Stone buildings of antiquity. The oldest residential building in the world

Building construction is defined as a structure of human production used or intended to support or shelter inclement weather or permanent residence. This article lists 10 the oldest buildings built in the world, which are a masterpiece of craftsmanship and handicraft of the people of that era. Today, we are surprised to see these miracles, how such masterpieces were created in such distant centuries without any modern technologies and machines. So top 10 oldest buildings in the world.

10Dhamek Stupa, India

Dhamek Stupa is a massive stupa located in Sarnath, 13 km from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built in 500 AD to replace earlier architecture commissioned by the great Mauryan king Ashoka in 249 BC, along with several other monuments, to commemorate the activities of the Buddha at this site. Dhamek Stupa originated as circular mounds surrounded by large stones. King Ashoka built the Dhamek Stupa to secure small pieces of calcined bone and other relics of the Buddha and his disciples. An Ashoka pillar engraved on it with an edict stands nearby.

9 Sanchi Stupa, India

Sanchi Stupa or Great Stupa is oldest building in India, made of stone and was built by order of Emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. Its core was a simple hemispherical brick structure over the relics of the Buddha. From the outside, it looks like a crown, symbolizing a high rank, which was intended to honor his relics. The Sanchi Stupa has four carved decorative sluices with a balustrade surrounding the entire structure. The construction work of the Sanchi Stupa was supervised by Empress Devi, who was Ashoka's first wife.

8. Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, Bulgaria

The Thracian tomb of Kazanlak has a vaulted brickwork "beehive", which is located near the city of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. The tomb of Kazanlak is located near the ancient Thracian capital of Sevtopol. The tomb of Kazanlak is part of a large Thracian necropolis. It includes a narrow corridor and a circular burial chamber, which is decorated with frescoes representing a pair of Thracians at a ritual commemoration. The monument dates back to the 4th century BC and has been listed since 1979. world heritage UNESCO.

7. Parthenon, Greece

The Parthenon is a temple on Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC, when the Athenian empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although the decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building from classical Greece. The Parthenon is considered a lasting symbol Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy, Western civilization and one of greatest monuments world culture. Ranked seventh in the top 10 oldest buildings in the world.

6. Minoan Palace of Knossos, Greece

The Minoan Palace of Knossos was the solemn and political center Minoan civilization and culture. The palace was excavated and partially restored under the direction of Arthur Evans in the early years of the 20th century. His size far exceeds his original expectations, as does the discovery of two ancient scripts he called Linear A and B to distinguish their spellings from the pictogram. At some point at the end of the late bronze age the palace was abandoned (c. 1380-1100 BC). The incident is not known for certain, but one of the many disasters that befell the Palace was probably the refusal of the population to use it as an administrative building by the Mycenaean Greeks, who previously occupied the city-state.

5. Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt

Also known as the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza, Necropolis, Egypt. This oldest building of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the only one that remains virtually untouched. Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty. Egyptian pharaoh Cheops 10 to 20 year period 2560 BC Originally at 146.5 meters (481 feet), the Great Pyramid has been the tallest man-made (man-made) structure in the world for over 3,800 years.

4. Pyramid of Djoser, Egypt

Located in Saqqara, Egypt, the Pyramid of Djoser was built in the 27th century BC. for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his architect Imhotep. This is the first Egyptian pyramid, which consists of six steps built on top of each other.

The size of the pyramid is 62 meters high, with a base of 109 m × 125 m. The core of the tomb is made of white limestone. The Step Pyramid is considered the earliest large-scale stone construction. The oldest known rough stone buildings. The construction of the pyramid dates back to 3000 BC.

3. Tarxien Temples, Malta

The Tarxien Temples are the archaeological site of Tarxien, Malta. They date back to around 3150 BC. The temples were accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The Tarxien temples consist of three separate, but attached, structures to each other. Main entrance has been under renovation since 1956 when the whole complex was restored. At the same time, many of the decorated slabs found at the site were moved to a safe house at the Museum of Archeology in Valletta. The first temple was built around 3100 BC. and is the most ornate of the temples of Malta. Third line among the oldest buildings in the world.

