Park zoning. Functional zoning of the territory of the city park. Architectural and landscape assessment and zoning of the park

The landscaped areas of common use are conditionally divided into three groups:

1-group - polyfunctional parks (city and district), intended for mass leisure of all age groups of the population;

2-group - monofunctional (specialized) parks, intended for a profiling kind of rest and use;

3rd group - landscaped areas community centers (squares, boulevards, pedestrian alleys.

Polyfunctional parks are complex cultural institutions created in cities and towns in order to organize cultural leisure of the population and conduct cultural mass events(parks of culture and recreation or PKiO).

In turn, they are divided into two categories:

- urban polyfunctional parks - serve the population of the entire city, are distinguished by their large territory, favorable natural conditions and good transport accessibility. Parks of this type should be evenly located in the city within a walking distance of 1.5-2.0 km (with the participation of public transport - 3-4 km, metro - 6-7 km). The time taken to arrive at the park should not exceed 20-30 minutes;

- regional polyfunctional parks are close to residential areas. The minimum area of ​​the district park is 15 hectares, and the walking radius is 0.8-1.2 km.

Monofunctional (specialized) parks are a variety of objects by type of use, namely: sports parks, exhibition parks, sculpture gardens, botanical gardens, zoos, water parks, memorial parks.

Green areas of community centers- these are gardens, squares, landscaped pedestrian routes and alleys, which are a kind of pedestrian zones and with the help of which the city is connected with streets and squares, residential buildings, city parks. Pedestrian zones, walking paths, alleys - landscaped areas, free from transport and used year-round for tourism purposes, as well as for walking and cycling. Vegetation and small architectural forms, buildings for serving the population occupy a significant share in these territories.

City parks, their classification and purpose

City Park- multifunctional or specialized landscaped area with developed system improvement and recreational activities, intended for periodic mass recreation population and having an area of ​​at least 15 hectares.

Parks are classified according to their functions, location and planning structure of settlements, natural features and historical and cultural purpose (Fig. 2.1).

By their own functions parks are divided into:

- for multifunctional;

- specialized(sports, children's, botanical, zoological).

In my own way location in the planning structure of populated areas, parks are subdivided:

For citywide;

District;

Country;

Rural.

According to natural features parks are divided into:

To forest parks;

Meadow parks;

Hydroparks;

Seaside parks.

For historical and cultural purposes parks are divided into:

To parks - monuments landscape gardening art;

memorial parks;

Ethnographic parks;

Dendroparks.

A special group of parks is allocated - specially protected areas : National parks, natural parks, reserves, reserves. In parks of historical and cultural significance, architectural structures. Palaces, pavilions, temple buildings, pools, fountains, stairs, retaining walls form the main composition of the planning solution.

multifunctional parks. Multifunctional parks are available to all groups of the population without exception for cultural leisure, entertainment, walks and recreation, participation in various cultural events that meet the needs of park visitors.

They are divided according to the degree of intensity of visiting into parks:

With a high density of visits - more than 60 people / ha;

With an average and low density of visits - less than 60 people / ha.

On the territory of the park, it is allowed to build buildings for servicing the park, the height of which does not exceed 8 m; the height of park structures - attractions is not limited.

The functional organization of the territory of the multifunctional park is presented in Table. 2.2.

Zone of cultural and educational events includes facilities (reading rooms, lecture halls, exhibitions, open theaters), with which communication with citywide transport should be provided. On the territory of large city parks, open theaters, attractions, restaurants, cafes, stadiums, etc.

Children's recreation area includes various playgrounds: sandboxes, technical simulation playgrounds, learning the rules of driving and driving cars, bicycles, scooters, roller skates and go-karts, adventure playgrounds, fabulous towns and many other devices for outdoor games.

These sites can be located at the main entrance, at secondary entrances dedicated to residential areas.

Area of ​​mass events It is provided for the organization of mass recreation, including attractions, playgrounds and glades for games, dances. This one should be designed to receive large streams of tourists, so it is the most distant from the walking area.

Zone of sports and recreational activities Designed for sports, entertaining sports games, training exercises, cycling, boating, skiing. The main building in the zone is a stadium with an area of ​​1.5 ... 2.2 hectares with a running track and athletics fields. In addition, tennis courts, volleyball, table tennis, urban, etc. are located in this zone. If there is a reservoir, a boat station and a beach area will be organized.

