Illustrated magazine by Vladimir Dergachev “Landscapes of life. Open left menu munich

The capital of Bavaria, the city of Munich, is not inferior in popularity among tourists to Berlin and Cologne. Not only is a huge number of architectural monuments concentrated here, but also the most interesting events, among which central location belongs to the immortal beer festival Oktoberfest. In addition, a major European opera festival has been held here since 1875.

Stroll through the ornate city squares and breathe in the Christmas atmosphere, visit the grandiose Bavarian castles and plunge headlong into a raid on old German restaurants - all this can be done by a traveler who goes to Munich. In addition, the capital of Bavaria is a very prosperous and prosperous city. This is the perfect place for quality shopping.

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What to see and where to go in Munich?

The most interesting and beautiful places for walking. Photos and a short description.

The central square of Munich, where any tourist route inevitably leads. In the Middle Ages, knightly tournaments were held here and fish market. Marienplatz has been the main square since the founding of the city. Here are the most significant sights, popular restaurants, shops, food market. The square is always busy and quite crowded.

Neo-Gothic building on Marienplatz. The town hall was built in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, although it seems that it is already several hundred years old. In 1874, the City Council moved here from the Old Town Hall. In order to make room for construction, about 30 residential buildings of the townspeople were demolished. The town hall is crowned with an 85-meter tower with a spire; the facade is decorated with figures of famous and significant personalities for German history.

A much more modest and ancient structure than New City Hall. The first mention of it is found in the sources of the XIV century, but it is believed that it was erected in the XV century. The predominant building style is Gothic, with the addition of later Renaissance architectural elements. Now the Toy Museum is located in the Old Town Hall. As a result of the bombing of World War II, the building was damaged, and a new spire had to be installed on the main tower.

The palace complex, which was founded in the second half of the XVII century. It was used as the residence of the ancient Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty. The park surrounding the palace buildings is spread over an area of ​​200 hectares. The splendor and beauty of the interior decoration of Nymphenburg can be compared with the legendary "fabulous" Neuschweinstein castle. The descendants of the Wittelsbachs still live in the part of the palace that is closed to tourists.

Hunting castle of the 15th century, erected at the request of Duke Albrecht III. The story of the duke's unhappy love is connected with Blutenburg. Against the will of his father, he secretly married a commoner and settled with her in the castle. The father tricked his son out of the fortress, and in his absence ordered to throw the unfortunate beloved into the river. Albrecht eventually forgave his father, and a chapel was erected in honor of the innocently ruined girl.

The palace was founded by Duke William V at the end of the 16th century. Then it was a small mansion, which the ruler used for privacy. His son Maximilian I rebuilt the estate to his liking and turned it into a palace. The Schleissheim complex includes three palaces built in different time and extensive park area. Johann Gump, Giovanni Trubillio and Francesco Rosa worked on the interior painting.

The complex of buildings in the central part of Munich, which is considered one of the largest in Europe. It was erected over five centuries and finally completed only in the 19th century. The Munich Residence is the official residence of the rulers of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty. It includes: a museum occupying more than 100 halls, 10 palaces, a theater and concert hall.

Munich Catholic Cathedral with the main tower 99 meters high. According to city law, it is forbidden to erect buildings higher than the Frauenkirche (this is a temporary decision, adopted in 2004 at a popular vote). They worked on the construction of the temple in the XIV-XV centuries. It was supposed to accommodate 20 thousand parishioners, although the population of the city in those centuries was only 13 thousand people.

The temple arose on the initiative of two Azam brothers, who were architects, sculptors and painters at the same time. This is one of the few historical sights that the Wittelsbach dynasty did not have a hand in. The brothers planned to use the church as a home chapel, but later, at the insistence of the people, it was open to everyone.

The temple is one of the most revered and ancient in the city. It arose in the 8th century as a small wooden monastery on the initiative of the monks of the Tegernsee Monastery. In the 11th century, the church was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. After a fire in 1327, a new building in the Gothic style was born. In subsequent centuries, the church was rebuilt, expanded, elements of late Gothic and Rococo were added to the facade.

Munich's main opera house, where one of the most respected musical groups in the world, the Bavarian State Orchestra, plays. The venue hosts the Munich Opera Festival. More than 300 performances are given here annually, leading performers are invited to play the main roles. The repertoire includes works by famous German composers and the best masterpieces of world opera art.

A unique museum that demonstrates the achievements of German technology and science. The expositions are placed on six thematic tiers: hydraulic engineering, shipping, mining, trackless transport, oil and gas, power machines. The museum contains unique samples of equipment, the only ones that have survived (that is, not destroyed at the request of the victorious countries) after two World Wars.

The exposition of the museum is dedicated to Bavarian history, culture, folk art. Items made of porcelain, wood, silver, fabric and other materials are collected here. As well as significant collections of weapons, heraldic symbols, jewelry. A special pride of the museum is the collection of nativity scenes. The collection is housed in a historic baroque building with hundreds of interior spaces, transitions and galleries.

Bavaria is the birthplace of the world-famous BMW car. It was here that the first factories for the production of aircraft were located, which after the First World War were retrained into automobile ones. Thus, a recognizable brand was born. In the museum you can see the products of the company from its very foundation. Many interesting and rare retro models of the last century are exhibited there.

Museum of Ancient Sculpture, which contains works of Roman and Greek masters from the 17th century BC. by the 5th century. Both originals and copies of statues, bas-reliefs, busts that have not survived to our time are exhibited here. The exposition is located in 13 halls. Here you can see statues of the mythical Hephaestus, Daedalus, Pericles and other characters. Most of the collection was collected by King Ludwig I.

