrus fruits, tea and other crops.
In order to preserve rare species of plants and animals characteristic of this region, sanctuaries and reserves have been created in the region. The most famous of them is Sochi national park. It preserves the unique nature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Video: Beautiful nature Caucasus.
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus
The area covers the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to the border with Abkhazia. This is one of the most developed recreational areas of the country: the total capacity of recreational enterprises is the highest in the country. The share of jobs in most of the district's enterprises significantly exceeds the share of the population. The enterprises of the region are focused on serving the population from other regions of the country, including the most distant ones - Siberian and Far East. The all-Russian specialization of the region can be defined as medical and health-improving.
The area stretches along the coast and represents an almost continuous strip of resort towns and resort villages (Anapa, Tuapse, Sochi, Gelendzhik, etc.), interconnected by an electrified railway, highway and flights of pleasure boats and motor ships. The district receives more than 5 million people a year, while the load is growing rapidly.
There are large resort formations in the region. Among them, the leading position is occupied by Greater Sochi and Anapa. At the same time, the Black Sea-Caucasus region is one of the most promising areas for new recreational construction. After all, a significant part of the coast is still very poorly developed. In the future, large-scale construction is planned in the Gelendzhik region, this second after Greater Sochi Black Sea resort Russia.
On the territory of the district, medical and health-improving cycles are implemented with the greatest efficiency. recreational activities. The first of them is distinguished by an even distribution of vacationers throughout the year, the second has a clearly pronounced seasonal outbreak - the typical bathing season for it (water temperature 18 ° or more) usually lasts from mid-May to the end of October. On the entire coast, winter is considered very mild, and in this respect the region has no analogues in Russia. Unlike other southern coastal regions, the Caucasian-Black Sea region is characterized by significantly large quantity precipitation.
Main recreational resources area are the sea and beaches. At the same time, their high development is currently typical only for the territory of resort cities - Greater Sochi, Anapa, Tuapse and the villages adjacent to them. A significant part of the Black Sea coast has not yet been developed.
There are large reserves of balneological resources on the territory of the region. Among mineral springs Matsesta waters are most intensively used - hydrogen sulfide chloride-sodium waters of various mineralization and with various concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, containing lithium, nitrogen and a small amount of carbon dioxide. Resources of therapeutic mud are concentrated in the northern part of the region. For purposes spa treatment in Anapa and Gelendzhik, silt and silt-clay healing mud from the lake Chemburgsky and imported mud from the lake. Golubnitsky.
On the territory of the Black Sea-Caucasus region, one recreational connection was formed - Greater Sochi and several large plants - Anapa, Tuapse, Gelendzhik. One of the largest recreational connections in Russia - the resort agglomeration of Greater Sochi consists of six large recreational complexes (Lazarevskoye, Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Adler). They differ in the level of development and recreational functions.
Adler has one of the largest airports in Russia, serving all the resorts of Greater Sochi. All resort formations are interconnected by sea passenger lines and suburban electric trains. Greater Sochi has a unified construction base, a unified network of trade and procurement bases and logistics bases, unified excursion sites (Krasnaya Polyana, Caucasian Reserve and etc.). The integrity of Greater Sochi is also manifested in the administrative design of territorial unity, which is secured by the existence of four grassroots administrative regions the cities of Sochi - Central, Lazarevsky, Adler and Khostinsky.
Greater Sochi belongs to the traditional recreational areas of the country; its development began at the end of the 19th century, when the first dachas and boarding houses appeared here. Starting from 1902, the Matsesta resort began to operate. Already in 1919, the Sochi-Matsesta region was declared a resort of all-Union significance. It was from this time that a new era began in Russia in the Soviet sanatorium construction. In Sochi, in the 1920s, the first Soviet sanatoriums were built - a sanatorium-hotel for 150 people and Mountain air» for 100 seats. In the 1930s, the first district planning was developed for one of the main and rapidly developing sections of the Sochi region - Matsesta. The capacity of the resort's health resorts in the 1930s increased almost 9 times compared to 1913, from 10,000 beds in 1913 to 86,000 in 1936.
At present, Greater Sochi stretches for more than 140 km along the coastline. On its territory there are more than 50 sanatoriums, about 40 boarding houses and rest houses, numerous recreation centers and pioneer camps. First, it is the largest health complex countries that annually let in about 3 million vacationers, in the system of occupations of which the bathing and beach cycle of recreational activities dominates. Secondly, this is one of the largest medical centers in Russia, whose institutions annually receive more than 300 thousand people. Significant development has received sanatorium-resort service. The resort has 300 diagnostic and treatment rooms, 32 hydropathic clinics, 7 mud baths, 17 winter swimming pools, etc.
