Historic center of Nancy (Nancy), Lorraine (Lorraine). Lorraine is a former region in northeastern France.
French region Lorraine is a province located in northeastern France. The official administrative center of the region is city of Metz which houses the regional parliament.
The total population of the region is 2,350,657 people. The coat of arms of the province depicts a shield, in the golden field of which there is a scarlet baldric, burdened with three alerions.
The area of Lorraine is 23,547 square kilometers. They flow through it numerous rivers, among which the most famous Meuse (Meuse) and Moselle. Lorraine is the only French region bordering on three foreign countries - Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany.
The French region of Lorraine (Lorraine) has long been the subject of contention and territorial dispute between France and Germany, which greatly influenced the culture and history of the entire region. Modern Lorraine combines everything best features French and German presence, which she acquired in the process of centuries of history, including during the German occupation.
The German trace is especially noticeable in the architectural orderliness of the development of settlements, as well as in the linguistic features of the disputed land. Directly in Lorraine there is a language border: in the east they speak mainly German, and in the west they use, as a rule, French.
History of the Lorraine region
The current region of Lorraine is significantly inferior in area to the medieval Duchy of Lorraine, but surpasses the later historical province. In addition to this province, it includes areas of the former provinces of Barrois and Trois-Evesche.
Throughout the long history of the borders of modern Lorraine have changed repeatedly. So in 843, according to the Treaty of Verdun, the united Frankish state was divided among the three grandsons of Charlemagne. One of them, Lothair, became the owner of the territory stretching from Frisia to Rome, which included Lorraine. In 870, the area received the status of a duchy, confirmed in 962 by Otto I, according to which it remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1766.
During the 12th and 13th centuries, the duchy prospered under the Hohenstaufen emperors, but this development ended in the 14th century due to cold winters, poor harvests, and the Black Death. IN renaissance the region gradually began to recover under Habsburg rule, which lasted until the Thirty Years' War.
Between 1766 and 1871, Lorraine remained part of France, becoming a cause for revisionism. The population of the province was mixed, but mostly German-speaking. In 1871, part of the region went under the jurisdiction of Germany, which parted with it only after the end of the First World War; nevertheless, the Lorraine did not want to be part of it, remaining loyal to France.
With the exception of the period of the Second World War (1940-1944), the region remained French, and local authority strongly impeded the spread of the German language and culture. French became the only language in schools. After the wars, most of the Germans left the region, but even those who remain do not want an alliance with Germany, even on the terms of autonomy.
Culture of the Lorraine region
Most of the inhabitants of the Lorraine region associate and relate themselves to France. Otto von Bismarck, following the results of the Franco-Prussian war, annexed to Germany one third of the territory of today's Lorraine.
The disputed third, also known as the Moselle, had a culture that was difficult to classify, with both Romance and Germanic dialects present. The latter are preserved in the northern part of the region.
Like most other regional languages of France (Breton, West Flemish, Provençal and Alsatian), local dialects have been largely replaced French, starting with the emergence of compulsory general education in the XIX-XX centuries.
However, there are a number of projects to preserve them (the use of a bilingual designation in the case of the German dialect and the creation of language classes for young children), and many older people continue to speak them.
Sights of Lorraine
In fact, Lorraine is located on the territory of a busy transport crossroads, bordering on Germany, Belgium and the Duchy of Luxembourg. It is worth noting that in this French province the metallurgical industry is very developed, but this does not greatly affect environmental situation in the region.
The historical center of Lorraine is the city of Metz, where you can see the world famous attractions such as Malbrook Castle and St Stephen's Cathedral, as well as many monastic complexes that have survived to this day.
As for other popular tourist and excursion places Lorraine, then among them it is worth highlighting Stanislav Square (city of Nancy), Gorze Abbey(15 kilometers southwest of Metz) and the Abbey of St. Vincent (Island of Chambiere).
It should also be noted that the heyday of most of the cities and settlements of Lorraine fell on the century before last, however, many monuments of the cultural and architectural heritage of the region failed to survive the difficult milestones of European history.
Lorraine was affected by both world wars, in which more than half of all civilizational heritage was lost. Many buildings were rebuilt from scratch after the war and are carefully guarded by the government and citizens. The main cities of the region are Verdun, Nancy and Epinal.
