Petrovsky park and palace. Petrovsky park. Petrovsky Travel Palace. Church of the Annunciation

Petrovsky Park - a park in the northern district of Moscow, a monument park art XIX century.

Petrovsky Park Adjacent to Leningradsky Prospekt. It is bounded from the northwest by Seregina street, from the northeast by Petrovsky-Razumovskaya alley, from the southeast by Theater alley.

Nearest metro: Dynamo.

The park has walking paths, playgrounds, benches.

Some roads in the park have received historical names Palace Alley, Summer Alley, Lime Alley, Naryshkinskaya Alley. But these are essentially ordinary roads.

Dacha "Black Swan" (Naryshkinskaya alley, 5, building 1)

The building was built in 1909 according to the project of architects V.D. Adamovich and V.M. Lighthouse for the famous philanthropist Nikolai Pavlovich Ryabushinsky.

Monuments to K.E. Tsiolkovsky and N.E. Zhukovsky

The monuments are located near the Petrovsky Palace.

Monument to Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1957), sculptor S.D. Merkulova - located on Leningradsky Prospekt, to the left of the Petrovsky Travel Palace.

Monument to Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1959), sculptor G.V. Neroda - located on Leningradsky Prospekt, to the left of the Petrovsky Travel Palace.

Sculptures of scientists associated with space exploration and aeronautics were installed here due to the fact that from 1920 to 1997 the Petrovsky Travel Palace housed the Air Force Engineering Academy. NOT. Zhukovsky.

Historical reference

The decision to equip Petrovsky Park was made in 1827 during the restoration of Moscow after the war of 1812. For this purpose, the dachas surrounding the palace and the adjacent Maslova wasteland were purchased. The construction was supervised by the director of the commissions from the buildings, General A. A. Bashilov. The work was entrusted to the architect I. T. Tamansky.

The arrangement of the park was carried out according to the project of the famous architect Adam Menelas. Three alleys were drawn, radiating from the palace: Naryshkinskaya, Lipovaya and Petrovskaya. The central clearing was expanded and landscaped, turning it into the Palace Alley. A pond was dug in the park. At that time the park was much larger than it is today.

Adam Menelas was a Russian architect with Scottish roots. According to his project, Alexandria Park was created in Peterhof, the Cottage Palace.

In 1836-1837, a "voxal" was built for entertainment events (architect M.D. Bykovsky).

In the 19th century it was a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites. There is evidence that Emperor Alexander II liked to walk in the park. Russian critic Vissarion Belinsky noted "What a charming walk this Petrovsky Park is."

From the end of the 1830s, places for the construction of summer cottages began to be distributed in the vicinity of the park. Soon dachas of the elite of that time appeared here - famous industrialists, nobles, members of the royal family. The dacha of Ryabushinsky N.P. has survived to this day. "Black Swan" (1909). A stylized image of a black swan adorned everything in this house, from furniture to porcelain sets. The garden was decorated with palm trees, orchids, peacocks and pheasants walked around the garden, and a leopard sat on a chain near the doghouse.

Petrovsky park - landscape park complex an area of 22 hectares in the northwestern part of Moscow, a monument of park art of the XIX century. In this story, a short walk around several objects, each of which deserves a separate story.

Dinamo metro station was opened on September 11, 1938. The station has two ground vestibules, exit from which is to Leningradsky Prospekt and the Dynamo Stadium (architect D.N. Chechulin). Two mirror-image rectangular buildings in antique style are bordered by a colonnade of round Corinthian columns. The lobbies are elevated and surrounded by wide staircases with a system of terraces and granite steps. The columns of the vestibules, made of limestone near Moscow, are crowned with developed capitals. The cornices are decorated with stucco.

It is interesting that in 1940 the physicists G.N. Flerov and K.A. Petrzhak chose the Dynamo metro station as a place for observing the decay of uranium, since great depth could protect against cosmic interference. As a result of experiments conducted at the station at night, physicists discovered spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei.

At the end of 2011, work began on the construction of a section of the circuit from the Vystavochnaya station to the Nizhnyaya Maslovka station. The Petrovsky Park station is being built on the new line, through which a transfer to the Dynamo station will be carried out. According to official plans, the Petrovsky Park station will be opened in December 2015.

Petrovsky travel palace was designed by Matvey Kazakov in the "Turkish style" like the pavilions for celebrations on the Khodynka field. Construction continued from 1775 to 1782. The Petrovsky Palace was the last stop at the entrance of the royal train to Moscow.

In 1827, during the restoration of Moscow after the war of 1812, it was decided to turn the territory near the Petrovsky Palace into a landscape park. For this purpose, the dachas surrounding the palace and the adjacent Maslova wasteland were purchased. According to the project of the architect A. A. Menelas, a pond was dug, dams were built, a road was laid to the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft, three alleys radiated from the palace. It housed the Petrovsky Summer Theatre, a building for concerts, swings, pavilions, billiard rooms, baths, and coffee houses.

In the first half of the 19th century, the park became a prestigious aristocratic summer cottage. In 1899, the city's first tram line was opened from Strastnoy Boulevard to the park. In the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the famous restaurants "Yar" and "Strelna" were built on the territory of the park with a summer branch "Mauritania" (appeared later).

The southernmost travel palace on the road connecting the two capitals was originally conceived as a residence for the most important persons who could rest there after a long journey from St. Petersburg and proceed to the Moscow Kremlin with special splendor. The palace was built by order of Catherine II in honor of the successful completion of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, designed by architect Matvey Kazakov.

Coronation celebrations. 1896:

Headquarters of the RKK Air Force Academy. 1932:

Interior. 1999:

Former country restaurant "Mavritania", later domestic space biology and medicine was born here.