The collective name of a group of art galleries and museums, which houses a collection of paintings from the 14th century to modern times, as well as collections of modern and applied art. The Alte Pinakothek houses expositions of masters of the 14th-18th centuries. In Novaya - you can look at works of art of the XIX-XX centuries. The Pinakothek der Moderne exhibits collections from the 20th and 21st centuries.

The museum is located outside the city limits of Munich near the town of Dachau on the site of a former concentration camp. All people objectionable to the Nazi regime were driven here for execution. For 12 years of existence, tens of thousands of people were killed in the camp. The museum was organized at the request of the former prisoners of the camp in 1965. Little is left of the buildings of the Second World War, but this place strikes with an ominous and oppressive atmosphere.

In 1972, Munich hosted the next Summer Olympic Games. Since those times, there has been a park (a territory with Olympic facilities), which the locals use for recreation and walks. Former objects operated as sports training bases, major social and cultural events still take place here. It should be noted that thanks to the Games, the city has changed and become more comfortable.

The stadium built for the start of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It belongs to the Munich club Bayern Munich. It hosted the Champions League final in 2011/12. The Allianz Arena is located in the Frettmaning Heath. The building is called a real miracle of modern architectural art. At the entrance to the stadium, the fans are breathtaking from the sight of this grandiose structure.

The famous beer festival, where all fans of the foamy drink strive to get. Dozens of producers set up their tents at Oktoberfest, where countless liters of beer are drunk, kilograms of sausages and pork knuckles are eaten. The festival has existed since 1810, for two centuries it has become a real symbol of Bavaria and organically blended into cultural traditions. Traditionally, the head of the Bavarian government drinks the first mug of beer at the opening.

One of the oldest beer restaurants, which opened its doors to the first visitors at the beginning of the 17th century. At first, the court brewery was located here. The large halls of the establishment can simultaneously accommodate up to 4 thousand visitors. Hofbräuhaus has a flexible pricing policy, so every tourist can afford to try different varieties of excellent beer and enjoy German cuisine.

The central city market, a real paradise for gourmets and connoisseurs of excellent products. There are about 140 shops here, which have been owned by the same families for many years. The place in the market is inherited. Viktualienmarkt is bought mainly by wealthy Munich residents and tourists, as the prices for products are quite high. At the same time, the products are always of excellent quality.

Landscape park with a layout in strict geometric proportions. It was founded under Maximilian I at the beginning of the 17th century, but was completely destroyed during the Second World War. The park was carefully and scrupulously restored according to old drawings and sketches, while adding elements of English park art XIX century. Hofgarten is the realm of neat alleys, flower beds, manicured lawns and picturesque fountains.

A city park popular with locals and visited by thousands of people every day. Here you can ride a bike and a board in specially designated areas, as well as order horse riding or just walk. The park stretches from the center to the northern part of Munich for 5.5 km. In summer, numerous lawns are filled with people - they sunbathe, have picnics or just take a nap under the shade of trees.

The zoo is considered one of the best in Europe. Like many modern zoos, it is built on the principle of natural natural park, that is, conditions are created for animals that are as close as possible to natural ones. The biological diversity of Hellabrunn is impressive - more than 750 species of animals and about 20 thousand individuals. The zoo is popular, it is visited by 1.8 million people annually.

In Bavaria, the city of Munich is strikingly different from all other cities in Germany. Munich people don't speak the kind of German that is heard all over Germany, they don't like the usual German beer. Even the Munich residents look different than the rest of the inhabitants of Germany.

In Munich, the attitude towards Bavaria and the Bavarians and the rest of the Germans is very special. For some reason, everyone is convinced that it is only by some misunderstanding that Bavaria is considered part of Germany. The common phrase “here you don’t, not Prussia, but Bavaria” can often be heard from local residents drinking beer in a bar. In Bavaria, there are always a lot of tourists coming from other parts of Germany. Perhaps it is the glory of Bavaria and Munich that attracts them here, as a local foreign country. AND local tourists and foreigners in the city of Munich, having arrived in Bavaria, they begin their acquaintance with it precisely from Munich - the capital of the federal state of Bavaria.

The easiest way to get from any part of Germany to the city of Munich is by using high-speed train. Tourists from here come here by car. Tourists arrive by plane from more distant countries. The headquarters of BMW is located in Munich, such giants as Alianz, Bayer AG, Siemens settled here. The salary in Munich is higher than the national average. But despite the fact that there are a lot of industrial enterprises in Munich (Bavaria), it is recognized as the cleanest city in Germany. The movement of local ecologists is very developed here.

As soon as you enter the city center of Munich, you find yourself in the medieval past of Bavaria. There is not a hint of the developed city of Munich. The history of Munich in Bavaria begins, judging by the annals, in the 8th century. It was then that the monks of the Tegernsee Monastery settled on Petra Hill. Now on this site stands the church of St. Peter. The very name of the city of Munich comes from the word Monh, which means monk. This is also reminiscent of the coat of arms of the city of Munich with a monk depicted on it in black robes. The first mention of Munich in Bavaria is found in 1158. It was in this year that a bridge was built across the Isar River, on which the city stands. It is this date that the people of Munich consider the birthday of their city of Munich. Although in Bavaria, in fact, the status of a city was assigned to Munich a little later. Gradually, in the formed Bavaria, Munich turns into the capital. Like any other city, neither ups nor downs passed. The center of the German counter-reformation at the beginning of the 16th century, in the 17th century it was conquered by the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War, followed by an epidemic of bubonic plague, which claimed more than half.