Lorraine is located in the northeast of France, next to Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. that is why it is often called the land of three frontiers (“Pays de Trois Frontières”). This region includes 4 departments: Meuse, Meurthe and Moselle, Moselle and Vosges. These departments were formed during the French Revolution in the territories of the province of Barrois, the three bishoprics (Metz, Verdun and Toul) and the historic Duchy of Lorraine. The capital of Lorraine is the city of Nancy. Majority local population speaks French, unlike Alsace, where German, although the culinary preferences are strongly influenced by Germany. The climate is reminiscent of the south of England, with warm summer months and cool winters. The temperate climate of the region attracts tourists and potential property buyers.
The agricultural output of Lorraine accounts for only 2.8% of France's annual gross income. However, this does not mean that the locals do not like to engage in agriculture. They grow oats and wheat on the clay and limestone soil of western Lorraine. Numerous limestone ridges in the departments of Meuse and Moselle served as natural barriers to frequent raids on Lorraine, while in other areas, fortresses and walls were built to secure the lowlands between the ridges.
There are many sloping pastures in Lorraine and therefore the production of dairy products is well established in the region. The famous local Gamay varieties are used, among other things, for the production of Beaujolais wine. To the delight of connoisseurs, the local pale red wine "Cote de Toul" has a strong fruity or floral aroma. The region has a rich tradition of wine and beer production, although many local breweries have ceased operations. Local kitchen gained worldwide recognition thanks to traditional dishes, as "quiche lorraine" (smoked bacon, popular all over the world, is an invariable ingredient in the cuisine of Lorraine).
Due to the recession in the mining, textile and metallurgical industries, the unemployment rate has risen. Economic stability in the region is supported by high rates of development of the service sector.
With a population of approximately 2.5 million, Lorraine boasts a cultural wealth that goes far beyond military history. Despite the French government's "single language" policy, the region is still a mixture of various dialects and nationalities, which often cannot be attributed to either the French or the Germans.
The two main cities of Lorraine, Metz and Nancy, are characterized by a rich cultural heritage and beauty. However, the rest of this region, consisting of windswept farmland and industrial areas, does not contribute to the popularity of Lorraine among homeowners. This means that property prices and the cost of living are quite low. Anyone wishing to buy a property in a picturesque countryside can choose what they like for a very affordable price. Just a few hours drive from the Moselle, a property for sale in an ecologically clean area. This perfect place both for buying a family hearth and for investing abroad. The new high-speed electric train "Te-Zhe-Ve" with the Paris-Strasbourg service makes this area even more accessible.
Useful information for tourists about Lorraine in France - geographical location, tourist infrastructure, map, architectural features and attractions.
Lorraine is a region in northeastern France. It borders on three European states - Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg. The region of Lorraine was formed on the lands of the historical provinces of Lorraine, Barrois and Trois-Eves. The administrative center of the region is the city of Metz, others big cities- Nancy, Verdun, Epinal. The region includes the departments of Meuse, Meurthe and Moselle, Moselle, Vosges.
The first settlements in this area appeared under the Gauls, then the Romans who came to these lands erected many defensive, cultural and household structures. Due to its favorable location at the intersection of many transport "arteries" of the Middle Ages, Lorraine was the subject of increased interest of both France and Germany, so the borders of Lorraine changed many times, the area was "redrawn". After the First World War, Lorraine again went to France. In modern Lorraine, the influence of German culture and the German language is still noticeable.
The city of Metz is also the capital of the department of Moselle and has centuries of history- the settlement was founded by the Celts, but people also lived here before them. The most famous sights of the city are medieval buildings - two bridges of the Dead, Opera theatre(mid-18th century) and Saint-Stefan Cathedral, decorated with stained-glass windows of the 13th-14th centuries and paintings by artists of the 20th century, including Marc Chagall. During the period when Lorraine belonged to Germany, a Lutheran church was built in Metz, which was consecrated in the presence of Wilhelm II in 1904.
The first mention of Nancy dates back to the 8th century, four centuries later the city even became the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, and was included in France only in the second half of the 18th century. One of the famous natives of the city is the mathematician Henri Poincaré. In the old part of Nancy, you can see buildings built between the 14th and 18th centuries - the duke's palace, the church of the Cordeliers, the ensemble of three squares - Stanislas, La Carrière and the Government.
