What is a square and a park. Tsao squares. Squares, boulevards, pedestrian zones, embankments

Square - a small landscaped and landscaped urban area, which is usually located at the intersection of streets or squares. Its main purpose is to decorate architectural ensembles and create favorable conditions for people to have a short rest.

The landscape design of the square, as a rule, is developed in such a way that its site looks like a natural continuation of the overall composition and is not out of context.

The main types of squares

Squares are divided into five types according to their purpose. Landscaping of these territories directly depends on the type to which they belong.

1. Territories located on sections of residential streets or in the area of ​​​​residential buildings between houses and intended for a relaxing holiday and walks.
2. Square foyer - open areas in front of administrative buildings, theaters and museums.
3. Exhibition squares - broken near public buildings. The main decorative elements in the squares of this type are flowers or sculptures.
4. Junction squares. Territories at the intersection of major transport lines.
5. Decorative squares. Miniature areas in front of public buildings.

The basic rule of landscape design

The landscape design of the square directly depends on its type, however, there are general rules, which are followed when developing a plan for improvement and gardening. The main requirement in this case is harmonious combination with the architecture of nearby buildings, since the square should be part of the city's architectural and artistic ensemble.

Square layout

The layout of a traditional architectural and decorative square should be subordinate to any sculptural or architectural object, visible from any point on its territory. Such areas are usually arranged in a regular style. All elements and compositions of landscape design are subject to the main axis of the monument, fountain or large building. All green spaces (trees, shrubs, flowers, etc.) are placed in such a way that they decorate the main structure and draw attention to it.

Thinking through the project and developing the landscape design of the square, it is necessary to take into account the color of the leaves of green spaces, as well as the nature of the surrounding buildings. This will create spectacular contrasting color relationships or, on the contrary, soften them, thereby enhancing the artistic impact of the entire composition.

Basic principles of landscaping squares

Trees of various sizes, leaf colors, crown shapes, ornamental shrubs and parterre greenery are used for landscaping parks. Large-sized trees are planted closer to the periphery at the corners of blocks, taking into account the formation of perspectives. The corners of the internal areas adjacent to the central platform or aisle are decorated with groups of flowering shrubs - spireas, roses, lilacs, etc., as well as with the help of small architectural forms - decorative benches, flowerpots, lanterns, etc. Along the perimeter of regular squares most often, pyramidal trees are planted (if the square is in close proximity to high buildings) or a hedge (up to a meter high).

Formed low-growing greens of an ovoid or spherical shape are planted along the edges of the aisles and sidewalks. Corners are decorated with trees medium height with broad pyramidal or spreading crowns. The main alley, which opens up the perspective of the central architectural structure, is planted with flowering perennials or beautiful low-growing shrubs. Benches on the alleys are located in niches specially trimmed in the bushes.

Planning of public gardens for recreation

The landscape design of a public recreation park should be created taking into account the location of such sites. As a rule, squares of this type are laid out inside residential areas between houses. When landscaping city parks, squares often wedged into the development of a residential area and go out onto the street on one or two sides. In this case, when creating a project, you need to take into account the location of individual sides of the site and, if possible, isolate it from buildings or roads as much as possible.

On the sides adjacent to residential buildings, low trees are planted so that they do not obscure the windows of the first floor. Depending on the overall architectural composition, both ordinary plantings are made, and groups of shrubs and trees are placed in a free order. The landscape design of this type of square provides for the mandatory presence of a playground. Usually it is located in the center of the site. All space free from green spaces and small architectural forms is sown with lawn grass. When choosing plants for such a square, it is necessary to take into account the green design of the streets adjacent to it.

The size and configuration of the territory of the square. The intended purpose of the squares is also dependent on the size of the territory. Sometimes a square on the street, due to the insufficient size of the site, cannot be used for recreation for adults and children's games, and therefore serves only decorative purposes. In most cases, the area of ​​the square does not exceed 2 hectares, but there are also squares of quite considerable size.

