Alexandria Egyptian. Alexandria (city)

Alexandria was founded in 332 BC. e. Alexander the Great. Unlike the earlier Greek city in Egypt - Navcratis - Alexandria was deprived of a polis organization. Alexandria is a regular city, it was built according to the plan of the architect Deginocrates. Alexandria was the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and one of the most important centers of the Hellenistic world.

The decline of Alexandria began in the 4th-5th centuries AD. Throughout the Middle Ages, Alexandria had only a local significance.

During the Byzantine rule, Alexandria still continued to be the first trading city of the empire, but a 14-month siege and, finally, the capture of it by the Arabs under the leadership of Amr ibn al-As in December. 641 dealt a decisive blow to her trade. Only trade with India, since it went along the old route through the Red Sea, still remained with Alexandria and was exclusively in the hands of the Venetians, who in the 14th century acquired a monopoly of trade in Indian goods, but with the opening of the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope and with the beginning of Portuguese power in East Indies and this branch of trade moved away from Alexandria. The conquest of Egypt by the Turks in 1517 did not change the situation: Alexandria fell more and more, and in 1777 had no more than 6,000 inhabitants. Even the export trade went to Rosetta and Damietta, because due to the shallowing of the canal and lake. Mareotis Alexandria was no longer sufficiently connected to the interior of the country. French conquest of Alexandria in 1798. again attracted the attention of Europe to this city.

The revival began in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali. In 1820, he reconnected Alexandria with the Nile by means of the Mahmudiya Canal and built his residence there.

Attractions

Ancient Alexandria was famous for its 100-meter lighthouse and library. Only a few of the ancient monuments have survived to this day. Many city blocks sank in the Alexandria Bay after the subsidence of the soil that occurred as a result of the earthquake.

Pompey's Column is the most famous surviving antique monument. It is located on the ancient Alexandrian acropolis - a hill located next to the city's Muslim cemetery. Initially, the column was part of the colonnade of the temple, its height, together with the pedestal, is 30 m. “Pompey’s Column” is an incorrect term introduced by the crusaders, nothing connects it with Pompey, in fact it was erected in 293 under Diocletian.

Not far to the south-west of the column are the Alexandrian catacombs of Kom el-Shuqaf, they consist of a multi-level labyrinth, to which a spiral staircase leads, representing dozens of halls decorated with figured columns, statues and other syncretic Roman-Egyptian symbols. There are burial niches and sarcophagi. The catacombs were long abandoned and rediscovered by chance in 1900.

Excavations are currently underway in the Kom ad-Dikka area, where a well-preserved ancient university, which until 2008 was considered an amphitheater, and Roman baths have been discovered.

A native of the city was the Greek poet Konstantinos Cavafy, his house has been turned into a museum. Alexandria is also the seat of the Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa.

Population

Alexandria is divided into six districts - al-Montazah or Montazah (1.2 million people), Sharak or East Alexandria (1 million people), al-Amriyya (850 thousand people), Wassat or Central Alexandria (520 thousand people), Agami or Western Alexandria (390 thousand people) and al-Gumruk (150 thousand people). Alexandria also includes the neighboring suburb of Borg el-Arab (200 thousand people).

Egyptian Sunni Arabs make up the majority of Alexandria's population. In addition to them, Palestinians, Lebanese, Syrians, Libyans, Sudanese, Copts (Monophysites, Catholics and Protestants), Orthodox Greeks and Russians, Armenians, Italians, British, French and Jews live in the city. Christians are concentrated in the quarters of Ramleh (Manshia), Gianaklis, Fleming, Ibrahimia, Sporting, Shatbi, Cleopatra, Sidi Bishr, Assafra (El Asafra), Mandara (El Mandara).

The main mosques of Alexandria are Attarin (6th century), Abdul Rahman bin Hormuz (Abbasid era), Sheikh al-Kabari (11th century), Sidi Gaber, al-Shatbi and al-Tartushi (all three are Mamluk eras), El-Nabi Daniel (XIII century), El-Mursi Abul-Abbas, Imam Albusiri, Sidi Yaqut al-Arsh, Busseiri and Sidi Bishr (all from the Ottoman era), Ibrahim Terbana (XVII century), as well as Ali ibn Abu Talib, Bilal, Hatem , Hoda el-Islam, al-Mowasah, Sharq al-Madina, al-Shohadaa, Al-Qaed Ibrahim, Yehia, Sultan and Shorbagi.

The main temples of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria are the Cathedral of St. Mark, the churches of Cyril I of Alexandria, St. George, St. Mark and Peter I of Alexandria or Two Saints, St. Mary (in Assafra), St. Mary (in Gianaklis), St. Minus (in Fleming ), St. Min (in Mandara), St. Takla Gaymanot.

The main temples of the Alexandrian Orthodox Church are the cathedrals of St. Sava and the Assumption of the Virgin, the Church of the Annunciation Holy Mother of God, the Assumption of the Virgin, the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, St. Catherine, St. Anthony, St. George, St. Joseph, St. Joseph of Arimathea, the Prophet Elijah, the Archangels Gabriel and Michael, St. Nicholas, St. Paraskeva, the chapel of St. Mark and St. Nectarius, the chapel of St. Theodore.

Other religious institutions of Alexandria are the Russian Orthodox Church of St. Alexander Nevsky, Catholic Church St. Catherine, Jesuit Church, St. Mark's French Roman Catholic College, Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue (founded in the 14th century, destroyed by the French in 1798, rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century), Azuz, Castro, Eliyahu Hazan, Green, Menaske, Nezach Yisrael synagogues , Sassoon, Shaare Tefilah and Zaradel (many of them are not active due to the departure of the majority of Alexandrian Jews).

