Functional zoning of the park territory is the main compositional techniques of the feature. Planning and landscaping of the park of culture and recreation in Novosibirsk

Goal of the work – learn to calculate the area of ​​park zones, the number of visitors to each zone

Work tasks – to acquire practical knowledge and skills in placement and planning

Work progress:

1. Familiarize yourself and outline the main provisions of the explanation for the assignment.

Materials and equipment:

1 Dendroplan.

3 Rulers, pencils.

Control questions for self-examination:
1. What structures prevail in the sports zone?

2. How the zone is located children's recreation?

3. What is the minimum area for a quiet area?

2. Answer security questions.

The park is an object of landscape architecture, a large array of green spaces, where elements of the landscape, structures, buildings are organized into a certain volume-spatial system.

The territory of the park is divided into zones with the prevailing nature of use (table 1.1).

Table 1.1 - The main areas of the park of culture and recreation

The following requirements are imposed on the placement and layout of each zone.

Zone mass events usually placed near the main entrance to the park to reduce the flow of visitors through other areas of the park. It may include a cinema, a dance floor, attractions, venues for festivals, mass games, etc.

The quiet recreation area occupies most of the park. It is dominated by natural landscapes, small architectural forms (arbors, trellises, garden furniture) and there should not be large structures. Green spaces, water bodies occupy at least 90% of the zone area.

The cultural and educational zone houses lecture halls, exhibition pavilions, cafes, reading rooms (but it is also possible to place them freely around the park).

The sports zone is dominated by sports and recreation facilities - sports grounds, gyms, swimming pools, solariums, skating rinks, equipment rental points, located in one place, in a complex (except for cycling routes, beaches, swimming pools).

The children's recreation area is located separately, at a small distance from the entrances to the park, and must be protected by green spaces from noise, dust, solar overheating.

For the economic zone, a plot is allocated on the periphery of the park with its own exit to the street.

Depending on local conditions, one or two zones may prevail in the park due to the reduction in the area of ​​other zones. The minimum area of ​​a quiet recreation area should be maintained at a level of at least 50-75% for a large park, 45% for a medium park, and 25% for a small park.

FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF THE PARK TERRITORY. BASIC COMPOSITION TECHNIQUES. FEATURES OF DESIGN OF FUNCTIONAL ZONES. Works completed by: Srurdinova D. Checked by: Korotkova G. G.

The park is a vast area (from 10 hectares) on which the existing natural conditions (plantations, reservoirs, relief) are reconstructed using various methods of landscape architecture, green building and engineering improvement and is an independent architectural and organizational complex, where a favorable environment for recreation of the population has been created.

Zoning of the territory of the landscaping object during the process of designing the landscaping object, allocation of areas or zones of various functional purposes: zones for entertainment events, sports zones, walking zones or quiet rest zones.

Functional zoning consists in determining the composition, location, area, configuration and linear dimensions of the main functional areas of the park. The composition and areas of the main functional zones of the park are determined in accordance with the functional profile of the park, the nature of the current and future use of the territories adjacent to the park. The location, configuration and linear dimensions of the functional zones of the park are determined taking into account the following factors: features of the landscape conditions of the projected site (steepness of the relief, slope orientation, proximity to water bodies, etc.); the absence or presence of sources of environmental pollution in the territories adjacent to the park (streets with heavy traffic, boiler houses, etc.); convenient placement of the functional areas of the park in relation to the entrances from the side of adjacent residential and public areas and facilities, as well as the functional areas of the park between themselves; the expected intensity and direction of movement of visitors in the park.

Distances between park entrances should be no more than 300 m. A zone of public events, entertainment, attractions is created near the main entrances to the park at a distance of up to 150 m from them. It houses: an area for public events, entertainment and exhibition facilities, catering facilities, rental points, attractions and other objects of mass visits. A noise protection strip of green spaces should be created around the amusement complex. An open green theater is best located in a quieter area, using natural terrain slopes.

PHYSICAL AND IMPROVEMENT ZONE The sports and recreation zone is located in open areas with a relatively flat relief, near a reservoir. It accommodates: sports grounds, tracks for running, roller skating, etc. Sports grounds and facilities should be located near the entrances to the park from residential areas, schools, which ensures their convenient loading and minimization of transit through other park areas.

CHILDREN'S ZONE The children's zone includes playgrounds for children of different age groups, which should preferably be placed separately, not far from the entrances to the park from the residential area, children's institutions. Playgrounds for children of different age groups should be spatially separated.

ZONE OF QUIET REST, WALKS The zone of quiet rest, walks includes green spaces, recreation areas with light park structures (sheds, gazebos). A zone of quiet rest, walks is usually located in the peripheral part of the park, remote from noisy objects. It is important for her to form picturesque landscapes along the walking alleys, to create viewpoints.

MANAGEMENT ZONE The economic zone is located on the periphery of the park with a transport entrance from the adjacent street and connection with the alleys of the park, which serve as intra-park driveways. It houses: a building for the administration and park workers, workshops for repairing garden furniture, equipment, a warehouse for seasonal equipment, a room or a shed for machines designed for garbage collection, lawn mowing, etc. The area of ​​​​the economic zone is determined at the rate of 0, 2 sq. m per park visitor. With parks with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares, the organization of a flower greenhouse is acceptable.

PARKING PARKS FOR VISITORS Parking lots for visitors should be located outside the park and designed at the rate of 5 7 parking spaces per 100 one-time visitors with an estimated area of ​​25 sq. m. m (2.5 x 5.5 m) per car. Based on aesthetic and sanitary and hygienic requirements, it is recommended to separate the territory of the park and parking lots with green spaces, and the architectural landscape design of the parking lots themselves should use green spaces.

BARRIER-FREE ZONE Barrier-free zone for people with limited mobility. When determining the location of the main functional areas of the park, one should take into account the need to create a barrier-free zone, equipped taking into account the requirements of physically weakened persons. The structure of the barrier-free zone includes playgrounds, places for walking, sports and recreation activities, which should be located near the entrances to the park.

THE OPTIMUM PARK SOLUTION SHOULD MEET THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: minimization of distances from the entrances to the park to places of concentration of potential visitors; minimization and rational organization of transit flows through the park; providing spatial isolation of zones with poorly compatible functions (quiet rest, walks and public events, entertainment, attractions; children's and household, etc.).

The work of the park is grouped into sections: cultural and educational (spectacles, exhibitions, lectures) physical culture and sports entertainment (rides, dances) recreation for children maintenance (food, mail, telephone, luggage storage, parking lots, toilets) administrative and economic

The zoning of the park is determined by natural conditions, the formation of a citywide recreation system, and the size of the park area. When zoning the park, there is a tendency to centralize noisy mass types of recreation, freeing up most of the territory for a "clean" landscape. Stadiums, spectacles with a massive congestion of visitors are located near the main highways of traffic, which have the shortest connections with the entrances; quiet rest - in areas of large green areas. The presence of a large reservoir contributes to the development of sports. When laying the park on the basis of existing plantings, the most open area is allocated for the sports zone. Children's complexes gravitate towards the entrances. The neighborhood of stadiums, children's complexes and other devices affects the organization of such sections in the park or excludes them.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ZONE The park should have wide, clearly directed alleys, areas for theaters, cinemas and other entertainment facilities, well-thought-out evacuation routes for spectators, connections with park entrances and public transport. Reading rooms, lecture halls, exhibitions are designed for cultural and educational events.

OPEN THEATERS. Among the facilities of the park, a significant role is played by open theaters designed for dramatic, musical performances, demonstration sports performances, choral performances, variety and orchestral concerts with a capacity of 600,800 to 1,000,3000 spectators. When choosing a location for a theater, acoustic features and aesthetic considerations matter. The site should be removed from noisy objects, as well as from transport and pedestrian highways, protected from the wind. Green spaces isolate the theater from external noise, wind and, thanks to their sound-absorbing properties, contribute to good acoustics. From the point of view of acoustics and visibility, oval-shaped amphitheaters are the best.

ZONE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS One of the main types of active recreational activities of the parks are entertaining and sports games, training exercises, skiing, cycling, boating, swimming. The leading place in terms of value and area is occupied by a stadium with a normal sports lease. A stadium is a complex sports facility that includes a normal sports core with a tribune for spectators and grounds for sports games and gymnastics with auxiliary facilities and equipment serving them.

In the zone of sports and physical culture, in each case, a set of devices is justified, such as a stadium, a beach, boating, cycling, horseback riding, as well as winter sports. The center of the composition of the zone is the sports core, and about 60% of the territory of the zone is occupied by open areas sports devices surrounded by green spaces.

ENTERTAINMENT ZONE In the zone of mass cultural events, it is planned to create a full-fledged mass recreation, including attractions, fields of mass actions (games, songs, dances). Attractions are a mass type of entertainment, which creates an atmosphere of conviviality, which should be supported by a variety of entertainment. Dance floors are located isolated on the park territory or cooperate with the restaurant

CHILDREN'S RECREATION AREA For children's recreation, they allocate with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions. Children's playgrounds are divided into: playgrounds with sand; water games; creative games related to technical modeling, construction, drawing, modeling; playgrounds for teaching traffic rules and driving cars, bicycles and scooters, etc. Playgrounds are classified according to the age of children. Children's complexes have an independent territory, excluding the transit movement of adult visitors to the park. The planning decision of the children's complex should be simple, clear for the free orientation of the child in the area, but not devoid of fiction and diversity.

QUIET RECREATION ZONE When developing the project, the main task is to create a favorable aesthetic and microclimatic environment for the park. A rugged terrain is desirable, which is necessary for creating interesting scenic routes, walking alleys, placing pavilions, and shady canopies. Reservoirs and water devices heal and enrich the landscape, forming picturesque landscapes of open and semi-open spaces. The zone is solved freely, but by means of landscape composition with the inclusion of areas with a regular solution - a rose garden, terraces that are clear in pattern, a rocky garden, a garden of fountains. Park facilities serving vacationers are placed near water bodies, glades, groves.

SERVICE Visitor service area includes food outlets - cafes, buffets, etc., as well as parking lots, utility yards. It is advisable to place restaurants in places of mass recreation. The architectural planning solution of the zone should provide for an unloading area in front of a cafe or restaurant, decorated with a flower garden, pond, sculpture. Toilets should be placed near places of mass stay of visitors, but sufficiently isolated from the front sections of the park.

Parking lots are arranged on pre-park areas or at the main entrances to the park. Based on aesthetic and sanitary and hygienic requirements, it is recommended to divide parking lots into sectors with planting strips.

On the territory of the park, a perimeter protective strip (zone) is provided with the placement of entrances, parking lots, a utility yard and protective plantings on it. The depth of the protective strip is designed to be approximately 1/10 of the width of the park massif, but not less than 10 and not more than 15 m. In addition to performing utilitarian functions, the protective strip is a link between the park and its surroundings, as well as an important compositional tool that visually expands the interior of the park.

The multifunctional park is a large green area, including cultural institutions with favorable natural conditions (existing plantings, relief, water bodies), a convenient location in the city and convenient transport links. The first multifunctional park in Moscow, the Central Park of Culture and Leisure (TsPKiO), with an area of ​​109 hectares, was organized in August 1928 on the territory of the first Agricultural Exhibition and the Neskuchny Garden, designed by architect A. V. Vlasov. According to the regulations developed in the USSR, the park of culture and recreation is government agency and is created in a city, town, district center in order to better use natural conditions for organizing cultural recreation the population and carrying out a variety of cultural, educational and health-improving work among adults and children. When developing a project for a multifunctional park, it is necessary to calculate its size depending on the general urban situation, the number of residents. The total area of ​​the park depends on the average area norm per 1 visitor. According to the calculated data, the norm per visitor in the park should be on average 50...60 m 2 . The size of the park territories is determined by a special attendance calculation. The number of visitors to the park, simultaneously located on its territory, is conventionally assumed to be 5 ... 8% of the population of the city (district). When calculating the load and size of individual sections of the park, a special shift ratio visitors. Such a coefficient is taken in the amount of 1.5 ... 2.0 for city parks, 1.0 ... 1.2 for country parks. On the days of festivities, big competitions and major events, the number of visitors increases by 1.5...2.0 times. In winter, the number of visitors decreases by 2...3 times, in spring and autumn - by 3...4 times. As a rule, children make up to 20% of the total number of visitors to the park. The maximum allowed on the territory of the park should be no more than 100 people / ha. This standard is due to the fact that with an increase in load, damage to the planning elements and vegetation occurs. When calculating the network of parks major cities use approximate standards, which are given in table. 4.1.