One of the factors that determine the shape of the square plan is the site configuration. However, on a site of the same configuration there may be several different squares according to the plan. So, on a square city square, you can design a square of a round or square shape.

In practice, the most common squares are square, rectangular, round and triangular in shape. In addition to the listed regular geometric shapes, squares often have an irregular and sometimes complex configuration.

Analysis of natural climatic conditions. At this stage, the insolation features of the design site are evaluated and the wind rose is determined. Data on sunny and shaded areas of the square. determine the functional zoning and placement of individual sites.

Building a wind rose allows you to identify the steppe "ventilation" of the territory. The data is needed at the stage of functional zoning of the square and determines the placement of playgrounds and recreation areas in the most comfortable areas.

Photographic fixation of the existing situation. At this stage, a series of photographs is being taken, fixing the state of the square before the start of design work. In the photographs, if possible, it is necessary to fix all existing objects. In the future, according to the photograph, it is determined which objects are to be preserved and which are planned for demolition.

The photograph clearly shows the relief of the territory and the opening prospects. Elements of paving and landscaping are fixed. The photo reflects the state of trees and shrubs, allowing you to make a decision on the possibility of their inclusion in the project proposal of the general plan of landscaping. The photograph can be used as a background for constructing future view frames, which will help to assess how the newly designed landscaping elements fit into the existing situation.

In Appendix E, figures E.1 and E.2 show a photographic fixation of the public gardens named after Makarov and them. Semenov in the city of Vladivostok before the reconstruction, carried out by 3rd year students.

7.3 Functional zoning of the park territory

Squares - small green areas (usually 0.5-2 hectares in size) located in urban areas have areas intended for short-term rest, walks, meetings, transit traffic of pedestrians, walks with children, placement of memorials, monuments and other purposes. In addition, there are entrance zones to the square.

The small area of ​​the square forces the designer to think carefully about the functional use of the sites and the rational movement of visitors.

Functional nodes of the square. The expressiveness of the architectural and spatial composition of the city square is achieved by highlighting one of the elements of the landscape as a leader.

The main element of the square is usually a central platform with a sculpture, a fountain, a pool, an architectural structure, a flower garden or a lawn with picturesque groups of trees and shrubs.

If the territory of the square is large, it is possible to plan several sites. The sites are the central elements of the functional areas of the square layout. Each site is a complete composition. The size of the sites in the park is set depending on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe territory and the number of visitors.

Organization of entrances and pedestrian traffic. The organization of pedestrian traffic in the park is of significant planning importance. The placement of entrances to the square also depends on the organization of the entire system of pedestrian traffic. The architectural and planning composition of the squares includes alleys of the main pedestrian traffic, walking trails, and recreation areas.

In squares located on squares or intersections of streets, through traffic can be organized. On a square with heavy pedestrian traffic, the system of paths of the square takes into account the direction of the transit flow, which is isolated from recreation areas and directed through the square along the shortest way. In the squares located on the streets between the houses, there should be no transit traffic for pedestrians.

Depending on the number of visitors, the width and length of the tracks are set. The width of the main alleys is recommended to be 4-6 m, in large squares - up to 8 m. The width of secondary roads - from 1.5 to 4 m.

Places for rest. Rest places should be located so that they have perspectives on the surrounding buildings. Resting places should be arranged, somewhat retreating from the road, in pockets or niches formed by plantings.

Playgrounds for children preschool age should be arranged in squares located in the residential area of ​​the city, if there is no heavy traffic on the adjacent streets.

Memorial area. If a monument is erected in the center of the square, then the composition of the square takes into account its appearance and helps to reveal its artistic merits. As a rule, for a better view of any object, a known distance is necessary, and the larger the object, the more the viewer must be removed from the object being viewed. Objects are best viewed from a distance equal to twice their height.