The city of Verden also grew out of a Gallic settlement. The main attraction of the city - the Verdun Cathedral - at the end of the 20th century turned a thousand years old. The cathedral is notable for its unique stained-glass windows and a combination of various architectural styles Baroque, Gothic and Romanesque. Also in Verdun you can see the remains of city fortifications - towers and gates, some of which were built in the XIV, and others in the XIX century.
Epinal is the capital of the Vosges department. The city was formed around a monastery built in the 10th century. The main local attraction is the oldest building in the city, the Saint-Martin Basilica, founded in the 11th century.
One of the symbols of Lorraine and the "signature" product of the region is the mirabelle plum variety. For Lorraine, it has the same meaning as olives for Provence. It is used in the production of confectionery and liqueurs. Mirabelle has been grown in Lorraine since the 15th century, mirabelle has two varieties - grown in Metz and in Nancy. In honor of mirabelle, since 1947, a big celebration has been held in Metz every year with dances, festivities and fireworks.
For many centuries, the population of the Duchy of Lorraine has traditionally been loyal to France. Therefore, no matter what winds blew over the Lorraine Plateau, its inhabitants always knew that only their sincere devotion to France would bring them happiness. Today, Lorraine is one of the most economically developed regions of France and all of Central Europe.
APPLE OF DISCORD
Over the centuries, Lorraine was repeatedly divided into separate parts that were part of different states, but she again restored her historical borders, and her people always kept the loyalty of France.
Most of The region of Lorraine is located within the Paris Basin, or the North French Lowland, a rolling plain in northern France. This part of Lorraine is called the Lorraine Plateau and gradually rises from west to east and north, where mountain range Vosges. Along the edges of the Lorraine Plateau, cuestas stretched from north to south: arched ridges characteristic of France with steep outer and gentle inner slopes.
Lorraine has a dense network deep rivers related to the Rhine basin.
Lorraine - historical area and a modern economic region in the north-east of France, as well as the only region of the country bordering three countries at once: Belgium (Wallonia), Luxembourg and Germany (Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate). The strategically important location of Lorraine between four European states played a decisive role in its history and the formation of its current borders.
The first people settled here hundreds of thousands of years ago. Then these lands were conquered by the Romans, who later retreated under the pressure of the Germanic tribes.
As a result of the unification of the Germanic tribes into an alliance, the Merovingian dynasty appeared, the first dynasty of Frankish kings in the history of France, nicknamed "long-haired".
According to the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of the Frankish king Charles I the Great was divided into three parts between his grandsons. One of them - Lothair - received lands stretching from Frisia to Rome itself. northern territory began to be called "Lothari Regnum", or the State of Lothar. Hence the name of Lorraine, which in 870 received the status of a duchy. According to the Mersen Treaty of 870, the duchy was divided between the West Frankish and East Frankish kingdoms, restored in 895 and abolished again in 900. The status of the duchy was confirmed in 962 by the king of Germany and later by Emperor Otto I the Great, who included it in the structure of the Holy Roman Empire. Formally, Lorraine was subordinate to the Holy Roman Empire, but already from the 13th century. its economic, political and cultural ties with France intensified. The dukes of Lorraine stubbornly declared themselves vassals of the French kings.
Such devotion of the Lorraine did not go unnoticed by France: from the second half of the 16th century. began active annexation of Lorraine lands by it. In 1633, during the Thirty Years' War, France owned almost all of Lorraine, and according to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Metz, Toul and Verdun were also transferred to France. In 1697 the Duchy of Lorraine was restored once again.
The Treaty of Vienna in 1738 ended the War of the Polish Succession: Lorraine was transferred into possession for life former king The Commonwealth to Stanislav Leshchinsky, after whose death in 1766 it became part of France as a special province.
In the 19th century Lorraine became one of the most economically developed French regions, turning into an iron ore region of the country.
Later, Lorraine twice went to Germany: in 1871-1919, when it became the German state of Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt in 1871, and in 1940-1945, when it was annexed by Nazi Germany. But each time Lorraine again returned to France.