Table 4.1. Approximate standards for the network of parks in large cities

According to modern urban planning standards, in major cities when designing a multifunctional park of regional significance, it is established accessibility radius visitors to the facility. According to approximate standards, the accessibility of the park for residents of the area should be within 1500 m. The distance between residential development and the border of the park is assumed to be at least 50 m. Based on the experience of creating parks in Russian cities, the minimum area of ​​a multifunctional park is conditionally set at 25 hectares. When creating a full range of devices and structures in the park in conditions approaching natural ones, the area of ​​multifunctional parks in large cities should be at least 50 hectares.

The nature of park attendance is determined by the demographic composition of the population, its cultural level and well-being, as well as natural conditions, picturesque landscapes, and the season of the year. Sociological studies conducted in St. Petersburg gardens and parks have shown that in the first half of the day up to 80% of visitors are elderly people, and half of them come with children of preschool age. After 15:00 schoolchildren and students begin to visit the park (attending circles, lectures). In the evening, the number of young people and middle-aged people increases, who concentrate in places for sports, discos, lecture halls, exhibitions, reading rooms, etc. Approximately 20% of the total number of park visitors are children.

The design should take into account functional zoning multifunctional park.

Functional zoning of the park. Design work on the distribution of the territory into characteristic territorial units or areas where recreation areas (active and passive, quiet) should be located based on the urban situation, landscape features of the area (landscape analysis), analysis of natural and climatic conditions is called functional zoning. It is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive pre-project analysis of the territory and is determined taking into account the formation of a citywide recreation system, the size of the projected park, the presence of natural components - vegetation, water bodies, and relief. Natural components and landscape features of the territory should predetermine zone placement parka. When zoning a territory, as a rule, one should allocate a zone for active mass recreation. Most of the territory is recommended to be released for quiet (passive) rest. Spectacular facilities with a mass gathering of visitors, attractions, sports complexes should be located near the main traffic routes that have the shortest connections with the entrances to the park.

The territory intended for a quiet holiday is planned, as a rule, in areas of large green areas with reservoirs and expressive relief. When designing a park based on existing plantings for the zone of sports and recreational activities(sport zone) allocate an open area with a flat terrain. Zone children's complex should gravitate towards the entrances to the park from the residential area.

In the 60s of the XX century, the design organizations of Ukraine developed models of zoning and functional zoning multifunctional parks. As the size of the park grows quiet rest area increases in relation to other zones. So, for example, in a park from 150 to 300 hectares, a quiet recreation area occupies 60 ... 70% of its territory. In a park of 400 ... 800 hectares - up to 80 ... 85%, and the remaining zones are located on the territory of the park within 15 ... 20% of the total area. The functional zoning of the territory of a multifunctional park includes a number of zones (districts) with predominant types of use. These are zones of mass, cultural and educational events, sports and health recreation for children, economic and administrative zones. The approximate ratio of the zones of the park is given in Table. 4.2.

Table4.2. functional organization territory of the multifunctional park

Area of ​​mass events(spectacles, attractions) includes attractions and various types of entertainment. The territory of the zone must be provided compactly, in areas adjacent to the main entrance to the park. For this, you can also use areas with the most "poor" landscape. The list of structures, their size and number are determined by the direction of the park, natural properties, location in the city plan and the nature of the territories surrounding the park. A large-scale multifunctional park should have wide, clearly directed alleys, areas for theaters, cinemas and other entertainment facilities, well-thought-out evacuation routes for spectators, connections with the entrances to the park and citywide transport. In a large park in the zone of mass events, facilities for mass recreation are provided, including attractions, mass action fields(games, songs, dances), which are solved in the form of areas of a geometric configuration with artificial turf (at the rate of 1 m 2 per visitor). When designing attractions, an independent territory is distinguished, remote from the quiet recreation area, theater, stage, with convenient transits designed to receive large flows of visitors. Depending on the capacity and type of construction of attractions, there are: attractions for adults and children's attractions; mobile attractions from collapsible structures; stationary mechanized attractions of complex designs, designed for simultaneous landing from 20 to 50 people; large, stationary mechanized attractions with a complex volumetric and spatial composition, designed for 50 or more seats. Widespread are dynamic attractions with movement in one or several planes, with inclined and concentric movement routes; thematic attractions: space, sea, air, underground, underwater, automobile, railway, creating the illusion of adventure travel.

Attractions are a mass type of entertainment, which creates an atmosphere of conviviality, which should be supported by a variety of entertainment. dance floors(verandas, dance halls) should be placed separately from quiet rest areas or combined with a restaurant, exhibition, attraction. In the daytime, they can be used as a shady canopy or a veranda for an orchestra. The dance veranda is placed in places convenient for viewing - a hill or among a specially conceived recreation area with a fountain, sculpture, flowers, near ponds. For the convenience of visitors, accommodation should be provided small cafes and easily transformable food outlets under awnings. In the area of ​​attractions, they must be evenly distributed over the territory, taking into account the operating conditions of the park and the season, mainly in the children's sector. It is necessary to provide for the possibility of servicing these areas by city water supply and sewerage. In the zone of mass events, it is also necessary to provide: unloading areas decorated with flower beds, a pond, a sculpture in front of a cafe or restaurant; economic and transport entrances; a small courtyard (platform) for a utilitarian purpose; parking lots (outside the territory of the park), toilets. Among the structures of a large multifunctional park (up to 200 hectares and more), a significant role is played by open, or green, theatres, designed for dramatic, musical performances, demonstration sports performances, choral performances, variety and orchestral concerts, with a capacity of 600 ... 800 to 1000 ... 3000 spectators, in some cases 30 thousand or more. The optimal capacity of the cinema is up to 2,000 spectators, the area for mass performances in large parks is up to 10,000 spectators or more, universal ones are up to 5,000 spectators. The shape of the plan, determined by the outlines of the amphitheater (oval or rectangular), its constructive solution (theaters built on natural or artificial and mixed foundations) are taken into account. In domestic practice, medium-sized theaters have become widespread, for which it is advisable to use natural slope of the area. When choosing a place for a green theater, acoustic features and aesthetic considerations are important, taking into account the perception of the surrounding landscape by the audience from the inside, from the steps of the amphitheater. The site should be removed from noisy objects, as well as from transport and pedestrian highways, protected from the wind. For isolation from external noise, wind and due to sound-absorbing properties, it is necessary to use dense walls made of woody plants with a dense crown, which contribute to good acoustics. From the point of view of acoustics and visibility, the egg-shaped and oval amphitheaters are the best. The maximum distance from the extreme places is 30 ... 50 m, and for mass performances - up to 160 m. The width of the stage should be from 10 to 50 m, its depth - from 5 to 45 m, and the distance from the stage to the first row - 1, 5 ... 6.0 m. The scenes of green theaters are designed by architectural means and are subject to a certain plan. The backstage of the green theater in the parks of the southern cities of Russia can be created from woody plants ( cypress, ligustrum). In the parks of the cities of the middle lane - from linden, barberry, cotoneaster, hawthorn, lilac. Experience has shown that most outdoor theaters are used for daytime performances, so the stage should be located with north side. Approaches to the theater and, if necessary, service entrances should correspond to their optimal use, taking into account the capacity of the theater (the number of spectators) and the evacuation of spectators beyond

10...15 min. The choice of an evacuation system for spectators (radial, belt, radial-zone) depends on the site, the terrain and the location of the aisles and passages surrounding the theater. For large-capacity theaters, a radial-waist system is recommended, and for low-capacity theaters, a non-ordinary belt system is recommended. The radial system of passages provides a smaller distance of places of the outer radius from the stage. For a round amphitheater with a capacity of up to 30 thousand people, such a system is the most rational. In large theaters, it is necessary to organize a radial evacuation of spectators. When building radial evacuation passages, a relatively gentle rise of the amphitheater is required (less than 1: 2). Cross sections of radial passages are recommended to be made variable. Maximum capacity the theater is calculated on the basis of a norm of 0.5 m 2 per spectator (the width of the bench is 25 ... 35 cm, the width of the passage between the rows is 45 ... 60 cm). Optimum throughput capacity of prefabricated passages and their exits is 500...800 people/min.

The composition of structures and devices in the theater zone is predetermined by their functional purpose. These can be areas (“foyers”) for the audience to relax during the intermission, buffets, cafes or restaurants, a sculpture garden or a rose garden. The theater structures dominate the adjacent area of ​​the park, become its compositional theme, organize or subjugate the space. Elements of architectural and artistic design are appropriate in the theater area: flower parterres, pools, fountains, sculpture, which enrich the appearance of the structure and carry a certain ideological load.

Zone of cultural and educational events. In large parks (50 ... 100 hectares), such a zone provides for reading pavilions, buildings for lecture halls, and exhibitions. When designing, it should be taken into account that the neighborhood of noisy entertainment conflicts with the specific operating conditions of the park. The green theater and the dance floor should not be close to each other. On the contrary, the buildings of the exhibition and the reading room, the lecture hall and the reading room can be placed side by side and solved in a single complex.

One of the types of cultural and educational events in large parks are Exhibitions. The purpose of the exhibitions is to get acquainted with the history of the city, the achievements of science, technology, industry, agriculture, culture, landscape gardening art. The composition of the territory of park exhibitions is determined by their location in the park, the size and landscape features of the territory. The size of the territory of park exhibitions, as a rule, ranges from 0.3 ... 0.5 to 1.5 ... 2.0 hectares. The dimensions are coordinated by natural and climatic conditions, the area of ​​the park, the requirements for the organization of the exposition (including pavilions). Exhibitions can be organized in the form of original sculpture gardens, roses, dahlias, lianas, etc. Such gardens are independent chamber, regular or landscape compositions that have their own compositional center - a pavilion, parterre, pond. The exposure components are placed within a small range of visual perception (up to 25 m). They should not be oversaturated with information, as this reduces the perception and artistic quality of the environment. At the same time, an object exhibited against the background of tree plantations, a decorative wall made of natural stone, a group of flower arrangements or a lawn should not create an alienation of the object and the background, but, on the contrary, should complement the park composition, develop the artistic principle inherent in it. The vertical dimensions of park structures should not exceed 1/3 ... 2/3 of the height of the surrounding plantings. An exception may be compositional dominants, the height of which may be 1/4 more than the height of the surrounding trees. When constructing the composition of the garden-exhibition, an element of novelty or surprise is observed, which sharpens the sensations (differences in rhythm, material, color, size, texture, etc.). Great importance should be attached to the decorative coating of roads and sites, the inclusion of decorative pools, fountains, vases, etc. The exhibition is characterized by light pavilions, volumes on supports, any transforming structures that freely fit into the landscape.

When designing parks, consideration should be given to reading pavilions, in which it is necessary to provide conditions for reading. For this purpose, quiet, calm sections of the park are distinguished near water bodies, on ledges of high slopes, in semi-open spaces, near lawns, glades, opening up deep prospects. The reading pavilion can be combined with a pavilion or playgrounds for board games, which does not disturb the general silence and the convenience of storing game equipment. The reading pavilion can be combined with a garden-exhibition of open ground plants ( iridarium, dahlia etc.), with an exhibition of sculptures, etc. To create a secluded environment near the reading room, you can design an internal outdoor courtyard with a decorative pool and sculpture, or a covered gallery overlooking the surrounding landscapes. Sun loungers for reading are placed surrounded by vegetation, and if the area of ​​​​the garden allows, then it is possible to create a poetry club with a small lecture hall in the air. Utilitarian items: garden furniture, information stands, kiosks, vases, sculpture - stylistically should obey the general character of the composition. The building of the reading room itself, responding to modern trends in garden and park architecture, is solved in the form of a medium-sized volume of a “human” scale, built using frame or other modern structures that give a lot of light to the rooms and do not break the connection with the surrounding landscape of the park (connection of the interior with the exterior) . The purposeful and walking routes of the park should not cross the garden of the reading room, contributing to isolation, obeying its purpose.