2. La Hougue Bie, Jersey

La Hoog Bee is a historical monument, with a museum, in Grouville County, Jersey. The monument was built around 3500 BC. It is a corridor tomb 18.6 meters long, covered with a 12.2-meter earthen rampart. The mound was first excavated in 1925 by the Jersey Society. In Western Europe, it is one of the largest and best preserved corridor tombs. Western Europe. During the 2nd World War, the chapel was used as an observation post, and an underground command bunker was located in and around the mound.

1. Tumulus of Bougon, France

The oldest building in the world, The Bugon Necropolis is a group of five Neolithic megalithic burial mounds (Mound A, B, C, D, E, F) discovered in a bend of the Bougon River, France. The opening of the necropolis in 1840 caused a great

scientific interest. In order to protect the monument, it was purchased by the De Sèvres department in 1873. Excavations resumed in the late 1960s. The oldest of the buildings of this complex date back to 4800 BC.

According to experts, architecture structures appeared long before our era. The ancient structures preserved on our planet are amazing, they amaze the imagination. We will find out which buildings are the oldest in the world. The structures of the ancient world that have come down to us are completely different from the structures of modern architecture.

Legendary buildings of the ancient world

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut (Egypt)

Mamertine Dungeon (Rome)

Pyramid of Djoser in Sakar

Greater Zimbabwe

The height of the ancient ruins reaches eleven meters. All structures were erected using the dry masonry method - granite slabs are laid in rows. This is surprising, since the standard material of Africa of that period was wood and clay.

Skara Brae Settlement

The oldest buildings in Russia

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky)

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (Pskov)

Dormition Knyaginin Monastery

Church of Boris and Gleb (Kideksha village)

The oldest surviving building in the world

The necropolis consists of five megalithic burial mounds dating back to the Neolithic era. As a result of the excavations, it turned out that the oldest building of this complex was built in 4800 BC. e.

And the oldest city in Russia is Derbent. The website site has a detailed and their history.
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Thursday, September 1, 2011

Moscow is an ancient city, and sometimes, walking along the old streets, examining the ancient churches and chambers of the 17th century, we ask ourselves: “Which house is the oldest in Moscow? Well, that is, absolutely the oldest? It is not so easy to answer this question, because many ancient houses have been rebuilt for centuries, and it is not always easy even for restorers to establish the exact time of construction. But, nevertheless, we will try to systematize the selection of the oldest buildings in Moscow according to various parameters. The list can be divided into two parts: the first is the ancient buildings (the oldest chambers, the oldest church, etc.), and the second is the oldest buildings in terms of other parameters, for example, the first gas station, railway station, etc. They are something on their own already relatively modern buildings. Also, let's not deprive the attention of the lost buildings. So, the oldest houses and buildings in Moscow —>

Most ancient building Moscow (and the most ancient temple) - the Spassky Cathedral of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. Years of construction: 1420-1425.

It is considered the most ancient temple in Moscow, although not completely preserved. And, accordingly, the oldest building in Moscow, because at that time almost no stone civil buildings were built, at least nothing has survived to our time since the beginning of the 15th century. And the oldest fortifications are the Kremlin wall, already at the end of the 15th century. According to chronicles, the monastery itself was founded in 1357. After the fire of 1368, in which the original wooden cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery burned down, the stone Spassky Cathedral was built from the plinth, from which white stone reliefs with fragments of zoomorphic and plant compositions, archaic in their style and execution, have been preserved. Between 1420 and 1425 the Cathedral of the Savior was rebuilt again, and the white-stone temple of that time has survived to this day. It is a single-dome, four-pillar, three-apse temple. Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny took part in the painting of the cathedral (only fragments of floral ornaments on the slopes of the windows have survived from the original frescoes). In the 19th century, the cathedral underwent significant changes, which began with a partial restoration of the destruction that occurred in 1812. In 1846-1850, according to the project of the architect P. Gerasimov, the porches were rebuilt, two chapels were built from the north and south of the cathedral, a tent top was built above it, and significant alterations were made inside the building. And, the twentieth century the temple met in this form:

In 1934, in connection with the proposed demolition of the entire Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, the monument was measured and examined by the architect P.N. Maksimov and drafted a restoration project. The work on this monument, published in 1940 by the Academy of Architecture, finally gave everyone a clear idea of ​​the architectural value of the Spassky Cathedral. In 1959-1960. the building of the cathedral was reconstructed in its original forms according to the project of L.A. David and S.S. Podyapolsky. However, the reconstruction of the lost upper part of the temple (the number of kokoshniks at the base of the drum, the shape of the dome, the proportions of the drum) and pre-portal stairs remain controversial. Compared old photo with a view after the reconstruction, you can judge what is left of the original temple of the XV century:

In conclusion, it should be said that the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery itself is by no means the oldest in Moscow. The most ancient is considered Svyato-Danilov, founded by the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich (Daniel of Moscow), the youngest son of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the end of the 13th century. But, such ancient buildings were not preserved there.

The oldest civil building in Moscow is the faceted chamber in the Kremlin. Years of construction: 1487 - 1491.


Photo taken from here: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber of Facets

Built in 1487 - 1491 by decree of Ivan III by Italian architects Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari. The name is taken from the eastern facade, finished with faceted stone rust (diamond rust), characteristic of Italian Renaissance architecture. Sometimes it is mistakenly considered that the name comes from the main hall of the chamber, located on the second floor. The hall is covered with cross vaults resting on the central pillar, which give the ceiling a kind of “cutting”. It was originally called the Grand Chamber. It was built on the site of an ancient gridni (dining room). The Great Chamber was the front waiting room of the palace. Next to the Grand Chamber, the Middle Chamber was built. In front of the Middle Chamber, the Upper Porch (Front Passages) was built. Between the staircase at the Great Chamber and the middle staircase was the Red Gate, which led from the inner courtyard of the palace to the square. The middle staircase led to the vestibule of the Middle Chamber. The Middle Chamber has been called the Middle Golden Chamber since 1517, or simply the Golden Chamber. Behind the middle chamber was the Dining Hut. Behind the Dining Hut there were towers. In 1681 the Dining Hut and the Middle Golden Chamber were dismantled. In the 16th century, the walls and vaults in the interior of the chamber were painted with frescoes. In 1668, the painting was resumed by Simon Ushakov, having compiled a detailed inventory of the plots. Contemporary painting was made by Palekh icon painters in 1881 in accordance with the inventory of Ushakov. The Faceted Chamber was redesigned in 1684 by the architect Osip Startsev. The double lancet windows were hewn and decorated with ornate white stone architraves with columns entwined with vines. During the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace in 1838-1849, the building was integrated into the complex with the Terem Palace and the Grand Kremlin Palace. Through the Holy vestibule it connected with the Vladimir Hall. The Faceted Chamber is the main ceremonial reception hall of the Grand Duke's Palace. It hosted meetings of the Boyar Duma, meetings of the Zemsky Sobors, festivities in honor of the conquest of Kazan (1552), the victory at Poltava (1709), the conclusion of the Nystadt peace with Sweden (1721). Here, at the Zemsky Sobor in 1653, a decision was made to reunite Ukraine with Russia. For the queen and the children of the king, a secret viewing tent was set up in the Faceted Chamber. The viewing tent was located on the western side of the chamber, above the Holy Entrance, opposite royal seat(throne). A viewing grill was inserted into the window. The lattice was hung with a curtain. In the observation tent, the queen and children watched various magnificent ceremonies, including the receptions of ambassadors. On the south side of the facade there is a staircase, which is now called the "Red Porch". Russian tsars and emperors passed along it to be crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. The last procession took place during the coronation of Nicholas II in 1896. In 1930, the staircase was removed by order of I. V. Stalin and in 1994 restored again. The area in front of the entrance to the Faceted Chamber was called the Red Porch. All petitioners who brought petitions addressed to the tsar were to stand at the Red Porch. Petitions collected duma clerks. At the Red Porch and in the cellars of the Faceted Chamber there was a guard of archers. Currently, the Faceted Chamber is one of the representative halls at the Residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

The oldest civil building outside the Kremlin is the English Court in Zaryadye. Years of construction: late XV - early XVI century.

