Characteristics and description of the territory of the square. The square is. The basic rule of landscape design

The creation of a green area is an obligatory norm of modern urban planning. One of the most common options is the design of squares, which are especially relevant for those areas of the city where there are no parks. Or if it is not possible to create them due to the fact that the chosen place is the historical center of the city or is contrary to engineering standards. In this situation, squares become an excellent alternative to parks, as city residents get the opportunity to relax surrounded by nature.

Definition and main features of public gardens

What is a square? Under the square, experts mean relatively small green areas, which can occupy an area in the range of 0.5-2 hectares. They are located near city buildings and are intended for short-term rest and convenient movement of pedestrians. And they also have a decorative function, as they contribute to the improvement appearance cities, districts, streets.

What should be considered when designing internal infrastructure?

A flower garden, lawn, central platform, sculpture or other design solution is probably the main and indispensable element of the square. When some kind of composition is located in the center, the square should emphasize and harmoniously reveal it.

The configuration of the allotted territory also affects the size and shape of the square.

The intensity of pedestrian flows and the location of the streets that are adjacent to the square are important, since the layout of the future square necessarily takes into account the possibilities of different entrances and exits.

Compared to parks, squares have a much simplified architectural and planning solution and structure. Specialists pay attention to creating conditions for a comfortable stay for visitors, as well as providing protection from the negative effects of gases and noise due to heavy traffic. And in some cities they are even starting to use special soundproof walls - our specialists "stole" this technology from their Western colleagues.

Useful experience of European countries in creating projects for the improvement and landscaping of urban squares

One of the obligatory requirements when creating public gardens in Europe is the maximum simplicity and the minimum number of details.

Almost all squares have a well-thought-out structure and shape. Be sure to take into account the purpose of the area or buildings that are located nearby.

If this is a theater or a cinema center, then the square should be convenient for a short rest while waiting for your session. But the squares near the highways are aimed at creating the most comfortable conditions for movement.

Squares are small landscaped areas (usually 0.5-2 hectares in size) located in urban areas and intended for short-term rest, walks, meetings, transit traffic of pedestrians, artistic and decorative design of squares and streets.

The role of squares increases significantly in areas where there are no parks and there is no way to create them (historical center, relief, climatic conditions, etc.). In these cases, the system of squares provides the population with the opportunity to relax in a natural environment with an accessibility radius of up to 1 km.

The planning decision of the square depends on its location in the city, local and climatic conditions. The square can be open - parterre type with a predominance of lawns and flower beds, and closed - with plantings of trees and shrubs, when it needs to be isolated from the urban environment. A square in a square, for example, can occupy its entire territory, part of the territory, be in one place or consist of several parts. Often, squares are located in the form of a "green pocket" between buildings.

Squares on central squares or in front of a significant architectural structure, as a rule, are solved by regular techniques with a compositional structure subordinate to the architecture of the main building, helping to reveal its facade, main entrance, etc.

The main element of the square is usually the central platform with a sculpture, a fountain, a pool, a flower garden or a lawn with picturesque troupes of trees and shrubs. If a monument or a fountain is installed in the center of the square, then the composition of the square takes into account their appearance and helps to reveal their artistic merits.

The architectural and planning solution of the square has a simpler planning structure than in the park, a smaller assortment of plants, requires attention to the details of the relief, landscaping. The planning structure provides for comfortable rest and movement of pedestrians, and in the squares adjacent to intensive traffic arteries, protection from the harmful effects of gases and noise with the help of a dense strip of plants along the perimeter and the creation of comfortable conditions for visitors come to the fore. Sometimes special soundproof walls are used.

The size, shape and composition of the square depend on the configuration of the allotted territory, the accepted layout of the area, the surrounding buildings, and possible ways to solve functional problems.

The architectural and planning solution of the square is influenced by the location of adjacent streets, the direction of the main pedestrian flows. On a square with heavy pedestrian traffic, the system of park paths takes into account the direction of the transit flow, which is isolated from recreation areas and directed through the square along the shortest path. Squares can have not only a variety of geometric shapes, but also irregular and sometimes very complex configurations. The small territory of the square forces the designer to think carefully about the functional use of the sites, the rational movement of visitors. Depending on the intensity of movement of visitors, the recommended balance of the square territory also changes (Table 5.1).

The balance of the territory is influenced by the conditions of a particular object (the purpose of the square, the expected attendance, topography, climate, etc.). In particular, in southern cities shaded areas and more trees are required than in the north. On average, 100-200 trees per 1 hectare are used for squares.

The balance of the territories of public gardens in various urban planning situations in % of their total area:

The architectural and planning composition of the squares includes alleys of the main pedestrian traffic, walking trails, and recreation areas. The width of the main alleys is recommended to be 4-6 m, and the secondary - 1.5-4 m. The placement of the entrances to the square depends on the organization of the entire pedestrian traffic system.

Squares near public buildings (museums, theaters, cinemas, train stations, etc.) are intended for short-term rest in anticipation of a session or vehicles.

Sometimes the square, due to the insufficiency of the size of the territory, cannot be used for recreation and walks and therefore serves only decorative purposes. Squares on transport areas and at interchanges are not calculated for visitors; in these cases, their layout is primarily subordinated to the interests of creating safe traffic.