The 20th century was also turbulent for Munich. In Bavaria, after the First World War, the political regimes were constantly changing. The republican government in 1918 replaced the Bavarian king Ludwig III, who fled the city with his family. In 1919, after the assassination of Prime Minister Kurt Eisner, the turn of the Bavarian Soviet Republic came, which lasted a little more than two weeks. Munich then became part of the Weimar Republic.

In 1923, Adolf Hitler attempted a coup d'état, which we know as the "beer putsch". On the Odeon Square there is a memorial plate reminiscent of this event.

After the Second World War, Bavaria became part of and quickly healed the wounds inflicted by the war. Already in 1957 in Bavaria, the population of the city of Munich exceeded 1 million people. The city of Munich is now home to 1.3 million people. It is the third largest city in Germany. The 1972 Olympic Games were held in Munich. In preparation for them, the center of the city of Munich was reconstructed, transport links were improved in Bavaria, and many Olympic facilities were built.

The city of Munich is rightly called among the political and cultural capitals of Europe. This is where the 2006 FIFA World Cup was held. In 2007, Putin gave his famous Munich speech here, which opened a new page in Russian politics.

At Marienplatz, in the heart of the old town, there are two town hall buildings - the old one and the new one. The building of the old town hall is decorated with figures that start moving at a certain time and represent scenes from the history of the city. One of the scenes is connected with the legend of craftsmen who make barrels. According to legend, it was they who beat the barrels and urged the inhabitants of the city not to be afraid of the past plague and take to the streets of Munich.

The main symbol of the city of Munich - St. Mary's Church is located near the square. Its two towers with green domes are visible from everywhere. Also nearby is the Residenz palace complex, which has been built for over 600 years.

The Bavarian city of Munich has a wide variety of museums. The main ones are Alte Pinakothek with its world's largest collection of works by Rubens, works by Raphael, Dürer, the Neue Pinakothek, where you can see the wonderful works of the French Impressionists and the Pinakothek der Moderne. The City Gallery houses the world's finest collection of works by the Blue Rider group. The great Wassily Kandinsky was the leader of this group.

Munich residents, like no other in Germany, are proud of the history of their city. In Munich, Bavarians walk the streets in national Bavarian costumes. Leather pants, a white shirt and a hat with a feather - this is what a traditional Bavarian men's suit looks like. Women also often wear national Bavarian dresses. Munich people often speak the Bavarian dialect. Residents of other regions of Germany often simply do not understand them. Bavarian greeting Gruss Gott, which means "Greet God!" is a common greeting in Munich and Bavaria.

Public in national costumes especially a lot in pubs. Munich's main pub is the Hoffbrauhaus, founded in 1589. Regular visitors to this pub even have their own personal clay mugs, which are stored in a special cabinet under lock and key. And only the owner of the mug can use it. Hoffbrauhaus is the best place to enjoy real unfiltered Bavarian beer.

Every autumn, the city of Munich hosts a beer festival in Bavaria - Oktorberfest. This holiday is over 200 years old. For the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghaus, a holiday was arranged for all residents of the city of Munich, at which all residents of the city were treated to free beer. Since then, Bavaria's Oktorberfest has become a tradition in Munich. Bavarian white sausages, pork knuckle with potato dumplings and stewed cabbage are a traditional treat for this holiday. Just remember that although beer flows like water, at least one person from the company must remain sober. But, they say, this rule is rarely followed. There are so many varieties of beer, and I want to try them all!

The city of Munich during the Oktorberfest is an endless holiday in Bavaria.

It is the German city of Munich. The population in it has long ago exceeded one million people. In addition, this is a rather old settlement, which is cultural center region of Bavaria. Let's find out what is the population of Munich, what is its size, demographic characteristics, living conditions and much more.

Geographic location of Munich

Before starting to study the population of Munich, let's find out where this European city is located.

Munich is located in the southeast of Germany in the territory administrative district Upper Bavaria in the Federal Although Munich is the capital of the federal state and the administrative center of the district, but at the same time it is one of the 107 cities in Germany with non-district status.

A Brief History of Munich

In order to understand how the population of Munich was formed, you need to look at it through the prism of history.

The history of the appearance of the first settlement in these places dates back to the Early Middle Ages, namely to the 8th century, when monks began to live on the Petersberg hill. They made up the very first population of Munich. Annalistic evidence of Munich appeared only in 1158, but after seventeen years it received the status of a city with all the ensuing privileges. The city was mainly inhabited by the Bavarians - the sub-ethnos of the German people.

In 1240, Munich passed into the possession of Duke Otto the Most Serene of the House of Wittelsbach, who was the ruler of Bavaria and the Palatinate, which were part of the Holy Roman Empire. From that time until 1918, the Wittelsbachs did not lose the right to own the specified city. In 1255, after the division of Bavaria into two parts between the brothers, Munich became the capital of the Duchy of Upper Bavaria. In 1507, Bavaria was again united into a single duchy, but nevertheless Munich did not lose its capital status, remaining the center of the united state. In 1806, Bavaria received the status of a kingdom. Munich reached its real heyday under King Ludwig I, who carried out construction in the city, decorated it, and invited many famous cultural figures here. The city has become a real cultural capital of southern Germany.