Zone of sports and recreational activities. One of the main types of active recreational activities of the parks are sports and recreational games, training exercises, skiing, cycling, boating, swimming. The leading place in terms of value and area in a large multifunctional park (up to 100 hectares) is occupied by a sports complex, which includes playgrounds for tennis, volleyball, basketball, games in towns, etc. The experience of designing parks shows that in areas of mass visits and in In the sports and recreation area, recreational loads are high and, as a rule, are at least 100 people per hectare. In large parks, sports complexes are being designed, including: football field (100 X 70 m); basketball courts (30 X 20 m); volleyball (14 X 23 m); small towns (15x30 m); tennis courts (20x40 m); gymnastic ground; track and field core; shooting range (50 m); weightlifting area; cycle track; swimming pool; gym. By size sports complexes are divided into small - with a plot area of ​​at least 3 hectares and seating stands from 1,500 to 3,000 seats; medium - with a plot area of ​​at least 5 hectares and seating stands from 3,000 to 10,000 seats; large - respectively up to 10 hectares and 10,000...50,000 places. On the territory of a large sports complex, it is necessary to provide such facilities as wardrobes, showers, judges' rooms, a doctor's room, and a rest room. Ancillary facilities are: warehouses, workshops, etc. When designing a sports area with football field, sports fields it is necessary to orient these structures with a long axis from north to south with a permissible deviation for the latitude of the place from 45 to 60 ° by 5 ... 15 ° (in the Arctic - up to 25 °). When designing an outdoor sports facility, it is necessary to pay attention to the environment of the facility and the influence of adverse environmental factors - noise, dust, soot, northern (cold) winds and prevailing strong (more than 5 m / s) winds in this place. According to existing standards, the groundwater level should not exceed 70 cm from the surface of the football field.

Recreation area for children. For children's recreation, it is necessary to allocate areas with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions. The territory can be solved in the form of: a) a local complex (at the main entrance); b) the main game complex (at the main entrance) and its branches (at additional entrances, in other parts of the park); c) individual sites or groups located on the territory of the park, taking into account the current natural situation. The last two options are typical for parks large sizes, as well as parks surrounded by residential areas. When placing vegetation, it is necessary to take into account the shading of the territory, especially in the parks of the southern regions of cities. In the northern regions, where there are few sunny days, the shading of the park has a negative effect on visitors.

When designing children's playgrounds, their classification should be provided. Playgrounds are divided into: sand play areas; playgrounds for water games; playgrounds for creative games related to technical modeling, construction (for example, Robinson playgrounds, etc.), drawing, modeling. Allocate playgrounds for learning the rules of traffic and riding cars, bicycles and scooters; adventure sites - space, underwater, fabulous fortresses and towns; playgrounds-zoos and playgrounds-attractions; playgrounds for outdoor games, etc. According to approximate standards, playgrounds for sedentary games with sand for children under 3 years old are provided in size from 10 ... 100 m 2 at a rate of 3 m 2 per child). Playgrounds for outdoor collective games of children aged 4...6 years - size 120...300 m 2 at a rate of 5.0 m 2 per child. Playgrounds for outdoor collective games for children aged 7 ... 12 years old are provided with a size of up to 400 m. For teenage children 12 ... 15 years old, playgrounds for various outdoor games are provided - from singles to mass sports games - with a size of 2150. .. ...7000 m 2 at a rate of 10 m 2 per visitor and play complexes for children aged 14 (grounds for outdoor collective games; size

1200 ... 7000 m 2 at a rate of 15.0 m 2 per visitor). A number of original equipment elements for adventure and water games have been developed by various design organizations in Russia and private design firms. The projects provide for the use of unified standard parts made of wood, concrete, and plastics. Variable details are used to create elements of gaming equipment, small forms of architecture of an "anti-vandal" nature. Recreation areas for children it is recommended to allocate on the basis of an analysis of the natural features of the territory and provide for them taking into account the use of the relief, water bodies, vegetation in combination with artificial elements (structures, playground equipment, coating). Playgrounds in the park should be isolated from the transit traffic of adult park visitors. The planning decision of the children's complex should be simple, clear for the free orientation of the child in the area, but not devoid of fiction. The optimal type of volumetric-spatial structure of the children's area is a semi-open landscape with playgrounds with structures, lawns, and groups of trees. In the southern regions, shading devices such as canopies, gazebos should be placed, as well as large groups of trees should be provided.

Walking zone of quiet, passive rest. The area for quiet recreation should occupy the largest share in relation to the entire territory of the park (up to 70%). Recreational loads, as a rule, should be reduced to 40...50 people/ha. The walking area is located on a rugged terrain (natural or artificial), among glades, groves, plantations, and reservoirs. The composition is built entirely on the basis of natural factors according to the types of multidimensional spatial structure. On the territory of parks with inexpressive forms of relief, lack of vegetation and water bodies, the task is to create a full-fledged landscape gardening landscape by means of landscape design (Fig. 4.8).

Rice. 4.8. An example of an urban park in the central part of the city (Hungary, Budapest). The three-dimensional structure is built on the principle of a combination of open and semi-open spaces. The centers of gravity are a boating pond, an outdoor theater

air, organized on a weakly expressed relief

A large role is given to determining the range, capacity and number of landscape gardening facilities, which depends on the size and type of the park. It is necessary to calculate the number of structures depending on the one-time capacity of the entire park and the approximate distribution of visitors across the park zones. The calculation data are specified by the design task. All structures should not overload the general nature of the garden landscape and harmoniously fit into its landscapes. Structures are identified and decorated with plant groupings of various types; they must be made in a single style direction. So, especially in areas of mass visitation, capital structures should be compositionally linked both with the adjacent buildings and with the rest of the park. On fig. Figures 4.9-4.12 show examples of the planning of multifunctional parks in Russian cities. On fig. 4.13 and 4.14 are examples of the layout of district parks.

Landscape-architectural and planning organization of the park territory. The composition of the multifunctional park is multicenter. The mutual arrangement of compositional centers can be radial and consistent (or free). When designing a park, it is necessary to provide for a protective strip of wood-handicraft

Rice. 4.9.

1 - main entrance; 2 - parking lots; 3 - parterre; 4 - stadium; 5 - outdoor swimming pool; 6 - decorative reservoir; 7 - boat station; 8 - town of youth; 9 - green theater; 10 - sports grounds; 11 - town of young naturalists; 12 - game channel for kids

nickname plantations and separate plots with the placement of entrances, parking lots, utility yard. The depth of such a protective strip is designed to be approximately 1/10 of the width of the park, but not less than

10 ... 20 and no more than 150 m. In addition to performing utilitarian functions, the protective strip is a link between the park and its environment, as well as an important compositional tool that visually expands the interior of the park.

Entrances to the park(major and secondary) are scheduled based on its location, size and attendance. Main entrance design from the side of the largest flow of visitors. It should be taken into account that

Rice. 4.10.

riverbank):

• 1 - approaches to the park; 2 - entertainment-mass zone; 3 - town of youth; 4 - children's area (for younger children); 5 - sports zone (stadium); 6 - attractions; 7 - a zone of quiet rest and walks; 8 - economic zone (greenhouse; nursery, administration);
• 9 - beaches; 10 - islands on the river (according to L. B. Lunts)

multifunctional parks are usually used in winter. For this purpose, year-round institutions, such as cultural and educational, entertainment, etc., are recommended to be located near the entrances to the park. Distances between entrances to large parks, as a rule, should be taken at 500 m.

The artistic unity of the park territory is achieved by various means and is conditioned by the potential possibilities of natural conditions, the absolute dominant (compositional center), the volume-spatial solution and the system of main and auxiliary viewpoints. From the theory of landscape art, the following methods of forming landscapes are well known. This is first of all: differentiation of landscape paintings into basic spatial plans,

trees, arrays, curtains

small forms: cafes, stages the border of the territory proposed for construction in 1964 - 65. the boundaries of the plots allocated for building

boundaries of territories landscaped by 50...60%

Rice. 4.11. Druzhba Park layout plan in Moscow (laid down in 1957, the project of the Mosproekt-3 workshop, in 2006 the territory was overhauled):

1 - site of memorial landings; 2 - youth palace; 3 - playground; 4 - green theater; 5 - stage; 6 - cafe; 7 - international student hostel; 8 - economic services; 9- Metro station; 10- bus station; 11 - Monument of Friendship of Peoples

identification of the boundaries of the first, second and background, the scenario method of construction, i.e. the location of landscapes at intervals of 30 ... 150 m, neutral in nature, monotonous areas of plantations.

When designing a park for pre-project survey stages needed careful landscape analysis to identify potential viewpoints, to establish the range of depth and width of landscape paintings, the spatial relationship of compositional nodes. Landscape organization of large park complexes calculated on the perception in motion.

The space-planning structure of the park area includes the main and secondary walking routes covering all the functional areas of the park and its landscapes. Large park areas

Rice. 4.12.

1 - the main entrance to the park; 2 - main alley; 3 - gardening service; 4 - complex of attractions; 5 - indoor amusement pavilion; 6 - rescue station; 7 - children's beach; 8 - ship village; 9 - layout of a fragment of the city center; 10 - alley of twin cities of St. Petersburg; 11 - children's harbor; 12 - international flower show with a section of diasporas of St. Petersburg; 13 - viewing platform; 14 - cafe; 15 - alcove; 16 - public toilet; 17 - tennis courts, sports grounds; 18 - beach; 19 - viewing platform; 20 - hotel; 21 - business center; 22 - aquapark; 23 - tennis stadium; 24 - indoor gyms; 25 - conference hall, restaurant; 26 - boathouses for small size fleet

Rice. 4.13.

XX century). The park is located in the floodplain of the Bitza River on a steep terrain:

1-3 - entrances to the park from the microdistricts in the form of platforms; 4-6 - playgrounds for children; 7 - lawn for games; 8, 9 - sports grounds with stands; 10-12 - open areas with floral decoration; 13 - playing field. The central axis is a transformed river bed with a system of dams, dams and artificially formed reservoirs; I

II, III, IV, V - lawn open spaces

torii are decided on basis of the axial structure. At the same time, the main and secondary perspectives can functionally and compositionally obey the planning axis or serve as a direction for movement along it. Axial compositions can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

| - a zone of walks and a quiet rest

Children's play area ^ - entrances to the garden

Sports and physical culture complex

Rice. 4.14. An example of a residential area park layout: A- layout: U - stadium and sports grounds; 2 - complex of swimming pools; 3 - restaurant and dance floor; 4 - green theater; 5 - cinema; 6 - Exhibition Pavilion; 7 - boat station; 8 - observation tower; 9 - sheds and pavilions; 10 - swimming pool; 11 - beach; 12 - pond for boating; 13 - decorative reservoir; b - territory zoning scheme; V - tree-shrub group "1": (U - elm; 2 - derain white; 3 - barberry Thunberg); G - tree and shrub group "2" (U - birch; 2 - Siberian fir; 3 - spirea Van Gutta); d- tree and shrub group "3" (U - white poplar; 2 - small-leaved linden); e - tree-shrub group near the reservoir "4" (U - white willow; weeping form); and- array of mixed plantations "5" (U - birch, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, hazel, euonymus; 2 - derain white; 3 - birch group)

| - zone of mass types of recreation

Symmetrical compositions(both static and dynamic) contribute to the organization and ordering of the park composition. Asymmetric solutions meet modern trends in park construction, identify elements of the landscape, provide viewing conditions, make it possible to avoid monotony, and reduce the amount of earthworks.

The balance of parts and the whole in the composition of the park, the ordering of the variety of elements, the correspondence between a person and his objective environment are achieved by observing architectural and artistic proportions of the entire territory object. Volumetric-spatial organization of landscape gardening, the ratio of closed and open spaces should correspond to the artistic design, the situation of the area (the presence of relief, water bodies, etc.) and natural conditions. Of particular importance are radiation regime of the environment, degree of insolation territory. To create comfortable conditions for recreation in the parks of southern cities, shaded areas are needed - more than 50 ... 60% of the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe park. In the parks of the northern cities, preference should be given to open spaces, illuminated alleys. For parks in the middle lane, an equal ratio of spaces (50 to 50%) or with a slight excess towards shading is recommended.