These white-stone residential chambers appeared in the 15th century and belonged to the bed-keeper Ivan Bobrischev, also known by the nickname "Yushka". Since the latter, apparently, left no heirs, in the next century the building became state-owned and was somewhat rebuilt. In 1553, Sir Richard Chancellor discovered the northern sea ​​route connecting England with Russia. In 1556, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who was interested in establishing trade relations with Europe, “welcomed the British in Moscow by court”, giving them the right to free and duty-free trade in all Russian cities, serious customs benefits, and a number of other trade privileges. This state of affairs served as the basis for the creation in London in 1555 of the trading Moscow company. The British supplied Russia with weapons, gunpowder, saltpeter, lead, pewter, and cloth. In return, they exported wood, hemp, ropes, wax, leather, blubber, and furs. As premises for the Moscow office, the British merchants were given a house in Zaryadye. Like many merchant houses of that era, the building combined front rooms with extensive storage and utility rooms (goods using a simple block rose along the wall to the warehouse window). For its maintenance, the English embassy daily received a quarter of an ox, 4 rams, 12 chickens, 2 geese, one hare or black grouse, 62 loaves of bread, 50 eggs, a quarter of a bucket of Mediterranean wine, 3/4 buckets of beer, half a bucket of vodka and 2 buckets of honey. Trade relations with England were severed in 1649, when the execution of King Charles I in Great Britain provoked a deep diplomatic crisis between Russia and England. By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, British trade and diplomatic representatives were expelled from the country, and the property of the Moscow Company was confiscated. After the British, the chambers were owned by a relative of the tsar, boyar I.A., for 20 years. Miloslavsky. After the death of Miloslavsky, the chambers again became the property of the state and were assigned to the Posolsky order, and at the end of the 17th century they were allocated under the metochion of the Metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod. At the beginning of the 18th century, Tsar Peter I organized here one of the first Arithmetic Schools in Russia. In the middle of the 18th century, the chambers passed into private ownership, and during the 18th-20th centuries, representatives of various merchant families (Solodovnikovs, Milas, etc.) owned the building. Various owners constantly rebuilt the building, and by the middle of the 20th century, the chambers of the Old English Court on Varvarka had completely lost their original appearance and were considered irretrievably lost. In Soviet times, the house was used for residential apartments and various institutions. From 1949 to 1966 it housed the Foreign Literature Library. This is how the rebuilt and built-on English Court looked before the restoration of the 1960s:

In the mid-1960s, when Zaryadye had already been demolished, the restorer Pyotr Baranovsky discovered this monument of history and culture behind later layers. Baranovsky insisted on preserving the monument, since a car ramp was supposed to be built in its place. In the course of his research in 1968-1969, the historical basis of the monument, hidden by the structures of later additions, was revealed, and a comprehensive study was carried out. Then, based on the information collected in 1970-1972, the chambers were returned (with a certain degree of approximation) to the appearance that they had at the end of the 16th century. According to the data preserved in the masonry itself, window and door openings, hewn at a later time, as well as lost decorative elements, were restored. Where evidence of the most ancient forms did not survive at all, later reconstructions were left. For example, wide window openings of the end of the 18th century were left on the eastern facade of the building.

The oldest civil building outside the Earthen City - travel palace Basil III. Years of construction: end of the 16th century.

The travel palace of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III (father of Ivan the Terrible) was discovered on Staraya Basmannaya Street (house 15). The find was a real scientific discovery, because it was previously believed that this beautiful legend and nothing remains of the former palace. The modest-looking mansion turned out to be a double monument. As it turned out during the restoration, the building served as the basis for the construction of the Golitsyn estate. Now the house of the Golitsyn estate of the 18th century is located on top. Inside is a travel palace, as historians suggest, the father of Ivan the Terrible Vasily III. The white-stone masonry of the end of the 16th century was discovered when the restoration of the later part, the Golitsyn part, began. The layout of the palace has been preserved almost completely. Historians found out that they built this kind of royal hotel on special place. Here they met the famous icon of the Vladimir Mother of God in 1395, which, according to legend, saved Rus' from the invasion of Tamerlane. Unfortunately, historical monuments suffered from the invasion of unprofessional restorers. At first, time worked on the appearance of the house on Staraya Basmannaya, and then plasterers and painters from neighboring countries. This is how the building looked before the recent unsuccessful restoration:

It is impossible to get inside the building: the new tenants of the royal chambers prefer to keep the doors locked. So far, the priceless white stone vaults have been sealed with drywall. Restorers do not lose optimism: the owners change, but the building remains. It is hoped that in the future it will be possible to carry out some more work.