General norms for landscaping squares:

Landscaping is carried out in free groups on spacious lawns and plantings, emphasizing the direction of flow. Trees and shrubs used for planting squares must be resistant to smoke and gases and at the same time have high decorative properties.

In the squares Special attention paid to the quality of engineering improvement of the territory and especially the paving of alleys and platforms. Natural stone, gravel, brick, concrete tiles go well with lawns, flowers, ponds, pools and fountains.

Ekaterinburg. square in historical center: 1 - pond; 2 - dam; 3 - channel in the channel of the Iset river; 4 - museum building; 5 - outdoor minerals

Jurmala. Square near the monument to Gorky and Rainis: 1 - monument; 2- Observation deck; 3 - tracks before reconstruction; 4 - trees; 5 - shrubs; 6 - groups of colors; 7 - forest

Riga. Square on the square. Chernyshevsky: 1 - existing trees; 2 - trees being designed; 3 - ornamental shrubs; 4 - sheared hedges; 5 - flower beds; 6 - pool; 7 - benches

Tallinn. Square on Vyshgorod: 1 - existing trees; 1a - trees being designed; 2 - coniferous; 3 - shrubs in groups; 4 - shrubs in a hedge; 5 - lawn; 6 - flower beds from perennials; 7 - curly; 8 - paving with concrete tiles; 9 - well; 10 - stairs; 11 - sandbox; 12 - observation deck; 13 - Dome Cathedral

In the Leningradsky square around the monument of Peter I "The Bronze Horseman", a special place is occupied by ancient lanterns, which are assigned the role of a harmonious addition to the original landscape compositions. Together with a unique fence, their shapes and silhouettes are reminiscent of folk traditions, the skill of their creators and their subtle understanding of beauty.

The historical square in Yekaterinburg is an integral part of the water-green diameter of the city, which is formed along the course of the Iset River. The square is designed with regular planning techniques and is located at the spillway dam of the upper pond. The compositional axis of the square is a system of water mirrors. Granite steps descend to the canal and reservoirs, behind which there are picturesque compositions of deciduous and coniferous plants. In the design of the square, local rocks and minerals in the form of multi-ton blocks of Ural gems are widely used. Perfectly in harmony with the greenery, they are picturesque natural rock formations, giving the square a specific character of the Ural landscape.

An important place in the compositional solution of the square is given to the restored buildings - architectural monuments of the period of the formation of the factory Yekaterinburg, which have now been turned into interesting museums.

In 1888 in Riga, architect. G. Kufald, on the site of the former military parade ground (modern Chernyshevsky Square), a square was laid out. In the early 70s of our century, when many plantings lost their decorative qualities, the square was reconstructed. A swimming pool was arranged in the center, flower beds were laid out around. The peculiarity of the square is given by the groups of various bulbous flowers picturesquely scattered on the lawns. Ornamental shrubs are planted along one of the long sides: brilliant cotoneaster, common privet, alpine and golden currants.

The reconstruction of the square near the monument to Gorky and Rainis in Jurmala was carried out in order to improve the conditions for viewing the monument, the movement of pedestrians, creating comfort, secluded corners for visitors to relax. The layout of pedestrian alleys and playgrounds has been almost completely changed. Rhododendrons of various colors, meadow flowers are widely used in the design.

A square in the form of two terraces was created on Vyshgorod (in the old part of Tallinn) according to the project of N. Tammoy. A popular place is located behind the Dome Cathedral, which offers a picturesque view of the sea and the city. During the construction of houses located along the border of the square, limestone was widely used, which became the main material for creating a rocky flower garden.

K category: landscape design

Squares, boulevards, pedestrian zones, embankments

These territories have a large share in the overall system of greening the city. They significantly modify the urban environment, enhance the factor of nature in the city, significantly reduce the pollution of its atmosphere, and diversify the leisure of the population. They are united by a common recreational orientation, decorativeness, short stay of people on their territory, close connection with urban development and urban transport, and their public nature.

Squares

Squares are small green areas in the city, intended for short-term recreation of pedestrians and decorative design of city squares, streets, embankments, areas near public buildings, spaces around monuments. Squares can also have special forms of use (information, advertising, decoration of memorials, exhibitions). Squares of squares range from 0.2 to 2 hectares. The main types of public gardens are shown in fig. 10.1.

Special place occupy decorative squares created on squares or road junctions without people accessing their territory. In such squares, monuments, sculptures are erected, a fountain or a flower garden is arranged. Their sizes are small, and the shape is determined by transport routes. Such "green islands" should generally not have high vegetation, which may reduce traffic safety.

In table. 10.1 shows the balance of the territories of public gardens in various urban planning situations in % of their total area.

Currently, in the conditions of a shortage of nature in urban areas, especially among old buildings, they are trying to use every free site to create landscaped squares and other small green spaces.

Rice. 2. Plan of the square Belorussky railway station in Moscow

The architectural and landscape design of public gardens covers a whole range of issues, including the problems of green building itself, the organization of traffic and pedestrians, protection from dust and noise, and, of course, primarily aesthetic tasks (Fig. 2, 3).