Volumetric-spatial composition of the park territory, as well as any object of landscape architecture, is formed due to certain types of parkland(TPN) - tree and shrub massifs, curtains, groves, groups, flower beds, open glades and lawns, alleys, hedges. Types of park plantations should be in harmony with each other, obey the laws of landscape composition in accordance with proportions, scale, color. In addition, the volume-spatial composition is formed not only by plantings, but also by various structures, small architectural forms, equipment, sites for various purposes, and a road and footpath network. When designing, it should be taken into account that types of parkland: massifs and clumps, groves, groups of trees and shrubs, lawns and glades with a grassy cover - should frame functional areas, decorate structures, create contrast closed, semi-open and open spaces.

The ratio of spaces of various types, formed by sites, park structures, plantings, and the methods of their interconnection determine the structure of the volume-spatial composition. When designing, the ratio of open, semi-open and closed spaces. The experience of designing parks in various natural and climatic conditions in Russia allows us to draw some conclusions on the types of volumetric and spatial structure of parks. In table. 4.3 provides data from the experience of the design institute Soyuzgiprokommunstroy (70s of the XX century).

Table 4.3. Approximate ratio of types of volumetric-spatial structure in the territory of parks

The given data are conditional. In some cases, a larger percentage of the territory is allocated to open spaces, for example, in the territories of specialized parks. The comfort of the park environment, the artistic expressiveness of the park depends on the rational placement of various types of spaces. Open spaces: glades, lawns, ponds, playgrounds - create a single system of large and small spaces that seem to flow from one to another, communicating, stimulating the ventilation of the territory

Park roads, alleys and playgrounds. When designing a park, it is necessary to represent the location of the main and secondary roads, sites, and establish their interconnections. Roads and alleys are an integral planning element of the park. The road network connects the entrances to the park with functional areas and sites. As the experience of creating parks shows, in the balance of the territory of a city park, roads and alleys, as a rule, make up 8 ... 15%, sites - from 5 ... 10% to 20%. A dense network of roads does not contribute to orientation in the park area, imposes a fragmentation of the landscape composition, and worsens the condition of plantings. On fig. 4.15 shows an example of tracing park alleys and roads.

Table 4.4. Typology and purpose of the road network in parks

Rice. 4.15. Examples of the layout of park alleys and roads (left - profile, right - plan): a, b - main pedestrian alleys; V- embankment alley; G- intersection of the alley with a bike path; d- horse trail and trail; on right: 1 - the main traffic lane along the main alley; 2 - additional lane; 3 - minor road; 4 - additional road or trail; 5 - bike path; 6 - road for horseback riding; 7 - flower garden; 8 - lawn; 9 - plantations

When designing, it should be taken into account that the passage of vehicles on the main and secondary alleys and roads can be allowed with strict observance of traffic safety rules.

When designing roads, it should be taken into account that the width of pedestrian alleys includes pedestrian zones, dividing lanes, trays, lanes and “wests” for installing benches. The arrangement of dividing green strips is arranged, as a rule, with an alley width of 10 ... 12 m. Roads have both utilitarian and decorative purposes, they are visual, guiding axes of the park, allowing you to perceive individual park pictures in the intended sequence. According to sanitary and technical requirements, the road surface should be smooth, comfortable for walking, not bright in color, compatible with the environment and not dusty. Asphalt concrete pavements are used (farm roads, etc.), tiles, rammed roads stabilized with lime, crushed granite seedings, gravel, etc. Tiled pavement facilitates the access of air and moisture to the soil, which has a positive effect on the development of plants, simplifies road repair (plate sizes 50 x 50, 30 x 30 cm, etc., thickness 3.5 ... 7.0 cm). By changing the laying pattern of the slabs, the intervals between them, you can achieve diversity and give a certain attractiveness to the park area. It should be taken into account that the park visitor looks at the path in front of him 30% of the time. When designing, it should be remembered that the outline of the roads, their smooth, but elastic turns, without unnecessary curvature, not justified by the functional purpose, in combination with plants, are an element that decorates the park landscape.

When designing a park, great importance should be attached to sites for various purposes. Site types are given in Table. 4.5.

Table 4.5. Types of park sites and their approximate parameters

Sports grounds in parks are designed in accordance with and according to the norms of SNiP Part II - 2001 "Sports Facilities".

Of great importance in modern conditions is the placement of sites for parking lots. Parking lots for visitors to the park should be located outside its territory, but no further than 400 m from the entrance to the park. Parking lots are designed based on 5...7 parking spaces per 100 one-time visitors. The sizes of land plots of parking lots per one place are accepted: for cars - 25 m 2, for buses - 40 m 2, for bicycles - 0.9 m 2. The specified dimensions do not include the area of ​​entrances and dividing strips, in which plantings in the form of hedges of stable shrubs are placed.

In large parks (over 100 ha), organization of flower-greenhouse economy.

Small architectural forms and structures. In multifunctional parks, when distributing structures, one should adhere to the standards given in Table. 4.6.

Table 4.6. An indicative list of structures for zones of a medium-sized multifunctional park

The end of the table. 4.6

Accounting for natural components in the design. The process of designing a multifunctional park is inextricably linked with natural conditions, the master plan for the development of the city, which dictates the nature of its general spatial concept, the basis for which is the interaction of elements of architecture and landscape. figurative solution Some parks are based on a combination and identification of the main features of the existing landscape, others - on its cardinal changes, especially when building a park on uncomfortable, disturbed territories. On the basis of the landscape-genetic features of the territory, taking into account the town-planning significance (city, district park), the size of the park territory, regularities in the construction of the planning composition are revealed. When designing, the features of the area should be taken into account: the presence of slopes and small relief contours, heterogeneity of geological and hydrological conditions, heterogeneity of soils and vegetation, specificity of the local climate and microclimate, general sanitary and hygienic state of the territory. It is necessary to strictly take into account the functional and planning organization of the territory and the placement of park facilities. The fundamental role is played by the main components of the landscape gardening landscape - relief, reservoirs, vegetation.

Relief. The relief of the territory of the park creates the basis for the architecture of the landscape, divides the space, closing or opening it, ensures the creation of picturesque plans, species perspectives. rugged relief complicates and increases the cost of building structures and areas that require a flat surface and stable soils, and therefore is mainly used for organizing walking forms of recreation. Parks are being created flat and complex terrain. When creating parks on flat terrain subtle irregularities of the earth's surface, small hills, closed depressions are used, which are arranged on the rhythm of horizontal planes, on the intensification of surface differences by creating a bulengrin, vertugarden, including a water parterre, enlivening the monotony of the earth's surface. The decisive role is played by emphasizing the illusory perception of microrelief forms by strengthening vertical marks. So, for example, reservoirs are designed on the depressions of the relief, trees and shrubs, structures on the elevations of the relief. There are also possible deliberately complicated road tracing, the installation of bulk hills, the diversity of panoramas from different heights of the scenes of plantings.

The planning composition should use natural landforms - slopes and floodplain terraces, mountainous areas (territories), mountain valleys, ravines. On areas with pronounced relief to enhance the expressiveness of park landscapes, one should consider stepped composition of the terrace system. The upper terraces can be arranged with wide perspectives, the lower ones with more limited views. Structures can be placed on wide terraces, and steep sections of slopes can be left free from development. D 7 i mountain areas characteristic is the spiral development of the composition, its gradual disclosure to the surrounding landscapes. The top of the mountain is used as a viewing terrace with a platform for construction. park mountain valley landscape is formed as a longitudinal axis of the composition and is built taking into account the visual impact mountain slopes, dividing space into zones, using insolated slopes for arranging recreation areas. In the ravine area it is necessary to develop a large or small visual axis, depending on the shape of the ravine. The forms of the ravine dictate the predominance of closed compositions. At the same time, the organization of the upper viewpoints on the edges is acceptable and effective, and the exit from the underestimated part of the park can be expressive. Depending on the general planning system, the processing of the slopes of ravines is carried out by smoothing the hillocks, filling in the depressions, fixing the slopes with grasses and shrubs. At a high height, the slope can be divided into ledges using terraces, retaining walls decorated with grottoes, cascades, natural stone, lianas, and stairs connecting the terraces with each other.

The nature of the road and path network, sharp turns of the roads depend on the degree of ruggedness, dissection of the relief. When tracing roads on terrain with the largest longitudinal slopes (up to 60%), stairs should be provided. Direct lifts with slopes of the order of 10 ... 15% should be replaced with diagonal ones. Serpentine type roads with diagonal directions suit on steep slopes. When designing in areas located on hilly terrain, mountain slopes, in the ravines, it is possible to use the creation technique rocky gardens regular or landscape planning, including a reservoir, a stream. The composition of such a garden is dictated by its function, relief, selection of plants, stones. On fig. 4.16 shows the method of geoplastics (i.e., the creation of an artificial microrelief) in certain sections of the park area by excavating the soil when creating

Rice. 4.16. Reception of formation of an artificial microrelief in the park, (architects

I. N. Razuvaeva, N. V. Gavrilova, L. A. Troitskaya and others): A:1 - lake; 2 - entrance; Observation deck; 3 - decorative cascade; 4 - administration; 5 - greenhouse; 6 - garden "Nature and fantasy"; 7 - "Glade southern sun»; 8 - southern slope; 9 - lawn for games and public events; 10 - zone with sports and gaming equipment; b- methods of relief geoplastics in the park areas: 1 - Hill; 2, 3 - recreation areas; 4 - trail

Danish lakes, embankments of an artificial hill, arrangement of viewing platforms, etc.

water surfaces. Water surfaces in parks can be represented by reservoirs and water devices of both natural and artificial origin. Water is effectively used as a means of healing natural environment, aesthetic enrichment of the landscape and the creation of full-fledged recreation areas. Significant reservoirs (of natural or artificial origin) are the compositional center, a kind of "ecological core" of the park, influencing the planning decision as a whole. An analysis of the layout of a number of urban multifunctional parks in Russia, Ukraine and other countries allows us to distinguish the following types of parks according to the nature and location of water bodies, water surface area:

• coastal parks - the park area is adjacent to a reservoir (sea, lake, river, reservoir). They can be divided into three subtypes: mainland, peninsular and insular (1...2 islands or more);
• parks with large bodies of water - the area of ​​the water surface is over 30% of the total area of ​​the park. The presence of large water surfaces contributes to the creation of sports parks, which are sometimes considered as water parks;
• parks with medium-sized bodies of water(reservoir, lake, river) - the area of ​​water surfaces is 15 ... 30%;
• parks with small ponds(stream, pond, lake, water device) - the area of ​​water surfaces is up to 15%.

Water surfaces included in park areas substantiate the composition of landscapes, the placement of structures and the routing of roads. Water bodies include rivers, canals, reservoirs, ponds. To water devices - pools, fountains, fast currents, drops. Park reservoirs can be classified according to the following criteria: natural and artificial; large (main rivers, rivers of the I-II order, lakes, reservoirs with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares), medium (rivers of the III order, reservoirs and ponds with an area of ​​10 ... 100 hectares), small (rivers of the IV order, streams, lakes, ponds with an area less than 10 ha); water devices deep (more than 3 m), medium depth (1 ... 3 m), shallow (up to 1 m); flowing (rivers, streams, canals), stagnant (lakes, reservoirs, ponds); long (rivers, canals), compact (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, pools).

When designing parks for floodplains the width of the floodplain should be taken into account; such a width should be at least 400 m, while it is necessary to allocate peaty areas. Flooding of park plantings is allowed once every 10 years (10% probability) and flooding of capital facilities with floods once every 100 years (1% probability).

In this regard, the experimental demonstrative park of culture and recreation in Krasnodar, located in the floodplain of the Kuban River (architect V. N. Antoninov), is of interest.

When designing parks in floodplains, the following options for engineering preparation of the territory are possible: partial filling of beaches and sites for buildings, arrangement of polders with gravity discharge of water into the lower parts of the reservoir, complete or partial filling of the territory, embankment, drainage, as well as the creation of new water areas and artificial landforms.

When designing reservoirs in parks, it should be taken into account that the state of the water causes different moods in a person. Moving waters (waterfall, cascade, river) evoke a feeling of cheerfulness and joy in a person. The water of a closed reservoir - a pond, a pool, their reflective water mirror contributes to dreaminess, tranquility. The speed of the flow, the direction of the riverbed are determined by the relief, the components of the rocks, for example, a stormy noisy mountain river or a calm current, smooth bends of lowland rivers. The streams running among stones, grasses, trees in the park are spectacular with their movement, sparkling in the sun, and the music of murmuring water. Fountains in parks create an atmosphere of splendor, completeness of the composition.