7.4 Selection of analogues of the filling elements of the square

The design solution of recreation places contains one of the possibilities for achieving figurative expressiveness of the environment, but with their equipment, to no lesser extent, the idea of ​​its comfort. The appearance of recreational places - city squares with a modern set of street furniture, pavilions, rotundas, gazebos, water facilities, children's equipment and small architectural forms serve to increase the comfort of citizens' recreation. Any movement in such a space will not be associated with a long search for a place to relax, but changing the graphic pattern of the ground cover, for example, from asphalt to colored paving stones, intricately laid out on a meeting place or on natural stone, in the form of a path leading away from a noisy street deep into the alleys, will largely respond to human needs in contact with the natural environment.

An analysis of the Russian and world experience in the improvement of urban recreation areas will help the student-designer with the selection of elements of the planning solution for the territory of the square in accordance with the chosen style.

Structures. This group includes: pavilions, rotundas, gazebos, water structures, such as: reservoirs, fountains, cascades and other complex objects.

Paving elements. In public gardens, special attention is paid to the quality of engineering improvement of the territory and especially the paving of alleys and platforms. Natural stone, gravel and marble chips, brick, concrete tiles, paving stones and cobblestones go well with lawns, flowers, ponds, pools and fountains.

Gardening elements. The selection of landscaping elements for urban spaces requires a particularly careful approach. Scaled placement open spaces lawns and closed ones, for example, benches with screens made of molded hedges, the competent arrangement of tree and shrub groups or the placement of flower decoration in the form of flower beds, flower beds, flower panels serve the purposes of humanizing urban spaces. In addition, the correct selection of the plants themselves, which are used in landscaping, their shape, color, timing of flowering and fruiting is of great importance.

Small forms. Small forms used in urban landscape design include: vertical gardening structures, flowerpots, garden furniture and garden sculpture. Standard projects or individual developments for each specific vacation spot are used.

For the square named after Semenov, in the city of Vladivostok, the selection of analogs in a regular style was performed by a 3rd year student E, Figure E3.

7.5 Planning decision of the territory of the square

The planning decision of the square depends on its location in the city, destination, local and climatic conditions, and many other factors. The square can be open - parterre type with a predominance of lawns and flower beds, and closed - with plantings of trees and shrubs, when it needs to be isolated from the urban environment. A square in a square, for example, can occupy its entire territory, part of the territory, be in one place or consist of several parts. Often, squares are located in the form of a "green pocket" between buildings.

The architectural and planning solution of the square has a simpler planning structure than, for example, in the park, a smaller assortment of plants, requires attention to the details of the relief, landscaping.

The planning decision of the territory of the square, depending on the destination. The square, located on a square surrounded by public residential buildings, itself becomes an element of its composition. The square and square should always form a single whole, and the layout of the square should be subordinate to the architectural ensemble of the square surrounding the square. The most important thing for the planning of the square is to establish the correct ratio between the size of the square and the square. On the squares, employees community center settlement, the square can be located in the center of the square or occupy only a part of the square.

On the areas intersected by transport, the square is located in the form of two separate sections. If the square is crossed by mutually perpendicular traffic flows, then the square can consist of four separate sections and serve as a purely decorative element.

When the square is surrounded by buildings of classical architecture, the layout of the territory and the composition of vegetation should contribute to the most complete identification of the aesthetic merits of the buildings surrounding the square.

The square, located in front of a large public building or in front of a water surface, is an open lawn or parterre, framed on the sides by trees or shrubs that do not block the main perspective on the building or water feature. That is why, in order to better view the aesthetic merits of architectural structures, an appropriate space should be designed in front of them, free from tall vegetation or structures.

In squares adjacent to intensive highways, providing protection against the harmful effects of gases, noise with the help of a dense strip of plants around the perimeter and creating comfortable conditions for visitors to stay come first. The planning structure of such spaces provides comfortable rest and movement of pedestrians; sometimes special noise-protective walls are used.

The square, which should be surrounded by residential buildings that have no architectural and historical value, is designed as a closed composition, isolated from the driveways by dense arrays of green spaces.