Huge work is being done by the medical institutions of Matsesta, the resort is equipped with 8 bathroom buildings and hydropathic facilities. Thirdly, this is the most important excursion center(over 2.5 million tourists). Fourthly, it is a major tourist and sports center (over 100,000 people spend their holidays at camp sites and sports camps every year). Many athletes (footballers, cyclists, athletes, etc.) undergo pre-season training here. Fifth, it is prominent Cultural Center countries - film festivals are held here annually. At the same time, Greater Sochi is a place of short-term recreation for residents of the Krasnodar Territory, especially cities located far from the sea (Krasnodar, Maykop, Armavir, Kropotkin, etc.).
Recreational services are the leading branch of the economy, which determines the emergence of new service enterprises that complement specialized recreational enterprises. A large recreational and economic complex has been formed and continues to develop here, in which over 90% of the able-bodied population is already employed. At the same time, there are more than 28 thousand medical personnel in Greater Sochi alone. The main part of the temporary population is vacationers who arrived without vouchers (about 70%). It is characteristic that of the total number of vacationers, about 60% arrive by plane and only 38% - by rail. The role of motor transport is insignificant (2%). About 77% of vacationers stay at the resort for more than 10 days. Unlike other seaside resorts in Russia, the territory of Greater Sochi is relatively little used for short-term recreation.
The most important natural resources used in Greater Sochi are the climate, the sea with beaches and mineral water. Especially difficult problems arise in connection with the use of beaches. Currently, there are 22 city beaches in Sochi, designed for the simultaneous reception of 4.4 thousand people. However, in fact, their one-time workload reaches 9.5 thousand people. IN last years work is underway to create artificial beaches; more than 6 km of artificial beaches have been created on the section between Tuapse and Adler. Within individual districts, the area of beaches is unevenly distributed: Lazarevskoye accounts for 20%, Dagomys - 2.2, Central Sochi - 32.3, Khosta - 1.5, Adler - 44%.
The conquest of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus by Russian troops, which began at the end of the 18th century, turned out to be long and difficult. Only with the end of the Caucasian War did this region completely come under the control of the Russian crown.
conquest
The victorious and bloody wars with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate allowed Russia to reach the Black Sea and push its borders to the Kuban. However, without control over Black Sea coast It was difficult for the Caucasus to count on creating a powerful counterweight to the Turkish fleet. To begin with, it was necessary to capture the powerful Turkish fortress of Anapa, rebuilt by the French, with a 25,000-strong military garrison and 30,000-strong urban population, guarding the exit from the Sea of Azov.
The sultans called Anapa "the key to the Asian shores of the Black Sea", the Russian generals - "a bone in the throat", which prevented the approval of Caucasian coast. Among other things, Anapa was a breeding ground for the spread of Muridism, which sowed hatred of the Russians among the mountain peoples.
During the war with Turkey that began in 1787, close attention of the Russian authorities was riveted to Anapa. Already in the following year, a detachment of general-in-chief Peter Tekeli was sent to capture the fortress, who, after a series of fierce battles, did not dare to storm. At the beginning of 1790, a second campaign to Anapa followed, but the 8,000-strong detachment of Lieutenant General Yuri Bibikov, having lost more than half of the fighters, returned without salty slurping.
At the beginning of 1791, the Russian command decided on a third attempt to capture the stronghold. Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky blessed General Ivan Gudovich for the accomplishment, sending a corps of 15 battalions, 54 squadrons of cavalry and 2 Cossack regiments with a total number of over 15 thousand people at his disposal. We prepared for the campaign with all care, taking into account the previous negative experience.
To begin with, Gudovich cut off Anapa from the possible support of the highlanders and began to build siege batteries. Having received news of the approach of the Turkish fleet, the commander decided on a sudden assault. On the night of June 22, 1791, all siege guns at once began a powerful bombardment of the fortress. Under the cover of artillery cannonade, the infantrymen reached their starting lines.
By 4 am, the guns fell silent on command, and the Russian soldiers climbed the walls. Despite heavy oncoming fire, the attackers still broke into the city. “The assault was cruel and bloody, the enemy defended desperately for 5 hours. The victory was doubtful, finally, with the blessing of the Almighty, it was done safely, ”Gudovich reported.
However, according to the Treaty of Yassy, signed in December 1791, Russia was forced to cede Anapa to the Turks. The final conquest of the "evil fortress of Anapa" took place only on June 13, 1828. Russia, with the help of 26 combat and auxiliary ships with a landing force on board, with the support of a 5,000-strong detachment of Cossacks, finally knocked out the Turks from the most important strategic line.
strengthening
In 1829, the Andrianopol peace treaty summed up the war: Turkey renounced the rights to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from the mouth of the Kuban River to the fort of St. Nicholas, located south of the modern Georgian city of Poti. Formally, Turkey fulfilled the terms of the agreement, however, by supplying weapons and equipment to the mountaineers, the sultans dragged out the confrontation with Russia until the end of the Caucasian War in 1864.