During World War I, the city was bombed by the Entente forces. After the war, the king of Bavaria fled the country, and in 1919 in Munich, Marxist forces proclaimed the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. True, less than a month later, Bavaria was returned to Germany (the Weimar Republic).

It is in Munich that the origins of German Nazism originate. Here in 1920 the National Socialist German Workers' Party was founded. In 1923, the Nazis launched an unsuccessful coup d'état in Munich, which became known as the Beer Putsch. In 1933, the Nazis still managed to come to power in Germany through democratic elections. But it should be noted that Munich at the same time became the main center of the anti-Nazi movement among German cities. During the Second World War, the city was repeatedly subjected to air strikes, during which the population of Munich was reduced by at least 25%.

After the end of the war, Munich fell into the American zone of occupation. The city was rebuilt. In 1949, it became part of the newly formed state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Munich became the largest industrial city country, as well as one of its political and cultural centers. In terms of size and population in Germany, this settlement is second only to the capital of the country - the city of Berlin, as well as Hamburg.

Population

Now it's time to determine what population Munich has. This indicator is the base for all other demographic calculations. So, the population of Munich is currently 1526.1 thousand people.

As mentioned earlier, this is the third largest result in Germany by the number of inhabitants. For comparison, 3490.1 thousand people live in Berlin, 1803.8 thousand people live in Hamburg, and 1017.2 thousand people live in the fourth largest city in Germany, Cologne.

Population dynamics

Now let's find out how the population of the city changed in dynamics. Munich mainly increased in this indicator, although there were periods when the number of residents temporarily decreased.

We will begin our excursion from 1840, when Munich was the capital of the kingdom. Then 126.9 thousand people lived in it. The population grew until 1939. So, in 1871 it was 193.0 thousand people, in 1900 - 526.1 thousand people, in 1925 - 720.5 thousand people, in 1939 - 840.2 thousand people . But the Second World War, which resulted in the mobilization of men into the army, as well as the bombing of the city by allied troops, significantly reduced the number. According to the 1950 census, the population of Munich is 830.8 thousand people, but we can say with confidence that in the first post-war years the number of residents was even less. But then the growth began. So, in 1960, the number has already exceeded one million inhabitants, thereby setting a record for the city, and amounted to 1101.4 thousand inhabitants. In 1970, the city was already inhabited by 1312 thousand inhabitants.

But then Munich, however, like the whole of Germany, suffered a demographic crisis. The birth rate has decreased significantly with the increase in society's awareness of the level of responsibility for the child. In 1980, the population fell to the level of 1298.9 thousand people, in 1990 it decreased to 1229.0 thousand people, and in 2000 to 1210.2 thousand people.

True, in the next period the number of residents began to grow again. Already in 2009, it reached a record level for the entire previous history - 1330.4 thousand inhabitants. But the growth didn't stop there. In 2013, the population reached the figure of 1407.8 thousand inhabitants, in 2015 - 1405.4 thousand inhabitants, and at present it is 1526.1 thousand inhabitants. The trend of population growth in the city continues to this day.

Population density

Which is occupied by Munich, is 310.4 square meters. km. Knowing the area and population, it is not difficult to calculate its density in Munich. At the moment it is 4890 people/sq. km.

For comparison, let's take a look at the density in other major cities in Germany. In Berlin, it is 3834 people/sq. km, in Hamburg - 2388.6 people / sq. km,. and in Cologne - 2393 people / sq. km. Thus, we can state the fact that Munich has a fairly high population density.

Ethnic composition

Now let's find out what nationalities people live in - Munich. The overwhelming majority of the population of the city are Germans, most of which belongs to the sub-ethnos of the Bavarians. Some ethnographers have even tried to distinguish them as a separate nation, since the culture and dialect are very different from the population of the rest of Germany.

But the city is home to quite a lot of immigrants from other countries of the world, as well as persons with foreign citizenship, including those with refugee status. The proportion of such residents exceeds 25% of the total population. But the social protection of the population of Munich extends to most of them.

Most of all among the population of Munich immigrants from Turkey. Their number is 39.4 thousand people. In addition, there are many immigrants from Croatia (29.3 thousand people), Greece (26.4 thousand inhabitants), Italy (26.0 thousand inhabitants), Austria (21.8 thousand inhabitants), Poland (21.1 thousand inhabitants), Bosnia and Herzegovina (16.5 thousand inhabitants), Romania (16.2 thousand inhabitants), Serbia (13.5 thousand inhabitants). It should be noted that in Lately the influx of refugees from Arab countries, mainly from Syria. However, this is a problem not only in Munich or Germany, but throughout Europe. At the same time, Munich has the largest percentage of residents with a migration background in relation to the total urban population (compared to other large German settlements).

Religion

Almost half of Munich's population does not belong to any religious community. Such people make up about 45% of the total population. At the same time, 33.1% of the population are members of the Roman Catholic Church, 11.9% are Protestants, 7.2% are Muslims, 0.3% are Jews, and another 0.7% belong to other faiths.

The administration of the city of Munich is trying to ensure the rights of representatives of all religious denominations of the city.

Employment

Now let's find out in what areas the population of Munich is employed. We present below a description of the main areas of production in the city.

The main branch of the Munich economy is mechanical engineering, in particular the automotive and aircraft industries. So, the largest German car manufacturing plant, which is a world-famous brand - BMW (Bavarian Motor Works), is located on the territory of the city. This enterprise provides the population with more than 100 thousand jobs.

The city has a developed electronics industry (Siemens concern). In addition, Munich is one of the largest beer production centers in the world.