Economy
Alexandria is an important financial, commercial and industrial center Egypt. More than 3/4 of the country's foreign trade passes through the Port of Alexandria (Western Harbor and Dekheil area), mainly containers, cars, oil and oil products, cement, coal, fertilizers, metals, timber, grain, molasses and livestock. The following companies are based in the city - Bank of Alexandria (owned by the Italian group Intesa Sanpaolo), Alexandria Commercial and Maritim Bank (owned by Union National Bank from Abu Dhabi), Herravi Group and Elkadi ( export of foodstuffs), Starworld (clothing), Air Arabia Egypt and Alexandria Airlines (air transportation), Al-Monsour Automotive (import and sale of cars), SilverKey Technologies (software).

The stock exchange and branches of the largest banks in the world are located in Alexandria - Misr Iran Development Bank (Iran), Barclays Bank and HSBC (Great Britain), Credit Agricole, BNP Paribas and Societe Generale (France), Piraeus Bank and National Bank of Gris (Greece), Audi Bank (Lebanon), Al Watani Bank (Kuwait), Arab Banking Corp (Bahrain), National Bank of Abu Dhabi and Mashrek Bank (UAE), Citibank (USA), Arab Bank (Jordan), Scotiabank (Canada), National Bank of Oman (Oman).

Alexandria has oil refining, petrochemical, textile, food, metallurgical, chemical, leather, shoe, woodworking, paper, tobacco, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises, factories for the production of household electrical equipment and building materials. In the vicinity of Alexandria, cotton, dates, vegetables and fruits are grown, as well as livestock and poultry.

Abu-Kir Fertilizers and Chemicals Company, a large chemical fertilizer plant, the Abu-Kir Company for Engineering Industries military equipment and ammunition plant, Western Desert Petroleum company's port berths and natural gas fields are located in the Aboukir area; in the Dekheil area, the Alexandria National Iron and Steel smelter (owned by the Egyptian group Al-Ezz Steel), a chemical fertilizer plant and a new port complex; in the Amriyya region (Free Economic Zone) - the El-Nasr Petroleum oil refinery (raw materials for it come via an oil pipeline from the city of Suez), the Egyptian Petrochemical Company petrochemical plant, the Alexandria Tire tire plant (owned by the Italian Pirelli group ), Amriyya Metal Company metal processing plant and cement plant, logistics complex and goods packaging enterprises; in the Labban area - the factory of refrigerators "Olympic Group"; in the area of ​​Ras el-Tin - a shipyard.

In the suburb of Borg el-Arab (a large industrial zone) there is a textile factory "Alexandria Cloting Company", pharmaceutical plants "Borg Pharmaceutical Industries" and "Faronia Faropharma", an electrical plant "Electrotek", a food factory "Ocean Foods", metalworking, chemical enterprises , building materials factories, power plant.

The main commercial center of Alexandria is Downtown or Wust al-Balad in the Ramleh (Manshiya) area and the adjacent Corniche along the East Bay, including the neighboring Orabi (Manshiya), Tahrir (Muhammad Ali) and Saad Zaghloul (Saifula) squares. Among the modern shopping centers of the city, the most popular are Alexandria City Center (includes a supermarket of the French network Carrefour), San Stefano Grand Plaza Mall, Wataneya Grand Mall, Mina Mall, KiroSeitz Mall, Green Plaza , Maamura Plaza Mall, Zahran Mall and Dib Mall.

Tourism is of great importance in the economy of Alexandria, because the city boasts both excellent Mediterranean beaches and local color and historical sights. Among the best hotels Alexandria and suburbs - Four Seasons in the San Stefano Grand Plaza complex, Sheraton Montaza, Hilton Green Plaza, Hilton Borg el Arab, Radisson Blu Hotel, Helnan Palestine, Iberotel Borg El Arab, Renaissance, Maritim Jolie Ville, Le Metropole, Windsor Palace, Sofitel Cecil, Mercure Romance, Paradise Inn Beach Resort, Maamura Palace and Delta .

The most popular beaches in Alexandria are Agami, Ras El Tin, Shatbi, Cleopatra, Rushdi, Stanley, San Stefano, Glim Beach, El Saray, Sidi Bishr, El Asafra, El Mandara, Montaza, Maamura and Aboukir.

Transport

Alexandria is served by two international airports - Alexandria (or El Nuza), located 7 km southeast of the city center, and Borg el Arab, located 40 km west of the city center. Borg el-Arab Airport, previously considered a military airport, has been operated by airlines since 2003, and will become the main one during the planned reconstruction of the Alexandria International Airport. In 2009, Alexandria International Airport served over 1.1 million passengers, while Borg El Arab Airport handled over 370,000 passengers. Alexandria is connected by regular international flights to Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

Alexandria's main highways are the Ring Road, Desert Road (Alexandria - Cairo), Country Road (Alexandria - Cairo), International Coastal Road (Alexandria - Port Said), and Taamir Road (Alexandria - Cairo). north coast- Libya). In the Muharram Bay area, the main bus station of the city is located, from where comfortable intercity buses leave. Red double-decker buses walk along the Corniche from the center to the Aboukir area. Shuttle minibuses are also widespread in the "northern capital" of Egypt, the main routes of which also run along the Corniche in the direction of Aboukir (the main congestion places for minibuses are the forecourt of Misr, Sidi Gaber and Ramleh stations). Also, anywhere in the city you can use taxis that have yellow and black colors in Alexandria.