Restaurant "Mavritania" in Petrovsky Park. 1900-1917 http://pastvu.com/ :

On November 3, 1957, the USSR was the first in the world to launch the Sputnik-2 spacecraft into Earth's orbit with a living being on board - a dog. The white mongrel named Laika did not return and died a few hours after the start from overheating. On April 11, 2008, a bronze monument to Laika was erected on the territory of the Institute of Military Medicine.

On the initiative of Professor Zhukovsky, the Moscow Aviation Technical School was created in 1919, from which the famous military aircraft traces its history. educational institution- Air Force Engineering Academy. The regulation on the reorganization of the aviation technical school was approved by the Revolutionary Military Council on November 23, 1920. Over the years, the academy was called: Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet, Academy of the Air Fleet named after N.E. Zhukovsky, Air Force Academy of the Red Army, Military Academy of Command and Navigators of the Red Army Air Force, Air Force Engineering Academy, Military Aviation Technical University, Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force.

This is a higher military educational institution that provided training and retraining of engineers for the Air Force of the Armed Forces Russian Federation until August 2011. The world's largest and oldest scientific school in the field of aeronautics. All Russian and Soviet pilot-cosmonauts are graduates of this university.

The instructors of the flight faculties were not only good specialists, able to skillfully present their subject. Each of them at any time could command an aviation unit, formation, or manage the activities of the headquarters. In the 1930s, much attention was paid at the academy to the improvement of the flight training base. In 1931, a training squadron consisting of 30 R-1 aircraft of the same type was deployed into a training aviation group, equipped with the latest military equipment for that time - R-5, TB-1, I-3, I-5 aircraft. In the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War the academy has turned into a huge training center for the training and retraining of aviation personnel of various specialties. Pilots and technicians arrived at the academy's camp near Moscow for retraining on new aircraft.

In the post-war years, Soviet aviation became reactive, equipped with new aircraft, rocket and other aviation weapons, and advanced electrical and radio equipment. New schools were created throughout the country, the main backbone of their leadership and teaching staff was staffed by employees of the academy. Over the years of the existence of the university, 865 graduates were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. Among the graduates of the academy are the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first man who went into outer space, Alexei Leonov

Currently stationed in Voronezh, in June 2013, the first graduation of young officers took place at the new location.

Church of the Annunciation Holy Mother of God in Petrovsky park - Orthodox church, belonging to the All Saints Deanery of the Moscow City Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. The temple, designed by Fyodor Richter, began to be built in 1844 with the money of Naryshkina and completed construction in 1847, the upper altar was consecrated in the name of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, and the lower ones: one in the name of Simeon the God-Receiver and Anna the Prophetess, the other in the name of St. Xenophon and Mary.

In the 1930s, the temple was closed and presumably transferred to the Zhukovsky Academy. From 1970 to 1990, the academy warehouse was located in the temple building, part of the bell tower and dome were dismantled to accommodate lifting equipment, the porch was badly damaged by alterations, the fence was replaced with a fence with barbed wire. On September 22, 1991, the temple was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, the academy of the Patriarchy was placed at the temple.

Church of Hieromartyr Vladimir Medvedyuk and the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia in Petrovsky Park. Archpriest Vladimir Medvedyuk in the early years of Soviet power was the rector of one of the churches, tried to establish parish life, was arrested twice by the OGPU, in 1937 the priest was shot at the Butovo training ground.

By the way, in 1918, Petrovsky Park became the place of executions. On September 5, a public demonstration execution of 80 hostages from representatives of the highest officials of the former Russian Empire(Minister of the Interior N.A. Maklakov, A.N. Khvostov, former Minister of Justice I.G. Shcheglovitov, Archpriest John Vostorgov and others).

In 1928, for the 1st All-Union Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, in the southeastern part of the park, behind the Theater Alley, on the site of the garden and the Fantasia Theater, the first stage of the Dynamo Stadium was erected. The stadium project was developed by Arkady Langman, Lazar Cherikover and Dmitry Iofan: in its original form, the stadium looked like a giant horseshoe, open on the east side. The prototype was the ancient stadium in Athens, rebuilt in 1896 for the first modern Olympics. We will return to Dynamo on October 22, 2017, Lev Yashin's birthday, when the stadium and the park will open after reconstruction.

The Dynamo stadium will consist of two parts, the "Football" for 27,000 spectators and the "concert and sports arena" for 12,000 spectators. The Dynamo Sports Academy will occupy an area of about 62,000 sq.m. The opening ceremony is scheduled for October 22, 2017 - the birthday of the legendary Soviet Dynamo footballer Lev Yashin. The cost of a particular football stadium is about 9 billion rubles. Previously, the total cost of the VTB Arena Park complex was estimated at 1.5 billion US dollars, then it was clarified that the cost of the sports part of the project is 26 billion rubles. The construction is financed by VTB Bank and investments from a number of foreign banks - Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (CDP), Intesa Sanpaolo, Societe Generale, KfW IPEX-Bank.

Demolition of some buildings is planned, in place of which two new ones will be erected. sports complex, offices, a hotel and a residential complex with class A apartments. The total area of the sports part will be more than 200 thousand sq.m., and the total area of the commercial part will be 2 times larger - more than 450 thousand sq.m. In total, 246 thousand square meters of offices, 167 thousand square meters of apartments, 37 thousand square meters of hotel space and 10 thousand square meters of retail space, parking for 2543 cars will be built within the framework of the project. After reconstruction, the stadium will be called "VTB Arena Dynamo Central Stadium".

To finalize the project, one of the world's best sports architects, David Manika, was invited. He has many years of experience in developing the design of the largest sports facilities around the world. Before he founded his own architecture firm in 2007, he spent 13 years as a leading project architect worldwide. famous company NOC Sport Venue Event (now Populous). In particular, Manika took part in the implementation of projects such as the new Wembley Stadium and the O2 Arena in London, the Shanghai World Expo Arena. He won the competition to design the 86,000-seat arena in Qatar for the 2022 World Cup.