When designing parks on the coast of the seas, lakes it is necessary to take into account the orientation of the water space on the axis of the alleys, tracing esplanades and embankments. From viewing platforms, terraces, water surfaces should be opened with a developed panorama of the opposite bank, the riverbed with changing patterns of banks. An unpleasant impression is left by the park composition, not opened towards the reservoir, not taking into account its proximity. When artificially flooding the park, it is advisable to use ravines, gullies, worked-out quarries, natural relief depressions, and wetlands to create reservoirs. Such forms of the earth's surface are filled with water: small rivers and watercourses by blocking them; major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs by diverting water; emerging to the surface and high-standing groundwater - by land reclamation and clearing of wetlands.

On fig. 4.17 shows an example of a park on a large river.

Rice. 4.17. An example of water use in the Amur Park in Khabarovsk:

1 - urban development; 2 - exhibition of achievements of the national economy of the Khabarovsk Territory; 3 - sports zone; 4 - rowing channel; 5 - playground; 6 - beach; 7- walking area; 8 -

parking

In some cases, it is advisable to use water from specially designed wells to power large sports swimming and decorative pools, fountains and other water devices. It is allowed to take water from the drinking water supply only for feeding small water devices (decorative, children's splashing pools, small fountains). decorative pools varied in shape, size, depth (0.4 ... 0.5 m). They are low-sided, allowing you to fully use the beauty of the mirror surface of the water in the landscape of the park. For normal visual perception, the pool area should not exceed 1/3 of the surrounding space. For decorative purposes in parks and urban areas are used fountains various types with or without a pool (water absorption by a draining surface covered with gravel or pebbles) (Fig. 4.18):

• high multi-jet and single-jet (2 ... 5 m high),
• curtain fountains,
• plate fountains (40...50 cm high),
• lens fountains of different colors and heights, wrapped in a film of water, etc.

/)> H> 0.5D

Where ABOUT - pool diameter; H - jet height.

Rice. 4.18.

from fountains of different heights

In coastal and shallow areas, as well as in some places of decorative pools, transitions from concrete blocks and stones are equipped. To obtain the greatest hygienic and microclimatic effect in large areas of the designed parks, large reservoirs should be provided. It should be taken into account that reservoirs with large water surfaces have an extensive zone of influence - 400 ... 500 m, and when exposed to breezes - up to 2000 m.

The air is cleaned of dust and gas, temperature fluctuations are softened, and the relative humidity of the air is increased. The nature of the formation of the park landscape with water surfaces depends on the origin of reservoirs, their location in the park, functional use (recreational, sports, decorative), size, shape of the water surface and view from the coastline and from the water surface. Of great importance is the construction of panoramas of coastal landscapes near reservoirs of compact and extended shape, as well as the organization of species in the sequence of surveys near reservoirs of complex configuration. When designing a coastline, one should take into account the orientation, prevailing winds, topography, the outlines of the coasts and link them with the tasks of the composition. With a sufficient area of ​​the reservoir (10 ... 15 ha), it is recommended to form coastal plantations in the form of groups of trees that are clean in composition, contrasting in height, texture, and color of crowns. The inclusion of free-standing trees enriches the landscape. When solving reservoirs elongated shape the northern shore should be well lit, have plantings with bright colors, well-developed tree crowns. When designing, beautifully flowering plants should be used. To perceive the shaded southern coast, trees with light crowns (willows, birches, poplars) are introduced. East coast The reservoir is especially spectacular in the afternoon, so plantings here are decided in the form of compact groups of trees. On the western shore of the reservoir, it is recommended to provide groups of trees and single specimens (tapeworms). In addition to woody plants, herbaceous plants are also used:

Coastal - Siberian iris, marsh forget-me-not, swamp fireweed

ny and etc.;

• shallow water - 0.45 ... 0.60 m depth - marsh iris, golden, calla, bitter shamrock and etc.;
• deep-sea - 1.5 ... 1.8 m depth - nut-bearing clematis, water lily, yellow water lily, etc.

The composition of the park can be enriched with islands, different in configuration and topography. One or two types of trees are placed on the islands (pine, spruce, birch, larch, willow), and in some cases pavilions, monuments and bridges. With an island area of ​​0.1 to 0.6 ha, the water surface area should be 10...12 ha.

The banks of reservoirs can be designed in the form of:

• slope, reinforced with turf and with a stone side,
• slope with stone cladding,
• retaining wall with balustrade.

Wild unprocessed (natural) stone can be used to process the banks of a stream.

The greatest healing effect is achieved when using park reservoirs for swimming, sunbathing and air bathing, boating, recreational and sport fishing. On summer days, reservoirs attract up to 70% of park visitors, of which 50 ... 60% relax on the beaches (a quarter of them swim), 6% - on boats, 4% go fishing and take walks along the coast.

Leisure beaches when designing, it is necessary to place on the southern, southeastern and southwestern slopes, sufficiently protected from cold air currents, on a dry sandy or grassy coastal strip more than 50 m wide, at least 30% of which can be used as a beach. Bathing places (rivers with a length of more than 10 km and a width of more than 50 m; ponds, lakes with an area of ​​at least 10 hectares; an average depth of 1.5 ... outlets of abundant groundwater and springs, 100 m above the places of discharge of treated wastewater.

When designing, approximate standards (SNiP 2.07.01-89 *) should be taken into account. Thus, the area of ​​the water surface for swimming should be 14 m 2 for adults and at least 10 m 2 for a bathing child. The bathing area is limited by warning buoys (1.7 m high). The health-improving beach is designed at the rate of 5...7 m 2 , the medical one - 8...12 m 2 per visitor. The capacity of the beach should not exceed 1.5 ... 2.0 thousand people. Beach equipment, as a rule, includes: one dressing room for 20 vacationers, a drinking fountain for 200 m2 of beach, 50 m2 of shady areas for 1 ha of beach, two volleyball courts for 1.5 ha of beach, a single toilet for 150 vacationers.

When developing the project, it is necessary to provide for windbreaks of plantings with a width of 25 ... 50 m, depending on the direction, speed and frequency of the wind. Dividing the beach with backstage plantings will ensure the rational use of the territory.

boat stations should be located away from marinas, beaches, swimming and recreational fishing. Capacity of boat stations and berths: minimum - 10, maximum - 50 boats. The length of the mooring boom must be at least twice the length of the longest boat, the width is 5 m, the height above the water is 0.15 m. The length of the berth for one boat is 1...2 m. river parks, artificial canals, existing lakes and reservoirs, as well as ponds (with a width of 50 m or more and a depth of at least 0.8 m). For one boat, the length of the water section of the pond should be 0.3 ... 0.5 km, the area - 0.2 ... 0.5 ha. It is desirable that several ponds are connected to each other and an interesting boat route is laid. For sailing boats, the length of the water area per one boat is 0.3 ... 0.5 km, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe reservoir is 7 ... 20 hectares. Therefore, their use is possible in the presence of reservoirs, ponds with an area of ​​​​more than 100 hectares, a river with a length of more than 1.5 km, a width of 0.3 km and a depth of more than 1.2 m. motor boats the length of the water section is more than 2 km, the area of ​​​​the reservoir is 20 ... 40 hectares is reserved for one boat.

For motor boats, reservoirs, canals, rivers with a length of more than 5 km and a width of more than 50 m are used; lakes, ponds - with an area of ​​​​more than 200 hectares and a depth of more than 2.0 m.

Vegetation. Vegetation is one of the main components of a multifunctional park. Plantings in parks can be of various types. As mentioned above, these are massifs, groves, clumps, groups, tapeworms, alleys, hedges, spaces of glades and lawns with a grassy cover. Types of parkland are the basis of the type of spatial structure of the park (TPS) and the sustainability of the created cultural garden and park landscape in the urban environment. In central Russia, more than 200 species of trees and shrubs and about 200 species of herbaceous plants can be used. When selecting plants, they are divided into the main (local plants or those in a long-term culture) and an additional assortment. The main forest-forming species should form the basis of the TPN, designed on large areas of multifunctional parks in central Russia: spruce, pine, oak, linden, birch. An additional assortment of plants depends on the size, function of the object and is mainly used to create accents in shape, color, texture. The plantings must be biologically stable, the combination of plants close to natural. The determination of the main park-forming species of woody plants corresponding to the forest conditions (climate, relief and soils) of the developed territory is carried out using two methods for assessing forest conditions:

• vegetation cover dominant;
• phytoindications of climate and soils.

The following classification units are accepted for the phytoindication method: site type, forest type, stand type. Using the taxation, geobotanical or soil description of the territory allocated for the organization of the park, the possible composition of the main park-forming rocks is determined.

Arrays. The arrays are used to recreate the natural landscape in large city parks and forest parks. The area of ​​plantings in city parks is 1...4 ha or more. Depending on the dominant tree plant species arrays are subdivided into coniferous (dark and light coniferous) and deciduous (broad and small-leaved); in composition - into pure, made up of the same breed, and mixed; by structure - single-tier and multi-tier (when the crown floors are located on different height). Choice the main species that form the array determines its appearance: spruce, fir, beech, hornbeam with dark trunks and dense leaves form gloomy shady plantations; pine, birch, larch, ash, acacia, having transparent crowns, form sunny and bright plantings. Companion breeds enhance and enrich the forest environment, emphasizing the decorative qualities of the parent breed through contrast or nuanced relationships. For example, ate set off the whiteness of the trunk, the lightness of the crowns and the mobility of the leaves birches Arrays and clumps of plantings, designed in the park along its border, adjacent buildings and highways, perform an important protective, sanitizing function (noise and dust protection from city highways).

Groves. In city parks with a limited area, small tree tracts with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bno more than 1.0 ha are created, consisting for the most part from one species of woody plants, which gives them a peculiar appearance. An example is a grove of birches (birch grove).

Groups of trees and shrubs. These are a kind of plant groupings, widely used in parks and other landscaping objects, which form, as it were, an intermediate link between arrays, groves and open spaces. For groups, plant species with the most attractive crown shape, pattern of branches, foliage, compatible with each other in ecological and decorative terms, are appropriate. Groups of trees can be clean, made up of one type of plant, mixed and surrounded by shrubs. Groups of shrubs, if possible, are located against the background of arrays of trees. The number of specimens in a group of shrubs depends on the species composition of plants and is usually determined by their size, for example: large shrubs ( lilac, hawthorn, honeysuckle, sucker etc.) - 3 ... 4 m from each other; average ( barberry, golden currant, lilac, red-leaved rose) - D..2 m; small (magnolia, two-flowered broom, cinquefoil) - 0.5 ... 1 m. When forming groups, it is necessary to take into account the proportionality and unity of parts, rhythm, scale, proportions, contrast. So, contrasts arise when comparing trees with opposite properties of crowns. weeping crown birches favorably shaded by a dense pyramidal shape fir or spruce, large-leaved trees contrast well with trees covered with small leaves, the dark green foliage of plants stands out against the background of light green foliage, etc. When creating contrasts, the color of not only leaves, but also branches, trunks, flowers can be taken into account. Comparison of tiers of different stands also forms a contrast, for example, undergrowth from juniper contrasts in shape and color with the upper canopy birch. In this case, one of the plant species should be in a dominant position, and the other species should be subordinate to the first species. On fig. 4.19 gives examples of types of groups of woody plants from several species in various quantitative ratios. On fig. 4.20 shows a diagram of the long-term formation of picturesque groups from woody plants.

Tapeworms. These are single specimens, as a rule, trees growing separately, in open places, in clearings. Tapeworms are formed by planting seedlings as part of a homogeneous group of plants

Rice. 4.19.

• (author Prof. I. O. Bogovaya):
  • 1 (A- texture: coarse, medium fine; B- closure 0.8, 0.3; IN- planting form: simple, complex; G- color: dark light; D- habitus: symmetrical, asymmetric; E- value: large crown projection area, small); II - shrubs in groups (A: 1 - enrichment of color, texture; 2 - duration of flowering; 3 - creating a monolith: A- when illuminating new territories; b- during the reconstruction of old ones; B: classification of groups by composition: 1 - pure groups: a, b- deciduous; c, g- coniferous; 2 - mixed groups: a, b - deciduous; c, g - coniferous; d - deciduous; e - coniferous; and - mixed)

ny. By gradual selection in such a group, the most viable and beautiful specimen is left. Against the background of a lawn, trees with regular cone-shaped and spherical shapes are preferred, against the background of a natural forest, a spreading crown is more appropriate, near the water - weeping, etc.