The planning decision of the territory of the square, depending on the chosen style. Historical reference. Even in the Roman era, the word square was used to designate a city square of a regular square shape. Republican Rome, dominated by the slave system, saw its main wealth in the land on which gardens were mainly created. The gardens were located in the center of the squares and on the outskirts of Rome. According to literary sources (plans have not reached us), it is known that such gardens were divided by alleys intersecting at right angles and decorated with parterres, fountains, pools, porticos, grottoes.

Square in the regular style. Squares on central squares or in front of a significant architectural structure, as a rule, they are solved by regular techniques with a compositional structure subordinate to the architecture of the main building, helping to reveal its facade, main entrance, etc. This is expressed in the fact that the square space is not isolated from the building by tall plants, but is like a parade approach to it. To enhance this impression, dense and high "walls" of trees and shrubs are created on the sides of the square. Sometimes such squares are solved entirely in the form of a parterre. Regular compositions are also used in those cases when, due to the nature of the development of the square and the schedule of pedestrian traffic along it, the square has to be cut through through paths.

The plan of most regular squares is built along one central axis or two axes. In these cases, the compositional axis is emphasized by the parterre with paired alleys or one central alley. The center of the composition of the square can be emphasized by a fountain, a monument or a flower garden. This is especially necessary for round, octagonal or square squares.

Square in landscape style. Otherwise, the composition of the square on the street is solved when it is isolated from the surrounding buildings and the planning of the territory is considered as an independent task. In this case, landscape methods of tracing paths and grouping trees, shrubs and flowers are most often used (it should be borne in mind that winding paths illusory increase the space of the square).

The final choice of planning solution. The size, shape and composition of the square depend on the configuration of the allotted territory, the accepted layout of the area, the surrounding buildings, and possible ways to solve functional problems. Squares can have not only a variety of geometric shapes, but also irregular and sometimes very complex configurations. A specific planning decision depends not only on the configuration of the site, but also on other factors, among which the nature of the surrounding buildings is of great importance. If, for example, a given area is dominated by one building, then the round shape of the square is less suitable than in the case when the area is built up along the entire perimeter with approximately equivalent buildings. Traffic flows crossing or flowing around the area are also of some importance.

Thus, the square plan is created as a result of solving the sum of transport, functional, architectural and compositional issues. The architectural and planning solution of the square is influenced by the location of adjacent streets, the direction of the main pedestrian flows.

When planning a square, it is important to determine the balance of its territory, for which it is necessary to find the correct ratio of the main elements that make up the territory of the square (platforms, paths and various types of plantings). This ratio depends in each case on several factors: the possible number of visitors, the purpose of the square, its place in the city plan, climatic conditions, topography, the nature of the surrounding buildings and the need to open panoramas of the landscape.

Depending on the intensity of movement of visitors, the recommended balance of the territory of the square also changes. Table 6.1 shows the recommended sizes of the square territories allocated for filling with various planning elements, with an area of ​​1 hectare.

An example of a planning solution for a square is given in Appendix E in Figure E.4. Sketch of the master plan for the landscape organization of the park named after. Sukhanova, performed by a 3rd year student of the design department Kopteva Olga. The design object is an intra-quarter public garden, which is located at the intersection of the street. Sukhanov and st. Uborevich in Vladivostok. The layout of the square is solved in a mixed style.

The central element of the composition of the square is a monument with a monument to the hero civil war K. Sukhanov. The borders of the site, the north-east is a residential building, from the north - an office building, and the south and south-west are intra-block passages. The object has a shape close to rectangular. The roundings are formed by an intra-quarter passage and a slope.

The architectural and planning solution was based on the idea of ​​creating a public garden for everyday recreation of residents of nearby houses with the arrangement of playgrounds and short-term recreation areas around the periphery.

The composition contains soft curved circular shapes in the form of paths and platforms. These forms are also used for organizing flower beds, in planting hedges from shrubs, in the form of benches and other small architectural forms.