As of the summer of 2013, the zero cycle has been completed. According to the plan, two levels of premises for various purposes will be built inside the historical walls of the Dynamo stadium, where, in particular, shops, catering establishments and other facilities will be located. And above them a new football arena and an indoor multifunctional sports complex will be erected. This decision, according to its author, will allow not only to preserve the historical facade of the legendary stadium along with the famous columns, but also functionally and aesthetically integrate it into the new project. As a result, after the restoration and adaptation to modern use of the historic stadium and other sports facilities in the adjacent territory, a multifunctional complex will appear that meets the highest requirements and was created using advanced world technologies.

Project photo source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VTB_Arena_day.jpg?uselang=ru
Author A.Kondratiev

The park itself is small and occupies only 22 hectares of land. It has retained its landscape layout, coming from the depths of centuries. Linden, larch, poplar, oak, maple grow.

Not so long ago, new alleys of paving stones were made in the park, the soil was updated, and soil was brought in. The alleys are quite narrow, but you can find charm in this and walk alone. Petrovsky Park is over two hundred years old.

In 1928, the construction of the Dynamo stadium began on this site, all summer cottages were demolished, ponds were filled up. The park was constantly divided into parts, cut off, and its significant territory went to the Dynamo stadium.

The modern park is a relatively small piece of land located around the Petrovsky Palace. The Petrovsky Travel Palace was designed in the "Turkish style", like the pavilions on the Khodynka field.

Looking at him, you involuntarily recall the lines from "Eugene Onegin": "Here, surrounded by its oak forest, Petrovsky Castle. Gloomily, he is proud of his recent glory ... ".

The park is divided by roads into islets densely overgrown with trees and shrubs. Petrovsky Park in Moscow is suitable for a quiet and relaxing holiday in the bosom of nature, as well as for studying the monuments of history and architecture of the capital.

Here is the Church of the Annunciation - the creation of the architect F. F. Richter, the villa of N. Ryabushinsky "The Black Swan", the Church of Vladimir (Medvedyuk) the Hieromartyr and New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. In ancient times, plantings were treated as if they were art, so Petrovsky Park, like the Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, copies different natural areas.

There are green areas of dense planting, the dense shade of which does not allow plants to grow. And there are open sunny lawns with flower beds and benches.

There are clearings with huge ancient trees in the middle. Of course, ideally, you want to relax in a place that does not affect the life of a big city at all, but, alas, this is almost impossible.

Therefore, you should use every chance to be alone with nature, enjoy fresh air, to touch the history of your small Motherland.

After passing a few stops on the metro, relax in Friendship Park. And if you take the metro towards the center, then after a couple of stations you can walk on

Petrovsky Park is a landscape park complex with an area of 22 hectares in the northwestern part of Moscow, a monument of park art of the 19th century. In this story, a short walk around several objects, each of which, in principle, deserves a separate story.

Interestingly, in 1940, physicists G.N. Flerov and K.A. Petrzhak chose the Dynamo metro station as a place for observing the decay of uranium, since great depth could protect against cosmic interference. As a result of experiments conducted at the station at night, physicists discovered spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei.

The Petrovsky Travel Palace was designed by Matvey Kazakov in the "Turkish style" as were the pavilions for celebrations on the Khodynka field. Construction continued from 1775 to 1782. The Petrovsky Palace was the last stop at the entrance of the royal train to Moscow.

Coronation celebrations. 1896:

Headquarters of the RKK Air Force Academy. 1932:

Interior. 1999:

Former country restaurant "Mavritania", later domestic space biology and medicine was born here.

Restaurant "Mavritania" in Petrovsky Park. 1900-1917 http://pastvu.com/ :

On the initiative of Professor Zhukovsky, in 1919, the Moscow Aviation Technical School was created, from which the famous military educational institution, the Air Force Engineering Academy, traces its history. The regulation on the reorganization of the aviation technical school was approved by the Revolutionary Military Council on November 23, 1920. Over the years, the academy was called: Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet, Academy of the Air Fleet named after N.E. Zhukovsky, Air Force Academy of the Red Army, Military Academy of Command and Navigators of the Red Army Air Force, Air Force Engineering Academy, Military Aviation Technical University, Military educational and scientific center of the Air Force.

This is a higher military educational institution that provided training and retraining of engineers for the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation until August 2011. The world's largest and oldest scientific school in the field of aeronautics. All Russian and Soviet pilot-cosmonauts are graduates of this university.

The instructors of the flight faculties were not only good specialists, able to skillfully present their subject. Each of them at any time could command an aviation unit, formation, or manage the activities of the headquarters. In the 1930s, much attention was paid at the academy to the improvement of the flight training base. In 1931, a training squadron consisting of 30 R-1 aircraft of the same type was deployed into a training aviation group, equipped with the latest military equipment for that time - R-5, TB-1, I-3, I-5 aircraft. In the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War, the academy turned into a huge training center for the training and retraining of aviation personnel of various specialties. Pilots and technicians arrived at the academy's camp near Moscow for retraining on new aircraft.

In the post-war years, Soviet aviation became reactive, equipped with new aircraft, rocket and other aviation weapons, and advanced electrical and radio equipment. New schools were created throughout the country, the main backbone of their leadership and teaching staff was staffed by employees of the academy. During the years of the existence of the university, 865 graduates were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Among the graduates of the academy are the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first man who went into outer space, Alexei Leonov

Currently stationed in Voronezh, in June 2013, the first graduation of young officers took place at the new location.

The Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin in Petrovsky Park is an Orthodox church belonging to the All Saints Deanery of the Moscow City Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. The temple, designed by Fyodor Richter, began to be built in 1844 with the money of Naryshkina and completed construction in 1847, the upper altar was consecrated in the name of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, and the lower ones: one in the name of Simeon the God-Receiver and Anna the Prophetess, the other in the name of St. Xenophon and Mary.