Today, Lorraine is much smaller in area than the medieval duchy of the same name.
Lorraine no longer produces as much coal and iron ore as in former times, but it is extremely profitable geographic location on the border of three foreign states at once, which used to be the curse of the region, now brings tangible income. Magnificent scenery, high hills, green plains, valleys of small streams and ski resorts attract tourists from all over the world.
REGION WITH TWO CAPITALS
The official administrative center of Lorraine is the city of Metz, where the regional government, including the parliament, is located.
Another city of Lorraine - Nancy is much smaller than Metz in area, almost equal to it in terms of population and is considered historical and cultural capital Lorraine. For centuries, Nancy was the seat of the Dukes of Lorraine. The main attractions of the city are concentrated on its three squares - Place de la Quarry, Place d "Alliance and Stanislav and are inscribed in the general architectural ensemble Nancy. Stanisław Square dates back to the 18th century, when King Stanisław Leszczynski of Poland settled in Nancy after his daughter's marriage to King Louis XV of France and built this square, dividing the city into old and new.
Nancy has great importance for the entire north-east of France, representing its administrative, legal, university, commercial and industrial center.
There's been so much going on around here historical events that every city in Lorraine is at least something, but famous The town of Domremy is located in the valley of the Meuse River. There are about 200 inhabitants here, but it is mentioned in the annals of the 11th century. The Orleans maiden Joan of Arc, the national heroine of France, was born and raised here. Her house, declared a national treasure of the country, has been preserved in Domremy.
Lorraine is the most important economic region of France. On the left bank of the Moselle is the largest Western Europe Lorraine iron ore basin. Also here is the Moselle coal basin - a natural extension of the Saar coal basin. IN different areas Lorraine is home to large petrochemical plants; in the Vosges, the timber and textile industries are developed.
Lorraine is the most important European transit and transport hub. In addition to land highways, there is a dense network river channels. The Marne-Rhine Canal connects Lorraine with central France and Alsace, and the Moselle canals with the industrial regions of the Ruhr on the Rhine.
The local population lives mainly in small towns-communes and villages of two types: linear stretching along the river valleys on the plain and farm type, characteristic mainly of the valleys of the Vosges mountain region, with flat roofs covered with tiles.
In order to protect nature in 1974, the Regional natural Park Lorraine, occupying more than 200 thousand hectares, or 11% of the region. It includes the valley of the river Meuse with its unique floodplain natural complex, the Voivre Plain with the artificial Madine Lake and the Queen's Forest - a significant array of moist forests south of the Voivre Plain. The Queen's Forest is named after the cruel Frankish ruler Fredegonde (545-597). It is a reserve for birds characteristic of Lorraine: white-collared flycatcher, six species of Lorraine woodpeckers, honey buzzard, red kite, hobby, marsh harrier.
The remains of the 400-kilometer Maginot Line, a system of French fortifications on the border with Germany, built in 1929-1934, became a kind of historical park in the vicinity of the city of Verdun.
Lorraine brought worldwide fame mineral springs Vittel and Contrexeville in the Vosges department, which became popular in the second half of the 19th century.
CURIOUS FACTS
■ The province of Lorraine is known for having long history In France, the largest number of wars and battles took place here.
■ The Battle of Verdun between German and French troops during World War I 1914-1918. on the Western Front took place on February 21 - December 18, 1916. It became one of the largest and most bloody in the First World War. It is also known as the Verdun meat grinder: both sides lost about a million people, of which at least 430 thousand people were killed.
■ The Maginot Line included 39 long-term defensive fortifications (bunkers), 70 bunkers, 500 artillery and infantry blocks, 500 casemates and countless dugouts and observation posts. Contrary to the erroneous belief that the Maginot Line by itself could not hold back the Germans, it was broken through only in the swamp area, where the construction of underground structures was extremely difficult.
■ Lorraine World Festival balloons- the world's largest festival of this type, established in 1989. It takes place every odd year, in July-August, for 10 days. The 2007 festival was attended by Balloons from 67 countries of the world. The festival is held in memory of Pilatre de Rozier, a French aeronautics enthusiast, a native of Lorraine, who died in 1785 while trying to fly a balloon across the English Channel.
■ "Lorraine style" - a style of furniture designed by the craftsmen of this region of France shortly after the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).