Meanwhile, Petersburg gradually spread its influence over the conquered expanses, starting with the construction of fortifications throughout coastline, primarily in river beds to prevent penetration into the depths Russian territory Turkish murids and arms dealers. The most important outposts appeared within modern Sochi.
So, in 1838, Major General Andrei Simborsky reported to the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, Lieutenant General Yevgeny Golovin: “Presenting to Your Excellency the plan and profiles of the newly erected fortification at the mouth of the Socha-Psta River, I have the honor to respectfully ask for the request of the Highest permission to call it Fort Alexandria , on the occasion of the fact that it was laid on the 21st of the current month, on the Highly Solemn Birthday of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress.
A month after its foundation, the number of the garrison of Fort Alexandria (later Navaginsky) already reached 4 thousand people. In total, 17 such fortifications were erected on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from 1830 to 1842.
Resistance
The construction of fortifications proceeded to the accompaniment of the incessant resistance of the highlanders. In February 1840, the militant natives captured the forts Lazarevsky and Golovinsky, but a few months later the Russian landing force recaptured them. In response, the regular units made a cartel campaign in the Psezuapse river valley, destroying 13 auls.
After the action of retaliation, the highlanders increased their attacks. In 1846, 19 clashes took place near the Navaginsky Fort, and 10 near Golovinsky Fort. locals- Abadzekhs - attacked not only the fortified garrisons, but also the soldiers who prepared firewood, grazing livestock or carried out construction work.
In addition to the sorties of the highlanders, other misfortunes awaited the servicemen: a humid subtropical climate unusual for a inhabitant of the northern latitudes, poor nutrition, lack of medicines - all this led to scurvy, colds and infectious diseases. Mortality in the garrisons reached alarming proportions. For example, in February 1840, 120 out of 230 military men were ill in Fort Golovinsky, in the same month 134 out of 243 people were sick in Navaginsky.
Gradually, the fortifications themselves fell into decay. In 1853, Emperor Nicholas I wrote on the report of the head of the Black Sea coastline: “I can’t add anything to the former; these unfortunate garrisons are probably doomed; we can't help it."
Already at the beginning of 1854, during the Crimean War, all the fortifications of the Black Sea coastline were destroyed by decision of the command, and the garrisons were evacuated. The Russian generals were guided by the fact that the Black Sea Fleet stationed in Sevastopol would not be able to protect the forts, and they were not able to defend themselves from long-range artillery of the enemy and the attack of the highlanders.
Development
With the end of the Caucasian War in 1864, Adjutant General Nikolai Evdokimov proposed a plan to complete the conquest of the coast of the Caucasus. The highlanders were given a choice: either they would move to the Kuban Plain, where the Cossacks could control them, or they would emigrate to Turkey. Most of the elders of the Circassians and Abkhazians agreed to go to the Kuban, but the leaders of the Ubykhs chose the Turkish option.
Unfortunately, the resettlement of the highlanders to Turkey turned into a real tragedy. Weeks and months passed in anticipation of the Turkish ships, all the food was eaten, famine came, followed by illness and death. Highlanders died by the thousands, they were buried right on the shore, buried in the sand. Turkish skippers eventually sailed, but no more than half of all migrants made it to the coveted shores.
The deserted lands of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus began to quickly replenish with new settlers. About 800 Kubans and retired sailors of the Black Sea Fleet with their families were forcibly resettled here. Between modern cities Tuapse and Gelendzhik were laid 12 villages. The device of these settlements had military-strategic goals - the protection of the annexed territories.
However, just like the soldiers of the regular army, the Cossacks and sailors were unable to adapt to local conditions. They tried to farm, but crops of grain and potatoes in an unusual climate disappeared. The settlers were doomed to starvation, and many of them were forced to leave the colonies.
But the authorities do not give up and send residents from the Central and Western provinces of Russia to the Caucasian shores. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Moldavians, Estonians appear here. Spontaneously these lands are inhabited by Georgians, Armenians and Greeks. Gradually deserted places settle in and adapt to the needs of new owners.
Today, the village of Estosadok reminds of the first Estonians in the Caucasus, and Moldovka reminds of the Moldovans. But the colonists did not begin to rename many Adyghe toponyms. Until now, there are the rivers Shakhe, Psou, Herota, Mzymta, Psezuapse, settlements of Sochi, Khosta, Dagomys, Kudepsta, Dzhubga.