But industry is not the only area of ​​the city's economy. The provision of various services, in particular of a financial nature, is also developed here, since Munich is a major banking center.

Social protection of the population

Like most other cities European Union, Munich maintains high social standards. In particular, the employment center is engaged in the employment of the unemployed and the payment of benefits to them. The population of Munich is thus immune to the problems that come with losing a job.

As mentioned above, refugees and other migrants are also not left without adequate protection. They are also considered to constitute the population of Munich. The Migration Service, as well as other social institutions, provided that the settlers comply with German laws, also guarantee them social protection.

General characteristics of the population of Munich

Munich is the third most populated city in Germany, the largest industrial and cultural center of the country. Currently, the city is experiencing a constant increase in the number of inhabitants, which is provided, among other things, by migrants, who make up about 25% of the total population of Munich. About half of the city's population does not practice any religion. Among believers, the majority are Catholics.

In general, we can say that Munich has excellent demographic and economic prospects.

Munich (German München) is a city on the Isar River in southern Germany, in the federal state of Bavaria. free city(German kreisfreie Stadt), which is also the capital of Bavaria.

The population of Munich is 1,394,716 (2011). Thus he is largest city Bavaria and the third city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg.

Munich is home to the government of Bavaria, the government of the region of Upper Bavaria, and the government of the Munich district.

Munich is famous for its brewing traditions. There are many breweries in the city, of which 6 are large, supplying beer to the world-famous Oktoberfest (German: Oktoberfest) - a festival of beer, pretzels, fried chickens and carousels, held annually in late September - early October on Theresienwiese Meadow (German: Theresienwiese) .

The central square of the city is Marienplatz (German: Marienplatz), in the area of ​​​​which many attractions are located, for example, Frauenkirche (German: Frauenkirche), the most big church in Munich, which is also a symbol of the city.

The world-famous Munich English Park (German: Englischer Garten), one of the largest city parks in the world, stretches from the city center to the very outskirts along the Isar.

Fine art lovers appreciate Munich's 3 Pinakotheks: the Old (German: Alte Pinakothek), the New (German: Neue Pinakothek) and the Pinakothek der Moderne (German: Pinakothek der Moderne). In addition, one of the world's largest collections of paintings from the Blue Rider movement is located in the Lenbachhaus (German: Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus). Also very famous is the Deutsches Museum (German: Deutsches Museum), one of the largest technical museums in Europe.

The history of Munich begins in the 8th century, when monks from the nearby Tegernsee Monastery settled on Peter's Hill (German: Petersbergl). Today, on the site of the settlement is the Church of St. Peter (German: Sankt-Peter-Kirche).

The city was first mentioned in documents in 1158 under the name Villa Munichen; however, already in 1175 Munich was given the status of a city and city walls were erected.

In 1240, Munich passed into the possession of the Wittelsbach dynasty and, after the division of Bavaria in 1255, was their residence in Upper Bavaria until 1918. With the unification of Bavaria in 1507, Munich became its capital, and in 1806 - the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

On October 17, 1810, on the occasion of the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig (later King Ludwig I) and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghaus, horse races were arranged, which marked the beginning of the annual Oktoberfest beer festival.

In 1916, during the First World War, the city was bombed for the first time: three French bombs fell on the city.

The post-war period became difficult for Munich: in November 1918, Ludwig III fled the city with his family, and after the assassination of the first Republican Prime Minister of Bavaria, Kurt Eisner, on April 13, 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic (leader Ernst Toller) was proclaimed in Munich, which on May 3 1919 was defeated by detachments of the Freikorps. After that, Bavaria became part of the Weimar Republic.

In 1923, the Beer Putsch took place in Munich, when Hitler's supporters attempted to carry out a coup; however, then the Weimar Republic withstood, and now a memorial plate on the Odeonsplatz (German: Odeonsplatz) reminds of this event. Hitler was arrested (later released early in 1924), and the Nazi Party, at that time practically unknown outside of Munich, was temporarily banned throughout Germany. Despite the events of 1923, Munich continued to be the capital of the NSDAP.

In 1934, Hitler dealt with his political opponents: according to the official data of the Nazi government alone, over 60 people were killed during the Night of the Long Knives (now this figure is considered underestimated). In 1935, Munich received from Hitler the honorary title of capital of the movement.

Munich became the site of the signing of the 1938 agreement between Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France (the Czechoslovak government was faced with a fact and accepted the surrender), as a result of which part of the territory of Czechoslovakia passed to Germany, and Hitler gained de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia, provided that he did not advance further. A year later, Georg Elser made an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler during the annual message in honor of the anniversary of the Beer Putsch.

During the Second World War, Munich was bombed 71 times and was badly damaged. During the post-war reconstruction, it was decided to keep the original street layout.

In 1957, the population of Munich was over 1 million.

In 1972, the XX Summer Olympic Games were held in Munich, in preparation for which the city center was reconstructed, the Olympic village and metro were built, and the transport network was significantly expanded. Unfortunately, these games have gained notoriety due to the terrorist attack against the Israeli team.

Since 1962, the International Conference on Politics and Security has been held annually in Munich in the first ten days of February.

The new airport, named after the German politician Franz Josef Strauss, was opened in 1992 and is the second largest airport in Germany.

The basis of public transport in Munich is the network fast trains(German: Schnellbahnnetz), consisting of the S-Bahn and the subway (U-Bahn). The S-Bahn network covers almost all areas of Munich radially, connecting in the city center with a tunnel (like the subway, it was built for the 1972 Olympics). In addition, the city has a developed network of bus and tram routes.