The oldest residential building today is the Golitsyn Chamber. Years of construction - the second half of the XVII century.

Chambers Golitsyn (Krivokolenny pereulok, 10) - the oldest of the buildings that are still residential. Three stone buildings main building and two long side wings) with fragments of buildings of the late 17th - early 18th centuries constituted a city estate, from the 1760s. owned by P.F. Golitsyn and already then had a symmetrical layout, which makes it an early example of building according to an ordered planning scheme. The outbuildings are placed on the red line with their ends, the main building is moved deep into the yard. Previously, it was believed that the 17th century chamber was preserved only on the first floor of the main house, but a few years ago, restorers discovered that the second, and even the third floors were also built at the same time, in the 17th century! Vaulted chambers with 2-sided lighting, fragments of profiled brick cornices were found in the outbuildings. In 1859 the buildings were expanded with extensions and received their own modern look. The house is still inhabited to this day. From the side of the courtyard, a very picturesque front garden with a hammock and tables adjoins the house:

Competitor to this building, until recently, were the built-on chambers of the Guryevs, who stood in the neighboring Potapovsky Lane. Also a residential building, but due to a fire in 2009, it was evicted.

The oldest five-story building is the malting house in the Simonov Monastery. Years of construction: XVI - second half of the XVII centuries.


Photo taken from here: http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/alex-raduga/view/33947/?page=0

The height of this building is really impressive - we see a five-story building of the 16th-17th centuries! Four floors, and a high attic, which is essentially the fifth floor. According to surviving documents, this building was intended to store the monastery's food supplies. For all the modesty of its architecture, the hand of an experienced architect is also visible here, skillfully using the arrangement of window openings for the rhythmic articulation of the facade and building a spectacular gallery that once existed on pillars with a wide staircase. From the east, to the end wall of the building, at one time richly decorated with a figured pediment, a second staircase rose, leading to the third floor, which was due to the unwritten rule to have external rather than internal stairs. The first floor of the dryer, which consisted of two chambers on the sides of the vestibule, testifies to the influence of the layout of residential buildings. The hall rooms of the second and third floors (the vaults of the second are now broken), striking with an abundance of light, speak of the impact of the new planning forms of public and industrial buildings of that time. The competitor to this building is the Terem Palace in the Kremlin, which, in fact, is also 5-storey, but everything is not so obvious there, the upper floors were built in the 17th century on earlier chambers, and its volume turned out to be stepped, not as vertical as the malt shop.

Part 2.
The second part is represented by relatively new buildings, but nevertheless, according to certain parameters, they are the oldest - this is the very first train station, the oldest mosque and Catholic church, the oldest gas station that has survived today.

The oldest railway station is Leningradsky (Nikolaevsky). Years of construction - 1844-1849.

The station building was built in 1844-1849 according to a single project of architects K. A. Ton and R. A. Zhelyazevich. The construction was carried out by the Board of the IV District of Communications and Public Buildings, the sole contractor was the merchant of the 1st guild A. L. Torletsky. Built for the Petersburg (later Nikolaevsky) railway station in Moscow and the Moscow railway station in St. Petersburg Petersburg-Moscow railway, the movement of which began in 1851. In 1934, the Oktyabrsky railway station was refurbished: ticket offices expanded, inquiry Office, post office, telegraph, savings bank, room for transit passengers. In the former royal chambers, a room for mother and child was organized. In 1948-1950, the interior of the station was renovated, the interiors were re-finished. The next major restructuring took place in 1977 - the station was reconstructed, new buildings were built. Near the station from the side of the Yaroslavsky station there is a ground pavilion of the Komsomolskaya metro station.