This type of plantation is formed along park roads, along their borders, forming a shady vault, which provides good conditions for walking, especially in areas with a hot summer sun. In areas with a cool, humid climate, the alleys are formed in the form of sparse plantings of trees, which contributes to better development of trees and creates a spectacular combination of light and shadows. The wider and

Rice. 4.20. Composition of groups of woody plants in the process of age variability: a-c - sequentially during the growth and development of plants; formation of an edge from rapidly growing species of shrubs (section, plan); Mrs.- age variability in the process of growth and development. Plants of the 1st class in height, 2nd class in height, 3rd class in height (associated species)

the longer the alley, the more powerfully growing species of trees with a wide crown are used to create it, and the greater the distance should be between them both in length and in width (Fig. 4.21). Trees for creating alleys should have straight trunks and crowns of approximately the same shape, for example, spherical or pyramidal. When creating shaded alleys, use linden, maple, oak, chestnut and other types. Alleys "light" are formed from trees with transparent crowns. This larch, birch, ash and etc.

Rice. 4.21.

A (general view): the formation of landscapes: A- regular placement of trees with a dense crown; b - a curved track with a sparse row of trees; V - a curved track with the placement of trees in groups; B (plan): a, b - of two types of trees with division into rows, V - formation at the planning node (crossing of paths and grounds)

Hedges, green walls. Such types of plantings are created from trees and shrubs and are used for dense framing or delimitation of any park plots, playgrounds, for arranging green curtains at summer theaters and stages, creating a clear perspective on any object or view, masking individual structures, decorating the background a monument, etc. To create hedges and "green walls" use the linear placement of plants in one row, in two or three rows. As an assortment of plants, species that tolerate pruning well are used: trees (spruce, thuja, juniper, linden, elm, hornbeam, beech, field maple) And shrubs (privet, hawthorn, shadberry, cotoneaster, lilac varieties and etc.).

Vertical gardening climbing plants are used to create shadow and wind screens, decorate building facades, decorate blank end walls, pergolas, arbors, tennis courts, etc. Some types of climbing plants ( girlish grapes, three-pointed, five-leafed, real, Amur; actinidia large; Chinese wisteria; wood pliers; Kirkazon Manchurian and etc.) reach a height of 15 ... 20 m.

Lawns. Lawns in parks form open spaces and are an artificial turf cover created by planting and growing certain types of grasses, mainly perennial grasses. Lawns occupy a significant part of the park area and are divided into: parterre, ordinary, landscape gardening and meadow. Parterre lawns (made of dense low-growing grasses of the same color) are located near park monuments, monuments, decorative ponds, fountains, and sculptural groups. Ordinary lawns are subject to such requirements as longevity, resistance to mechanical damage, shade tolerance. In this case, mixtures of several cereal perennial grasses with different types of tillering are used. Meadow lawns are usually created in large parks by improving natural herbage.

Flower beds. This type of planting is a means of decorating the territories of individual elements of parks. At the entrances to the territory, at the monuments, sculptural groups on the grounds, etc., regular design techniques are used in the form of a geometric form of parterres, flower beds, ridges, various vases, vertical three-dimensional compositions. They are formed mainly from summer flowers, biennial, carpet-deciduous and deciduous-flowering crops. In recreation areas, landscape types of flower beds are used: arrays, groups, mixborders, flowering lawns and single plantings of perennials. Large-scale compositions in the form of flower arrays measuring 100 ... 1000 m 2 or more are usually formed on glades and edges of groves mainly from perennials of bright colors. Groups of free pictorial outlines ranging in size from 3...5 to 40...50 m 2 are the most common type of design. Borders of perennials in the form of a strip 1 ... 3, and sometimes up to 5 m wide, are usually used to border roads and sites, arranged from low compact plants with abundant flowering and placed in sunny places protected from the wind. Single plantings of perennial bushes emphasize the compositionally most important places of lawns - at the entrances to the building, at the corners of the paths, at the crossing of roads, etc. - and are calculated for viewing from a distance of 2 ... 3 m.

Vegetation regulations. An important role in the design of plantings is played by the density (density) of park plantings per unit area. The norm of placement of trees and shrubs is determined depending on the compositional features of certain areas. IN central parts parks, in areas of mass visits, the average placement of trees is 90 ... 100 pieces, and shrubs - 1000 ... 1500 pieces. per 1 ha. Linear tree plantings in the form of alleys, borders, and hedges predominate here. In the walking parts of the parks, the predominance of dense groups, clumps, and massifs is typical. The density of plant placement is on average per 1 ha: trees - 170 ... 200 pieces, shrubs - 800 ... 1200 pieces. In the arrays, it is planned to plant seedlings of the 2nd group (8 ... 11 years old) with their placement at a distance of 5 x 5 m, or 400 pcs. per 1 ha. Sparse (loose) plantings are carried out with seedlings of the 3rd group (12 ... 16 years old) with an increase in distance up to 6 ... 8 m, or 230 pcs. per 1 ha. open landscapes are formed by single specimens of trees at the rate of 50 pcs. per 1 ha, and plants of the 3rd group (large seedlings). The ratio of trees and shrubs is accepted within 1: 4 ... 1: 10. The average norm for the density of plants in the territory of protective zones should be up to 400 pcs. trees and 1200 pcs. shrubs. Planting density in arrays can be up to 500 pcs. trees (seedlings of the 1st group) and up to 1200 pcs. shrubs.

So, for example, open theaters of mass song ("Singing Field") in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in the form of complex architectural complexes are designed for tens of thousands of singers. When organizing open theaters, their purpose is taken into account - for the demonstration of films, mass choral performances, universal, combining a number of functions.

The most massive type of city park is the park of culture and recreation. It is advisable to divide the territory of such parks into zones with the prevailing nature of use, including: mass events (spectacles, attractions, etc.) - 5 ... 17% of the total area of ​​​​the park; quiet rest - 50...75; cultural and educational events (requiring isolation from noisy forms of recreation) -3 ... 8; physical culture and health - 10 ... 20; rest of children - 5 ... 10; economic - 1 ... 5%.

Specific requirements are imposed on the placement and layout of each of the listed zones. The public events area is usually located near the main entrance to the park in order to reduce the flow of visitors through other areas of the park. It may include theater, cinema, dance floors, attractions, fields for festivals, mass games, etc. (Fig. 4.1). The improvement of the zone is calculated for a high density of visits, the movement of visitors is provided only along the alleys and paths. The Quiet Rest Zone occupies a large part of the park and is characterized by natural scenery. Any structures, except for small architectural forms such as arbors, trellises, garden furniture, are excluded here, subject to the necessary measures to protect vegetation, recreation is allowed on lawns, under trees, in glades. Green spaces and water bodies should occupy at least 90% of the area of ​​the zone. Such facilities as lecture halls, small exhibition pavilions and cafes, reading rooms, rooms for amateur studies can be allocated to a special cultural and educational zone or freely located throughout the park. Physical culture and recreation facilities (sports grounds and halls, swimming pools, solariums, skating rinks, equipment rental points) should preferably be combined into one complex in open areas with relatively flat terrain and water bodies, but skiing, cycling routes, swimming pools can be decentralized. The children's recreation area is usually located separately, at a small distance from the entrances to the park, with the help of greenery it is carefully protected from noise, dust and solar overheating. For the economic zone, a plot is allocated on the periphery of the park with its own exit to the adjacent street.

Rice. 4.1. An example of functional zoning. Park of Culture and Leisure "Mir" in Dnepropetrovsk: 1 - a zone of public events and the main entrance; 2 - zone of entertainment and attractions; 3 - children's recreation area; 4 - sports and recreation area; 5 - central clearing parka; b - ponds and artificial "mountains"; 7 - forest area; 5 - additional inputs

Rice. 4.2. Park of culture and recreation in the Katowice agglomeration (Poland): a - plan; b - general view of the central part of the park; 1 - town of attractions; 2 - zoo; 3 - exhibition of floriculture; 4 - bathing complex; 5 - "festival field"; 6 - stadium; 7 - water sports center; 8 - open theater; 9 - pioneer center; 10 - tourist center; 11 - the center of technical progress; 12 - cultural center, planetarium; 13 - cable car; 14 - narrow gauge railway

In each zone of the park, structures of the corresponding functional profile prevail, but they must be supplemented by the necessary service facilities (recreational areas, toilets, etc.).

Depending on local conditions, one or two zones may prevail in the park by reducing the area of ​​others (while maintaining the minimum size of the quiet recreation zone). In small parks (less than 30 hectares), it is preferable not to disperse the placement of park facilities, but to create a single park center close to the main entrance. It may consist of one developed architectural and planning complex, for example, a compact group of buildings around the main square for public events. This zone requires the highest level of improvement - tiled paving, decorative ponds in flower beds, lawns, etc.

The width of alleys and walking paths ranges from 3 to 10 m in the zone of mass events and from 1.5 to 5 m in the zone of quiet recreation.

The main entrance to the park is located taking into account the architectural and planning organization of the urban area and the direction of the flow of visitors. In front of the park, an area is provided for public transport stops, distribution of visitors and parking. In addition to the main one, it is recommended to arrange additional entrances, the position of which is linked to the streets and boulevards leading to the park.

In the largest parks, the area of ​​which exceeds 200 hectares, it is advisable to organize intra-park routes passenger transport(trolleybus, electric bus, cableways), connecting the main functional areas, the entrances of large structures and the most visited places of recreation (Fig. 4.2).

The layout of the park should take into account its year-round use. To this end, those structures that are operated in winter should gravitate towards the main central alleys of the park, the functions of some open areas are transferred to the cold season in enclosed spaces, the direction of work of inventory rental points, walking routes is changing.

Modern multifunctional parks are often considered as specific cultural institutions under open sky, which leads, with limited sizes, to overloading their territories with construction objects for various purposes. In this regard, it is desirable that their size, as a rule, be not less than 20 hectares. It is possible to recommend such a balance of the territory of the parks, which ensures the predominance of the "natural" components of the environment over the "artificial", i.e., the preservation of the foundation that distinguishes the park from the background of urban development (Table 4.1).

As the analysis of practice shows, attempts to regulate the content and functional zoning of a modern park everywhere are currently not justified. Rigid standards limit the creative possibilities of designers and cannot in all cases meet the actual needs that have developed in a particular city or region. The functional profile of the park and its architectural and landscape appearance should be determined individually, in accordance with the diverse local conditions, the size of the park and the nature of the formation of the entire citywide system of recreation areas.

Currently, along with the traditional approach to the functional zoning of parks, other trends are developing. Below we will trace them on a number of examples of the organization of multifunctional parks.

Studies show that in the course of designing parks, in order to preserve and enhance their natural origin, it is necessary, in addition to functional zoning and the estimated balance of the territory (percentage of areas occupied by roads, buildings, plantings), to differentiate the territory according to the degree of saturation of the landscape with artificial structures and to allocate the following enlarged zones:

a) zones where the main park structures and public gathering places are concentrated, territories

with an increased level of improvement, designed for recreational loads of more than 100 people / ha. Structures, roads, alleys and sites of all kinds occupy up to 30% of the area of ​​the zone. The composition is based on a harmonious combination of architecture with vegetation, reservoirs, relief;

b) mass visiting areas (adjacent to those indicated) with the usual park level of improvement and the necessary equipment for various kinds mass recreation. Recreational load 50...100 people/ha. The artificial components of the landscape are compositionally subordinate to the natural ones;

V) natural areas, isolated from the urban environment, with a minimum level of improvement, where, if possible, any structures are excluded (except for walking paths, benches, bridges, sheds, etc.). Recreational load up to 50 people/ha. Relatively free use of glades, reservoirs and forests (with a phased alternation of exploited and restored areas and other nature conservation measures). The composition is built entirely on the basis of the natural factors of the landscape.

Theoretical studies of options for zoning and cooperation of maintenance functions of multifunctional parks, as well as an analysis of design practice, allow us to recommend the following three main types of them, depending on the size of the park.

With sizes up to 70 hectares, the most rational organization of a complex park center, shifted to the periphery of the site; such placement frees the main mass from large structures and at the same time provides acceptable pedestrian accessibility of the center (no more than 15 minutes) from anywhere in the park. A zone of the most active forms of recreation with intensive landscaping is being created around the center.

