Reserves and national parks of natural zones. Abstract: National parks and reserves

State system national parks Russian Federation began to take shape over 20 years ago, the first National parks“ ” were established in 1983. As of December 31, 2007, there were 40 national parks in the Russian Federation with a total area of ​​7.732 million hectares (0.45% of the territory of Russia). National parks are located on the territory of 11 republics, 4 territories, 19 regions, 1 autonomous district, 1 federal city. All 40 national parks were under the direct control of Rosprirodnadzor.
The rapid expansion of the network of national parks in Russia took place in 1991-1994: by the end of 1994, their number reached 27. In the same period, the regulatory framework was re-formed: the regulation on national natural parks of the Russian Federation was adopted, replacing the regulation of 1981. In 1995, the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" was adopted, which is still in force.
In subsequent years, the rate of growth in the number of national parks slowed down. In 2013, three national parks were established: "", "" and "

Reserves and natural parks- beautiful scenic spots. They attract many visitors every year. Such places are attractive for the possibility of recreation and tourism in the bosom of nature. For this reason, they are in demand among the inhabitants of noisy megacities, tired of the incessant movement and fuss.

In the zones protected by the state, you can get acquainted with the unique species of flora and fauna, as well as learn a reasonable attitude towards natural resources. Reserves and national parks of Russia (names will be presented later) - this is the topic of our article.

curonian spit

It is small national park but it is popular with tourists. About a million visitors visit the park every year.

The park is a long narrow peninsula covered with sand. The spit separates the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea. Moose, hares, wild boars, wolves live in these places.

The local attraction is dancing forest. It is formed by dozens of pine trees with interesting curves. If you go along the route called "The Height of Efa", you can go to the crest of the dune and listen to the "singing sands". The trail is named after a scientist who studied moving sands.

To visit the Curonian Spit, you need to go by bus from Kaliningrad. You can get from Svetlogorsk.

"Pillars"

Speaking about the reserves and national parks of Russia (the names are listed in the article), we should dwell on this. It is located in the very heart of Siberia. Its area is about 500 sq. km.

The reserve is 189 high cliffs. Since the 19th century, the place has been valued by climbers. Fans of this sport often risked their lives by performing tricks without insurance. A memorial was opened in the reserve in memory of the dead extremals.

Numerous walking paths traversing the protected area are accompanied by rest areas. To get to this unique place, you need to take a bus from Krasnoyarsk.

"Valdaisky"

The list of names of national parks and reserves in Russia is complemented by this corner of nature, located on the Valdai Upland. Here are the sources of the rivers Volga, Western Dvina, Dnieper. There are also many lakes on the territory of which you can conduct sports hunting and fishing.

This area is known for being inhabited by rare birds recorded in the Red Book. Also live foxes, wolves, wild boars, lynxes.

You can get to the park by bus from St. Petersburg.

Pechoro-Ilychsky

Continuing to talk about reserves and national parks in Russia with names, it is worth paying attention to this one. It is located in the Northern Urals.

The reserve has a monument of geology - Manpupuner with " Mansi blockheads". These are seven pillars that are sacred objects for the Mansi people.

Helicopters from Perm and Ukhta fly to the reserve. There is also a bus from Troitsko-Pechorsk to these places.

Sikhote-Alin

We continue to give examples of nature reserves and national parks in Russia. Sikhote-Alin is a system of mountains with three winding ridges. Territories are difficult to access for human visits. Himalayan and brown bears, lynxes, Amur tigers, and seals live here.

In the untouched cedar forests, there are ecological paths leading to the habitats of seals and unique birds on Lake Blagodatnoe.

Getting to the reserve is difficult. From Vladivostok there is a bus, the travel time on which takes 14 hours.

I wonder what other reserves and national parks are in Russia?

Baikal

The main object of this reserve is picturesque lake Baikal. Hundreds of species of animals live in the surrounding forests. In Baikal, there is a freshwater seal - a seal.

The reserve has been given international status.

Altaic

We continue to consider the list of reserves and national parks in Russia. Altai Biosphere is located in the Altai Republic.