This is how the Nikolayevsky railway station looked like in the middle of the 19th century. Leningradsky railway station has 10 tracks, 5 of which are served by trains long distance, 5 - suburban trains. Initially, the station had a landing stage where trains entered. However, in the mid-70s, the landing stage was liquidated, and in 1977 the Great Hall of the Leningradsky railway station was built in its place.

The oldest gas station. Years of construction - 1930s.

The oldest of the currently operating gas stations in Moscow, the only gas station within the Boulevard Ring, is located on Volkhonka, opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, a stone's throw from the Kremlin. There is a version that her project was created by the famous architect Alexei Dushkin. A few years ago, almost antique speakers stood on it - like in the old Soviet films. Now, instead of them, modern devices, but everything else - the roof, columns, booth with a cash register - remained untouched. The gas station is still in operation, but, as before, gasoline is dispensed only for cars from the Kremlin garage, so common man you won't be able to get here. There is also the same gas station in the area of ​​Clock Street, but it is now standing in the yard and abandoned ...

The oldest Catholic church. Years of construction: 1833-1835.

This is the oldest surviving Catholic church. Located at the address: Malaya Lubyanka, 12/7S8. In 1789, the French living in Moscow filed a petition for permission to build a Catholic church. After receiving permission from the Moscow authorities and its approval by Empress Catherine II, a small wooden church was built on the site between Malaya Lubyanka and Milyutinsky Lane. Consecration of the church in the name french king Saint Louis IX took place on March 30, 1791. In the 19th century, the construction of a modern temple building was carried out on the site of the former one. Construction began in 1833 and completed two years later. The temple was built according to the project famous architect A. O. Gilardi. The consecration took place, however, only on June 17, 1849, as evidenced by the marble plaque in the altar of the church. At the church of St. Louis, there were two gymnasiums - the men's gymnasium of St. Philip Neri and St. Catherine; as well as the charitable shelter of St. Dorothea. It should be noted that the Church of St. Louis was not closed after the October Revolution, and the service in it (though with very significant interruptions) continued. In 1992, the entire complex of buildings that belonged to it until 1917, including the building of the lyceum, was transferred to the church. It is worth saying that the first Roman Catholic church in Moscow was the church (church) of Peter and Paul, opened in 1705 in the German settlement at the direction of Peter I. But this church lasted only until 1838.

The oldest mosque is "historical" in the Tatar settlement. Years of construction - 1823, rebuilt in the 1880s.

The Moscow Historical Mosque is the oldest mosque in Moscow, founded in 1823, although the mosque existed on this site before the fire of 1812, at least in the 18th century. Located at Bolshaya Tatarskaya Street, 28 (inside the quarter), in the historical center of the Tatar community of Zamoskvorechye. The mosque that existed in Moscow at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries in the courtyard of the translator of the Foreign College, Prince Shulamit-Murza Siminei, after the plague, when most of the mosque's parishioners, including the prince himself, died, was sold by his heirs to the merchant Shchukin and destroyed by fire in 1812 of the year. In August 1816, Muslim merchants petitioned to allow the construction of a new mosque, but were refused. Only at the end of 1823 did the community receive permission to set up a prayer house in the possession of Nazarbay Khashalov, a merchant from outside Moscow, on the condition that it "would not be called a mosque ..." and "... being ordinary with other houses, it did not have the slightest sign of a mosque on the outside." The mosque operated under the guise of an ordinary one-story house until 1880, when permission was received to rebuild it with a minaret and a dome. Imam-hatib of the mosque were Rafik Ageev, Khayretdin Ageev and Abdulla Shamsutdinov. In 1939, the historical mosque was closed, the minaret was demolished, even earlier in 1936 the last imam of the mosque, Abdulla Shamsutdinov, was repressed and shot. The building of the mosque housed the military registration and enlistment office and workshops. The mosque has been operating again since 1993.

This is how the mosque looked at the beginning of the 20th century. View from Bolshaya Tatarskaya Street (now the mosque and the street are separated by a Soviet five-story building).