Walking area (zone quiet rest) created for a quiet rest, walks. The main improvement is the creation of a marked walking route, bicycle paths and roads for horseback riding. Walking routes are laid along the most characteristic areas for the park with the creation of glades for recreation, equipped with landscape gardening furniture. In a quiet recreation area, in forest parks, the installation of unsightly structures should be limited, as this negatively affects the natural landscape.

When designing parks, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the growth of trees and shrubs in a given climate zone. In artificially created compositions, it is necessary to provide plants of local species.

When designing parks and allocating quiet recreation areas, it is necessary to provide for the use of grass cover on lawns and recreation glades, flower and ornamental plants in well-observed places. An assortment of perennials, both flowering and decorative-deciduous (depending on their habitats), is appropriate.

Economic zone And service zone include administrative buildings, food outlets, utility yards.

specialized parks.

Created in major cities. Functional purpose, planning organization of specialized parks correspond to the direction of their specialization.

The purpose of specialized parks is presented in Table. 2.4.

Table 2.4. Appointment of specialized parks

sports parks. Such parks are clearly focused on physical education and sports, leisure; intended for public visits. Sports parks include ordinary sports parks, Olympic complexes, hydro parks.

Functional zoning conventional sports parks includes the following areas:

Sports zone - occupies approximately 50-70%; the core of the sports zone is usually a stadium, sometimes a complex of sports facilities;

Entertainment zone - includes rides, exhibitions, playgrounds board games, children's playgrounds;

Quiet rest area - designed for walking, cycling, scooters, roller skates;

Service area - objects are located here Catering: cafes, buffets, kiosks, administrative and outbuildings.

Olympic complexes. Designed for international sports competitions with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet the high class of international requirements. They differ from ordinary sports parks in the large-scale solutions of structures - giant stadiums, unloading pre-stadion areas, the clarity of building pedestrian and transit routes with a width of 10 to 120 m, occupying 60-70% of the entire territory. A sports zone, a training zone, a zone of sports devices, an Olympic village, an entertainment zone, and services are allocated. Olympic complexes can be compact, located on the same territory, or consisting of several sites.

Hydroparks are sports parks for physical education and sports on the water of all age groups of the population. The territory of the hydropark is characterized by a high proportion of water areas, which make up 25% of overall balance. The presence of the beach, sports facilities implies a large load on the recreational capacity, up to 500 people. On 1 hectare of park area.

In the hydropark, which performs mainly sports and recreational functions, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created: bridges, boathouses, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor boats, boat stations, entertainment attractions, water carousels, water jumps, toboggans, water cascades, water theater venues and restaurants.

Depending on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional zoning is provided for in hydroparks: a sports zone, an entertainment zone, a cultural and educational zone, a children's zone, a service zone.

Children's parks designed for children to relax in nature using special equipment and facilities. The architectural and planning organization of the territory should contribute to the figurative and cognitive content of its elements in order to educate respect for nature and cultural behavior in natural environment. Children's parks are calculated based on the population in residential areas. Minimum area children's park is at least 5 ha.

Children's parks are subdivided into urban (more than 8 ha) and district (from 4 to 8 ha). The attendance of children's parks is determined approximately at the rate of 20-30% of the child population of the entire population of the city or district, while 10 m 2 of park territory is relied on per visitor. Educational and recreational work of the park is organized by age groups - preschoolers, junior, senior and middle school age.

Functional zoning of the children's park:

Cultural and educational zone - includes structures such as houses children's creativity, theaters, circuses, lecture halls, museums, reading rooms; near the house of creativity, it is possible to arrange corners for young naturalists, young technicians;

Physical education zone - includes such facilities as a stadium, sports grounds, a swimming pool, pavilions for classes, wardrobes, showers, rental points;

The entertainment zone is the most visited part of the park, attracting all age groups of children; includes playgrounds, sports and playgrounds and playgrounds for children of different ages; it can accommodate intra-park transport: monorail Railway, boats and boats, etc.

Service zone.

Exhibition parks belong to the territories in which visual exposition devices are organized among the natural environment, acquainting the population with achievements in various fields National economy. The size of the territory ranges from 100 to 500 hectares.

According to the purpose, the composition of the exposition participants, the exhibitions are divided into international, national, regional, regional, city and district. They can be placed in a separate area or as exhibition sectors in the territories of various parks.