An analysis of the planning decisions of public gardens in our country and abroad allows us to identify the following main methods of their architectural and landscape composition:
– formation of the square space using the methods of classical, regular landscape gardening art;
- free picturesque planning based on the reception of classical landscape parks;
- organization of the space of the square by the laconic geometry of its layout, characteristic of the Dutch and German landscape gardening art;
- exaggeration of picturesque planning elements with the use of exotic forms of vegetation and mannerism in equipment and landscaping (squares in Brazil, Cuba and other countries of Latin America);
- borrowing and transformation of the techniques of Japanese gardening art;
- the use of "painting" techniques of cubism, abstractionism, suprematism, etc.

Rice. 3. Plan of the "ornamental" garden for contemplative rest "Vaza-parken" (Stockholm); 1 - decorative paving made of concrete slabs and stone; 2 - platforms with benches; 3 - decorative pools; 4 - trellis; 3 - retaining wall made of natural stone

City squares are interpreted in one case as autonomous "green oases" with a closed spatial composition (Fig. 4), contrasting with the environment; in the other - as an element subordinate to the module and scale of a large architectural ensemble or structure (Fig. 10.5).

In the first case, isolation from an unfavorable environment can be achieved by: noise-dust and gas-protective forms of plantings, decorative protective walls, deepening the square using water devices, using geoplastics; in the second case, it is better to arrange parterre solutions in the space of the square, limit or completely eliminate the use of tall vegetation, and use regular techniques of landscape gardening art.

Rice. 4. Examples of the layout of urban gardens (Moscow): a - garden. Bauman; b - garden "Aquarium"

Rice. 5. Examples of the layout of existing public gardens (Moscow): a - on Sq. Communes in front of the theater of the Soviet Army; b - on the square. Lermontov

In the landscaping of squares, dust and gas-resistant, shade-tolerant plants that can adapt well to difficult urban conditions should be used. The general norms for landscaping squares are given in Table. 2.

Thus, on average, for city squares, it is possible to accept the norm of 100 ... 120 trees and 1000 ... 1200 shrubs per 1 ha of territory.

boulevards

Boulevards are linear elements of the city's landscaping, designed for mass pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation. Depending on the location of the boulevards in the city, their purpose and planned characteristics can be: straight and circular boulevards, promenade and transit boulevards, coastal boulevards. There are historical boulevards that have a certain cultural and educational value. For example, Unterdenlinden Boulevard in Berlin, Klenovy Boulevard in Leningrad, Primorsky Boulevard in Odessa (Fig. 6). The first boulevards appeared in the 19th century, when in European cities began to demolish the fortress walls, which had fallen into disrepair and interfered with transport links. This is how the famous Ring in Vienna, the Grand Boulevards in Paris, the Boulevard Ring in Moscow and a number of other cities appeared. Initially, such boulevards were walking alleys with areas for short-term rest. In the conditions of the almost complete absence of public gardens, these territories, which were original centers of communication, played an important social role in the formation of mores, customs, and ideas. The paintings of Makovsky, Renoir, Fedotov give a vivid idea of ​​the social role of the boulevards in the 19th century.

With the growth of public consciousness and the development of cities, the semantic content of the boulevards also changed. Boulevards appeared, not limited only by a transit alley, but with a developed planning system, fountains, pools, playgrounds for children, shopping kiosks, information windows, decorative plantings, monuments. The construction of boulevards was greatly developed after the Second World War in the areas of new buildings, on the embankments, in shopping centers, along the main transport routes. Boulevards marked the beginning of the division of urban areas into pedestrian and transport zones, the creation of a system of pedestrian and transport communications that did not intersect at the same level, and the emergence of pedestrian streets.

The main elements of the boulevards are alleys, paths and platforms, groups and hedges of shrubs, lawns and flower beds. At present, complex systems of boulevards have appeared in large cities, revealing the planning structure of the city. Such systems can be seen in the centers of Moscow, Kyiv, Yerevan, Kharkov, Tashkent and many other large cities. This is due to their further growth and the gradual transformation of large urban centers into business, representative, trade, cultural and educational zones.

Rice. 6. Examples of boulevard planning: a - Primorsky Boulevard (Odessa); b - boulevard on Neglinnaya street (Moscow)

When creating a landscape project for a boulevard, it is necessary to carry out not only an analysis natural features its future territory, but also a functional analysis of all surrounding buildings and urban areas, as well as their future development. The boulevards have long and short sides, they sometimes stretch for several kilometers, they can be adjoined by squares, landscaped courts of the court, pedestrian streets, gardens. Therefore, the compositional organization of the boulevard is a rather difficult task. A certain role in its solution is played by the system of entrances to the boulevard along the long sides. They are usually arranged after 150 ... 250 m, depending on the surrounding urban situation, and on streets with heavy traffic - 400 ... 500 m and in conjunction with pedestrian crossings. It is advisable not to make transverse passages through the boulevard, and if necessary, it is better to develop such an intersection into a compositional emphasis on the boulevard, subordinating the transverse movement to movement along the boulevard.