Functionally, the square is divided into two zones: 1) - quiet and children's recreation in the north-eastern part, located directly near the residential area; 2) a short rest in the southwestern part. The border of the two zones is the main curved path 3 meters wide, stretching from the southern to the northern corner of the square. It is a convenient transit that has historically developed in the quarter . The main path has a kink, which is punctuated by a meeting area and a monument. The platform and the elevated platform on which the monument is placed are the center of the composition. The shapes of the platforms are chosen to be round in order to emphasize the general idea of ​​circular shapes in the composition. The playgrounds are covered with paving stones and equipped with benches, litter bins and lanterns. Trees that fall into the cover of the central platform are framed by trunk circles.

The main walking path intersects with the pedestrian flow leading in the direction from the west to the east of the residential area in the driveway, which is designed as a secondary path in a free landscape style and laid out with natural stone.

In the south-eastern part of the square, a recreation complex for children of younger and middle age is provided, in the form of a round platform of a smaller diameter. The approach to the children's area is organized from the central platform in the form of a curved path. The children's area is separated from the rest of the square by planting trees and shrubs and does not have a second entrance to exclude transit passage through it.

All places for recreation in the square are equipped with benches, and as a necessary element of improvement, trash cans and lanterns are provided. The slope in the eastern part of the square is formed by two semicircular ponds, the sides of which are lined with natural stone.

The role of green spaces in the planning decision of the territory of the square. In the square, the use of plants to create plantings is multifaceted and depends on many factors - the purpose of plantings, microclimatic conditions. Selected plants should be in harmony with architectural style and features of all buildings that will be located on the projected site, as well as organically fit into environment. Plants should be selected taking into account the climatic and soil conditions of the site and the laws of compatibility of different plants with each other. Spruce loves to coexist with birch, pine and mountain ash; larch will take fir and wild rose into its company; pine will do well next to juniper and oak. It is also necessary to take into account the compatibility of plants with each other in size, crown shape, leaf color. The selection of plants is also greatly influenced by the terrain, as different plants have different requirements for thermal and light conditions and humidity. If yews and spruces prefer shady northern and eastern slopes of hills, then pines and barberries feel more comfortable on sunny southern and southwestern slopes. The number of trees and shrubs to be planted depends on the purpose of the square, its location and the architectural and planning solution of the ensemble, which includes this square. On average, for city squares it is possible to accept the norm of planting density of 100-120 trees and 1000-1200 shrubs per 1 hectare. In particular, in southern cities shady areas are required and large quantity trees than in the north.

If a square is located on an area with heavy traffic flows and is intended to regulate traffic and decorate the area, then there may be no trees in it, and there may be very few shrubs. Annex E, Figure E

In the park on the street, which is used for recreation, trees are needed to isolate the area from noise, dust and car exhaust, and in addition, to create shaded areas and alleys. Trees and shrubs used for planting squares must be resistant to smoke and gases and at the same time have high decorative properties.

Association of plant groups with architectural structures can be expressed by framing and background landings, serving as a frame or background for the building. The purpose of framing plantings is to draw the viewer's attention directly to the building.

Before choosing a place for framing plantings, it is necessary to study the perspectives of the building from various nodes of the square, and decide from which of these nodes the building looks most beautiful. The size of the trees and the size of the group of trees for framing depend not only on the volume of the building, but also on the distance from which it is viewed.

The shape of the crown of tree species used to create the green frame of a building should be consistent with the main lines of the building according to the principle of harmony or contrast. For example, rounded willows , oaks, elms, maples contrast perfectly with the architecture of vertical construction; pyramidal poplars, birches - with horizontal lines of some modern buildings.

Depending on the conditions, either groups or individual specimens of plants may be applicable. As a rule, plantings at the corners and at the entrance to the square should be higher than other plantings. The best results from framing are obtained when the trees located at the corners of the square reach full development earlier than others. Separate groups of plantings in the square are interconnected by a strip of low shrubs or creeping plants.