Its area is 2000 hectares. The reserve is located on the shores of Lake Teletskoye.

Waterfalls and alpine lakes decorate this natural area.

Kronotsky

This reserve is located in Kamchatka, the way to it lies through the sea or by air - by helicopter.

The state has protected the territory since 1934. In the reserve there are mountain ranges, a valley of geysers, formidable volcanoes.

In this natural area, you can hunt sable.

Caucasian

The reserve is located in Stavropol Territory. The year of its foundation is 1954, the area is 282.5 thousand hectares.

This protected corner of nature is located on the slopes of the Western Caucasus. It is filled with a network of mountain landscapes. On mountain peaks ah, snow always lies, glaciers and avalanches often descend. Most of the area is covered with forests.

Big Arctic

The reserve is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Taimyr autonomous region. Its area is huge - 4169.2 thousand hectares. The reserve consists of seven cluster sections and 35 contours, formed by the islands, peninsulas, bays, bays.

Reindeer, geese, gulls, partridges are protected on this territory.

Most of the land is classified as arctic tundra, northern territories- to the Arctic deserts.

Far Eastern Marine

This territory is located south of Vladivostok and includes 11 islands. Rocky capes, bays and peninsulas are located on the coastal areas.

Visitors are presented with beautiful sandy beaches, habitats for seabirds and animals, unusual rocks, picturesque forests, streams and wetlands.

More than 3,000 species of animals live here, more than 200 species of fish. There are even sharks and sea snakes. Mollusks, jellyfish, anemones, octopuses are also interesting.

So, we have listed the main names of reserves and national parks in Russia, gave them a description and indicated the features inherent in these places.

1. Fill in the table using the textbook.

Reserves and national parks of Russia

2. Write down brief information for your message on assignments on p. 119 textbook. Use these notes when speaking.

Assignment: Get acquainted with the reserves and national parks of Russia using the textbook. Make messages to the class.

Nature reserves and national parks are specially protected natural areas. The nature of the Arctic deserts is taken under protection in the reserve "Wrangel Island". The nature of the tundra is protected in several reserves, one of which is Taimyr - located on the Taimyr Peninsula. Among the inhabitants of the reserve are wild reindeer. There are many reserves in the forest zones - the park "Losiny Ostrov", Prioksko-Terrasny and others. In the steppe zone there are Rostov, Orenburg, Daursky reserves. Parts of semi-deserts and deserts are protected in the Black Lands reserve. To save unique nature Black Sea coast Caucasus created the national park "Sochi". Nature reserves and national parks preserve the unique diversity of Russia's nature. Work on the creation of reserves and national parks continues.

3. If possible, do it online virtual journey on the reserve (national park). Prepare a post about it. Write down the basic information for your message. Specify sources of information.

Altai reserve.
The Altai Reserve is one of the largest in Russia. It is located in the mountains of Southern Siberia. This is the land of mountains and swift mountain rivers, the kingdom of giant trees and the country of ancient wild animals. Vertical belts, steppe, forest, subalpine and alpine, replacing each other when climbing the mountains, hide their secrets. Even the forests in the reserve are different. In the north, almost only fir trees grow, to the south - cedars, in the south - deciduous species. On the peaks Altai mountains you can see, perhaps, one of the most beautiful places on the planet - alpine meadows.
1480 species of plants grow on the territory of the reserve, 58 species of mammals, 323 species of birds, 6 reptiles, 18 fish and about 15 invertebrates.
The animal world of Altai is rich and varied: from squirrels and Asian chipmunks to marals, bears and wolverines. One of the most remarkable animals is the lynx.

4. If you have been to reserves or national parks, write a story about your impressions on a separate sheet. Here you can paste a photo or make a drawing.

5. Project "Wonderful Journey Through Russia". If you have the opportunity, visit different parts of our country.
Russia is so great and diverse that even in a lifetime you will not visit everywhere. And yet try with your own eyes to see the plains and mountains, seas, lakes and rivers of our Motherland. And how interesting it is to visit the tundra, forests, steppes or the Black Sea! Many valuable observations and remarkable discoveries can be made in the reserves and national parks of Russia.
Make drawings or stick photos of your trip. In the signatures, express your attitude to the nature of your native country.