Boulevards are located between the carriageway and the sidewalk, on one or both sides of the street, primarily depending on its orientation to the cardinal points. At the same time, if the street has a meridional orientation, then the boulevard can be on both sides of it, and if it is latitudinal, then on one, north side, since if it is located on the south side, it will be obscured by buildings.

With two-way placement of the boulevard and the roadway in the center of the street, it is necessary to acoustically study the profile of its landscaping in order to avoid amplification of traffic noise with multiple reflections from the crowns of tall trees. In the landscaping profile, a sound wave cone should be created, directed above the buildings adjacent to the boulevard.

Some of the old boulevards were placed along the axis of the avenue. For example, Clichy Boulevard in Paris, Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow. However, such placement of boulevards does not protect the building of the street from dust and vehicle exhaust gases and therefore is not optimal.

The minimum width of the boulevard is set at 18 m. With such dimensions, one alley 4 ... 7 m wide is arranged along it with the placement of areas for short rest, equipped with benches, lamps, sheds, garbage bins. From the rest of the street, the boulevard is limited by a hedge. Vertical zoning can be provided in the profile of the street with a slight rise or deepening of the boulevard along its entire width.

On boulevards wider than 25 m, additional paths 1.5 ... 2.5 m wide can be arranged. At the same time, the planned outline of the alley and paths can be curvilinear, free pattern. On particularly wide boulevards, when their transverse dimensions reach several tens of meters, pavilions, sports grounds, separate children's play complexes, cafes, and water devices are placed on their territories. Bicycle paths can be laid on such boulevards, and in winter ski slopes. As an example, one can point to the system of boulevards along the canal (former moat) in Riga, the system of boulevards along the Serpyanka River in Minsk, the system of boulevards along Princestreet in Edinburgh, and many others.

The percentage of the area occupied by plants and paths on the boulevards is normalized. The norms recommend taking 25 ... 30% for paths and sites (a larger percentage for smaller boulevards). However, this is not always maintained, as can be seen from Table. 10.3, which presents these ratios for some Ioskovsky boulevards.

The number of tall trees and shrubs planted on boulevards is also being rationed. On average, there are 350…400 trees and 3…4 thousand trees per 1 hectare of the boulevard. shrubs. For northern regions these rates can be significantly reduced.

In all cases, creating a green attire of the boulevard, in addition to aesthetic qualities, one should strive to achieve the following two points: - isolation of the internal space of the boulevard from noise, dust and gas pollution; – optimal aeration of the boulevard.

Covering the paths and platforms of the boulevard, given the heavy load on them from the flow of visitors, it is better to arrange from solid and semi-solid materials. The pattern of the cover elements should significantly reduce its length, and the color should contrast with the green color of the vegetation. With especially significant flows of visitors, it is possible to arrange dividing strips in one or two modules (0.75 ... 1.5 m) with breaks. It can be a lawn, a flower garden, a low cut shrub. It is possible to install lighting devices, sculptural forms, information signs and stands on the dividing strip.

On wide boulevards arranged in residential areas, areas for walking with domestic dogs should be provided. Such sites should have a low mesh fence and a cover that allows for convenient and quick sanitary cleaning.

In addition, on such boulevards it is necessary to arrange bike paths that do not intersect with pedestrian alleys, 1.5-2.0 m wide. Their surface can be made of fine compacted gravel. The longitudinal slope of bike paths should not exceed 8%. Bicycle stands can be arranged at the entrances to the boulevard.

In hot natural and climatic conditions, over part of the pedestrian alleys, especially in the intervals between vegetation, it is possible to arrange shady canopies or pergolas with vertical vegetation. On the territory of the boulevard, the arrival of official vehicles for mechanized cleaning, replacement of lighting devices, trimming of tall vegetation and other chores should be provided.

Pedestrian zones

Currently, in the centers of cities, there is a tendency to merge business and pleasure routes into the so-called pedestrian zones(Fig. 7, a). They have received great development abroad (Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Munich, Vancouver, etc.). Their creation was also started in our country (Moscow, Riga, Yerevan (Fig. 7, b), Tallinn, Smolensk). Pedestrian zones are considered as a necessary link in the overall chain of reconstruction of the existing development.

The following types of pedestrian spaces are most typical for urban centers: streets isolated from traffic; streets with limited traffic; one-level pedestrian areas; two-level streets (with the separation of the human flow and transport vertically); covered galleries in the complexes of commercial and public buildings; underground pedestrian communications.

Pedestrian squares have certain architectural, landscape and planning features. They differ from ordinary squares in a more complex and varied structure, since it is usually impossible to predict a common route for everyone on a pedestrian square. In addition, squares are often the ultimate goal of a walk, a place of short-term rest.

In pedestrian zones, the movement of people and vehicles is delimited. However, this distinction need not be made in the horizontal plane. Projects have been developed for the organization of streets and squares with the separation of human and traffic flows vertically. Such a solution is technically more complicated, but more convenient and promising. It is preferable to provide the upper (aboveground or ground) level to pedestrians, the lower (ground or underground) - to transport.