In medium-sized parks (up to 50 hectares), it is desirable to organize three or four specialized centers, which are adjacent to the corresponding functional zones. The optimal location of the centers is outside the natural core, but at some distance from the boundaries of the park in order to create greater microclimatic and sanitary comfort in the active zones and reduce the distances between them to a 15-minute radius of accessibility.

In large parks of 200...500 hectares, it is advisable to create several large complex centers, each of which is dominated by one or two functions, but the others are also present to a certain extent. Such versatility of the centers is caused by the fact that the distance between them in large parks, as a rule, will exceed the radius of walking distance, therefore, in the centers it is necessary to take into account the heterogeneous interests of vacationers, who may be limited to visiting one zone of the park.

Of course, these recommendations are indicative and are designed for a compact form of the plan, the uniform environment of the park. With an elongated plan, even in small parks it is difficult to concentrate service in a single node; several gravitational foci will be required. The unilateral adjoining of the park to an urban area or a large body of water will cause a corresponding shift of centers in the direction of mass flows of visitors or the main places of their long stay (Fig. 4.3).

Rice. 4.3. The system of ensemble development of park centers: a - ring without end-to-end visual connections through the center (Friedrichshain Park in Berlin); b - compact with a closed central space (Gruga Park in Essen); c - ring road with a unifying open space in the center (Floralier Internationale park, Paris); d - radial with a central structure dominating in space (park in Tremblay, France); d - centric

Rice. 4.4. Park on the border of a residential area in the city of Hoerswerd-Ost (Germany): 1 - "free time complex"; 2 - stadium; 3 - playground "Indian village"

Here are a few examples of polyfunctional parks in which the centralization trend has manifested itself. In the Kemerovo PKiO Rudnichny Bor, almost all structures are concentrated in three “clumps” (near the Tom River, at the eastern and western entrances), between which the natural environment of the forest is preserved with the necessary landscaping elements.

In the park. 50th Anniversary of October in Cherkassy, ​​almost all large buildings, including the town of attractions, are located on the periphery of the site. The dominant position is occupied by a zone of quiet rest and walks, as well as water sports, beaches.

The new park in Mineralnye Vody has a compact entrance area (sports, attractions, dances, etc.), a forest area (only walking paths, shelters from the weather, places for picnics), a recreation area near the water (equipped and natural beaches, cafes, boat pier, fisherman's house). These zones occupy respectively 15, 60 and 25% of the total area of ​​the park.

Similar trends aimed at the concentration of park structures and the allocation of zones of a "clean" landscape can be traced in the projects of experimental parks in Krasnodar, Donetsk, Simferopol and a number of new city parks.

Large urban parks are divided into zones of influence of adjacent residential areas, the population of which, as a rule, is oriented towards the green areas closest to them. Here we observe the process of interpenetration: the park "sprouts" into the surrounding buildings, and the indicated zones of influence become, in essence, natural elements of the respective residential areas. The functional zoning of the park, carried out without taking into account such zones of influence, often turns out to be artificial and conflicts with the specific conditions of the park operation. These trends should be reflected in the compositional organization, the nature of the improvement, and in the outline of the roads.

When determining the composition of service facilities for individual areas of the park, the presence or absence of similar facilities on adjacent streets and residential areas is taken into account. Say, if there is a cinema in residential area A, then it makes no sense to place a park cinema set in the area that adjoins this area; if in densely built-up area B there is a clear shortage of green areas, then in the adjacent section of the park it is advisable to abandon any structures altogether, etc. (Fig. 4.4).

In addition to specialized zones in the park, on the routes of movement of visitors, multi-profile “filtering” microzones are formed, in which a significant part of the vacationers settle. The composition of such peripheral microzones depends on the location of institutions of cultural and community services in adjacent urban areas. At the same time, cooperative centers can be formed that simultaneously serve the city and the park.

Due to the increased density of visits, the park zones adjacent to residential areas of multi-storey buildings should also be distinguished by a higher level of improvement than its deep territories, have a denser road and tropical network, large dimensions roads, more stringent restrictions on the use of lawns. At the same time, near the secondary entrances to the park from the adjacent residential areas, it is necessary to allocate places for everyday recreation of their population, especially considering the trend towards abandoning the gardens of the microdistrict, for example, small clearings or tree-shaded areas for parents with children, teenagers, pensioners, trails for recreational walks, etc. It is desirable to isolate such zones from the “ceremonial” areas of the park, attractions, noisy roads with a large crowd of pedestrians.

So, the integration of the park and its urban environment is necessary. This involves coordinating the construction of the park with general plans development of a network of cultural and community institutions of the city, accounting of objects located near the objects of mass recreation of the population, transport communications.

The purpose of the arrangement of parks of culture and recreation is to create the most favorable conditions for the recreation of the population, to conduct versatile cultural, educational, sports and recreational work among adults and children. The tasks of such parks include: organizing a variety of cultural events, entertainment, spectacles that meet the needs of different age groups; information and promotion of scientific and educational knowledge; development of physical culture and sports.

The work of the park of culture and recreation is grouped into sections (Table 2).

Table 2 - Functional zoning of parks of culture and recreation

The zoning of the park territory must be carried out based on the configuration of the site, natural conditions, the sequence of development of the territory, the content of the sectors themselves and the selected system of entrances to the park. The location of the main entrance should correspond to the directions of the greatest flow of visitors. In addition to the main entrance, it is necessary to provide a separate entrance to the stadium and several additional entrances that are conveniently connected to the adjacent residential areas and separate sections of the park itself. An entrance should be provided for the site of the administrative and economic zone.

In the immediate vicinity of the main entrance to the park, a parking lot for cars with a total area of ​​500 m2 is being designed.

Zone of mass entertainment events

The mass entertainment zone is intended for holding major holidays, festivities, etc. Placed here:

1) green theater (at the rate of 1.3 m per visitor - for 800 people);

2) dance floor (2 m 2 per visitor - for 200 people);

3) various attractions.

It is desirable to arrange a platform for public events (3 m 2 per visitor).

Zone of cultural and educational work

The section of cultural and educational work includes periodic and permanent exhibitions in the air and in special rooms. It should contain:

1) exhibition pavilion at the rate of 3 m 2 per visitor);

2) library-reading room (2 m 2 per person);

3) exhibition stands that can be arranged on sites and alleys.

Zone of physical culture and recreation

In the sports and recreation area there are:

1) sports pavilion (based on 2 m 2 per person; one per 100 people);

2) gymnastic town (with an area of ​​225 m 2 - 15x15 m in size;

3) playgrounds:

for tennis - 20x40 m - one;

for volleyball - 14x22 m - two

for badminton - 8x15 m - two;

for basketball - 13x30 m - two;

for table tennis - 5x10 m - two;

4) a pavilion with showers (at the rate of 3.5 m 2 per visitor, with service inventory for 20 people, with a total area of ​​70 m 2).

When placing a stadium in a park, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of its isolation from the rest of the park. The entire sports complex must be designed in such a way that in winter it can be used for skating and skiing.

Recreation and walking area

The zone of rest and walks includes mass and individual rest of people. It is recommended to post here:

1) gazebos for relaxation and shady canopies (2 m - per visitor, but not more than 20 people each);

2) recreation areas (5 m 2 per visitor, but not more than 40 people each);

3) a veranda for board games (12.5 m2 per visitor, but not more than 60 people);

4) a network of walking paths with viewing platforms in the most picturesque places in the park.

If there is a reservoir in the park, it is possible to build a beach (2 m 2 per visitor, but not more than 1000 people) and a pleasure boat pier (at the rate of 2 m 2 per boat, for 50 people).

Sector of work with children

The children's sector may include:

1) playgrounds for each age group:

200-250 m 2 for children under 3 years old, 450 m 2 - - from 3 to 7 years old, 8 800-1200 m 2 - from 7 to 12-15 years old;

2) swimming pool (2 m 2 per child), for 30 people;

3) gazebos and shady canopies (2 m 2 per child, for 10 people);

4) children's attractions (Zm 2 per child, for 30 people each);

5) a corner of fairy tales;

6) station of young naturalists;

7) platforms for learning the rules traffic;

8) places for parents to relax.

The list of sites can be changed depending on the size of the territory and the main functions of the park.

Administrative and economic zone and visitor service sector

The administrative and economic zone includes a management building (about 100 m2) and an economic yard with workshops and a garage (400-500 m2).

In the park (special sector) visitors can receive all kinds of services. Usually this sector is dispersed throughout the park. It is recommended to include:

1) cafe-buffet with an outdoor area (2 m 2 per visitor,
for 50 places 2-3 in the park);

2) food kiosks, cash pavilions, telephone, information kiosks
(they can be combined in the main entrance building or dispersed around
throughout the territory)

3) toilets (based on 1st place for 150 men and 1st place for 200 women).
The nomenclature of the main park structures is established based on the design assignment. Data on the nomenclature, capacity and building area of ​​park facilities are given in special literature (5,7,8,12,13,18,21,22,23).

3.1.8 The balance of the park territory and the main planning features

functional areas

Each zone of the park requires a differently organized natural environment. When designing a park of culture and recreation, the following balance of the territory is recommended:

green spaces and water bodies -75-80%

alleys and paths - 8-12%

sites - 4-8%

buildings and structures - 2-4%

The planning structure of each of the functional areas has its own specific features.

Sector of Mass Events ii is usually placed near the main entrance; landscaping is calculated for a high density of visits, traffic is allowed only along alleys and paths; large scales are characteristic, in the methods of composition - large open areas in front of buildings and structures, playing the role of an open-air foyer, wide alleys, green spaces are created in the form of ordinary plantings of trees and shrubs (often artificially formed), lawn and flower parterres of a regular shape. Amusement sites should be brought as close as possible to the main entrance and entertainment events, but isolated from the front sections of the park by plantings. For an open green theater, it is advisable to use the natural slope of the terrain.

Zone of cultural and educational events- facilities can be located dispersed within the zone (depending on the nature of the activity).

Physical culture and health zone- sports grounds and halls are combined into one complex, cycling and skiing routes are laid throughout the territory. For placement of sports grounds, a flat horizontal surface is desirable; with a rugged terrain, the site is located on terraces, which are reinforced with retaining walls and connected by stairs.

Quiet and relaxing area- occupies a large part of the park, characterized by a natural picturesque landscape, a varied rugged terrain is desirable, convenient for constructing interesting view terraces, placing gazebos and pavilions, for laying walking alleys used in winter for skiing.

The walking area can be indented by a network of alleys for intra-park recreational vehicles, bike paths and main pedestrian alleys, along which visitors are directed to beaches, recreation centers, restaurants, etc. Park facilities intended for vacationers are distributed throughout the territory at interesting viewpoints. Walking paths should preferably be laid along picturesque places with a variety of landscapes, plantings are placed in the form of free diverse groupings and arrays.

The children's sector is organized separately, at a small distance from the entrances, without transit traffic of visitors, isolated from the mass sectors. The general nature of the layout is a system of a large number of playgrounds and separate pavilions. Sites should be varied in shape and design. In landscaping, open lawns should prevail, a variety of flowering shrubs and trees located in free groups are desirable, "natural" reservoirs with running water are interesting.

Economic and service zones- restaurants, cafes, snack bars, kiosks - it is advisable to place them in crowded places. They should have a convenient connection with economic and transport entrances; toilets are designed near places of mass stay of visitors, but are sufficiently isolated from the front sections of the park.

A group of administrative buildings (offices, workshops, garages, etc.) is located on a separate area within the park, preferably near one of the secondary entrances. It should have transport entrances and be isolated from the visited areas of the brand.

3.2 Planning and landscaping project for a residential area

Landscaping of a residential quarter or microdistrict solves the complex complex task of composing elements of various functions that make up the entire residential complex. These elements include:

1) microdistrict garden;

2) residential area (sections of groups of residential buildings);

3) children's institutions (kindergartens, nurseries, schools),

4) community centers;

5) pedestrian routes, intra-block passages.

Each of these elements performs different functions, due to which it has a certain architectural and spatial solution, but all of them must be linked into a single landscape composition of the entire microdistrict. The role of green spaces in this case is reduced to the unification of various parts of the residential complex in a single plan with the allocation of elements that are independent in function.