The tram in Alexandria began operating in 1860 and is still one of the main forms of public transport in the city. At first, an ordinary horse-drawn tram ran between Ramleh and Victoria stations, then steam traction began to be used, and in 1902 the entire system was electrified. Today, the oldest tram in Africa has about 40 stations.

From the main station Ramleh (Raml), located at central square Saad Zaghlul, faster blue trams run along the coast east to El Nasr (Victoria) terminus. Other yellow or red trams run from Raml north to the Ras el-Tin area, west to the Dekheila area, south to the El Nouza area, and east to Sidi Gaber station or San Stefano station. Alexandria is one of three cities in the world where double deck cars(the other two are British Blackpool and Chinese Hong Kong).

In 1854, Alexandria was connected to Cairo by a railway line, this was the first Railway on the African continent. Trains to Cairo, Luxor, Aswan, El Mansoura, Dumyat, Port Said and Mersa Matruh depart from the main station of Misr (Cairo). The second most important station in the city is Sidi Gaber, where both suburban trains and trains arrive. long distance. Main line urban railway network extends from the Misr station to the Aboukir area, parallel to the "blue" tram line.

Education

Among the higher educational institutions of the city, the most prestigious are the State Alexandria University (founded in 1938), the semi-private Arab Academy of Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (founded in 1972), the private French Senior University (founded in 1990), the private Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (founded in 1996) and Faros Private University (founded in 2006). There are also several French, British, American and German private colleges and schools in Alexandria.

As in the rest of Egypt, football is the most popular in Alexandria. In January 2006, Alexandria became one of three host cities for the Africa Cup of Nations, which was won by Egypt. The city has several stadiums. Alexandria Stadium, built in 1929 near Misr Station, is the oldest stadium in the country and Africa. Previously, it accommodated 20 thousand spectators, but after the reconstruction carried out in 2009, the number of seats was reduced to 13.6 thousand. Borg el-Arab Stadium (or Egyptian Army Stadium), built in 2006 in the suburb of the same name, designed for 86 thousand people, being the largest stadium in Egypt and the second largest in Africa.

Also in Alexandria are the stadium "Haras el-Hodud" (22 thousand seats), built in 2003, and the stadium "El-Korum". Among the most popular football clubs, based in Alexandria, stand out "Union Alexandria" or "Al-Ittihad al-Sakandari" (1914), "Haras el-Hodud" (1950), "Smouha" (1949), "El Olympia" (1905) and " El Korum.

Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt. Founded in 332-331. BC. Alexander the Great and named after him, it was and remains one of the most important points mediterranean coast Africa. The city is located in the Nile Delta on the coast mediterranean sea and is the largest port in Egypt.

Border geographical position Alexandria influenced her character. It has become the gateway from the Eastern Muslim world to the Western Christian one, from the history of Egypt to its present day. Although the capital of Egypt, Cairo, is only 225 km away, the atmosphere here is completely different. Eastern quarters with colorful bazaars are intertwined with white European houses, and you can dine not only in an Arab cafe, but also in a Greek tavern.

The many-sided Alexandria combines the richest cultural heritage and good resort area. The beaches stretch along the 20-kilometer coast both in the city itself and beyond. The total length of the beaches of Alexandria and its suburbs is about 40 km. For those tourists who seek to combine relaxation with sightseeing, this is the best resort in Egypt.

Beaches

The city has the beaches of Maamura, Montaza, Mandara, Assafra, Sidi Bishr, San Stefano and others. To the west of Alexandria there are two resorts - Agami and Hannoville, which have a good tourist infrastructure. To the east of the city is the town of Abu Kir, famous for the fact that the battle between Napoleon and Nelson took place next to it. Now Abu Kir is small town famous for its fish restaurants.

In Alexandria, there are both private beaches belonging to hotels, as well as city free ones. Not everywhere the sand is equally pleasant, in some places the beach may consist of broken shells. So if you want to spend most of your time at the sea, and not in the city, then it is better to choose a hotel on the coast, specifying in advance what kind of sand will be under your feet.

Going to Alexandria, you need to remember that this is still not quite resort place. A port city of four million, even standing on the Mediterranean coast, does not imply quiet rest away from civilization. Along the entire embankment, behind the beaches, there is a lively highway, and the city itself begins behind it. Therefore, Alexandria is more suitable for those who love a rich holiday.

But the resort part of Alexandria is open all year round. In winter, you can see many yachts sailing along the Mediterranean Sea off the coast, and in summer vacationers fill the beaches.

Attractions

Two of the seven wonders of the world were in Egypt. famous pyramids near Cairo have survived to this day, but Alexandrian lighthouse, built around 280 BC, was gradually destroyed by earthquakes and was finally destroyed in 1375. Its ruins formed the basis of the Kite Bay Fort, which stands in the north of the East Bay to this day, being one of the symbols of the city.

Evidence of the continuity of eras is another landmark building of Alexandria - the library of Alexandrina. This huge modern building was built in 2003 on the site of the famous ancient library of Alexandria, which was destroyed many centuries ago.

Pompey's Column has survived to this day. This pink granite column, 25 m high, was once part of the temple's colonnade. Climbing the column itself has long been forbidden, but for ten Egyptian pounds from nine in the morning to four in the afternoon you can admire it from below, as well as inspect the ruins of the temple that are around.