Exhibitions can be stationary, regularly repeated or timed to coincide with significant dates.

Functional zoning of exhibition parks:

exposition area, park zone, entertainment zone - 40-60%;

Administrative zone - 30-40%;

Economic zone - 2-3%;

Service area - 12-20%.

memorial parks associated with the place of birth, life, activities of remarkable people, places of historical events.

They represent a garden and park complex, which makes up the main part of the territory and is preserved intact, a buffer zone along with fields, forests, residential villages that have preserved fragments related to the period of life of prominent figures or historical events.

When restoring estates, a method of restoration is determined that is close to the original, or the reconstruction of an era. Memorial parks are developing excursion routes, contributing to the preservation of landscapes and used in a regulated tourist service; they include tour desks, car parking, food outlets, souvenir and information kiosks.

parks- these are green areas located in the city, which, by their size and environmental quality, contribute to the creation of comfortable conditions for recreation and recreation of the population.

Parks of culture and recreation are created in cities in order to better use natural conditions for organizing cultural leisure of the population and conducting versatile cultural, educational and recreational work among adults and children. The tasks of such parks include: organizing cultural events, entertainment, entertainment events (musical, sports etc.) that meet the needs of different age groups of the population.

To solve these problems, independent functional areas should be identified on the territory of the parks, which together make up the entire territory of the park. Their areas are different, buildings and structures are located in some zones. When designing the park, the method of functional zoning is used.

Functional zoning of the territory - this is the allocation of various functional zones, each of which is responsible for a particular function of the park. Functional zoning serves as the basis for the architectural and planning solution of the park. In multi-purpose parks, in accordance with SNiP, the following functional zones are distinguished:

1. Mass entertainment zone(citywide parks - 5-17% total area parka; PKiO - 15-50% of the total area of ​​the park) . The section of mass-spectacular work is characterized by large scale in the methods of composition - wide alleys, large open areas in front of buildings and structures, playing the role of an outdoor foyer and located near the main entrance to the park, convenient for the evacuation of spectators. Green spaces are used in the form of an ordinary planting of trees and shrubs (often artificially formed), lawn and flower parterres of a regular shape. Amusement sites should be brought as close as possible to the main entrance and to entertainment events, not to isolate them with plantings from the front sections of the park. For an open "green" theater, it is advisable to use the natural slope of the area.

2. Cultural and educational zone(citywide parks - 3-18% of the total park area; PKiO - 4-35% of the total park area) . For cultural and educational events, demonstration sites, exhibition pavilions, reading rooms are provided, the main park alleys and squares, and foyers of spectacular buildings are used. Pavilions and grounds are surrounded by decorative plantings.

3. Zone of physical culture and sports(citywide parks - 10-20% of the total park area; PKiO - 0-25% of the total park area) . This requires large open spaces for playgrounds and training grounds, which are placed in groups, playgrounds of a mass nature can be dispersed throughout the territory. For placement of sports grounds, a horizontal surface is desirable. With a rugged terrain, the sites are located on terraces, reinforced with retaining walls and interconnected by stairs.

4. Zone of work with children(citywide parks - 5-10% of the total park area; PKiO - 0-1% of the total park area) . This zone is located near the main or one of the secondary entrances. The zone is located on an independent territory without the transit movement of adult visitors and is isolated from the mass sectors. The general character of the layout is a system of a large number of playgrounds and separate pavilions. Sites should be varied both in outline and design. The landscaping should be dominated by open lawns, a variety of flowering shrubs and trees planted in free groups, as well as natural reservoirs with running water, are desirable.

5. Recreation and walking area(citywide parks - 50-75% of the total park area; PKiO - 15-45% of the total park area) used: forest, lawn, pond. A varied, rugged terrain is desirable, convenient for constructing interesting view terraces, placing gazebos and pavilions, for laying walking alleys, used in winter for skiing. The walking area can be cut through by a network of alleys for intra-park recreational vehicles, bike paths and main pedestrian alleys, along which visitors are directed to beaches, recreation centers, restaurants, etc.

Park facilities serving vacationers are distributed throughout the territory at interesting viewpoints. Walking paths should be picturesque places with varied scenery; placement of plantings - in free and diverse groupings and arrays.