By means of landscaping, it is also necessary to emphasize the artistic qualities of sculpture, fountains and other architectural objects, which are almost always included in the composition of the city square. All these objects are perceived most clearly when placed on the green carpet of the lawn. The best background for them can be green walls, special niches in them, plants with curly haircuts that create certain form crowns. For this, breeds with a dense crown are selected. The color of the foliage of the background plantings should be matched to the color of the sculpture itself or other structure. Light marble is best perceived against the background of dark green foliage and especially well against the background of greenery of dark coniferous species. For dark sculptures and structures, plants with light green, silver or golden foliage can serve as a background.

In the square, the most optimal means of landscaping is a lawn, emphasizing the simplicity of architecture. Against this background, a variety of plantings are placed: tree and shrub groups, single (solitary) trees, avenue plantings and hedges, flower beds.

In order for the squares to be distinguished by their stability and high decorative qualities, the highest requirements for planting trees and shrubs, arranging lawns and flower beds, caring for plantings are subject to special requirements (systematic watering, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, using growth stimulants, etc.). P.). When placing trees and shrubs, certain norms should be followed, which are given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 - Minimum distance from obstacles when planting trees and shrubs.

Table 6.2 continued

7.6 General plan of the square territory. Landscaping plan. List of landscaping

Based on the approved functional zoning square, the chosen style, compositional solution, the designers carry out the general plan of the square territory on a scale of 1:500 or 1:200 (depending on the area). On the master plan, all objects are placed within certain functional areas and common borders square.

Initially, the sketch of the master plan is done in pencil on a piece of drawing paper. After approval by his teacher, outlined in ink. The hand-drawn master plan is scanned and transferred to a computer. The final development of the master plan is carried out with the help of graphic programs.

In Appendix E, Figures E.4-E.5 show examples of the implementation of the master plan of the territory of the city square in the technique of manual graphics by third-year students.

The landscaping plan is part of the landscape project - a working drawing of the projected area. The landscaping plan displays the boundaries of the entire site, structures, indicates all the plants that are included in the project and fixes the exact location of any plant on the site. At the same time, the crowns of all trees are depicted at the time of their highest flowering, the contours of flower beds, lawns, rocky hills are applied. The task of the landscaping plan is to reveal the spatial composition and artistic appearance of the landscape being designed on the site. Landscaping plan - is one of the main documents, according to which works on landscaping of the territory are carried out.

When drawing up a landscaping plan, a landscape designer takes into account the natural and climatic characteristics of the territory in such a way that the selected plants feel comfortable and delight the eye for a long time. In addition, the choice of plants, their number and grouping on the territory depends on the purpose, style or historical significance of the territory. Proper selection of plants and their grouping ensure not only the achievement of an optimal visual effect, but also the further healthy development of the selected plants and their longevity.

Each group of plants on the planting plan is made in the form of conditional contours of various shapes. For ease of orientation in various documents landscape plan, each such contour is assigned a fraction with the serial number of the plant in the numerator, which indicates the position of the plant in the list of landscaping, and the number of plants in the denominator. Often, also for the convenience of reading information, perennial and annual flowers are indicated on separate plans, made on a larger scale.

To calculate the number of plants, they are entered in the landscaping statement, which is carried out in accordance with GOST 21. “Rules for the implementation of working documentation for master plans for enterprises, structures and civil and residential facilities”.

In addition to the name, the age of the planting material is entered in the statement. The names of plants include such characteristics as: genus, species and variety.