Munich, like most large German cities, forms a single tariff network with its nearest suburbs, while the Munich tariff network is divided into 4 zones and 16 rings. The fare depends, with some exceptions, not on the number of transfers and not on the modes of transport used for the trip, but only on the number of zones crossed.

One of the railway directorates of the Deutsche Bundesbahn was located in Munich.

Munich Main Station is the second German railway station in terms of passenger traffic after Hamburg Main Station, serving 350,000 passengers a day.

One of the most attractive cities in Germany is the unique Munich. Its amazing beauty, rich history, interesting cultural traditions give the city all the features inherent in the capitals of the world. Indeed, the locals call their city the second capital of Germany.

Munich - administrative center federal state of Bavaria, located in the south of the country. The date of foundation of the city is considered to be 1158, when the construction of the settlement was completed. Villa Munichen. Twenty years later, Munich receives the status of a city. Its name comes from the word Monche, which means "monks" in Old German. At one time, the residence of the Bavarian kings was located in Munich.

Munich differs from other German cities in terms of ethnic composition. More than a quarter of the total population of the city are citizens of neighboring countries.

Today Munich is a major industrial, financial and cultural center of Germany. In addition, the city is home to the largest educational establishments Europe, such as the Max Planck Institute, Ludwig-Maximilian University, as well as the largest library in the Old World.

Cultural holidays in the Bavarian capital promises a lot of unforgettable experiences. More than fifty museums, exhibitions, galleries and theaters are concentrated in the city. All over the world, Munich is famous for its extraordinary hospitality and the breadth of the scope of various Bavarian holidays. It is in Munich, on the famous Terezin meadow, from September to October, the world famous festival is held Oktoberfest. During this festival, the city turns into world capital intoxicating drink.

Munich is perfect for all types of tourists. Everyone will find here entertainment to their taste.

Climate and weather

Weather conditions in Munich correspond to a temperate continental climate. winter period the city is mild, it lasts from December to March. During this time there is heavy rainfall. True, the snow on city streets lasts only a couple of weeks. Summer in Munich is moderately warm, with occasional heavy rains. The average daily temperature during this period is about +18 °C. In winter, the thermometer drops to +2 °C.

The weather in Munich is determined by intermittent but warm winds blowing from the Alps, which can dramatically change the air temperature in a couple of hours. Even in summer, on the streets of the city, there are townspeople dressed in warm sweaters.

Hospitable Munich is open to visitors all year round. Especially many foreigners come to this beautiful city in autumn (September and October), when the famous beer festival is held. Oktoberfest. Many tourists come to Munich in winter to visit the nearby ski resorts, where you can ski, snowboard, etc. to your heart's content. A lot of admirers and at spring Munich. The abundance of greenery and delightful flowers transform the city beyond recognition.

Nature

Magnificent Munich is located in the heart of picturesque corner Germany. North of the city spreads a beautiful river valley Isar dark gray in winter and green in summer. More impressive views open from the city itself: between the limestone rocks, the mountain glaciers of the Bavarian Alps peep through. Already on the outskirts of Munich there are real mountains, although from the central region they can only be distinguished before the rain.

Beautiful lakes also peacefully coexist with the urban area. The most popular not only among tourists, but also among the local public are stunning Starnberger, Ammersee And Chiemsee. Fringing them coniferous forests give the area a wild look. In the vicinity of Munich, spruce and pine forests predominate. The sun-drenched alpine meadows are covered with numerous herbs and flowers. The tricolor violet can be called a real symbol of this region.

The fauna of the Munich region is not so diverse. Squirrels, foxes, wild boars, hares, marmots live here.

Attractions

Many people in Germany called Munich the German Rome. The number of historical and cultural attractions located here is amazing. All tours of Munich start from the very heart of the city - the square Marienplatz. Here are the most popular buildings and structures among tourists. In the center of the square stands a statue of Mary, erected in 1638.

Special attention attracted by the nearby Old Town Hall with a high bell tower. Today, this building houses the most interesting Toy Museum. Here, on Marienplatz, is the New Town Hall, which is an architectural monument of neo-Gothic. The main attraction of this building is called the unique clock, which is still involved in the medieval performance several times a day.

The church is of genuine interest among tourists St. Peter's or Peterskirche. Conceived in the 13th century in the Gothic style, the church was completed only in the 17th century in the Baroque style. great views open from its observation deck, to which 294 steps lead. One of the symbols of modern Munich is the 91-meter tower of St. Peter's Cathedral.

Great popularity with foreign tourists used by the most famous in the world art galleries Old and New Pinakotheks, Old Castle, St. Michael's Cathedral, church Mother of God. Two towers of the Church of the Mother of God, or Franzenkirche were built in the middle of the 15th century. Today they are one of the most recognizable symbols of Munich. A footprint imprinted at the entrance to the church makes a special impression. Locals claim that it belongs to the devil.

In the vicinity of Munich, it is worth highlighting one of the most beautiful palace complexes in Western Europe - Nymphenburg. For a long time the palace was owned by the ruling Bavarian dynasty Wittelsbach. The unique architecture of the palace, a wonderful park, as well as the botanical garden located here distinguish this complex from other similar ones.