Present projects to the class. Compare your travel experiences and draw a general conclusion. Write it down.

bewitch Caucasian mountains You look at them and your eyes rest, your soul rejoices. heart beats fast.

The Black Sea is mysterious and exciting, boundless, endless! The sea is so beautiful! It is either calm, quiet, majestic, or it is stormy, only the waves are foaming, playing with the wind!

The forest is part of the national Russian culture. This source of inspiration, and even life itself: it will feed you and give you a roof.

Great Baikal is the most beautiful and most majestic lake on the planet.

Ecotourism, or ecotourism, is travel to places with relatively untouched nature. The main principle in such a journey is to do no harm. environment Therefore, ecological routes mainly run through national parks and reserves.

Zabaikalsky National Park.

The Zabaikalsky National Park is located within a typical mountain-taiga region. The relief is mountainous. Within the boundaries of the park, large orographic units are distinguished: the Svyatonossky Range, the Barguzinsky Range, the Chivyrkuisky Isthmus and the Ushkany Islands.

There are two mountain range: Barguzinsky ridge - gradually lowering from the Barguzinsky reserve to the lake. Barmashovoye (the highest elevation of the ridge within the park is 2376 m above sea level) and the Sredinny Ridge of the Svyatoi Nos Peninsula (the highest elevation approximately in the middle part of 1877 m), gradually lowering to the north and south. The Chivyrkui Isthmus connects the Holy Nose Peninsula with east coast Baikal. The Ushkany Islands (Bolshoy Ushkany Island and Small Ushkany Islands) are the peaks of the Academic Ridge, which divides the Baikal depression into two basins - northern and southern.

Altai reserve.

Altai Reserve is a World natural heritage UNESCO since 1998. Included in World Wide Web biosphere reserves of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) – 26 May 2009. Included in the Global-200 (WWF) list of virgin or little-modified ecoregions of the world, in which 90% of the planet's biodiversity is concentrated.

The territory occupied by the Altai Reserve includes five physiographic regions of three natural provinces. In the spectrum of altitudinal zonality, almost all natural belts are distinguished Gorny Altai: taiga low and middle mountains, subalpine and alpine meadow middle and high mountains, tundra-steppe high mountains, tundra middle and high mountains, glacial-nival high mountains. Forests occupy 34% of the total area of ​​the main zone. They are located in the lower and middle parts of the mountains, on the steep slopes of the valleys, as well as on the lower parts of the sloping crests. The lower border of the forest begins at the level of 436 meters (the level of Lake Teletskoye), and the upper one is different in different parts. So, if in the southeast it is at an altitude of 2000-2200 m above sea level, then in the northwest it drops to a level of 1800-2000 m.

Lazovsky Reserve.

special value protected area represent a unique grove of relic yew pointed on about. Petrov, thickets of endemic microbiota of a cross-pair population of such rare animals as the Amur goral, the Amur tiger, the Ussuri spotted deer.

The Lazovsky Reserve is located on the southern spurs of the Sikhote-Alin, between the rivers Kievka and Chernaya. Ridge Zapovedny divides the territory of the reserve into two parts - northern continental and southern coastal. Average Height mountains is 500-700 m, some peaks reach 1200-1400 m above sea level. The slopes of the mountains have different steepness, on average 20-25 degrees, their ridges are narrow, but flat. Significant areas are occupied by stony placers. The height of the spurs decreases in the east towards the sea, the watershed ridges pass into small hilly ridges up to 100 m high.

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad".

The very first nature reserve Far East and one of the oldest reserves in Russia, formed to preserve and study undisturbed liana coniferous-broad-leaved forests of Southern Primorye, unique for Russia, characterized by a high proportion of rare and endemic species of flora and fauna. The reserve and its environs is the only place in Russia where the Far Eastern leopard lives.