Part 3. Lost.
Many ancient buildings, both temples and chambers, as well as city walls, built in the XIV-XV centuries, have been lost, and have been lost for quite a long time. All of them in the XV-XVII centuries were replaced by new ones. But there is one example ancient church, which lasted until the 1930s ...

The oldest building in Moscow (destroyed) is the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor. Years of construction: 1328-30.

Cathedral of the Transfiguration on Bor - a monastery cathedral located in the Moscow Kremlin, in the courtyard of the Bolshoi Kremlin Palace. The name "on Bor" came from those surrounding the temple coniferous forests, which gave the name to the Borovitsky hill itself. According to some information, a wooden temple on Borovitsky hill ("on the Bor") was built in 1272, a small stone cathedral - in 1328-30. Grand Duke Ivan I Kalita founded the Spasoborsky Monastery under him, transferring monks from the Danilov Monastery to it. In 1490 the monastery under the name of Novospassky was transferred to a new location. Initially, the single-domed three-apse cathedral was repeatedly supplemented with new parts and rebuilt: in 1350, the western narthex and the northwestern chapel appeared, in 1478 - a new refectory, in the middle of the 16th century. - aisles of the Three Saints (northern) and Guria, Samon and Aviv (southern). At the end of the XVIII century. the cathedral was restored by M.F. Kazakov. Some researchers believe that he dismantled the temple and rebuilt it from bricks in the forms of the 16th-17th centuries. The Church of the Savior-on-Boru was demolished on May 1, 1933, despite the protests of such prominent restorers as P. D. Baranovsky. The ancient bells from the belfry entered the funds of the Moscow Kremlin. A 5-storey service building was built on the site of the cathedral. Starting with the book "Forty Forties", the assertion spread in popular literature that toilets for the nomenklatura were erected on the site of the temple. Plans for the restoration of one of the oldest temples in Moscow are not yet considered. There is an urban legend according to which fate unique temple decided the servility of Stalin's officials. As if once Stalin was driving by in a car, and saw from the window that firewood was lying next to the temple. "Disgrace, remove!" he muttered. Since no one dared to ask again what exactly to remove, the firewood was taken out, and the church was demolished.

All old photos are taken from http://oldmos.ru/
New made by us, unless otherwise signed.

World Travel

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10.11.17 14:19

Buildings - man-made structures for protection, prayer, lodging, gatherings, living, or any other use - were built long before the advent of our era. And, looking at the oldest buildings (or well-preserved picturesque ruins), one can only wonder how people created these masterpieces without modern technology, machines, or tools. The age of the oldest buildings in the world is estimated at several thousand years, and they - at least that! Shall we look at them?

They are from 3250 to 6800 years old: the oldest buildings on the planet

Treasury of Atreus: monument of Mycenaean Greece

The tomb, which is called the Treasury of Atreus, was built during the Bronze Age, around 1250 BC (over 3250 years ago). And this is only the first member of our top, so the oldest buildings on the planet should be called very ancient! Before the completion of the Pantheon, this tomb was famous for the highest and widest dome in the world. The monumental building and the surrounding area is one of the most impressive monuments left from the era of Mycenaean Greece.

Palace of Knossos: home of the Cretan Minotaur

Palace of Knossos (fallen into disrepair ancient city Crete) was the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan civilization. The palace was excavated and partially restored under the direction of Arthur Evans in the early 20th century (although attempts were made in the 1870s). It is believed that the very first palace in Knossos was built in 2000-1700 BC. It was destroyed by an earthquake, and a new, even more powerful and beautiful building, built in 1700 BC. In the XVI century BC. e. the palace was damaged by a volcanic eruption, and after about another half a century, a fire completed this dirty deed. Myths connect the main building of Knossos with Daedalus and his legendary labyrinth, which was guarded by the Minotaur.

Great Pyramid: the tomb of Cheops

The Egyptian pyramids are also among the oldest buildings in the world, because this is not just a decorative building, there are chambers and corridors inside. great pyramid Egyptian city Giza (other names - the pyramid of Khufu or the pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids of this necropolis. Despite the fact that among the Seven Wonders of the World it was she who was the oldest, the pyramid is the only one that has survived intact to this day. Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty pharaoh Khufu. The construction took about 10-20 years, and construction was completed around 2560 BC. The top of the pyramid was originally located at 146.5 m above sea level, so the Great Pyramid remained the highest man-made structure in the world for more than 3800 years.