To date, one of the most popular places in Munich is considered Olympic Park which was specially built for Olympic Games 1972. These games have received notoriety: then several Israeli athletes became victims of Palestinian terrorists. The Olympic Park is a large-scale complex architectural structures. Among other buildings stands out Olympiastadium, which attracts attention with an amazing Plexiglas roof. Until recently, this stadium was considered the home arena of the legendary Munich football team Bayern. Today, the team trains and plays matches at a separate stadium. Allianz Arena. It should be noted that the main attraction Olympic Park it is not the stadium itself that is considered, but the huge Olympic tower, whose height is three times the towers Franzenkirche and is 290 meters.

Munich is a city of museums. Particular attention should be paid to the Bavarian National and Ethnographic Museum, the BMW Museum, the Film Museum, the Museum of Hunting and Fishing and other museums with at least impressive collections. However, the Brewery Museum is considered the most popular museum among foreigners. Kulmbach. Here you can get acquainted with rich history brewing, try yourself as a brewer, and then taste the beer brewed with your own hands.

Next to the Olympic Park is the world-famous BMW Museum, the largest Bavarian automaker. The majestic four buildings now house both the museum and the corporate headquarters.

The real treasure of Munich is the English Garden, located near the river Isar. This stunning park has an area vastly larger than New York's Central Park and even London's Hyde Park. It is worth noting that many experts call the English Garden in Munich the best city park in the world.

It is necessary to note another natural attraction of Munich - the zoo. Hellabrunn. Over 14,500 representatives of fauna from all over the world have been gathered on a vast territory. More than 650 species of animals live here in conditions that are as close to natural as possible. Hellabrunn considered one of the largest zoos Western Europe.

Nutrition

WITH The capital of Bavaria is famous for its impeccable brewing traditions. Of course, traditional Bavarian food is inextricably linked with this fragrant foamy drink. Wonderful beer snacks (sausages, sausages, baked ducks, pigs) can be tasted in absolutely any catering establishment in Munich.

The most famous beer restaurants in the city are called Augustiner-Keller. It is located next to the main train station. This restaurant is famous not only for delicious snacks and surprisingly fragrant fresh beer. The peculiar design of the interior in the old German style also makes a huge impression.

The legendary beer garden is located on the territory of Munich "Hofbräuhaus" built in the 16th century. The wooden furniture used in this establishment has been preserved since the end of the 19th century. "Hofbräuhaus" has its own "beer garden", where, in favorable weather, outdoors can enjoy delicious beer and snacks for up to 400 people at the same time.

In addition to the standard sausages, the menu of every Munich restaurant includes an incomparable brisket on ribs, fried pork, and a liver pate cooked in the oven. But the most famous Bavarian dish is pork knuckle with stewed potatoes and cabbage. Every meal is accompanied, of course, by an amazing beer or wine.

A wide variety of dishes on the menu of Bavarian restaurants will make you forget about diets. It is impossible not to try this yummy.

Food prices in Munich are comparatively low. One glass of beer costs about 2 €. For lunch in a small street cafe, you can pay from 5 € to 15 €. A dinner in a chic restaurant will cost the visitor about 20-30 €.

Accommodation

The hospitable capital of Bavaria offers a huge selection of hotels of any type, boarding houses or hostels. The choice of place of residence depends only on the wishes of the client and his well-being. Munich has a huge number of hotels of world famous hotel chains - Marriott, Hilton And Plaza. Accommodation in such hotels will cost about 150-300 €. You can pamper yourself in deluxe rooms for 450 €.

There are also many more modest type hotels in Munich. Bed & Breakfast. The rooms of these hotels are equipped with the necessary furniture and appliances. Each has a private bathroom, air conditioning, TV, telephone, internet, etc. The average cost of a double room is about 140 € per night.

Less than 45 € in Munich do not offer rooms. The cost of living directly depends on the season. As a rule, prices increase sharply in the summer and during the Oktoberfest. Many companies encourage tourists to make hotel reservations in advance, as Munich sees a steady stream of foreign tourists all year round.

Entertainment and recreation

Beautiful Munich is conducive to a pleasant pastime. The city equally attracts tourists both in summer and in winter. In addition to various excursions to the main attractions of the city and its environs, in the summer you can have a great time in the suburbs of Munich. Numerous lakes favor various types of water activities. You can make exciting ascents in the mountains of Bavaria.

In winter, it's a great option. active rest will become entertainment at the nearby near Munich ski resorts. Unique beauty The Alps, fresh frosty air, a huge selection of entertainment attract hundreds of thousands of tourists to Munich. It is worth noting that the cost of holidays in the Bavarian ski resorts is much lower than in the famous Swiss or Austrian ones.

Holidays in Munich will leave an unforgettable experience for your children. You should definitely take your beloved child to the beautiful Munich circus Krone, zoo, amusement park Legoland, aquapark Alpamare.

In the latter, by the way, an artificial wave operates all year round, the height of which reaches one meter. This place was chosen by local surfers. Fans of this sport can also visit the English Garden, namely the stream Eisbach. True, this place is quite dangerous: the stream is replete with pitfalls. Therefore, it is not recommended to come here for inexperienced surfers. And the amusement park SKYLINE PARK able to increase the level of adrenaline in the blood of even the most unflappable. In the park you can ride roller coaster, jump from a ten-meter springboard Big Jump. IN SKYLINE PARK is the world's largest water slide, which was listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

Recently, Munich has become a popular venue for various exhibitions, festivals and concerts. The most famous festival is Oktoberfest held in late September - early October. The beginning of the annual beer festival was laid more than two centuries ago. In 1810, in honor of the wedding of the future King Ludwig I, horse races were arranged, followed by a treat for all those present with beer. Currently Oktoberfest gathers a huge number of foreign tourists who want to experience the unique flavor of the German holiday, coupled with the amazing taste of specially brewed foamy beer "Vizn".