An interesting solution was proposed by the architects of Minskproject. The old street of the Belarusian capital Nemiga becomes a substitute for Leninsky Prospekt and significantly unloads it from traffic flows. Since this street will simultaneously play a role shopping center city ​​and will attract masses of pedestrians, a second pedestrian level is being created here. The first four floors of multi-storey buildings are reserved for shops, cafes, cultural and social institutions, storage facilities. The end of the street belongs to the protected area of ​​the city, so it is planned to use motifs of Belarusian folk architecture and folklore in its design and improvement.

Rice. 7. Schemes of pedestrian zones: a - in Stoleshnikov Lane (Moscow); b - on Abovyan street (Yerevan)

A new type of pedestrian space includes an area on artificial foundations-platforms located above road junctions and highways. The city thus, as it were, returns the territories torn away by transport to the disposal of pedestrians. As a rule, pedestrian platforms above transport platforms are complex engineering structures, the installation of which entails the reconstruction of the adjacent buildings and the street network.

Closed pedestrian spaces (streets-passages) have great prospects, for example, Petrovsky Passage in Moscow. They are air-conditioned and often include landscape elements. According to the project for the reconstruction of Stoleshnikov Lane, it is planned to create a covered passage connecting Petrovka and Pushkinskaya streets. Stoleshnikov Pereulok itself will be expanded with pedestrian arcades that will connect it at several points with the passage*. This decision allows to preserve the traditional character of a busy Moscow lane. At the same time, the pedestrian space is enriched by connecting a number of small internal spaces to the central axis of movement. The appearance of Stoleshnikov Pereulok will be emphasized by shop window awnings, restored facade decorations, paving, etc. In the future, this pedestrian system will be developed along the intra-quarter spaces and towards Sverdlov Square.

The most important means of forming pedestrian urban spaces, creating comfort and a favorable biological environment, is architectural and landscape design. This term refers to the entire objective world of street space, green spaces, the shape of lamps, sculpture, furniture, advertising installations, awnings, fences, tree trunks, kiosks, etc. Right choice material, form, style of all design elements gives the space an individual look, separates it from the surrounding urban development.

A characteristic compositional device for organizing urban spaces is the use of various types of paving. With their help, you can mark the main direction of movement, warn a pedestrian about the danger, emphasize the special meaning architectural structure. Applying different types paving, you can reduce or increase the scale of space (for example, large concrete slabs visually compress it, and paving stones seem to push it apart). The coating also emphasizes the splendor or intimacy of the space. At the same time, such characteristics of paving as color, texture, size of elements and their pattern, the predominance of artificial or natural material, a combination of different materials play an important role.

Increasingly, decorative sculpture and fountains are used in the design of pedestrian spaces. By size sculptural compositions do less than in the squares (taking into account the possibility of viewing from close range). In water-decorative complexes, in a new interpretation, traditional means of landscape architecture are used - waterfalls, water mirrors, jet diffusers, cascade stairs, etc.

We have already talked about the role of green spaces in cities. Here we only add that the plants on the pedestrian street are inseparable from other elements of improvement. A single technique of planting vegetation throughout the street can unite its diverse and random buildings, while contrasting techniques can divide a single space into separate parts. One of the new trends in greening the pedestrian space is to reduce the total number of trees, however, each plant is played as living sculpture, a natural exhibit, around which other elements of improvement are organized. A specific landscaping technique is to raise the level of vegetation by 0.3 ... 1 m above the pedestrian space. Mobile gardening is also widely used in mobile containers, concrete containers.

Embankments

Embankments are space-planning complexes near water bodies, occupying significant urban areas. They are directly connected with urban development and water area. The embankment complex includes public buildings, residential buildings, natural or artificially created coastal landscape, as well as underground and surface engineering structures, communications and equipment.

The role of each component in the formation of the embankment ensemble is different. A specific combination of them can create an endless variety of space-planning solutions for embankments. Of great importance, along with hydrological characteristics reservoirs have natural-climatic and soil-geological conditions of the area.

The architectural and landscape components of the embankment include:
- hydraulic structures near the water with elements of the coastal water area (piers, piers, breakwaters, islands);
– embankment terraces from the regulation line to the red development line or to the coastal slope;
– structures on the terraces of the embankment and on the water;
- the coastal slope, if any, or the front of the adjacent urban development;
- landscaping and elements of engineering equipment.

Rice. Fig. 8. Types of thin retaining walls on embankments: a - anchorless; 6 - anchored with rods for plates working for uplift; in - the same, on a shift; g - anchored with rods for pile gantry supports; d - the same, for vertical piles; e - anchored with inclined piles; g - two-anker continuous; h - two-anchor split; and - sailing

The most critical component is the hydraulic structures near the water and, above all, the hydraulic retaining walls. They largely define the façade of the embankment from the river. In this case, the profile of such walls can be: sloping, semi-sloping, vertical (Fig. 8). Their aesthetic characteristics are not equivalent. So, the large concrete surfaces of the slopes do not decorate the city at all. This element, solved in the form of a vertical wall, looks much better. In addition, with a vertical wall, it is easier to make various divisions along the embankment, which diversify the cordon (regulation line) and create its characteristic outline in plan, thereby organizing the coastal space of the water area. The cordon may not have enclosing structures. This is quite acceptable when using the embankment as a recreation area. In this case, part of the embankment near the water area is usually used as a beach. Such a solution is also acceptable where the territory of the embankment is guaranteed from the eroding action of water.