In Appendix E, Figure E.6 shows a landscaping plan made for the practical task "Landscape organization of a city square" by a student

7.7 Construction of sweeps. Three-dimensional image of the territory of the square.

view frames

On the scans, combined with the section, all changes in the level of the territory of the square are depicted: stairs, terraces, slopes, retaining walls and underground structures: reservoirs, pools, fountains. The applied landscape groupings of the group, tapeworms, hedges are shown. On the tablet, two sweeps are performed, combined with the section. Section lines are chosen in such a way as to reflect the configuration of the relief as much as possible and show the completed planning work (terracing, geoplastics). The sections are located in diametrically opposite planes (along the relief and across the relief) relative to the site plan. On the general plan, to designate the section line, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The section line is indicated by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet, and the section itself is accompanied by an inscription along type A-A, B-B (GOST 2.303 - 68). See Appendix E in Figures E.7-E.9. shows scans combined with a section of the square, made by students of the 3rd year

Parks, squares, avenues, boulevards - all of them are favorite places for recreation of citizens who are tired of the endless streams of cars, street noise and bustle. However, not each of us will be able to clearly answer the question of how a park differs from a public garden. Let's try to find out the main differences between these concepts.

Square- landscaped landscaped area inside industrial or residential buildings.

Comparison

The square, as well as the park, is an object of greening the city. It is a plot, the size of which in most cases does not exceed two hectares. Squares are often located at the intersection of streets, on the square or in residential areas. Their layout usually includes playgrounds, flower beds, paths, lawns, separate groups of shrubs and trees. These are original oases within the city, intended for short-term rest. The so-called aesthetic center of the square is decorated with sculptures or a fountain. This perfect place for walks with children and fleeting rest in the process of moving around the city.

Parks, on the other hand, occupy an impressive territory - often their size reaches 10 hectares - and represent entire architectural and landscape objects. In addition to green spaces, alleys, landscaped paths, benches and gazebos, the park implies the presence of a variety of decorative elements. These include monuments, fountains, sculptures, etc.

Square them. Ermakova in Murom

Parks can be divided into species according to their purpose. Amusement parks abound with all kinds of entertainment elements, swings and carousels. sports parks equipped with obstacle courses and sports equipment. There are also memorial parks and park-museums created in honor of certain historical events. Parks of culture and recreation can combine all of the above elements.

Findings site

1. The park has a significant larger area than a square.
2. The park is located in a separate area, while the square is located within the city.
3. The square is intended for short-term rest; you can spend the whole day walking in the park.
4. Parks can be divided into types according to their purpose: amusement parks, sports or memorial parks, etc.

In every city there are places that allow residents to relax from the hustle and bustle in the shade of green spaces. These are squares, parks, boulevards. In such recreation areas, cozy benches were built and paths were laid out. The district administration is responsible for the improvement of the parks. Maintain proper appearance park area not easy, because most of the area is made up of lawns. What is a city square? How is it different from the park?

Meaning of the word

"Square" - borrowed from in English. Translated into Russian means "square". If you can pick up several related words for the noun "park", then with "square" this is hardly possible. The original Russian adjective "bad", of course, has nothing to do with the name of the small park area, which is discussed in today's article.

London squares

Small landscaped and landscaped areas are most often found in London. This is no coincidence. After all, as already mentioned, the square is a word of English origin. For several centuries England has been famous for its mighty ancient trees growing in special small areas.

The first squares appeared in the times of kings and dukes. A typical London square is an area with manicured lawns and a small number of trees. There are so many of them in the English capital that almost every one of them is within walking distance from a large office center. The squares are visited not only by mothers with children, but also by employees of the same offices during a working break.

Moscow

At the end of the 19th century, not far from Delegatskaya, Durov and Samotechnaya streets, a public garden was created, which later became known as Ekaterininsky. Near once was Suvorovskaya Square. Initially, it was also named after the great empress. There are more parks in the Russian capital than public gardens. This is explained architectural features cities.

In creating projects for the improvement of the capital, the architects of the 18-19th century did not adhere to the principles of simplicity and moderation. In addition, it is worth saying that, unlike English squares, Moscow ones were by no means always in excellent condition. So, in the nineties of the last century, many park areas in the capital and other cities of the country were rather neglected.