In the 1930s, the temple was closed and presumably transferred to the Zhukovsky Academy. From 1970 to 1990, the academy warehouse was located in the temple building, part of the bell tower and dome were dismantled to accommodate lifting equipment, the porch was badly damaged by alterations, the fence was replaced with a fence with barbed wire. On September 22, 1991, the temple was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Academy of the Patriarchate was placed at the temple.

By the way, in 1918, Petrovsky Park became the place of executions. On September 5, a public demonstration execution of 80 hostages from representatives of the highest officials of the former Russian Empire was carried out here (Minister of the Interior N.A. Maklakov, A.N. Khvostov, former Minister of Justice I.G. Shcheglovitov, Archpriest John Vostorgov and others).

Demolition of some buildings is planned, in place of which two new sports complexes, offices, a hotel and a residential complex with class “A” apartments will be erected. The total area of the sports part will be more than 200 thousand sq.m., and the total area of the commercial part will be 2 times larger - more than 450 thousand sq.m. In total, 246 thousand square meters of offices, 167 thousand square meters of apartments, 37 thousand square meters of hotel space and 10 thousand square meters of retail space, parking for 2543 cars will be built within the framework of the project. After reconstruction, the stadium will be called "VTB Arena Dynamo Central Stadium".

To finalize the project, one of the world's best sports architects, David Manika, was invited. He has many years of experience in developing the design of the largest sports facilities around the world. Before he founded his own architecture firm in 2007, he worked for 13 years as a lead project architect for the world-famous NOC Sport Venue Event (now Populous). In particular, Manika took part in the implementation of projects such as the new Wembley Stadium and the O2 Arena in London, the Shanghai World Expo Arena. He won the competition to design the 86,000-seat arena in Qatar for the 2022 World Cup.

According to the project, two levels of premises for various purposes will be built inside the historical walls of the Dynamo stadium, where, in particular, shops, catering establishments and other facilities will be located. And above them a new football arena and an indoor multifunctional sports complex will be erected. This decision will allow not only to preserve the historical facade of the legendary stadium along with the famous columns, but also to integrate it functionally and aesthetically into the new project. As a result, after the restoration and adaptation to modern use of the historic stadium and other sports facilities in the adjacent territory, a multifunctional complex will appear that meets the highest requirements and was created using advanced world technologies.

Project photo source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VTB_Arena_day.jpg?uselang=ru
Author A.Kondratiev

The history of Petrovsky Park goes back centuries. Among historians, there are several versions about the origin of the name. Actually, Petrovsky Park, named after the Petrovsky Palace, was built in the first half of the 19th century. According to the traditional known version, Petrovsky Park was laid out on lands that once belonged to the Moscow Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery, the same monastery that gave its name to Petrovka Street, on which it is located.

Indeed, the first mention of the local possessions of the Petrovsky Monastery dates back to 1498, when they were very impressive in size, reaching the borders of the All Saints village and the modern line of the Riga road. After 1678, the village of Petrovskoye appeared near these lands, when the grandfather of Peter I, the boyar Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin, bought the neighboring village of Semchino from Prince Prozorovsky, and it became known as Petrovsky (the future Petrovsky-Razumovsky). After the Streltsy rebellion of 1682, a patrimonial church was erected in it in the name of the holy apostles Peter and Paul in honor of the namesake of the grandson of the owner, Tsarevich Peter, which gave the name to the new land of the Naryshkins - the village of Petrovsky. Whether the name of the former monastery lands was imprinted in it, or whether it became the full namesake of the neighboring property of the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery - there are two main opinions of scientists on this issue.

The first says that these were neighbors - "namesakes", two different possessions with the same name "Petrovskoye", but with a different origin of the name. At one, which was in the area of Petrovsky Park, it came from the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery. Another, the future Petrovsko-Razumovsky - from the local Peter and Paul Church or even on behalf of the august grandson of the owner of these places, on whose name day the church was consecrated. Various suggestions have been made that Peter I was allegedly born here, or that Naryshkin named his property Petrovsky after the birth of the prince.

According to another opinion, the village of Petrovskoe was one, in the old days of enormous size, at different ends-wings of which various settlements arose - both Petrovskoe itself, and Petrovsko-Razumovskoye and Petrovskoe-Zykovo. So many variants of the same name with different prefixes lead to the idea that they are all parts of one big whole. The emergence of these settlements with the same name in the first part, but with different endings, was due to the fact that by that time the once deserted territories of a large monastic estate began to be populated and received their new “additional” names. This version is supported by the fact that the village of Petrovskoye-Zykovo (in whose territory Petrovsky Park was laid out), founded at the end of the 17th century, definitely belonged to the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery - both at that time and after the secularization of 1764. Previously, it was called only Petrovsky, and then it imprinted the name of the Zykov boyars, who served Peter I and equipped this village.

One thing is certain - the village of Petrovskoye appears in documents after 1678: it means that it appeared exactly under the Naryshkins, who could, naming their new possession, pay tribute to the Petrovsky Monastery: perhaps Peter's grandfather erected a church that echoes the name of the highly revered Naryshkins of Moscow Vysoko - Petrovsky Monastery.

So, one version is that all these villages (Petrovskoye, Petrovskoye-Semchino, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye, Petrovskoye-Zykovo) are different wings of one ancient property, the village of Petrovsky, which arose in the 17th century from the lands of the ancient monastery grounds, in the first part of the name of which lies the same "root", especially since they are all very close. The second version does not connect Petrovsky and Petrovsko-Razumovsky, considers them different in origin and name, "namesake" in name, and traditionally derives the name of Petrovsky Park and the travel palace on behalf of the local landowner - Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery.

The history and appearance of Petrovsky Park were greatly influenced by its location: on the outskirts of Moscow, near the main state road Russia, which connected Moscow and St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 18th century. That is why the Petrovsky Palace was built on these lands, where the last stop of the royal train for rest before Moscow was, when the most august persons came to the capital for the coronation or for celebrations. Previously, wooden travel palaces stood in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Sokol, but over time, a grandiose, majestic, solemn building was urgently required. And the reason for its construction appeared. In 1774, celebrations were held on the Khodynka field near the site of the future palace in honor of the conclusion of the victorious Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhiysky peace with Turkey. And for the "festivities" the architect Matvey Kazakov built here temporary entertainment pavilions in the "Turkish style", symbolizing the conquered enemy fortresses.