6. Economic zone and service(citywide parks - 1.5% of the total park area; PKiO - 0-5% of the total park area) . Restaurants, cafes, pavilions, snack bars, kiosks, etc. should be placed in places of mass congestion of visitors, have a convenient connection with economic and transport entrances. Toilets should be placed near places of mass stay of visitors, at a sufficiently isolated distance from the front sections of the park. A group of administrative and utility buildings (offices, workshops, garages, warehouses, etc.) should be located in a remote area, on the border of the park, connected with transport entrances and isolated from the visited areas of the park, preferably near one of the secondary entrances.

At present, a program has begun in the Moscow Region to implement the Governor's project “Parks of the Moscow Region”. The city park in Protvino is planned to be built in a forest area located in the southern part of the city

The park layout is based on the principles of rational functional zoning, preservation and improvement of the existing recreational area, and the formation of comfortable conditions for the recreation of citizens. Functional zoning of the park territory involves the allocation of the following types of zones: entrance, walking, mass events, beach, residential, sports, picnic areas, children's recreation, transport.

The project is very inspiring, but as it turned out

The project proposal for the functional saturation of the park was criticized by the residents of the area. They are very concerned about proposals to set up areas in the park with noisy entertainment and sports. Such, for example, as a territory for riding quads, or paintball, with structures frightening the eye.

In general, it is proposed to saturate the park with all kinds of sports entertainment, which is mainly more suitable for the young population and will be inconvenient for pensioners and children.

Therefore, it is important not only to place maximum entertainment in the park, but also to take into account the normalized balance of the ratio of zones in the park, as well as the location of these zones in the structure of the city district, preferably taking into account all age groups of the population.

Noisy and extreme entertainment should be taken out of the territory of city parks and arranged away from residential areas.

Rice. The functional saturation of the park proposed in Protvino Park.

70 What influences the location of green areas in the city structure? What is included in the city greening system?

The location of green areas in the city structure is influenced by many factors:

The nature of the existing development, the general plan of the city,

Presence of water surfaces

Presence of natural vegetation

The general landscaping system of the city includes:

- TsPKO (central park of culture and recreation, 300 - 1000 and more hectares)

- City park (100-150 ha)

- district park (6 - 15 ha)

- garden of microdistricts (more than 1 ha)

- squares (0.15 - 2 ha)

- boulevards

- streets

71 What influences the location of functional areas in a park?

What can be the planning structure of the park, depending on its size and on the development of its center?

Various planning structures of the park depending on the functional zoning and area. (sizes)

The parks included in the system of the city are not the same both in size and in planning structure.. This is due not only to the peculiarities of their linkage with the surrounding buildings or the difference in functional activity, but also to many other factors. Let's take the size factor:

In the territories of small parks, up to 30 hectares, located in the environment of the largest or major cities, there is no need to carry out full functional zoning. It is better to specialize them for the maximum use of one type of activity, which in each case will determine its own planning solution.

At the same time, regardless of the type of activity of the park and its location in the city, opportunities for recreation among citizens among the greenery are necessarily provided. If it will sports park, its composition will approach the regular methods of planning, the logic of which is justified by the placement of the stadium, a large number various playgrounds and many sports, as well as facilities that provide year-round activity of the park.

One of the largest landscape architects, Ivan Aleksandrovich Kosarevsky, developed a number of interesting models for zoning parks. In these schemes, attention is drawn, first of all, to the high proportion of quiet recreation areas in all types of parks. Great importance reservoirs provide zoning of the park territory. Depending on their location, size, shape, various options for the distribution of zones are determined in the plan.

Consider these schemes of city parks of various sizes, it is important to pay attention to the composition and size of functional zones, and the change in these sizes with an increase in the territory of parks

Let's go from smallest to largest:

As can be seen from the diagrams, with an increase in the area of ​​the park from 70 to 800 hectares, i.e. 11 times, the territory of the quiet recreation zone for adults increases 16 times, and the territory for the placement of other zones only 4 times.

In all cases of zoning, as the area of ​​the park increases, the zone of quiet rest for adults will increase in relation to other zones. So, if in a park with an area of ​​​​150 to 300 hectares it occupies 60-70% of its territory (schemes c, d), then in a park with an area of ​​​​400-800 hectares - up to 80-85, and all other zones are located on the territory within 15 -20% of the total area.