In the same area of ​​​​Karmus, where Pompey's column stands, the catacombs of Kom el-Shukaf are located. Here, in the labyrinths of the catacombs, there are sarcophagi and burial niches. And around the life of the poor part of Alexandria, devoid of European gloss and revealing all the charm of the east, is in full swing. The fabric market is also located here - an indispensable attribute of the eastern city.

The mosque of Abu al-Abbas is the largest and most famous mosque in Alexandria. It was built in 1767 on the site of the tomb of the Muslim patron of sailors and fishermen, Abu al-Abbas el-Mursi. In 1944, it was heavily damaged during the war and rebuilt. But, despite this, it remained one of the iconic places of Alexandria.

In the Rushdi area there is a complex of archaeological sites, consisting of several graves from the Ptolemaic era. They are perfectly preserved.

Arriving in Alexandria, be sure to visit the Greco-Roman Museum, which contains works Egyptian art from the 3rd century BC. until the 7th century AD, and the Museum fine arts. In addition, you can go to the Museum of Royal Jewels, collected by Muhammad Ali and his descendants. And it will be interesting for children to go to the Museum of Hydrobiology, located next to the Kite Bay Fort.

About museums - more details in the "" section.

Excursions

From Alexandria offered one day excursion By west coast. In Burg al Arab, you can see the ruins of the temple of Osiris, and then go to Lake Mariut, where the lighthouse from the time of the Ptolemaic kingdom is located - a small copy of the very Lighthouse of Alexandria, called one of the wonders of the world.

Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt, also called the "Northern Capital". It is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, 225 km from Cairo. Alexandria is an ancient city. He stands out from the rest settlements Egypt. Mediterranean features are noticeable here, which bring it closer to Greece.

Alexandria was founded in 332 BC. Alexander the Great. During the Greco-Roman period, it was the capital of Egypt and one of the largest cultural and commercial centers in the world. Here the philosopher Euclid wrote his best works, here, thanks to Demetrius of Phaler, the Alexandrian library was opened. Over time, the city lost its importance and gave way to the rapidly developing Cairo. However, it flourished again during the reign of Muhammad Ali in the 19th century.

At the moment, Alexandria is a large modern city, where the new and the ancient, the Muslim and the Orthodox, the eastern and the western intertwined.

Climate and weather

Alexandria is located on the Mediterranean coast, which makes the climate very mild. Thanks to this from local residents the city was called the "Mermaids of the Mediterranean".

Egypt as a whole is characterized by large temperature differences, which is completely absent in Alexandria. During the winter months average temperature is equal to +18-19 °C, but the air can warm up to +30 °С. The water at this time is quite cold, approx. +15-20°C. Swimming at such a time is cold, but it is very good to sit on the seashore in a cozy restaurant.

But in the summer, unlike other cities in Egypt, Alexandria is very comfortable. Already in May on the thermometer +24°C, and by August and September the air temperature reaches +30°C. But the coolness of the sea makes it easier to endure the heat.

Nature

Egypt in general and Alexandria in particular do not have rich flora and fauna. The animals here are mainly snakes, donkeys, camels and many rodents.

Of the vegetation in Alexandria, there are many fruits. Local bananas, grapes and much more will delight you with their taste.

The real attraction is Coral reefs and a huge number of colorful fish in their background.

Attractions

For those who love to vacation in Egypt, Alexandria is a must-see city.

In the 15th century there appeared Fort Kai Bay built by Sultan Ashraf. Construction began immediately after the earthquake that destroyed one of the wonders of the world - faros lighthouse. Its foundation became the foundation, and the collapsed walls became new material. Today, the fort is open to the public and is very popular.

Another attraction is architectural complex, which absorbed Greek, Roman and Egyptian features - catacombs of Kom ash-Shawkaf, built in the 2nd century AD. The two lower floors are flooded, so guests are invited to visit only the upper one. Tourists are attracted by graves-wells, which are carved into the rocks.

The largest and main mosque of Alexandria - mosque of Abu al-Abbas. In 1944, it was restored, and now it can be called the most beautiful in the city.

Museum lovers will find a lot of interesting things in Alexandria. IN Greco-Roman, for example, you can see more than 40,000 exhibits. These are statues, frescoes, coin collections and much more. IN Museum of Fine Arts many interesting pictures. Museum of Royal Jewels impresses with jewelry and other works of art from the royal collection. A hydrobiological- 17-meter whale skeleton.

Nutrition

Alexandria is a modern city. There are a large number of restaurants, cafes and nightclubs.

Those who have once tasted Egyptian cuisine and are connoisseurs of cooking say that the dishes are similar to Turkish, Greek and even Lebanese. However, they all have their own personality, special design and unique taste.

Very popular dish "ful"(bean paste with spices, lemon juice and vegetable oil). No less famous "kushar"- a mixture of rice, pasta, chickpeas and lentils. It is usually served with spicy sauce.

Sweets and desserts in Alexandria are just great: various dried fruits, homemade pies, semolina. All this is complemented by coffee.

Al Farida- a restaurant that offers Italian cuisine. It is located on the territory of the hotel and works around the clock. In the evenings, you can relax with live music here.

Restaurant San Giovanni offers dishes from the freshest products of Alexandria. The windows overlook the city beach. Classical music plays here at night. The chefs of the restaurant skillfully combine the traditions of the West and the East in their dishes.

It is impossible not to mention the cafe-terrace - price. Here, tourists can enjoy not only desserts, cocktails and ice cream, but also a view of the emerald bay.