The place was liked by Empress Catherine II, who personally arrived at the celebrations. Satisfied with the past celebrations, she ordered a stone palace from Kazakov, with architecture based on these pavilions, both in honor of the victory won and as a monument to the glory of Russia and its soldiers. The palace, ready by 1783, had two outbuildings in the form of fortress walls with towers in the fashionable Gothic-Moorish style. As the writer M. Zagoskin put it about him, it was "a beautiful building of Moorish architecture, converted to European customs." The palace has two facades: one, the main one, faces the road, the second - to the park, sometimes called the Petrovsky Grove, since the Petrovsky Park itself appeared later. The name of the Petrovsky Palace also causes disputes among historians: it is traditionally believed that the palace is so named because it was built on the former property of the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery. Others believe that these were pastures, that is, the outlying lands of the mysterious village of Petrovsky. The third version is based on a legend linking the name of the palace with the name of Peter the Great, and it has real grounds: the name of the palace definitely came from the name of the locality Petrovskoye, but the choice of it for the name of the palace symbolized the succession of the reign of Catherine II to the undertakings of Peter I.

Catherine herself first stopped in this palace in 1787, and, according to legend, sent a guard, saying that she would spend the night under the protection of her people. And as if all night long huge crowds ordinary people wandered under the dark windows, protecting the sleep of their empress from the slightest rustle: "Do not make noise, do not disturb our mother's peace." Stopping at the Petrovsky Palace became a tradition and did not stop even when Railway linking the Russian capitals. The first sovereign who stopped in this palace before the coronation was Paul I, he really liked to arrange military reviews and divorces here. And he was followed by Alexander I and Nicholas I, during whose reign the main page in the history of the Petrovsky Palace and Petrovsky Park began.

It was this palace that determined the creation of both Petrovsky Park and the entire surrounding prestigious area, where a ceremonial uniformity corresponding to the imperial palace was required. Already at the end of the 18th century, country houses of the nobility began to be built near the palace - the princes Golitsyn, Volkonsky, Apraksin. Here, in 1827, in one of the houses that belonged to Sobolevsky, Pushkin was escorted to St. Petersburg. But the time of the famous dachas in Petrovsky Park was yet to come. In the meantime, in 1826, they were waiting here for the coronation of Tsar Nicholas I. After Napoleon, the palace was in disrepair, although the French emperor liked it, who even gave receptions in it and consulted with the milliner Madame Auber-Chalmet about the abolition of serfdom in Russia. The invaders set fire to the palace so that its dome collapsed, mutilated the surrounding area, but remembered it only before the coronation of the new sovereign. Having inspected the palace, Nicholas I ordered it to be restored and a magnificent regular park, Moscow Versailles for festivities and to ennoble the area around the palace, be arranged here - a decree was issued in 1827.

The construction of the huge Petrovsky Park of 94 hectares was entrusted to the English (according to other sources, Scottish) architect Adam Menelas and the gardener Fintelman. According to the plan, maple and linden alleys were supposed to diverge from the palace in three rays, and in the Maslovka area a park with bridges and a pond, with English paths, coffee houses, baths and a summer theater was supposed to diverge. That is why Petrovsky Park has become a favorite place for festivities of the Moscow aristocracy and intelligentsia, Pushkin, Lermontov, S.T. Aksakov and many others have been here. It was forbidden to have taverns and inns here, and the public simply walked in Neskuchny garden or in Maryina Grove. Senator A.A. was instructed to manage the construction. Bashilov, head of the Moscow commission for buildings, whose name is now the local Bashilovskaya streets. It was he who turned Petrovsky Park into famous place: when in Moscow they wrote or said the word "park" - it was about Petrovsky Park. But the senator was remembered for his special brainchild - the famous "voxal" with which Bashilov crowned the creation of Petrovsky Park. This was the name of the gardening "entertainment" that came from England: wooden building with galleries for public recreation, where theatrical performances, dances, restaurants with dinners, concerts, balls, games, billiards, reading rooms and even fireworks awaited visitors for five rubles. Bashilov thought out his institution very well - in the Pushkin library his book “A Statement on the Construction of the Station in Petrovsky Park in Moscow” was preserved with a dedicatory inscription: “To His Excellency Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin from the establishment of Senator Bashilov’s station, 1836, Dec. 3 days". It is known that Pushkin composed an epigram on him. Voksal Bashilova, arranged in 1835 according to the project of the architect M.D. Bykovsky, who later brought the Ivanovo Monastery back to life, had his predecessors in the form of Grog's voxal in the Neskuchny Garden and Medox in the Taganskaya part, but by that time not a trace remained of them. So in the first half of the 19th century it was the only institution of its kind.

Life here was especially seething after a new decree of Emperor Nicholas I was issued in 1836 on the distribution of land from Tverskaya Zastava to Petrovsky Park for country dachas, with the requirement that the houses have a good architectural appearance and face the road. Facades had to be approved in advance by the Commission for Buildings, and the same M.D. Bykovsky developed standard projects for the country houses of Petrovsky Park, but in a wide variety of versions, from Gothic to Moorish style.

This was not new. The word "cottage" arose in the time of Peter I, when he ordered to allocate (“give”) land near Peterhof for development, which would ennoble the front palace area. The audience in Moscow was also supposed to be elite, which was able to carry out such a thing. However, here, too, "dacha" meant almost the same thing as under Peter I.