Functional zoning has a decisive influence on the planning composition of the park, which is determined by:

- the peculiarity of the location of the park in the city,

- site configuration and size,

- the nature of the relief and adjacent territories,

- presence of reservoirs, their size and shape,

- vegetation,

- mass attendance

- placement of the main and secondary entrances to the park,

- architectural objects,

- features of the landscape

and other factors. Zoning carried out without taking into account any of these factors will have a negative impact on the compositional solution of the park, and especially on its planning structure.

72 What is the rate of greening the city in% of its entire territory. What are the availability times for city parks and planning district parks?

The rate of greening of the city must be at least 40% of the entire territory of the city.

The time of accessibility of city parks when traveling by transport should be no more than 20 minutes, and for parks in planning areas - no more than 15 minutes.

74 Give a definition and description of the following objects: City Park, City Garden, District Park, Public Garden, Microdistrict Garden, Residential Group Garden.

City Park- the largest planning element of the city, its size is from 100 to 150 hectares, sometimes 1000 hectares in new cities, Landscaped area, landscaped and artistically designed for recreation under open sky, the most important element of the citywide system of landscaping and recreation, performs recreational, cultural, educational, aesthetic, environmental functions.

city ​​garden designed for mass recreation of the population of the city. He performs, as a rule, one of the leading functions - recreational, exhibition, walking and is located closer to central region cities. In comparison with the city park, it has significantly fewer zones and, accordingly, fewer different structures. The main thing in the city garden is natural elements: plants, water, stones.

The layout of the territory of the city garden is usually geometric. Flowers in it are used to a greater extent than in the park. City gardens are arranged in areas with dense buildings. At present, in connection with the construction of residential areas, city gardens are losing their significance.

In the city garden, green spaces should occupy 80-85% of its territory, sites, alleys and roads - 13-18, buildings - 2%.

district park is the second largest planning element in the urban greening (often has an area of ​​3 - to 15 hectares (or even 10 - 15 hectares).

District park (or planning area park), usually , complements the system of landscape and recreational areas of a large and largest city. It is a structural element of a residential or planning area. The district park can also be arranged in big city when one city park cannot accommodate a lot of visitors. The area of ​​the district park, in accordance with SNiP, should be not less than 10 ha, the composition of the zones is the same as in urban parks.

The difference between a city and a district park should be considered in terms of function and location in the city's GP.
Square - this is a small landscaped area (0.25-2 hectares), as a rule, located on the streets and squares, near public and administrative buildings, in the pre-factory areas. The layout of the square is subject to the surrounding architectural ensemble.

Microdistrict garden is a green area, usually located in the center of the microdistrict, used by the population for everyday recreation. As a rule, the territory of the garden of a microdistrict does not exceed 8-10% of the territory of the microdistrict and has an area of ​​at least 1 ha.

The garden of the residential group should be organically connected with the garden of the microdistrict, the planning structure of which includes sites for various purposes.

Residential group garden is a landscaped area of ​​0.1-0.2 ha; when developing a general volume-spatial composition, the following are used: relief geoplastics, tree and shrub plantings, small architectural forms.

75 Industrial enterprises and their classification.
An industrial enterprise is an organization that produces industrial products and is, as a rule, a point object: a plant, a factory, a mine, a quarry, a mine, a plant, etc.
Industrial enterprises are classified into groups according to the following criteria:
industry affiliation: a) by the nature of the consumed raw materials - mining and manufacturing industries; b) according to the purpose and nature of the finished product - producing means of production and consumer goods; c) by the nature of the process of processing raw materials - with continuous and discontinuous production processes; d) by the time of work during the year - seasonal and year-round action;
the degree of coverage by the enterprise of a different number of production stages - with full and incomplete production cycles;
degrees of specialization - specialized, universal and mixed;
type of production - mass, serial, single;
methods of organizing production processes - with in-line, batch and single character;
according to the degree of mechanization and automation of production - with automated, complex and partially mechanized production.

Similar information.