The next component of the embankment is its terraces, that is, the territory from the cordon line to the building line or the foot of the coastal slope. Their layout and profile are determined by the functional purpose of the embankment (Fig. 10.9). In turn, the functional purpose of terraces can be limited by their absolute size. These dimensions do not always depend on the design, since on the one hand there may be a capital building of the city, and on the other - a towpath, the position of which is largely determined by the depths of the river bed near the coast. There are also such embankments on which there are no terraces and the front of urban development is combined with a hydraulic engineering wall.

Rice. Fig. 9. Profiles of landscaped embankments: Leningrad: a, b - Obvodny Canal embankment; c - Admiralteyskaya embankment; d - Kommunarov Boulevard; Moscow: d - Kremlin embankment; e - Frunzenskaya embankment

Of decisive importance for the architecture of the embankment is the front of the urban development adjacent to it (Fig. 10). It can be solved in the form of a dense array of multi-storey buildings (as in Frunzenskaya embankment in Moscow) or terraced down to the embankment in the form of separate complexes, the gaps between which allow fresh wind from the water area to freely penetrate into the building. The development front can consist of extended and point volumes, alternating among themselves as it is done in Omsk, from separate multi-storey buildings located in a certain rhythm along the coast against the background of lower extended buildings. Finally, the development can be solved in the form of separate groups of point buildings, freely oriented relative to the embankment, as in Donetsk.

From the side of the city, the embankment can be limited by a high coastal slope, as, for example, in Nizhny Novgorod. Here, the landslide nature of the slope does not allow any buildings to be placed on it, and it stretches for many kilometers in the form of a green high strip, being the main component in the architectural ensemble of the embankment.

The next architectural component of the embankments are various structures - ground, on the water and underground. Surface facilities are located on the terraces of the embankment and its slopes. Piers, snow dumps, float restaurants, etc. are placed on the water. Underground structures (for example, water intakes, water outlets, transport tunnels etc.) are built in the thickness of the coastal slopes and terraces, pass through the coastal slopes, enter the water area.

The coastal slopes are characterized by viewpoints, gazebos, terrace exits - trade pavilions, visual propaganda stands, pavilions at transport stops, etc. .11…14).

Rice. 10. Solution Example community center waterfront village. Project

Rice. 11. Getting off with a turn on the embankment in the recreation area at the mouth of the river. Kachi (Krasnoyarsk). Project. Arkhsh M. F. Denisov

Rice. 12. Descent from the high bank (Yaroslavl). Project

Rice. 13. Boat pier at the retaining wall of the embankment (Kaliningrad)

Rice. 14. Parapets: a - Yaroslavl; b - Kaliningrad; c - Leningrad; g - Krasnoyarsk

One of the essential components of embankments is their improvement. Embankment improvement is a capacious concept. It consists of several elements. This includes, first of all, the engineering preparation of the territory! rii and design of engineering equipment. In addition, landscaping includes other details that create a comfortable environment, such as recreation areas, borders, mosaic panels, etc.

All components of the parts of the embankments are connected with each other not only aesthetically, but also functionally. Without well-organized engineering equipment (water irrigation, storm drains), the normal development of landscaping is impossible. Small architectural and hydrotechnical forms without landscaping cannot create a comfortable environment, engineering preparation is carried out for specifically planned landscaping, paths, small forms.

In turn, the improvement solution as a whole is closely connected with other elements of the embankment, for example, with the functional purpose and size of the terraces. Landscaping and engineering equipment depend on these data. So, it makes no sense to put tall lamps on a narrow terrace, it is better to arrange lamps of a floor lamp type. When placed on the upper terrace of roads, the composition of the landscaping of the embankment should take into account the linear nature of the layout. The size of the terraces depends on how the slopes of the embankment near the water are solved.

Big influence The architectural interpretation of the components of the embankment also has the nature of the location of urban structures suitable for it. If they terrace down to the river, then the territory of the embankment should be their organic continuation, i.e. also have terraces. If they form a multi-storey dense structure that emphasizes movement along the coast, then the architectural and planning solution of the embankment should take this movement into account. This can be achieved by a wide, calm rhythm of division of the parapet, by the rhythmic planting of tall trees, etc.

When point high-rise buildings overlook the embankment, the coastal slope should serve as a base uniting the development, like a podium, in which narrow direct descents to the water can be cut. Thus, the composition of the embankment as a whole is determined by the interaction of its components.

It should be noted that the individual components of the embankment have different service lives. So, hydraulic retaining walls can be calculated for long term services, the same must be borne in mind with regard to capital development near the embankments. As for landscaping and engineering equipment, their service life can be much shorter.

The issues of landscape design of embankments are well illustrated by the classification of embankments. We note the following of them: structural, hydraulic, construction, functional, geographical, urban planning, historical. Each direction is characterized by certain ideas about the embankments.

The structural direction differentiates the embankments: - with a vertical hydraulic retaining wall (Fig. 10.15); sloping embankments; semi-sloping embankments; rockfill embankments (blocks, tetrapods, etc., Fig. 16).