The houses in Petrovsky Park were built for the “dacha of preferential loans”, that is, five thousand government rubles were given as incentives for rebuilding. The dachas in Petrovsky Park were the most fashionable in old Moscow, something like the modern Rublevo-Uspenskoye Highway. There was also a huge property of Bashilov himself, who later gave it to Tranquil Yar for a restaurant. Here were the dachas of the writer M. Zagoskin, the actor Mikhail Shchepkin, the dachas of the princes Shcherbatov, Trubetskoy, Apraksin, Baryatinsky, Golitsyn, Volkonsky, Obolensky, Tolstoy, Talyzin and - Naryshkin.

The local dacha owner Anna Dmitrievna Naryshkina founded the Church of the Annunciation here in the first half of the 19th century.

Here, at the dacha in Petrovsky Park, her thirteen-year-old granddaughter Anna Bulgari died, and before that she buried her only daughter, Countess Maria Bulgari. The woman in grief made a vow to build a church on the site of the girl’s death and in 1842 submitted a corresponding petition to St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow and Tsar Nicholas I. Anna Dmitrievna was the wife of a chamberlain and had land leased from the department of the Moscow Palace Office, and promised: to transfer her dacha at an appropriate distance from the new church, donate 200 thousand rubles for its construction, provide utensils, contribute another 10 thousand for the maintenance of priests and provide them with housing.

The place for the temple was very suitable for its potential parishioners. Even earlier, the caretaker of the Petrovsky Palace reported that local summer residents would like to have their own parish church here. After all, the closest were only the church in the village of All Saints and the church of St. Basil of Caesarea on the 1st Tverskaya Yamskaya, to which summer residents of the St. Petersburg highway were assigned. Both temples were located at a considerable distance from Petrovsky Park. And already in 1835, the owners of summer cottages asked to arrange for them a summer tent church - only for the summer season - in the backyard of the Petrovsky Palace. Then the emperor did not allow this to be done, and summer residents lived here temporarily and could not form a full-fledged parish. The new temple, arranged by Naryshkina, would eliminate all these difficulties, but it turned out to be a rather difficult path.

Firstly, this area near the palace was under the special control of the palace department. Under Nicholas I, the Petrovsky Palace became not only Putev, but also a suburban imperial residence, with the corresponding status. Any trifle had to be coordinated for a long time and often receive the permission of the emperor himself. Secondly, the question of the parish suddenly arose. The potential local parish, as it turned out, officially belonged to the Church of All Saints (on Sokol), and its rector objected to the construction of a new church in order to preserve his parish and keep the church in good condition. Naryshkina was refused by the Moscow Ecclesiastical Consistory, where she was also told that the funds allocated by her were not enough for the proper maintenance of the temple, and the lands of the Palace Office could be built up only with her permission. And then Naryshkina turned to the sovereign himself, who allowed the construction of the temple in the same 1843. It was prescribed to pray in it for the temple builder and her family.

Now for the temple it was necessary to appoint the clergy and, after the consecration, determine the parish. For the construction of the temple near the imperial palace, according to the decision of the Consistory, a particularly experienced architect was required. The first to be appointed was the famous Evgraf Tyurin, the architect of the Epiphany Cathedral in Yelokhovo and the Tatiana Church of Moscow University. His project involved the construction of a temple-copy of the Petrovsky Palace - a temple with two bell towers, galleries and a huge dome, which was not allowed by the emperor, since the church had nothing to do with the Petrovsky Palace, except for the location.

And the architect of the Annunciation Church was Fyodor Richter, director of the Moscow Palace Architectural School, who participated in the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace. It was he who restored the chambers of the Romanov boyars on Varvarka, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the III degree, and for the work “Monuments of Old Russian Architecture” he was awarded a diamond ring.

However, the emperor also rejected Richter's first project. The architect compiled it based on the ancient Moscow church of John the Baptist in Dyakovo near Kolomenskoye: a huge parabolic dome crowned the pillar-shaped bell tower. In the next project, which was approved in St. Petersburg, the dome was made tent-shaped, and the dome of the temple itself - a traditional Moscow onion. In addition, the temple became two-story: the Annunciation throne was consecrated on the second floor, where there was no heating - services were held there in the summer. In his altar there was a large icon "Prayer for the Chalice". And in the lower tier, chapels were arranged in the name of the Monks Xenophon and Mary with the children and Simeon the God-Receiver and Anna the Prophetess - on the name day of the temple builder. In addition to the project itself, Nicholas I even approved a version of the carved iconostasis, and after the august approval, the architect could not change a single detail in the course of work.

The temple was solemnly founded on the feast of the Annunciation in 1844. It was consecrated already in 1847, but only the upper temple. It was arranged magnificently, generously, with silver, gilding, enamel, velvet, and had no shortage of either utensils or liturgical books. In addition, for the maintenance of the temple, Naryshkina transferred 25 thousand rubles in banknotes to the treasury of the Moscow Board of Trustees. The clergy were appointed from the church of Sts. Joachim and Anna on Bolshaya Yakimanka. However, the beautiful temple, assigned to the Nikitsky Magpie of Moscow, was declared ... unparished.

The matter was as follows. After the consecration of the temple in the same 1847, Naryshkina turned to the Consistory with a request to determine the arrival of the newly built church from local summer residents living near it. The request was denied in order to avoid ruining the parish of the All Saints Church. The Church of the Annunciation could take under its shadow any believer who wished to enter it, but at the same time did not have its own permanent parish. Naryshkina, without losing her mental strength, persuaded the summer residents of Petrovsky Park to write a petition for permission to be listed in the parish of the newly built church - after all, they were very eminent people. More than thirty signatures stood on this petition, but it turned out that most of the signatories lived here temporarily, for the summer season, and for many of them, like Prince Obolensky, it was even more convenient to go to the Vasilyevsky Church on Tverskaya. As a result, the issue was resolved peacefully and in favor of the new temple. The parish was formed from summer residents who signed Naryshkina's petition and had previously been parishioners of the Church of All Saints. Here, in the Annunciation Church, servants of the noble summer residents of Petrovsky Park and soldiers from the barracks of Khodynka field were assigned. And those who lived on the Petersburg highway remained in the parish of the Vasilevsky Church.