■ In 1429, after Jeanne d'Arc and her family were awarded the title of nobility, King Charles VII, at the request of Jeanne, released the inhabitants of her hometown Domremy from taxes. The tax privilege was lost by the city only during the French Revolution of 1789-1799.
■ The city of Baccarat is located in Lorraine, a center for the production of baccarat crystal, founded in 1764.
■ A world-famous earthenware factory operates in the city of Lunéville.
ATTRACTIONS
■ Cities: Nancy, Metz, Epinal, Verdun, Domremy, Baccarat, Toul, Pont-a-Mousson, Thionville, Vittel;
■ Crete road;
■ Resorts with thermal waters:
Bains-les-Bains, Contrexeville, Vittel;
■ Churches: Church of the Cordeliers (Nancy, end of the 15th century), St. Stephen's Cathedral (Metz, beginning of the 16th century), Notre Dame Cathedral (Nancy, middle of the 18th century), Sacré-Coeur Basilica (Nancy, beginning of the 20th century) V.);
■ Squares: Stanislav, Place de la Carrière, Place d'Alliance (Nancy);
■ Maginot Line (Verdun);
■ Museums: Lorraine (Nancy). House-Museum of Jeanne d "Arc (Domremy), crystal (Baccarat), fine arts(Nancy);
■ Regional Natural Park of Lorraine.
Atlas. The whole world is in your hands #115
The city of Nancy is one of the two main cities of the French region of Lorraine, former capital Duchy of Lorraine. Place Stanislas - Cultural Center city, a world heritage site under the protection of UNESCO. The Triumphal Arch separates the square from the old city.
The arch was erected in honor of the ardent victories of Louis XV. Elegant columns on a pedestal frame three arches, bas-reliefs and the upper tier crown the building. The decor follows the theme of war and peace - referring to the military victories of Louis XV and successful peace agreements - various military battles and diplomatic discussions are depicted.
St. Stephen's Cathedral
Metz was one of the main religious centers France since ancient times. Bishop Gregory of Tours mentions that after the devastation of Metz by the Huns on April 7, 451, only the chapel of St. Stephen, built on the site of an ancient sanctuary, survived.
The history of the cathedral goes back far into the past. From the sources of the 8th century it is known that Bishop Hrodegang organized the construction of an ancient sanctuary on the territory - it was during this period that several parts of the temple were erected. In 869 the church hosted the coronation of Charles II. In 965-984, the cathedral was reconstructed at the expense of Kings Otto I and Otto II.
During archaeological sites conducted in the twentieth century, it was found that the modern cathedral stands almost exactly on the site of the ancient basilica. And in 1220, it was decided to build a large Cathedral in honor of Saint Stephen. Since then, six construction periods have passed, and the duration of the work was almost 300 years. The consecration of the new cathedral took place on April 11, 1552.
St. Stephen's Cathedral is a magnificent example of Gothic architecture. Its facades are decorated with sculptures and carvings. Due to its size, the cathedral is one of the largest in France. However, its main attraction is the luxurious stained-glass windows of the 14th and 16th centuries - it is here that the largest collection of stained-glass windows in France is located. Among them are 19 stained-glass windows by Marc Chagall.
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Esplanade
Esplanade (Esplanade de Metz) is a city garden located in Metz to the west of the Metz Center quarter on the site where there were ancient defensive ditches, filled in in 1816 during urban development. Near the Esplanade are the Palace of Justice, the Templar Chapel, St. Peter's Basilica, the School of Fine Arts.
Beautiful alleys of lindens and chestnuts surround the picturesque central part garden with flower beds and a fountain. The esplanade is decorated with sculptures by artists representing the Metz school: Naiad and the statue of Marshal Ney, the bronze horse of the famous Christophe Fratin. Here you can also see the sculpture of Paul Verlaine and the Soldier-Liberator, the hero of the First World War.
Esplanade is not just beautiful garden for walking, but a historically important place in the city, as well as a platform where there is an active cultural life. In February-March, the Foire de Carnaval fair takes place here, in the summer - the literary festival É t du Livre. At the end of summer, the Esplanade celebrates the feast of the mirabelle plum, a true symbol of Metz. In winter, a Christmas market is set up here and a skating rink is flooded.