City multifunctional parks

The most popular type of urban park is the park of culture and recreation, in which the recreation of workers in a healthy natural environment is combined with educational and physical education work. It is advisable to divide the territory of such parks into zones with a predominant nature of use, including: mass events (spectacles, attractions, etc.) - 5 ... 17% of the total area of ​​​​the park; quiet rest - 50 ... 75; cultural and educational events (requiring isolation from noisy forms of recreation) - 3 ... 8; sports and recreation - 10 ... 20; rest of children - 5 ... 10; household - 1 ... 5%

Specific requirements are imposed on the placement and layout of each of the listed zones. The public events area is usually located near the main entrance to the park in order to reduce the flow of visitors through other areas of the park. It may include a theater, cinema, dance floors, attractions, fields for festivals, mass games, etc. The improvement of the zone is calculated for a high visitor density, the movement of visitors is provided only along alleys and paths. Quiet zone occupies most park and is characterized by natural scenery. Any structures, except for small architectural forms such as arbors, trellises, garden furniture, are excluded here, subject to the necessary measures to protect vegetation, recreation is allowed on lawns, under trees, in glades. Green spaces and water bodies should occupy at least 90% of the area of ​​the zone. Such facilities as lecture halls, small exhibition pavilions and cafes, reading rooms, rooms for amateur studies can be allocated to a special cultural and educational zone or freely located throughout the park. Physical culture and recreation facilities (sports grounds and halls, swimming pools, solariums, skating rinks, equipment rental points) should preferably be combined into one complex in open areas with relatively flat terrain and water bodies, but skiing, cycling routes, swimming pools can be decentralized. The children's recreation area is usually located separately, at a small distance from the entrances to the park, with the help of greenery it is carefully protected from noise, dust and solar overheating. For the economic zone, a plot is allocated on the periphery of the park with its own exit to the adjacent street.

In each zone of the park, structures of the corresponding functional profile prevail, but they must be supplemented by the necessary service facilities (recreational areas, toilets, etc.).

Depending on local conditions, one or two zones may prevail in the park by reducing the area of ​​others (while maintaining the minimum size of the quiet recreation zone). In small parks (less than 30 hectares), it is preferable not to disperse the placement of park facilities, but to create a single park center close to the main entrance. It may consist of one developed architectural and planning complex, for example, a compact group of buildings around the main square for public events. This zone requires the highest level of improvement - tiled paving, decorative ponds in flower beds, lawns, etc.

The width of alleys and walking paths ranges from 3 to 10 m in the zone of mass events and from 1.5 to 5 m in the zone of quiet recreation.

The main entrance to the park is located taking into account the architectural and planning organization of the urban area and the direction of the flow of visitors. In front of the park, an area is provided for public transport stops, distribution of visitors and parking. In addition to the main one, it is recommended to arrange additional entrances, the position of which is linked to the streets and boulevards leading to the park.

In the most large parks, whose area exceeds 200 hectares, it is advisable to organize routes for intra-park passenger transport (trolleybus, electric bus, cableways), connecting the main functional areas, the entrances of large structures and the most visited places of rest. The layout of the park should take into account its year-round use.

To this end, those structures that are operated in winter should gravitate towards the main central alleys of the park, the functions of some open areas are transferred indoors in the cold season, the direction of work of inventory rental points, walking routes is changing.

Modern multifunctional parks are often considered as specific cultural institutions in the open air, which, given their limited size, leads to overloading their territories with construction objects for various purposes. In this regard, it is desirable that their size, as a rule, be not less than 20 hectares. It is possible to recommend such a balance of the territory of the parks, which ensures the predominance of the "natural" components of the environment over the "artificial", i.e., the preservation of the foundation that distinguishes the park from the background of urban development.

As the analysis of practice shows, attempts to regulate the content and functional zoning of a modern park everywhere are currently not justified. Rigid standards limit the creative possibilities of designers and cannot in all cases meet the actual needs that have developed in a particular city or region. The functional profile of the park and its architectural and landscape appearance should be determined individually, in accordance with the diverse local conditions, the size of the park and the nature of the formation of the entire citywide system of recreation areas.

Currently, along with the traditional approach to the functional zoning of parks, other trends are developing. Below we will trace them on a number of examples of the organization of multifunctional parks.

Studies show that in the course of designing parks, in order to preserve and enhance their natural origin, it is necessary, in addition to functional zoning and the estimated balance of the territory (percentage of areas occupied by roads, buildings, plantings), to differentiate the territory according to the degree of saturation of the landscape with artificial structures and to allocate the following enlarged zones:

a) zones where the main park facilities and public gathering places are concentrated - territories with an increased level of improvement, designed for recreational loads of more than 100 people / ha. Structures, roads, alleys and sites of all kinds occupy up to 30% of the area of ​​the zone. The composition is based on a harmonious combination of architecture with vegetation, reservoirs, relief;

b) mass visiting areas (adjacent to those indicated) with the usual park level of improvement and the necessary equipment for various types of mass recreation. Recreational load 50…100 people/ha. The artificial components of the landscape are compositionally subordinate to the natural ones;

c) natural areas isolated from the urban environment, with a minimum level of improvement, where, if possible, any structures are excluded (except for walking paths, benches, bridges, sheds, etc.). Recreational load up to 50 people/ha. Relatively free use of glades, reservoirs and woodlands(with a phased alternation of exploited and restored sites and other environmental protection measures). The composition is built entirely on the basis of the natural factors of the landscape.