The fate of the Church of the Annunciation was influenced by the proximity to the imperial palace. Very soon after the consecration, the first repairs were made in the church in connection with the fact that in 1856 they were waiting for the coronation of Tsar Alexander II, and a palace was being prepared for him. It is known that the Petrovsky Palace was the favorite place of residence of Alexander the Liberator. As usual, without guards, every morning he took walks with his dog along the alleys of Petrovsky Park. Under him, by the way, it was allowed to let everyone into the palace to see it, except for those days when the imperial family stayed here, and these excursions were free.

And after the next renovation of the temple at the beginning of the twentieth century, unique wonderful bells appeared on its bell tower with images of the Holy Trinity, the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Bogolyubskaya icon Mother of God, St. Nicholas, the holy righteous Simeon the God-Receiver and Anna the Prophetess, the Monks Xenophon and Mary.

"RED LEAVES, GRAY EARTH"
Marina Tsvetaeva wrote so figuratively about Petrovsky Park. The era of capitalism, which began after the Great Reforms of Alexander the Liberator, changed both Petrovsky Park and the parish of the Annunciation Church. In the second half of the 19th century, Petrovsky Park remained a favorite place both for summer cottages and for entertainment, only now other summer residents and other entertainments have appeared here. The rich, merchants, industrialists and other new capitalist nobility began to build villas here - they brought their entertainment here in the form of restaurants with gypsy choirs and revels. The famous Yar restaurant was the first to settle near Petrovsky Park, which occupied the former property of Senator Bashilov back in 1836; Gogol especially liked to dine here. Among the merchants "Yar" enjoyed the greatest popularity, later the next most famous "Strelna" and "Mauritania" appeared, which got on the pages of Leskov and Leo Tolstoy.

However, Petrovsky Park itself was still intended for Sunday festivities, with carriage rides and tea parties. Even aeronauts sailed on balloons over the expanses of Petrovsky Park and jumped with parachutes, entertaining the people. In the pre-reform era, the “elegant public” still walked here - in the evenings, when there was less dust, they rode horses and carriages, showed outfits and decorations, up to the coachman’s clothes. However, the aristocrats have already begun to noticeably crowd out the simpler public - the philistines, peasants and, most importantly, merchants of all stripes.

So in the summer, rulers went to Petrovsky Park, in winter sledges with a conductor, and in 1899 the first electric tram set off here from Strastnaya Square, so many people wanted to walk in Petrovsky Park and live here in summer cottages. Shortly before the revolution, there was even a project to build a branch here ground metro. In addition to festivities and restaurants, the Moscow public was still attracted by the theater and the long-lived voxal: the pianist Anton Rubenstein first performed in public here, Franz Liszt played music here, in 1863 A.F. Pisarev - he played the role of Anania's character in his own drama "Bitter Fate". And in 1887, the famous actress Maria Blumenthal-Tamarina made her debut here in a play based on the novel by Dumas Sr. Only at the end of the 19th century, the completely dilapidated railway station was demolished, and the Palace Department willingly handed over the lands of the park for new dacha development. Pisemsky himself, I.S. Turgenev, and even the “forgiven” Decembrists who returned from exile in the late 1850s, who were forbidden to live in Moscow, now lived in the dachas here - among them was Ivan Pushchin, Pushkin’s friend.

The park itself was slowly falling into disrepair, trees were not planted, alleys were not maintained, there was no lighting, since the palace department did not pay due attention to it. However local population grew, and at its expense, the parish of the Annunciation Church greatly increased. In 1904, at the expense of parishioners, it was rebuilt with a significant expansion - now the temple could accommodate up to two thousand worshipers. At the same time, the revered ancient Bogolyubskaya icon of the Mother of God appeared here. The temple was painted again only by 1917, then its interior was finally formed. Alexander Dmitrievich Borozdin, the chief artist of the icon-painting workshop of His Imperial Majesty, whose house was often visited by the elder Aristocles, recently canonized as a saint.

Borozdin performed the original ceiling of the "Annunciation" in the main church, and copied for one of the aisles a rare image of "Jesus Christ Preaching in a Boat", compiled by an unknown artist, and also reproduced V. Vasnetsov's composition "God the Son" - all this was destroyed. The life of Borodin, who was arrested on the third day after the start of the war in 1941, was tragically cut short on charges of anti-Soviet agitation for "strengthening religious influence among the working people." There is a legend that the false metropolitan A. Vvedensky himself, the head of the Renovationist schism, with whom Borozdin was also familiar, denounced him. A year later, Borozdin died in the Saratov prison - and his funeral was held in the Annunciation Church only in June 1998, when the church itself returned to believers.

And at that time, life around the renovated temple also changed a lot. The famous villa of Nikolai Ryabushinsky “The Black Swan”, built for the “naughty” magnate by architects G. Adamovich and V. Mayanov, has survived to this day: instead of a dog, a tame leopard sat in the booth, and peacocks and pheasants walked around the garden.

Nearby, Shekhtel built a dacha for I.V. Morozov. There was also a country villa of the Swiss watchmaker William Gabu, the main competitor of Bure and Moser. He founded his watch company in Moscow in 1868 with a store on the prestigious Nikolskaya Street, which was very popular with Muscovites. The poet Velimir Khlebnikov and the composer Sergei Rachmaninov lived in Petrovsky Park, who, being a student at the conservatory, was recovering here at his father's house after a serious illness.

And on the current street on March 8, since 1903, there was the famous psychiatric clinic of Dr. F. Usoltsev, who arranged it in a home style for gifted patients: they were here as guests of the doctor's family.

The most famous of them was M. Vrubel, who painted a portrait of Bryusov here. The artist V.E. Borisov-Musatov, who visited the wife of a close friend, and also painted a portrait from life here, according to legend, having borrowed colors from Vrubel. (In Soviet times, the Central Moscow Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital was formed on the basis of Usoltsev's clinic).