The Moselle River flows through Luxembourg, Germany and France. Its length reaches five hundred and forty-four kilometers. The area of the Moselle river basin is 28,286 square kilometers. This reservoir originates on the slopes of the Ballon de Alsace hill. Below it passes through a narrow, deep and winding valley. Near the city of Koblenz, the river flows into the Rhine. The main tributaries of the river are the Aviera, the Ruwer and the Saar.
Usually from November to March, floods often occur on the Moselle.
On the river are the following major settlements: Trier, Koblenz, Metz and Nancy.
The Mosel River is almost entirely navigable.
Several locks and hydroelectric power plants have been built on the river. The reservoir is crossed by the Rhine-Marne canal, and also has a connection with the eastern canal to the Sonne River.
The valley of the Moselle River is considered a place of winemaking. This is the oldest wine region in France. Most of the products made here are exported.
german gate
The Gate of the Germans is the only fragment of the city fortifications of Metz that has survived to this day. December 3, 1966 they were included in the list of historical monuments. Once upon a time, gates equipped with towers and battlements were part of stone bridge across the river Sel. The gate got its name in honor of the knights of the Teutonic Order, whose hospital was located nearby.
The construction of city fortifications began here in 1230, and in 1445, gates were erected to control traffic on the bridge, consisting of two round towers, architectural appearance which was quite strict, devoid of a large number decorative elements, excluding a small number of zoomorphic images. Only this part of the fortress wall has survived to this day, the total length of which reached seven kilometers, and its thickness was 3.5 meters. An inscription of the 16th century has been preserved on the arch, mentioning the initiators of the construction and the architect.
House of Joan of Arc
In the east of France, in the small village of Domremy, now belonging to the Vosges department, on January 6, 1412, a world-famous French heroine and Saint Joan of Arc was born. There is no doubt about where she comes from. Firstly, during the interrogation in her case, she clearly answered that she was born in the northern part of the village of Domremi, which belonged to the city of Greu. Secondly, there are documents from various times and testimonies of people indicating that Joan of Arc spent her childhood in the village of Domremy. The house of the D'Arc family, where the future heroine of France lived, has miraculously survived to this day.
A small house that used to be on Moulin Street, and now on Basil Street, has only 4 rooms, above which there is a large attic with a window. On the first floor, in the place where Jeanne was born, there is a bronze statue of Jeanne - a gift from Princess Marie of Orleans. The house has been restored several times. After the death of Jeanne, her relatives lived in it. In 1829, her last descendant died, leaving the house to the municipality to turn it into a museum.
In the front part of the house, in the one where Jeanne herself was born, there were wall paintings of the little Maid of Orleans back in the 16th century. Unfortunately, they have not survived to this day.
Sainte-Cirq-Lapopie
Sainte-Cirq-Lapopie is one of the most picturesque settlements in France, which even won a television competition as the most beautiful village countries. It is built on a sheer cliff at a height of 100 meters above the river. This is actually a museum open sky, which preserved the original architecture of the late Middle Ages. Life here is very unusual.
The mayor of the village, Gilles Hardeveld, has a policy of preserving the original way of life. The influx of tourists leaves a certain imprint on everyday life local residents, but despite this, the old atmosphere takes its toll. Sainte-Cirq-Lapopie is built on a rock and each narrow street consists of many steps. You will not find a single store here, because all products are brought in on special vehicles. But there are enough restaurants here. One of the most popular is called La Tonnelle.
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Cheese house in the Münster valley
The Cheese House in the Münster Valley, located near the French town of Münster, is a popular agro-tourist complex. It was created on the initiative of local farmers who were interested in continuing the traditions of cheese making, which were established in this area in the 10th century by Italian monks. The name of the famous Munster cheese, which is produced in this region of France, is translated from Latin as "monastery".
In the Cheese House, visitors will be introduced to the technology of Münster cheese production and, of course, they will be treated to the finished product. It will also be interesting to know at what time of the year the most delicious cheese is produced. The complex has a restaurant open at lunchtime. From its outdoor terrace opens beautiful view to the area. You can buy Munster cheese for yourself and as a gift in a shop located here, on the territory of the agro-complex.
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