The hydrotechnical direction in the classification of embankments approaches their definition from the standpoint of the hydrotechnical regime of a reservoir: flooded and non-flooded.

The construction direction in the classification of embankments proceeds from the specifics of the production of construction, installation and hydraulic engineering works during their creation. According to this classification, there are: single-tier, two-tier and multi-tier embankments. At the same time, a number of tiers of the embankment can be underground. So, in Genoa there is an embankment with four underground tiers, in which transport tunnels, engineering communications, trade institutions, and warehouses are located.

Rice. 15. Profile of the vertical wall of the embankment (Semipalatinsk): 1 - shale; 2 - drainage; 3- drainage pipe; 4 - crushed stone base; 5 - channel; 6 - concrete blocks; 7 - sidewalk; 8 - side stone

The functional direction in the classification of embankments is the most common. According to this classification, embankments are distinguished: recreation areas, pedestrian, transport, residential and public buildings, industrial, mooring. With multifunctional use of the embankment, it belongs to the predominant function.

According to the urban classification, embankments are divided into central, peripheral, park, port.

Among other classifications, there is also a geographical one, which divides the embankments into: ocean, sea, lake, river, pond, i.e., according to the nature of the reservoir on which the embankment is located.

In the landscape design of embankments, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors constantly acting on these regional urban areas. Among them highest value have factors: natural, ecological, socio-demographic, functional, structural. These factors largely determine the aesthetic level of architectural and landscape solutions. Among these factors, the functional factor plays an important role in the architectural and landscape organization of embankments. The organization of the embankment territory is carried out using the principle of transverse and longitudinal functional zoning. The nature of the functional zoning of embankments is influenced by urban planning and natural and climatic phenomena.

The zoning of the embankment in the longitudinal direction depends mainly on the structure and purpose of the adjacent urban areas, and in the transverse direction - on its multi-purpose purpose, the nature of the use of the fairway of the water area, the cross-sectional dimensions of the embankment itself, etc. Phenomena affecting the functional zoning of the embankment can be divided into two groups: relatively permanent and temporary. The first includes the landscape, existing buildings, hydrology of the reservoir, climate, landscaping, geography of the city's water network; the second - hydrology of unregulated water areas, a long-term plan for the development of the city near water bodies, which, of course, can change, etc. The boundaries of the zones should be stipulated in the assignment for landscape design.

Rice. 10.16. Bank protection from tetrapods: 1 - masonry from tetrapods weighing 7.5 tons; 2 - a sketch of tetrapods weighing 1.5 tons; 3 - a stone with a particle size of 30 ... 35 cm; 4 - single-layer return filter; 5 - fine-grained sand; 7 - alluvium slope behind the wall; 7 - fastening with precast concrete

Zoning along the length of the embankment provides for the possibility of through passage and passage along it. Structures not subject to demolition or withdrawal can be placed along the embankment. In this case, the task indicates the measures that allow the project to bypass these obstacles.

The functional zoning of the embankment in width determines its profile. At present, elevation differentiation of the embankment profile can be used to identify such zones (Fig. 17). In the form of bowling greens or terraces, a local lowering of the embankment section for a particular zone is performed. This is how it was done in a number of places on the embankment of the right bank of the Dnieper in Dnepropetrovsk. When carrying out transverse zoning, one should not lose sight of the availability (as a result of the vertical layout of the embankment) of its mechanized cleaning and fire exits to the water. In case of insufficient width of the embankment, despite its multipurpose purpose, it should not be zoned in the transverse direction. This can reduce its scale and lead to unjustified expenses. It is best to take the landscaping of the embankment beyond the red line into the development, thus including the adjacent territory in the structure of the embankment.

Modern embankments form complex systems in the city, of which the following should be noted: linear, dotted, figured.

Linear systems are the most common. They consist of a series of embankments following one after another, without, however, creating any closed contour in the structure of the city. Such systems can be rectilinear, for example, along a channel, a straight riverbed, or have a freely delineated curvilinear outline that envelops the bends and meanders of rivers, the outlines of bays and bays. There are linear systems that combine both features with the location of embankments, for example, on rivers, now on one side, then on the other, etc. All this creates a variety of linear systems.

Point systems are no less diverse. They can also be on the same bank or on both banks. Point embankments are embankments in which the size of the transverse profile is close to their length along the reservoir. Such embankments include, for example, the embankments of many resort facilities scattered along the sea coast.

Rice. 17. Examples of solving the profile of the embankment depending on the height of the coast

Curly systems are even more diverse than linear and point systems. Such a system may consist of a single figure, for example, around a large island, or of several figures, when there is an archipelago of islands. A special solution is required for such systems and the embankments included in them, encircling the shores of closed reservoirs: a large pond, a lake. In this case, the visual connections of coastal territories are defined much more broadly and it is necessary to take into account a much larger urban area that affects the architectural design of the embankments, and, consequently, the task of creating a full-fledged architectural and landscape ensemble of them is more difficult to solve.