Among the well-known landscaped areas in Moscow, there are quite a few that, according to their main features, can be attributed to public gardens. But not all of their names contain this foreign word. The square is a landscaped area, the area of ​​​​which is no more than 2 hectares. Let us recall, for example, the Patriarch's Ponds - a meeting place for famous artistic characters. Most this zone is occupied by a reservoir. Paths are laid out here, benches are installed. The area, however, is a little over 2 hectares. However, it is more of a square than a park.

Paris

One of the natural attractions of the French capital is Rene Viviani. This is a square opened in the 1920s. The layout of this park area is quite complex. The square has the shape of a polygon, and irregular. It offers an excellent view of the most famous French capital - Notre Dame Cathedral.

Park and square: differences

These concepts are often confused. However, calling a small park a square is not a gross mistake. Both in the first and in the second case, we are talking about a green area intended for the recreation of citizens. The word "park" also came into Russian from a foreign language. In the Latin language there is a noun that has long since migrated to all European languages. Perhaps 200-300 years ago it had a slightly different meaning.

The park is quite a large area. Its area can be up to 10 hectares. This is the main difference. Again, a park is not always called a park. A square is not always a square. So, the Alexander Garden, located next to Red Square, is actually a park. Its area is 10 hectares. This is a full-fledged architectural ensemble, which includes flower beds, ponds, alleys, and benches.

Squares do not differ from each other in purpose. In any case, this is a small area, located, as a rule, near historical sights. But sometimes there are squares in sleeping areas. As for parks, there is some classification. In each city, for example, there is a vast area with attractions and other entertainment. The square is designed for a more relaxing holiday.

Alleys and gardens are the main landscaping objects that can be found in any major city. But in this article we will talk only about city parks and squares.

Green spaces and their place in the city system

It is difficult to imagine a modern city without green spaces. Parks and squares have always had importance in the life of a city dweller. Yes, back in Ancient Greece trees and bushes were planted in rows along the roads and near the walls of large buildings. But in the cities of the Roman Empire there was a tradition to lay the so-called "sacred groves" - the prototypes of modern squares.

The role and importance of green spaces in modern large cities is very difficult to overestimate. After all, they do not just purify the air, absorb harmful substances and protect people's homes from dust and noise. They also provide a spiritual connection between man and nature. In other words, a park or a city square is a kind of "portal" that connects the natural world with the human body torn from it.

What is a park?

The term "park" has Latin roots and is translated as "fenced off area". It is worth noting that until the end of the 18th century, the word "garden" was used in Europe, although today it is sometimes used to refer to some city parks (for example, the City Garden in Odessa).

The park is one of the main landscaping objects in the city, which is intended for recreation and entertainment of its residents. In any such place, there are necessarily groups of tree and shrub plantations, flower beds, glades, a system of alleys, as well as various ones (fountains, sculptures, gazebos, etc.).

The square is...

From English, the word square can be translated as "square". The square is one of the forms of landscaping designed for short-term recreation of citizens. It differs from the park only in its smaller size. The area of ​​the city square usually does not exceed two hectares.

In urban planning, you can find several classifications of city squares. So, in size they are:

• small (up to 0.5 ha);
• medium (0.5-1 ha);
• large (more than 1 hectare).

The form is distinguished:

• rounded squares;
• square;
• rectangular;
• elongated (boulevards), etc.

According to the composition of green spaces, the mentioned objects are divided into:

• coniferous;
• deciduous;
• mixed.

There are also children's, sports, memorial squares and others.

The main functions of city squares

A square in a large city should perform the following set of functions:

• recreational;
• psychological and relaxation;
• aesthetic;
• ecological;
• cognitive;
• educational.

However, the main functions of any landscaping object in the city are ecological and recreational. In other words, green spaces should contribute to the emotional rest of a person after work, as well as ensure his inseparable genetic connection with nature.

Finally...

The square is one of the main forms of landscaping of urban space. IN locality it is designed to perform several functions at once: recreational, ecological, educational, aesthetic and cognitive.