Accommodation

There are many hotels of various levels in Alexandria. In the city itself they are typically "urban", and in the suburbs "beach", with enough large area and a variety of services provided. These hotels also have nightclubs.

One of the oldest hotels in Alexandria - Windsor Palace. It is located in a historic building built of stone. The hotel is located very close to the sea. The rooms are decorated in traditional style with antique furniture. Meals are provided in the restaurant « buffet».

Hotel Hilton Alexandria Green Plaza located in the mall green plaza, very close to big amount shops. Rooms are decorated in art deco style. Guests can soak in the outdoor swimming pool, visit the solarium or fitness center. There are several restaurants here: Splash offers Italian cuisine, and Abu Kir - Buffet. The hotel also has a cinema and bowling alley, where you can ride a horse on your own ranch. Despite the fact that this is a five-star hotel, prices here start from $50 per day.

Entertainment and recreation

Alexandria attracts divers with its bays and beaches. They are also attracted to underwater monuments such as faros lighthouse and palace Cleopatra. In addition, tourists should see the ancient city of Heraklion, which is located near Alexandria, the fort kite bay and settlement Menutis.

The most famous and popular local beaches are Montaza and Maamura. Here you can go in for sports, sit in cozy cafes or just take a walk along the embankment.

Those who do not want to spend time on the beach can go to beautiful parks or go shopping. One of the most beautiful markets of Alexandria is located in the area midan tahrir. The Anfushi quarter may be interesting for shopaholics.

Sports lovers should visit the main football stadium Borg El Arab. It can accommodate 85,000 spectators.

Nightlife lovers can have fun in one of the nightclubs. Great option for this - Qatr El-Nada Garden Club, which is ready to receive visitors around the clock. Exotic flowers and trees grow here right on the dance floor, near the bar and between the tables.

Purchases

Egypt gives an idea of ​​how trade is conducted in the East. Alexandria combines oriental bazaars, small shops and modern shopping centers. But you need to know what and where to buy.

In the markets you can find almost everything: from jewelry to carpets, from spices to products from crocodile skin, from silk fabrics to camel. There are a huge number of basalt figurines of birds, beetles and cats. Near the figurines of pharaohs, sphinxes and pyramids. A very popular souvenir is hibiscus. A hookah will be a wonderful gift.

In Alexandria, at every step you can find shops with local perfumes and incense. The main souvenir that almost everyone brings is papyrus. They can be offered everywhere, but it is better to make purchases in specialized stores, as you can stumble upon scammers.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the sweets. It is best to buy them in small private pastry shops. Here sweets will always be fresh. Assad can be an example of such a confectionery. It's very hard to find, but knowledgeable people always show you the way. It offers fresh biscuits, croissants, traditional Arabic sweets, chocolates and homemade olive oil. Everything is very fresh and cheap.

Transport

Alexandria has two international airports: Alexandria (El Nouza) and Borg el Arab. Most frequent flights are committed to Libya, Sudan, Turkey, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates.

In the "northern capital" there are several main highways: "Circumferential Road", "Road Taamir" goes through the North coast to Libya, "Desert Road" And "Country Road" lead to Cairo "International Coastal Road" to Port Said.

The city's main bus station is located in the area Muharram Bay. Quite comfortable intercity buses run from here.

Very common in Alexandria fixed-route taxi. Their main routes run along the waterfront. Cornish.

You can take a taxi anywhere in the city. It's black and yellow here.

Trams have been running in Alexandria since 1860. Today it is the main type of public transport, which, by the way, has about 40 stations.

In 1854, the first railway line which connected Alexandria with Cairo. Today there are two main stations in the city: Misr And Sidi Gaber, which, apart from suburban trains They also accept long-distance trains.

Connection

Major operators in Alexandria are Vodafone and Mobinil. They provide a fairly developed and good connection. An outgoing call from these providers will cost $0.12-0.18 per minute. It should be noted that most tariffs have a grace period from 20:00 to 08:00. There is no charge for incoming calls. A minute of conversation abroad will cost from 1 to 1.5 $.

There are many pay phones in Alexandria that work with a card. Calls from them will be cheaper.

Safety

The crime rate in Alexandria is low. Even petty thieves would rather get into the pocket of their compatriot than a tourist. For the safety of guests, a special tourist police has even been created here.

Traffic in the city is not subject to any rules, so you should be careful, both as a driver and as a pedestrian.

If you decide to rent a car, which is not very profitable and convenient, then try not to break the rules. Alexandria is very strict with fines. For the slightest violation, a technical passport is withdrawn. You can return it only after payment.

For the duration of your stay in Alexandria, it is worth taking out medical insurance. Calling a doctor without her can hit your pocket.

Business climate

In addition to tourists "northern capital" come and business people. As in Cairo, exhibitions and conferences on various topics are often held here.

The most profitable area for investing foreign funds is tourism and everything connected with it: the hotel business, leisure and recreation.

Real estate

Any individual can purchase real estate in Alexandria. To do this, you only need a passport. When buying a secondary home, re-registration takes only a few hours. After that, the contract is notarized. A certificate of ownership is issued after registering with the court and paying a tax of 3% of the value of the property.

There are, however, some minor limitations. Foreigners cannot acquire agricultural land, property near monuments and in the historical zone. In addition, one person cannot buy more than two objects with an area of ​​more than 4,000 square meters.

Alexandria is one of the most expensive cities in the real estate market. However, it all depends on the location of the house and the area. The price per square meter can range from $200 to $1500.

It is best to come to Alexandria from May to June, when the most favorable weather reigns here.