The area of ​​green spaces should be up to 50% of the residential area of ​​the city. 55-58% of the residential area and 65-70% of the territory of the microdistrict (SNiP 2.07.01-89).

Microdistrict garden

The microdistrict garden is designed at the rate of 2-3 m 2 per inhabitant. On its territory there are: a sports center, areas for recreation and entertainment for children and adults, complex playgrounds for children of senior preschool and school age, walking paths in the alleys.

The total area of ​​the sports center is determined at the rate of 1.5-2.0 m 2 per inhabitant of the microdistrict (while playing sports on average 25% of the total population of the microdistrict). Sports grounds should be located at a distance of at least 25 m from the walls of buildings with windows. A wide strip of greenery framing sports grounds should be at least 5 m, with an indent from the landings to the boundaries of the sites, at least 3 m. Basketball, volleyball and playgrounds for games in towns are recommended. When placing sports grounds, the possibility of their use in winter for a skating rink is taken into account.

3.2.2 Residential area (sections of groups of residential buildings)

All residential areas are divided into:

Nurseries for preschoolers - service radius - 25-50m;

Nurseries for younger schoolchildren - service radius up to 50-100 m;

Sports for high school students, youth and adults - service radius 200-300 m;

Quiet rest for adults - service radius up to 50 m;

Household - service radius up to 100 m.

The number and size of sites, their attendance is calculated depending on the size and age structure of the population.

The age structure of the population of the microdistrict is taken rounded

(percent):

children up to 3 years .................. 6-7.

children 3-6 years old .............. 9-10

children 7-1 5 years..................... 13-15

pensioners 7-9

able-bodied population ... 62-64

The size of the sites is calculated depending on the attendance, based on the simultaneous stay of the population:

Preschool children (1-6 years old) - 40% of their number;

Children of primary school age (7-12 years old) - 50% of their number;

High school students, youth and adults - 50% of the number of amateurs”;

Quiet rest of pensioners - 80% of their number.

In order to determine the size of sites for various purposes for a given territory, the population of a given group of houses is first calculated based on the general technical and economic indicators of residential development (a series of houses, the number of apartments). Then the number of inhabitants in each age group is determined. Further, using the approximate standards for the use of sites per person, calculate the size of each site.

Approximate norms for playgrounds, depending on the age of the children, are as follows:

Up to 3 years - 5-6 m 2 per child;

From 3 to 6 years - 9-10 m 2;

From 7 to 12 years -10-12 m 2

Playgrounds are placed in the immediate vicinity of houses, but no closer than 15-20 m from the windows of buildings. Landscaping of playgrounds should provide sufficient isolation from the surrounding buildings. Some of the sites should be well lit, and some should be shaded. Prickly and poisonous plants, such as hawthorns, barberries, gooseberries, wolfberries, etc., are excluded from the range of plants framing playgrounds. Sports grounds for high school students, youth and adults are placed from the walls of buildings with windows at a distance of at least 20-40m. Dimensions
sites are determined based on the following standards:

basketball courts -30x18 m,

volleyball - 25x14 m,

tennis - 40x11 m,

gymnastic - 600 m 2

football - 108x72 m

hockey - 67x36 m.

Playgrounds for quiet rest and board games of the adult population are located in the immediate vicinity of residential buildings on the approaches to consumer services, shops, etc.

The size of recreation areas for the adult population is not regulated. Their optimal size is 25-75 m 2. The norms for quiet rest areas are as follows:

Sites at the entrances to houses - 0.1 m 2 per inhabitant, size 6-100 m 2; service radius 40-50 m, minimum distance from residential buildings 0-5 m;

Areas for quiet rest - 0.05 m 2 per inhabitant, size 10-100 m 2; service radius up to 200 m; distance from buildings -10-20 m,

Playgrounds for table games - 0.05 m 2 per inhabitant, size 20-30 m, service radius up to 200 m, distance from the walls of buildings 20-30 m.

Utility sites are placed in the immediate vicinity of buildings, but no closer than 15-20 m; service radius up to 100 m.

Areas for drying clothes - 0.1 m 2 per inhabitant, size 80-100 m.

Areas for cleaning things - 0.02 m 2 per inhabitant, size 10-20 m.

Garbage bin sites - 0.02 m 2 per inhabitant, size 10-12 m 2

Areas for drying clothes are isolated from areas for cleaning things and garbage bins. When designing, it is necessary to take into account the illumination:

areas for drying and cleaning things require maximum lighting, and for garbage bins - shading. Utility sites are isolated from the surrounding area with a dense strip of greenery at least 8 m wide. Phytoncidal plants (bird cherry, mock orange, currant, Norway and Tatar maple, drooping birch, Cossack juniper, etc.) are used in landscaping areas for garbage bins, dust-resistant plants are used for cleaning things species (privet, common lilac, white acacia, deren, cotoneaster, etc.).

The norms of planting density, the area of ​​flower beds and lawns per 1 ha of the territory are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 - Norms of planting density, area of ​​flower beds and lawns (per 1 ha)

3.2.3 Children's institutions (nurseries, kindergartens, schools)

Children's preschool institutions. The area of ​​the kindergarten-nursery usually has a rectangular configuration. The building is located at one of the boundaries of the site. Around the building, a passage 3-5 m wide with a turnaround area of ​​12x12 m is provided.

The entire site is divided into functional areas: playgrounds and utility.

The children's zone includes playgrounds for each group, a common sports ground (250m2) and a splash pool (20m2). All sites are interconnected by a network of tracks. Entrances to group areas should be linked to building entrances for each group. The area of ​​the group playground for children under 3 years old is 150 m 2 (with the number of children in a group of 20 people and the norm per child is 7.5 m 2), and for children 4-6 years old - 1 80 m 2 (with a norm of 9 m 2 per child).

The utility zone includes a courtyard with a barn (24 m 2), a platform for installing garbage bins (2.85x2.6 m 2), a platform for drying clothes (90 m 2). The entire economic zone is concentrated at the border of the site and isolated by plantings from the zone of group sites.

Landscaping of children's institutions is presented in the form of row plantings of trees and shrubs along the perimeter of the site, a group of single tree plantings near playgrounds, hedges of shrubs along the perimeter of individual sites (for their isolation), flower beds at the entrances to the building and to group sites. The planting density of trees and shrubs depends on the climatic conditions of the area and the availability of underground utilities. Approximate standards for the number of trees, shrubs, flower beds and lawns on the territory of the kindergarten are given in table 4.

Table 4 - Norm of planting density (per 1 ha) of the landscaped area of ​​preschool institutions

A protective green strip is created along the perimeter of the site to isolate the territory from adjacent streets. Its minimum width from the side of the street is 5-6 m. The protective strip is created from 1-2 rows of trees and shrubs. The distance between the trees is 3-5 m, the bushes are tall and do not require cutting. Lindens, pyramidal and other non-fruiting poplars, maples, turf, viburnum are planted along the perimeter.

Group sites are separated from one another by hedges of sheared or free-growing shrubs. Sites should be well lit and protected from drafts. To create shady areas, groups of two or three trees with a dense spreading crown are planted here (rough elm, sycamore maple, Norway maple, etc.). For landscaping small areas of preschool institutions, it is better to use trees of medium height, for example, mountain ash, bird cherry, drooping and fluffy birch. It is useful to introduce plants with volatile properties (bird cherry, thuja, junipers, etc.) into plantations. Poisonous or thorny plants should not be planted on playgrounds.

Flower decoration is concentrated mainly around the building, at the entrance, in the waiting areas for parents. The main types of decorative design of kindergarten plots are flower beds from one-, two- and perennials, which are distinguished by abundant flowering, brightly colored flowers and a pleasant aroma, as well as beautifully and continuously flowering shrubs. From annuals, you can plant salvia, marigolds, petunia, alissum, mignonette, fragrant tobacco, asters, snapdragons, cosmea, calendula, etc. Viola, daisies, forget-me-nots are preferred from biennials.

Perennials are placed in groups on the lawn along with ornamental shrubs (perennial lupine, iris, peony, phlox, aquilegia, lily, delphinium, rudbeckia, perennial aster).

To expand the green surface, enhance the hygienic and artistic effect, it is advisable to arrange trellises and pergolas from climbing flowering plants (decorative beans, purple morning glory, clematis, honeysuckle, honeysuckle), as well as to use vertical gardening of the main building and shady canopies (girlish five-leafed grapes, wood pliers) . On group sites it is undesirable to plant plants with edible fruits so that children do not pluck them and eat them dirty and unripe. They can be planted in specially designated areas.

Schools. The planning center of the site is the school building. Around the school there should be a driveway with a width of at least 3.5 m with a turnaround area. The territory is divided into various functional zones: sports, educational and experimental, recreation and economic.

The sports zone occupies largest area site. It includes a complex of sites with equipment. In the sports zone usually provide:

1) a sports core (118x48 m 2) with a circular running track (250 m) or, if the area does not allow, a combined platform (96x37 m 2) with a running track (200 m);

2) a combined platform (24x20 m 2) for conducting volleyball and basketball classes for younger students;

3) a combined platform (52x22 m 2) for gymnastics and sports games.

The total area of ​​the sports zone is not less than 5500-6000 m2.

Plantings are placed on small dividing strips or areas between sites in the form of row plantings of trees and shrubs.

The educational-experimental zone is intended for conducting outdoor classes and practical work in biology. Oka includes the following planning elements:

I) an experimental plot for growing field and vegetable crops (at least 250-300 m 2),

2) an experimental site for classes of elementary grades (120-150 m 2),

3) orchard (450-500 m2),

4) greenhouses with greenhouses (250 m),

5) geographical and astronomical sites (100 m).

An experimental plot for growing field and vegetable crops and a plot for junior classes are located adjacent to and next to the orchard. The greenhouse and hotbeds are placed near the household yard. All experimental sites should be well lit and protected from the wind. Geographical and astronomical sites are placed in isolation from all other sites and on the opposite side of the sports area. Plantings of the educational and experimental zone have purely functional purposes and serve to isolate individual plots and sites. They consist of dividing ordinary strips of trees (from the side of the sports area), hedges (between the sites and experimental plots), which must be at least 10 m from the orchard. The recreation area includes areas for students to relax (100-150 m 2), as well as walks and games for children of the extended day group.

Playgrounds for walks and games for children in grades 1-4 have an area of ​​200 m 2 (two playgrounds), and for children in grades 5-8 - 300 m 2 (two playgrounds per school).

Plantings in the recreation area are placed more freely, mainly groups of trees or shrubs in small areas around the sites. The assortment is carefully selected, if possible, includes exotic species and introducers in order to study the dendroflora and expand the biological knowledge of schoolchildren in the field of dendrological gardening. In the recreation area, perennial flower beds should be provided and lawn sections should be opened in gaps between groups of trees.

The economic zone is located on the side of the entrances to the premises of the catering unit and is isolated with rows of trees or a hedge of shrubs 3-5 m wide. It includes a utility yard, where a barn and a garbage bin are placed. Next to the yard, an open paved area of ​​12x12 m 2 is provided for the entrance and turn of vehicles to the intra-school and intra-quarter driveways.

Near the school building, two recreational areas are provided for recreation of senior and junior classes during breaks, as well as (between the passage and the school building) lawn strips with small groups of shrubs, herbaceous perennials and single specimens of low trees.

Along the perimeter of the inner part of the school site, rows of trees and shrubs are provided in a strip 4-6 m wide, and on the outside - a strip of plantings 5-10 m wide.

Plantings should unite all zones into a single whole and occupy at least 40-50% of the area of ​​the school site.

When developing a landscaping project for a school site, the standards given in Table 5 are followed.

Table 5 - Norms of planting density (per 1 ha) of the landscaped area of ​​the school

community centers

The nature of the improvement and gardening of public centers depends on their purpose and function.

At shops, canteens and public service establishments, it is necessary to have a utility site isolated by a strip of green spaces at least 5 m wide. The utility site must have a through passage for vehicles or a turnaround area. Recommends the arrangement of flower beds (mainly from perennials). Landscaping in the form of a small square. Planting density is taken depending on the category and type of plantings created (Table 6).

Table 6 - Balance of sections of cultural and community facilities

The range of plants is the most diverse. It is desirable to include species with decorative leaf color, flowering long time, with a pleasant aroma, coniferous, with a variety of crown shapes and grafted forms.