Theoretical studies of options for zoning and cooperation of maintenance functions of multifunctional parks, as well as an analysis of design practice, allow us to recommend the following three main types of them, depending on the size of the park.

With sizes up to 70 hectares, the most rational organization of a complex park center, shifted to the periphery of the site; such placement frees the main mass from large structures and at the same time provides acceptable pedestrian accessibility of the center (no more than 15 minutes) from anywhere in the park. A zone of the most active forms of recreation with intensive landscaping is being created around the center.

In medium-sized parks (up to 50 hectares), it is desirable to organize three or four specialized centers, which are adjacent to the corresponding functional zones. The optimal location of the centers is outside the natural core, but at some distance from the boundaries of the park in order to create greater microclimatic and sanitary comfort in the active zones and reduce the distances between them to a 15-minute radius of accessibility.

In large parks of 200…500 ha, it is advisable to create several large complex centers, each of which is dominated by one or two functions, but the others are also present to a certain extent. Such multifunctionality of the centers is caused by the fact that the distance between them in large parks, as a rule, will exceed the radius of walking distance, therefore, in the centers it is necessary to take into account the heterogeneous interests of vacationers, who may be limited to visiting one zone of the park

Of course, these recommendations are indicative and are designed for a compact form of the plan, the uniform environment of the park. With an elongated plan, even in small parks it is difficult to concentrate service in a single node; several gravitational foci will be required. The unilateral adjoining of the park to an urban area or a large body of water will cause a corresponding shift of centers in the direction of mass flows of visitors or the main places of their long-term stay.

Here are a few examples of polyfunctional parks in which the centralization trend has manifested itself. In the Kemerovo PKiO Rudnichny Bor, almost all structures are concentrated in three “clumps” (near the Tom River, at the eastern and western entrances), between which the natural environment of the forest is preserved with the necessary landscaping elements.

In the park. 50th Anniversary of October in Cherkassy, ​​almost all large buildings, including the town of attractions, are located on the periphery of the site. The dominant position is occupied by a zone of quiet rest and walks, as well as water sports, beaches.

In the new park Mineralnye Vody a compact entrance zone (sports, attractions, dances, etc.), a forest zone (only walking roads, shelters from the weather, places for picnics), a recreation area near the water (equipped and natural beaches, cafes, a boat pier, a fisherman's house) are allocated. These zones occupy respectively 15, 60 and 25% of the total area of ​​the park.

Similar trends aimed at the concentration of park facilities and the allocation of zones of a "clean" landscape can be traced in the projects of experimental parks in Krasnodar, Donetsk, Simferopol and a number of new parks being built in the cities of the RSFSR, Ukraine, other republics and abroad.

Large urban parks are divided into zones of influence of adjacent residential areas, the population of which, as a rule, is oriented towards the green areas closest to them. Here we observe the process of interpenetration: the park "sprouts" into the surrounding buildings, and the indicated zones of influence become, in essence, natural elements of the respective residential areas. The functional zoning of the park, carried out without taking into account such zones of influence, often turns out to be artificial and conflicts with the specific conditions of the park operation. These trends should be reflected in the compositional organization, the nature of the improvement, and in the outline of the roads.

Due to the increased density of visiting areas of the park, adjacent to residential areas of multi-storey buildings, should also be distinguished by a higher level of improvement than its deep territories, have a denser road and tropical network, large road sizes, and more stringent restrictions on the use of lawns. At the same time, near the secondary entrances to the park from the adjacent residential areas, it is necessary to allocate places for everyday recreation of their population, especially considering the trend towards abandoning the gardens of the microdistrict, for example, small clearings or tree-shaded areas for parents with children, teenagers, pensioners, trails for recreational walks, etc. It is desirable to isolate such zones from the “ceremonial” areas of the park, attractions, noisy roads with a large crowd of pedestrians.