Fun and noise do not stop in Munich and at nightfall. A huge number of bars, clubs and discos will appeal to noisy youth. The most popular clubs among local youth are Club 2 And Max-Emanuel-Brauerei. cozy atmosphere, popular DJs, incendiary music - there are all conditions for a fun night out.

Purchases

Shopping is recognized as one of the most enjoyable entertainment in Munich. In the capital of Bavaria there is a huge number of modern shopping malls, boutiques of famous brands, various souvenir shops and shops. All Munich shopping facilities are open on weekdays from 9:00 to 20:00, and on Saturday the working day is reduced to 16:00. Actions are held in Munich five times a year on Sundays. These days, the numerous shops of the city are filled with buyers from all over Bavaria. Seasonal sales are very popular among the local population. During these periods, all clothes and shoes are offered to visitors with a 90% discount.

The main shopping streets of Munich are considered Maximilianstrasse, Kaufingerstrasse And Neuhauserstrasse. Numerous boutiques of fashionable clothes and accessories, as well as inexpensive souvenir tents, stretched along the entire length of the streets. Olympia is recognized as the most popular shopping center in Munich. There are about 135 different shops and boutiques here. In addition, major events in the fashion world (exhibitions, shows, holidays) are held weekly in the shopping center.

All lovers of shopping should definitely visit the trading village Ingolstadt. More than a hundred stores of major world brands are located here. It should be noted that the prices outlet village significantly lower than in similar stores in Munich itself. get to Ingolstadt possible by car.

Munich's Christmas markets are world famous. From the end of November until the very Nativity of Christ Square Marienplatz transformed beyond recognition. Lots of bright garlands creating whimsical patterns, main tree cities create a special festive mood. In numerous tents you can buy Christmas toys, decorations, gifts for loved ones.

Transport

Munich's public transport is a well-developed network of many bus, tram routes, as well as city train and metro stations. It is worth noting that a distinctive feature of the transport of the capital of Bavaria is its punctuality. All vehicles arrive at the stops strictly on schedule.

The bus network of the city is divided into several types: Metrobus, StadtBus And taxibus. Locals rarely use buses. Tram and metro are the most widely used. Interestingly, the tram is considered the oldest mode of transport in Munich. The cost of a trip in public transport depends on the number of zones.

The Munich metro was specially built for the 1972 Olympics. The total length of the line is over 100 kilometers. Modern rolling stock is used to transport passengers. Interestingly, there are no turnstiles familiar to us in the Munich metro. Travel Documents controllers are checked right at the station. The fare also depends on the zones the passenger is passing through.

Munich is a major railway junction. One of the main German railways is located in the city. On the territory of Munich there are three stations that serve high-speed and regional trains to Italy, Austria, France, Switzerland. Journey through railway to nearby settlements will cost 10-15 €.

The air gates of Munich can be safely called international Airport name F. Strauss. Today, this airport is recognized as one of the largest in all of Europe. Here is the base of the company Lufthansa And StarAlliance. These companies operate daily flights to other cities in Germany and major airports peace. It is worth noting that air travel in Germany is quite expensive. A ticket from Munich to Berlin costs about 200 €.

Munich is the hub of the German autobahn network in the south of the country. Motorways from Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Berlin, Passau, Salzburg, Lindau and Garmisch-Partenkirchen end in Munich.

Connection

Munich is recognized as the largest center of IT technologies and communications not only in Germany and Europe, but throughout the world. Communication systems in the city are well established. Payphones are located on every city street, from which you can make a call not only within the country, but even call abroad. The operation of such payphones is organized from coins, telephone or credit cards. Telephone card sales points are located in all major shopping centers, gas stations, post offices. The cost of the cards varies from 3 € to 25 € depending on the number of paid minutes.

About 80% of Munich residents own cell phones. Mobile communication services in the city are provided by more than a dozen companies that support roaming of the world's major mobile operators, including Russian ones. It should be noted that the price of outgoing calls to Russian cities is about 2 €.

In all areas of Munich, you can find quite cozy Internet cafes that provide visitors with a full range of network services. Wi-Fi access points have become very popular among the local population. By the way, in large hotels, shopping and entertainment centers provide free internet.

Safety

The surroundings of the capital of Bavaria were chosen by representatives of the German elite and not only. By the way, the Russian diaspora in Munich includes more than 40,000 people.

The cost of Munich real estate for an unprepared person can be shocking. Prices for individual apartments reach 1,000,000 €. And luxurious country villas will cost the buyer 20,000,000-30,000,000 €.

A safe and full of exceptionally positive impressions vacation in Munich is possible only if certain important rules are observed.

Firstly, the Germans are extremely punctual and accurate people. If you have an appointment with local residents, you must arrive at it exactly at the appointed time. The slightest delay will cause a lot of negative emotions. In a conversation with the Germans, try to joke more carefully. A misinterpreted phrase can instantly set the interlocutor against you.

Secondly, to travel around Munich, it is better to use the metro or tram. To save time and money, the best way to pay for the fare is to purchase single ticket allowing you to use the services all day long different types transport within the same zone.

Thirdly, when going shopping in Munich, it is worth remembering that all payments are made only in the national currency - the euro. Foreign money can be exchanged at any bank branch. It should be noted that some (by no means all!) shopping centers and large stores pay by bank transfer using plastic cards.