Pyramid of Djoser built by Imhotep

Another pyramid of Egypt, bearing the name of Djoser (or the Step Pyramid), is located in the Saqqara necropolis and consists of six mastabas laid on top of each other. It was founded in the 27th century BC (approximately 2650 BC) for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser, the architect was his vizier (chati) Imhotep (not to be confused with the villain-priest Imhotep from the Mummy franchise). The pyramid is older than its "sisters" from Giza and is the first Egyptian pyramid. Initially, the pyramid of Djoser, “dressed” in polished white limestone, towered 62 meters, and its foundation was 109 x 125 meters in area. The step pyramid is considered the oldest large-scale stone structure.

Tarxien complex: a treasure of Malta

Malta is known for its impressive temples, which are great for our top oldest buildings. So, the “venerable age” is distinguished by the archaeological complex in Tarxien, dating back to approximately 3150 BC (“sunset” of the megalith). In 1980, this ensemble became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tarxien consists of three separate but connected temple structures. The main entrance is a reconstruction of 1956 (when the entire site was being restored). At the same time, many of the ornate tiles found at the site were moved to the Valletta Museum of Archaeology.

Newgrage: the oldest in Ireland

5100 years ago (about 3200 BC) the oldest building in Ireland appeared. This is a prehistoric Newgrage monument built during the Neolithic period. It is older than the Egyptian pyramids and Stonehenge. The building consists of a large round mound-roof and internal stone passages and chambers. It is believed that the Scottish landmark has a religious significance, but scientists have not come to a consensus on what the building was built for. Human bones were found in his small rooms - perhaps Newgrage served as a place for offering sacrifices (or a tomb was built here). Now it is one of the most important megalithic structures Europe.

La Hoog Bee: A Curiosity on the Island of Jersey

The name of the next oldest building is perceived as something Asian - La Hougue Bie. However, it is located in the parish of Grouville on the island of Jersey (UK). The building dates back to 3500 BC, now it is a historical monument with a museum. This is an 18.6-meter walk-through chamber, covered with an earth embankment 12.2 meters high. La Hug Bi was discovered only in 1925. During World War II, this structure was an important strategic observation point; an underground command bunker was set up in the adjacent embankment.

Knap of Howar: part of a Neolithic homestead in Scotland

The oldest stone building in Scotland is called Knap of Howar. It is believed that it was part of a Neolithic manor. Radiocarbon analyzes showed that the house was built from 3700 BC to 3100 BC (or 5500 years ago). The building, consisting of two rooms, has been perfectly preserved: 1.6-meter walls, shelves for things, stoves, beds. Ancient farmers cultivated wheat and barley, kept pigs and sheep, and fished. This was evidenced by the debris found by archaeologists near the buildings and in them.

Ggantija: tower of the giants in Gozo

We have already mentioned the megalithic temples of Malta, but Tarshien is not the oldest building in the archipelago. Religious buildings on the island of Gozo are even older - the structures of Ggantiy were erected around 3600 BC. The name translates as "Tower of the Giants". This and other Neolithic buildings of the country are protected by UNESCO (under the general title " Megalithic temples Malta"). Ggantija consists of an older South Temple and a North Temple (they stand side by side on the Shaara Plateau). The start of large-scale excavations falls on the year 1827, then the area was in private hands, which negatively affected the buildings. In 1933, Ggantija passed to the government of Malta, and the temples have already been restored and studied five times.

Bugon Necropolis: French sensation

The Bugon Necropolis (France) is a group of five Neolithic mounds (they are called Tumulus A, B, C, D, E, F). The oldest building in the world got its name in honor of the Bugon River, near which it is located. Scientists believe that Tumulus began to build around 4800 BC. The opening of the necropolis in 1840 made a splash in scientific world. To protect the monuments, they were bought (in 1873) by the Department of Deux-Sèvres (New Aquitaine region). Archaeological excavations started in the 1960s, at the same time dishes and household items, jewelry, human remains, and tools were found in the cells.