All the noted systems of embankments in large cities can be found in various combinations and form into a city-wide complex of embankments. Such formations can consist of both systems of different types, and their several unambiguous systems. Unlike embankment systems, in which individual embankments are connected visually, the embankment systems included in the city-wide complex are mainly connected only by memory, ideas, time, what is defined as the fourth dimension of architecture. Therefore, in order to determine such phenomena as a city-wide complex of embankments, in landscape design it is necessary to take into account the infrastructure of the city, its land and water transport, as well as to identify possible viewpoints dominating the city.

Landscape design of city-wide embankment complexes forms the architectural image of the city. Such design provides the urban planner with a powerful tool with which one can literally sculpt the individual face of the city, creating accents where nature itself has outlined them. At the same time, the requirements of the urban planning economy will also be met. After all, the rationality of the decisions taken on functional zoning and infrastructure of the city cannot be achieved without comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of its natural environment.

The most common category of urban green spaces are squares located on squares and streets (99, 100).

The square is a small green area, which is an element of the design of the square, the public center, the highway, used for short-term rest and transit.

A square on a square can occupy its entire territory or only a part of it, can be arranged in one place of the square or divided into

several plots. It is placed between houses or in front of a separate building. This depends on the layout of the relevant area of ​​the city, the size of the plots free from buildings, the schedule of traffic and pedestrians, the location and architectural design of public and residential buildings (101).

The purpose of parks can be different. Squares created on sites of citywide or district significance, on railway station squares, as well as in front of individual large public buildings (theaters, museums, etc.), are intended mainly for "short-term recreation of citizens (102). Squares located on sites of secondary values ​​and on the streets, are used for a longer rest and, in addition, serve as a place for children to walk and play.The purpose of the squares in front of individual buildings is determined primarily by the functions of these buildings.For example, squares near cinemas are used in summer as a kind of foyer in which visitors waiting for the session to start When squares on squares and streets are created only for architectural and decorative purposes, they usually occupy small areas, and monuments or sculptures are often installed here, fountains are placed.

The intended purpose of the squares is also dependent on the size of the territory. Sometimes a square on the street, due to the insufficient size of the site, cannot be used for recreation for adults and children's games, and therefore serves only decorative purposes.

In most cases, the area of ​​the square does not exceed 2 hectares, but there are also squares of quite considerable size.

One of the factors that determine the shape of the square plan is the configuration of the area where it is located.

However, on a site of the same configuration there may be several different squares according to the plan. So, on a square city square, you can design a square of a round or square shape. Therefore, the specific solution depends not only on the configuration of the site, but also on other factors, among which great importance has the nature of the surrounding buildings. If, for example, a given area is dominated by one building, then the round shape of the square is less suitable than in the case when the area is built up along the entire perimeter with approximately equivalent buildings. Traffic flows crossing or flowing around the area are also of some importance.

Thus, the square plan is created as a result of solving the sum of transport, functional, architectural and compositional issues. In practice, the most common squares are square, rectangular, round and triangular in shape. In addition to the listed regular geometric shapes, squares often have an irregular and sometimes complex configuration.

The organization of pedestrian traffic in the park is of significant planning importance. In squares located on squares or intersections of streets, through traffic can be organized. In the squares located on the streets between the houses, there should be no transit traffic for pedestrians. In accordance with the way pedestrian traffic is organized in the square, the issue of placing entrances to it is also being decided.

When planning a square, it is important to determine the balance of its territory, for which it is necessary to find the correct ratio of the main elements that make up the territory of the square (platforms, paths and various types of plantings). This ratio depends in each particular case on

how many factors: the possible number of visitors, the purpose of the square, its place in the city plan, climatic conditions, topography, the nature of the surrounding buildings and the need to reveal panoramic views of the landscape. Depending on the number of visitors, the size of the sites in the square, the width and length of the paths are set.

It is recommended to allocate 65-75% of the territory for plantings in the park, 23-32% for paths and platforms, 2-3% for flower beds and decorative structures. The number of trees and shrubs to be planted depends on the purpose of the square, its location and the architectural and planning solution of the ensemble, which includes this square. If the square is located on an area with heavy traffic flows and is intended to regulate traffic and

decorative decoration of the square, then there may be no trees in it, and there may be very few shrubs. In the park on the street, which is used for recreation, trees are needed to isolate the area from noise, dust and car exhaust, and in addition, to create shaded areas and alleys. On average, for city squares it is possible to accept the norm of planting density of 100-120 trees and 1000-1200 shrubs per 1 hectare.

When planning squares in the central squares of the city or in front of large public buildings most often, regular techniques are used, and the entire compositional structure of such a public garden is usually subordinated to the architecture of the main building. This is expressed in the fact that the space of the square is not isolated from the building by tall plants, but is, as it were, a ceremonial approach to it. To enhance this impression, dense and high "walls" of trees and shrubs are created on the sides of the square. Sometimes such squares are solved entirely in the form of a parterre. Regular compositions

tions are also used in cases where, due to the nature of the development of the square and the schedule of pedestrian traffic along it, the square has to be cut through through paths.

Otherwise, the composition of the square on the street is solved when it is isolated from the surrounding buildings and the planning of the territory is considered as an independent task. In this case, landscape methods of tracing paths and grouping trees, shrubs and flowers are most often used (it should be borne in mind that winding paths illusory increase the space of the square).