One of the first animal shelters was then opened in Petrovsky Park itself. Basically, old horses lived out their lives here, sick and crippled, and all those abandoned by the owners: here they were not only fed, but also looked after and provided medical assistance - a full-time veterinarian served in the shelter.

However, all this adversely affected the park - more and more it was cut down for construction. And the popularity of Petrovsky Park as a place for Sunday rest and walks began to decline by the beginning of the 20th century. Only in 1907 did the tsar forbid the palace department to distribute the lands of Petrovsky Park for dacha development, where they went to the Petersburg highway.

Near these places sounded one of the first ominous signals of the coming revolution. In 1869, the revolutionary Sergei Nechaev organized the brutal murder of Ivanov, a student at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy, for refusing to obey him implicitly. This high-profile murder took place in the park of the academy and, having thundered throughout Russia, hit the pages of Dostoevsky's novel "Demons", where Nechaev became the prototype of Peter Verkhovensky. This happened not in the Petrovsky park itself, but in the other, main wing of the ancient village of Petrovsky, which later became known as Petrovsky-Razumovsky.

The revolution opened a black page in the annals of both the Church of the Annunciation and Petrovsky Park.

It started pompously. Petrovsky Park was chosen for revolutionary sports: already in May 1918, the first athletics competition after the revolution was held here, as if on the eve of the construction of the Dynamo stadium in 1928 according to the project of A.Ya. Langman and L.Z. Cherikover. In 1937, the pavilion of the metro station of the same name, erected by the architect Ya.G. Lichtenberg.

It is noteworthy that all the mentioned architects erected their structures in Moscow on the site of temples: Cherikover built a residential building on the site of the Zlatoust Monastery, Langman - the House of the Council of Labor and Defense (building State Duma RF) on the site of the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa in Okhotny Ryad, and Lichtenberg helped A.N. Dushkin to build the pavilion of the station "Palace of Soviets" ("Kropotkinskaya") on the site of the Church of the Holy Spirit. Petrovsky Palace in 1923 was transferred to the Air Force Engineering Academy. NOT. Zhukovsky and received a new revolutionary name - the "Palace of Red Aviation", as it is believed, personally invented by Trotsky.

The dachas were, of course, liquidated, and the park itself was first put in relative order, but since there were almost no healthy and strong trees left in it, a large share of it was cut down and the liberated territory was allocated for the construction of the Dynamo stadium. The remaining part of the park that has survived to this day is a small square, compared to its former might.

Since the same 1918, Petrovsky Park has become one of the most tragic places in Soviet Moscow - here, on the remote outskirts, KGB executions took place, especially after Fanny Kaplan's assassination attempt on Lenin and the announcement of the Red Terror in September 1918. It was here that the New Martyr, Archpriest John Vostorgov, the last rector of the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat on Red Square, was among the first to be shot, canonized at the Jubilee Cathedral, as was Bishop Ephraim of Selingin, who died with him. The former Minister of Internal Affairs N.A. was also executed here. Maklakov, former chairman of the State Council of Russia I.G. Shcheglovitov, former minister A.N. Khvostov and Senator I.I. Beletsky. Before the execution, they offered the last prayer to the Lord and came under the last blessing of the shepherds. Father John in his last word urged them to believe in the mercy of God and the coming revival of Russia.

And the Annunciation Church was supposedly closed in 1934 and followed "their" Petrovsky Palace - its building was also transferred to the Academy. Zhukovsky and arranged a warehouse in it, completely destroying the interior. His last rector, Archpriest Avenir Polozov, later served in the church at the Danilovsky cemetery, where he himself rested in 1936. The barbaric destruction of the Annunciation Church continued after the war - alien tiers were built on, the domes and the porch were broken, and the bell tower was used for ... an overhead crane.

The Soviet authorities had their own plans for this picturesque area, partly echoing its pre-revolutionary history. We are talking about the experimental "city of arts" on Maslovka, built in 1930-1950 for artists. It was supposed to build comfortable houses that would save talented residents from everyday problems, and the landscape of Petrovsky Park would inspire them to work. The main newcomer of the Soviet era in this area was the Institute of Aviation Medicine, which settled in the building of the former Mauritania restaurant. Here, domestic space biology and medicine were born, and they were engaged in preparing the first flights into space of dogs, and then of a man. S.P. also visited here. Korolev, and Yuri Gagarin.

A new page in the history of the Church of the Annunciation began in 1991, when the Air Force Academy vacated the building and it was returned to the Church: on September 29, the Divine Liturgy was held here for the first time. And then followed a long, painstaking restoration of the painting and chapters. Only in 1997, when the 150th anniversary of the temple was celebrated (from the date Naryshkina filed a petition), did Patriarch Alexy II consecrate the temple revived to life with a full bishop's rank. Its main shrine was the icon of the Lord Almighty, Ruler of the World, which, it is believed, has no analogues. It is much older than the Annunciation Church, and got into it by the Providence of God - young people brought three large dark boards to the temple, on which the Face of the Savior of the iconography of the 19th century was guessed, but under it an earlier, huge image of the shouldered Savior, belonging to the type of icons of northern writing, was opened middle of the 17th century. In the open Gospel, which the Savior is holding, it is inscribed: “Come, bless my Father, inherit the Kingdom of Heaven prepared for you before the foundation of the world, for you are hungry.” It is impossible not to quote the lines about this icon of one of our contemporaries: “The image is unworldly and high in heavenly heights. The astonished look of the Savior from Heaven is fixed on us sinners.

And on the feast of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos, August 28, 1997, another shrine appeared at the temple: the granddaughter of Fr. Avenira Polozova brought the family icon of the Iberian Mother of God to the temple. The rector bequeathed to donate it to the Church of the Annunciation when it is reopened for worship...