You can take pictures of any objects, but in order to take pictures of people, you need to ask their permission.

All museums are open until 17:00.

Tipping in restaurants, as a rule, is left in the amount of change from the bill.

It is better to take sunscreen with you, as it is one of the most expensive items here.

You should know that buying and selling corals is a crime.

The city founded by the great conqueror Alexander the Great is the only one of the many "Alexandria" founded by him, which has become an influential city of our time, one of major ports African Mediterranean. The famous Pharos lighthouse once stood here - one of the seven wonders of the world - and the legendary queen Cleopatra ruled.

OASIS OF KNOWLEDGE

Alexandria was a cultural center for several centuries ancient world.

Founded personally by the great conqueror of the ancient world Alexander the Great in January - April 331 BC. e., Alexandria immediately became the capital of a new, Macedonian dynasty of rulers of Egypt. Having received Egypt after the death of Alexander in fact in his personal lot, Ptolemy I, one of the closest associates of the great commander, ensured that the grave of Alexander the Great was in Alexandria. According to legend, for this, Ptolemy even had to deceive another Macedonian commander, Perdiccas. In a golden sarcophagus, a doll was allegedly sent to Perdikka, and the real body of Alexander the Great was urgently delivered to Alexandria.

Alexandria was originally created as a city of ancient civilization - the Egyptian population even refused to use the name "Alexandria", preferring to call the new capital the word "Rakotis" - "construction site". Alexandria was originally built according to a single plan, with wide streets, beautiful temples, palaces and squares. The Egyptians were skilled builders and even succeeded in implementing the plans of another civilization.

The wealth of Egypt, which fell into the hands of the Ptolemaic dynasty, allowed them to patronize scientists, artists, sculptors, architects, poets and give Alexandria a real metropolitan gloss. Alexandria Museum as an international antique science Center, and the Library of Alexandria created under him were famous throughout the cultural world of the 3rd century BC. BC e. This period became the "golden age" of Alexandria. From all over the Hellenistic world, young people sought education here, already well-known figures of science and culture went to present their achievements to the Ptolemaic court, and booksellers brought lists of new books from here.

The famous scientist Archimedes of Syracuse was educated in Alexandria. He, according to legend, left memories of the "Father of Geometry" Euclid, who lived and worked in Alexandria, and told Ptolemy I, who wanted to quickly study geometry, that there were no royal ways in science. Ptolemy II's personal physician Herophilus of Chalcedon made the most important discoveries in anatomy man, the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos put forward the idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe, Straton of Lampasak created the theory of vacuum, and so on, and so on ... Hero of Alexandria already in the 1st century. BC e. created automatic devices, programmable devices (for example, a roller on which a rope was wound and pins were applied to regulate its tension) and even steam turbine. In a word, the Hellenistic world was on the verge of a technical revolution. And this “threshold” was located precisely in Alexandria.

Many inventions from this city were used throughout ancient civilization. This was greatly facilitated by the Library of Alexandria, in which, according to the most conservative estimates, at least 400 thousand papyrus scrolls were stored and actively used. In 2003, on the site of the long-destroyed Library of Alexandria, whose collection perished in numerous wars, the Alexandrina Library, or the New Library of Alexandria, was built. Funds for its creation were allocated by UNESCO, the government of Egypt and many countries of the world. The new library is designed for 8 million volumes. So modern Alexandria continues the cultural traditions of the ancient city.

In Hellenistic times, up to a million people lived in Alexandria, however, when the future emperor Napoleon landed here in 1798, only ruins remained of its former greatness. The ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, breathed new life into the ancient city in the 19th century.

EMPLOYEE OF THE MUSLIM OIKUMEN

In 2010, Alexandria was declared tourist capital Arab world- and by right.

In 2010, the ministers of tourism of the Arab countries chose Alexandria as the tourist capital of 12 cities that claimed this title. "This city in its history has been the center of different civilizations - Roman, Greek, Coptic and Muslim," Egyptian Tourism Minister Zuhair Gharana said at the celebration. And the governor of Alexandria, Adel Labib, emphasized that “Alexandria has all the components tourist city- this is a beautiful landscape, and clean air, and historical monuments of various civilizations, not to mention the pillar of world culture - the Library of Alexandria.

Everyone who is interested in ancient history and how it is preserved will find many discoveries here. New hotels are being built in the city, monuments are being restored and the airport is being modernized, the embankment and the main streets of the city are being put in order, the facades of historical buildings are being restored, and the Greco-Roman Museum has also been restored. The plans of the city include the restoration of one of the seven wonders of the world - the famous Faros lighthouse. For a thousand years (from 283 BC to 1375), this lighthouse illuminated the way for sailors. Its height is 140 m - it made the lighthouse the most tall building of his time.

Although not much has survived from ancient Alexandria and most of it is now on the seabed, you can still imagine this city, for example, by visiting the Greco-Roman Museum, where there are tens of thousands of exhibits from the Ptolemaic era.

The so-called Pompey's column (in fact, having nothing to do with Pompey) made of red granite on the Alexandrian acropolis was installed under the emperor Diocletian (245-313). In Alexandria, you can see the burials of the Ptolemaic era, and in recent years, excavations have made it possible to see a whole archaeological complex in the Kom ad Dik-ka area - an ancient university, which until 2008 was mistaken for an amphitheater, ancient baths, residential buildings and villas with mosaic decorations.