Multifunctional parks

Multifunctional park- a land plot that includes a large green area with a variety of cultural and sports institutions, harmoniously combined with the natural components of natural and artificially created landscape design, landscaping and landscaping, contributing to the healthy recreation of a person and his physical and spiritual development. Multifunctional parks serve the population of a city or a large planning area. Basic requirements when choosing a place for a park: availability of territory large sizes; favorable natural data; convenient location in the city, provided with transport links.

It should be borne in mind that when designing a park on its territory, it is allowed to build buildings and structures to serve visitors and operate the territory up to 8 m high; The height of park attractions may not be limited. The built-up area should not exceed 7% of the territory of the park. Attractions should be located separately and compactly, at the main entrances to the park.

The planning elements of a multifunctional park are areas of green spaces and ponds, alleys, paths, sites of various types, structures. Design practice has developed methods for the functional planning organization of multifunctional parks. Design experience and the creation of parks shows that a certain balance of the park territory is needed, i.e. percentage ratio of the areas of planning elements.

For the urban multifunctional park, the balance, %, is as follows:

Territories of green spaces and reservoirs

(area of ​​reservoirs - 1…3%)……………………………………………………………………..65…70

Alleys, park roads, trails, playgrounds………………………………………………………25…28

Structures and buildings……………………………………………………………………………5…7

In the largest cities, when designing a multifunctional park of regional significance, an accessibility radius is established.

Accessibility radiusR- an indicator characterizing the distances along specific routes of pedestrian or vehicle traffic. Within the radius of accessibility, certain objects are available for visitors (landscaping of the territory) (SNiP 2.0701-89 *). So, when using public transport from a residential building to city ​​park, the radius of accessibility should be 20 ... 30 minutes, to the park of a residential area - no more than 15 minutes. The distance between residential buildings and the border of the park should be at least 30 m. Based on the experience of creating parks in Russian cities, the minimum area of ​​a multifunctional park is 15...25 hectares. When designing in areas approaching natural conditions, the area of ​​the park in largest city must be at least 50 ha.

The design of the park is carried out according to a special “design assignment”, which provides for the volumetric and spatial structure of the territory, types of green spaces, a list of planning elements and equipment, materials and structures. First of all, it is necessary to determine the attendance of the park in accordance with the demographic composition of the population, the cultural level and its well-being, as well as natural conditions, the season of the year.

Functional and planning organization of the park- This project work on the distribution of the territory into characteristic territorial units, or zones where places of recreation (active and quiet) should be located, taking into account the urban development situation, the features of the natural landscape design of the area (landscape analysis), and the analysis of natural and climatic conditions.

The zoning of the park territory is determined taking into account the formation of a citywide recreation system, the presence of natural components (relief, vegetation, water bodies). Natural components and features of landscape design and landscaping of the territory should predetermine the location of the park zones.

When zoning a territory, as a rule, one should:

Allocate a zone for noisy mass types of recreation and sports;

Allocate most of the territory for a quiet holiday in natural conditions.

Spectacular structures with a mass congestion of visitors, attractions, sport complexes should be located near the main directions of traffic that have the shortest connections with the entrances to the park.

The territory intended for a quiet holiday is planned in areas of large green areas with reservoirs and expressive relief. When designing a park on the basis of existing green spaces, an open area with a flat terrain is allocated for the sports zone. The zone of the children's complex should be located at the entrances to the park from the residential area.

In the 60s. 20th century in design organizations, models of functional zoning of parks of culture and recreation were developed. Architect I.K. Kosarevsky, the greatest theoretician of garden and park art of the Soviet period, developed planning models for the zoning of a multifunctional park. Each zone of the park requires a different organized natural environment. It is well known that as the size of the park increases, the quiet recreation area increases in relation to other areas. For example, in a park with an area of ​​150 to 300 hectares, a quiet recreation area occupies 60 ... 70% of its territory. In a park with an area of ​​400...800 ha - up to 80...85%, and the remaining zones are located within the park within 15...20% of the total area.

The functional zoning of the territory of the multifunctional park includes zones with predominant types of use - these are zones of mass, cultural, educational and sports and recreational activities.

The functional organization of the territory of the multifunctional park is given in Table. 1.

Table 1

Functional organization of the territory of the multifunctional park