From all periods of the history of Alexandria, the city has its own memories. Thus, the Christian Church of Egypt is called the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and it was founded by the evangelist Saint Mark himself, who was martyred in Alexandria in 68 AD. e. It is believed that the Cathedral of St. Mark in Alexandria was built on the site of the house of the first Christian of Alexandria, the shoemaker Ananias. The cathedral was rebuilt more than once, but ancient murals have been preserved in it. And the mosque of Abu-El-Abbas-El-Mursi (XVIII century) is considered a masterpiece of building art.

The Museum of the Royal Jewels of Alexandria, located in the Fatima El Zahraa Palace and opened after restoration in 2006, displays the collections of precious artifacts collected by Muhammad Ali Pasha and his heirs. Here you can see a platinum crown adorned with thousands of diamonds, Mohammed Ali Pasha's own diamond, King Farouk's golden chess set, as well as the king's gardening tools, they are adorned with diamonds.

Opened in 2005 National Museum Alexandria, in which, among other exhibits dedicated to different periods of the history of Egypt, objects are shown that were raised from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea during excavations on the site of the areas of ancient Alexandria that had gone under water.

CURIOUS FACTS

■ Alexandria is the city of the famous Queen Cleopatra, whose fate and love stories with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are repeatedly described in books and films. In fact, Cleopatra was not alone - this, the last queen of Egypt, went down in history at number "seven" - Cleopatra VII Philopatra.

■ In the center of Alexandria, according to ancient historians, two years after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), right on the territory palace complex Macedonian rulers of Egypt erected a luxurious tomb of the late king. Later, the Ptolemaic dynasty combined the burial places of all its representatives with the grave of the great commander. Alexander the Great was deified, his cult was maintained in Alexandria, and the new pharaohs of Egypt tried in every possible way to present him as a member of the ruling dynasty and its patron. The historian Suetonius has preserved the testimony of how the body of Alexander was shown to Octavian Augustus.

■ In Alexandria lived, worked and died the first female mathematician Greek Hypatia (370-415). She taught at the Alexandrian School of Neoplatonism and was murdered by religious fanatics.

■ Much of ancient Alexandria was submerged by earthquakes, which is why underwater archaeologists may have recently found the 15-ton granite threshold of Cleopatra's tomb in the sea off the coast of modern Alexandria. It is already clear that the restoration of the appearance of ancient Alexandria will be possible only after large-scale underwater research. So, the remains of the legendary Faros lighthouse are still at the bottom of the Eastern Bay.

ATTRACTIONS

■ Necropolis of El-Anfushi;
■ Serapeum and Pompey's column;
■ Catacombs of Kom-El-Shuqaf;
■ El-Attarin Mosque;
■ Mosque of Abu-El-Abbas-El-Mursi;
■ Fort Kite Bay;
■ Montaza Palace and Park;
■ Greco-Roman Museum;
■ Museum of Fine Arts;
■ Museum of Royal Jewels;
■ Hydrobiological Museum;
■ National Museum of Alexandria;
■ Alexandrina Library;
■ El Silsila Fort;
■ El-Shatbi Christian cemetery;
■ Fort El-Atta;
■ Ras El-Tin Palace;
■ St. Catherine's Church;
■ Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary;
■ St. Mark's Cathedral;
■ Archaeological complex "Alexandria University and the Roman Baths" (Kom-ad-Dikka).

Atlas. The whole world is in your hands №43

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Alexandria is a popular Mediterranean resort that organically combines the echoes of ancient Egyptian history and modern trends. beach holiday. In terms of culture and overall atmosphere, Alexandria is noticeably different from other Egyptian cities - it is more like Europe.

Tourists love Alexandria for the opportunity to combine beach and rich sightseeing holiday, mild climate, many interesting activities and attractions. The resort is famous for its nightlife, comfortable hotels, excellent beaches, numerous monuments, museums, excursion programs and very interesting events.

Alexandria is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is the second largest Egyptian city and the first largest port.

The location of the city significantly affected its character. Alexandria today is a "border point" between the Western Christian and Eastern Muslim worlds, the "gateway" from ancient Egyptian history to the present day of this state. And although the distance between the capital Cairo and Alexandria is about 230 km, the atmosphere in the two cities is radically different. Walking around the resort in question, you can see white European-style houses adjacent to colorful Arab bazaars, have breakfast in a cafe with Egyptian cuisine, and dine in a Greek tavern - such a multifaceted city.

Here you will find excellent conditions for a spa holiday and a rich historical heritage. The total length of the beaches in the city and the nearest adjacent territories is about 40 km.

The resort is characterized by a mild warm climate. There is practically no damp and rainy here, and if precipitation does occur, then their volume and duration are extremely small. But it will definitely not be superfluous to take a couple of light warm little things with you on a trip for evening walks.

There is no snow in Alexandria. No, of course, a similar phenomenon happens in Egypt, but if snowflakes fall, then it is scarce and about once every 15-20 years. Therefore, you can swim in winter time. Of course, the Alexandrian sea is not as warm as, for example, in Sharm el-Sheikh, but you will get your +18-21°C. At the same time, winter in this area lasts no more than two months - during and.

Climatic conditions are also pleasing - the streets rarely get hotter than + 30-33 ° C, at night it gets colder on average to + 17-24 ° C. Such weather allows you to lie down on the beach and go on excursions. For comparison: in Cairo, the air in popular tourist places can warm up to +50°C.

The sea is also quite warm - up to + 25-26 ° С. You can swim, snorkel, dive and generally stay in the water for as long as you want.

The most favorable comfortable conditions in Alexandria are observed from the second half to the middle, but you can have a good rest here at any time of the year.

Where to stay in Alexandria?

Alexandria hotels please with a high level of service and relatively affordable prices. There are both luxurious apartments for travelers with a high level of income, and budget options for tourists with more modest requests. We offer you three popular representatives of different price categories - choose to your taste.

chic with private beach. Very good location - it is both the coast and the city center. Nice view from the windows to the sea. The hotel has two swimming pools and a modern spa.

Every local number decorated in accordance with modern design trends and equipped with a balcony. Luxury apartments boast a separate living area with a solid sofa, large TV and other amenities. The bathrooms are also top notch.

The complex's own restaurant serves buffet breakfasts and delicious dishes. For light snacks, it is recommended to go to a local restaurant on the seashore. Delicious cocktails are offered by the local lounge bar.

Sports lovers are invited to visit the fitness center, and after a workout, relax with a massage in the spa, go to the steam bath or soak in the hot tub.

The road here from the airport will not take much of your time - the distance does not exceed 10 km. Wireless internet is available upon request.

Four-star complex on the coast. built in Saba Pasha - this is an elegant and prosperous area of ​​​​Alexandria. Regardless of the chosen room, you will admire the sea from your windows.

All rooms in the complex are spacious, clean and beautiful. The floors are carpeted and all decor is done in neutral light colors. The windows are wide and very high. There is a minibar and satellite TV.

There are two restaurants at the property. At Le Clovis, the chefs prepare delicious French cuisine, while at Mermaid you can enjoy local and international menus.

The distance from the airport is about 10 km.

Very good three-star hotel in the center of Alexandria. Everything is as it should be in the rooms: balcony, air conditioning, internet, bathroom, mini-bar, satellite TV and other necessary amenities. From the windows opens nice review episcopal church.

Breakfast can be ordered to the room or you can go down to local cafe. Food is served on a buffet basis. There is a restaurant serving local cuisine on site. Near the complex there are many restaurants for every taste.

A walk to the Corniche will take you no more than 5 minutes. The trip to the airport will not take much time either - the distance does not exceed 5 km. It offers car rental and free parking.

The best beaches

The city has many excellent beaches with clean sand and crystal clear water: San Stefano, Montaza, as well as Sidi Bishr, Maamura and many others.

Leaving Alexandria and heading a little to the west, you will find yourself in Agami - this is a lively area with a very well developed tourism infrastructure. East of Alexandria is located Abukir. This area is known, among other things, for the fact that it was here that the troops of Nelson and Napoleon met. Currently, Aboukir is a calm and very cozy town with the best fish restaurants.

The resort has many free public and private (hotel) beaches.

Important! If you plan to stay at a hotel, first find out what composition the sand on their beach has. The sand is far from uniform and pleasant on the entire coast; in some places it contains impurities of crushed shells. Consider this moment.

Remember: Alexandria, although it has a good developed infrastructure, many, equipped beaches and various entertainment but call this city quiet calm resort you can’t - it’s still a port of four million k. In general, Alexandria is chosen by tourists who prefer a rich vacation. At the same time, you can spend holidays here throughout the year. In winter, the coast becomes interesting also due to the fact that many yachts arrive here, and this is a very beautiful and interesting sight.

What to see in Alexandria?

There are a lot of miracles in our wonderful world, but the main and most outstanding, according to generally accepted standards, are seven. Two miracles from this list were in ancient times in Egypt. And if they survived to our time, then the second object - the Lighthouse of Alexandria - was slowly but surely destroyed by the forces of nature. On its ruins, the Kite Bay Fort was erected, which is today one of the key attractions of Alexandria. Be sure to include a visit to this fort in your excursion program. It is located in the northern part of the Eastern Bay.

No less significant building is the Library of Alexandrina. It is also highly recommended to be included in the city tour itinerary.

Popular tourist attraction is Pompey's column. The monument is 25 meters high and is made of pink granite. Previously, this historical monument was part of an entire colonnade of a large temple. Tourists are forbidden to climb directly onto this column, but no one from below is allowed to admire the construction and the nearby ruins of the temple. For a separate, of course, fee (about 10 local pounds) and on schedule (traditionally between 9-16 hours).

Not far from the column discussed above, you can see the catacombs of Kom el-Shukaf. In the local catacombs there are many burial chambers and sarcophagi. Here you have the opportunity to personally see how the poor population of the city lives. Not far from the catacombs there is a very good fabric market.

Resting here, try to go to the mosque of Abu al-Abbas. The erection of the monument was completed in 1767. During the Second World War, the mosque was badly damaged, but was restored.

Fans of archaeological and historical monuments should definitely look into the Rushdi area. Here, the attention of vacationers is presented by several graves from the time of the Ptolemies, who have “survived” to our time.

Another iconic place is the Greco-Roman Museum. Here you can get acquainted with the works created 24-25 centuries ago. If possible, check out the Museum of Fine Arts, as well as the Museum of the Royal Jewels. Young travelers can be recommended to visit the Museum of Hydrobiology, located near the Kite Bay Fort.

If you wish, you can sign up for organized tour. Most popular route lasts one day and covers the following places: the ruins of Osiris in Burg al-Arab, the Ptolemaic lighthouse near Lake Mariut and other monuments of history and architecture.

Alexandria is a city with a mild warm climate, friendly people, beautiful nature, good hotels, rich historical heritage, plenty of entertainment and in general everything you need for an interesting, fun and memorable vacation.

Have a nice holiday!

Table. a brief description of Alexandria

Video - Egypt Alexandria