The most valuable are black fir-broad-leaved forests or black fir forests, the Far Eastern leopard, on Mount Chalban plants are common that are very rare in other places of the Far East - currant bloater, Komarov's currant. In the reserve, for the first time, a rocky primrose was found (on Mount Chalban) and species new to science were described - the Far Eastern violet and the Ussuri corydalis. The Kedrovaya River flows on the territory of the reserve - its length does not exceed 25 kilometers. It is she who is the ideal of a clean river for scientists all over the world.

national park Samarskaya Luka.

The Samarskaya Luka National Park was created in 1984 by decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, and is one of the first three national parks in Russia.

Samarskaya Luka is a unique area formed by the bend of the largest European river Volga in its middle course and the Usinsk Bay of the Kuibyshev reservoir. The Volga in this place makes a large arc facing east, and then turns to the southwest. Its length is more than 200 km. Highly elevated ancient carbonate rocks here form a semblance of an island.

An unusually high concentration of monuments of almost all known to science cultures of the European forest-steppe, starting from bronze age and early iron to modern times. There are about 200 natural and historical monuments on the territory of Samarskaya Luka. It is also rich in archaeological finds.

Smolenskoye Poozerye National Park.

The Smolenskoye Poozerye National Park was formed on the territory of the Demidovsky and Dukhovshchinsky districts Smolensk region in 1992 "to preserve natural complexes for recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes." In November 2002, it was awarded the status of a biosphere reserve of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. The name "Smolenskoye Poozerye" owes its name to 35 large and small glacial lakes located within the park. Each of these lakes is beautiful and unique in its own way.

By configuration, the territory of the park is almost a regular rhombus. The maximum distance from west to east is 55 km, from north to south - 50 km. The geographical center of the park is located in the area of ​​the village. Przhevalskoye. The total area of ​​the park within the boundaries approved by state acts is 146,237 hectares. The security zone is 500 m of territory adjacent to the border of the park.

national park curonian spit.

National Park "Curonian Spit" is located in the border with Lithuania Kaliningrad region on a narrow strip of land between the salty Baltic Sea and freshwater Curonian Lagoon. northern borders parks pass along the Russian-Lithuanian border.

The natural uniqueness of the territory of the national park is that it is the largest sand bar in the world. The dune landscapes of the spit are distinguished by their exceptional beauty and aesthetic impact on humans and represent a unique object for the development of ecological tourism.

The Curonian Spit was regarded as “an exceptional example of a landscape consisting of sand dunes and under constant threat from natural forces such as wind and water. After the destructive intervention of a man who threatened the existence of the spit, it was restored through stabilization and protection work begun in the 19th century and continuing to this day. Currently, the territory of the Curonian Spit is officially under the protection of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

Valdai National Park.

The Valdaisky National Park was established to preserve the unique lake-forest complex of the Valdai Upland and create conditions for development organized recreation in this zone. The basis for the creation of the park was the unique combination and richness of natural components, the degree of their preservation and the ability to maintain ecological balance, a huge aesthetic impact natural landscapes. A differentiated regime of special protection has been established on the territory of the park, taking into account its natural, historical and cultural features. In accordance with this, the following functional zones have been identified: reserved, specially protected, recreational, regulated use zone around lakes and rivers, as well as a visitor service zone.

Ilmensky reserve.

One of the oldest reserves in Russia, established in 1920 to preserve unique mineral deposits. Since 1935 it has been transformed into complex reserve for the conservation and study of mineral wealth, flora and fauna of the eastern macroslope Southern Urals. In 1991, the historical and archaeological branch "Arkaim" (currently the forestry "Stepnoe") was attached to the reserve for conservation and study unique monument early city civilization of the Bronze Age - the settlement "Arkaim" and the archaeological complex in the Bolshekaraganskaya valley. The reserve is the only mineralogical reserve in the country and one of the few mineralogical reserves in the world.

Protected areas in Russia have existed since ancient times. Even primitive people noticed how quickly the hunting grounds were getting poorer and depleted. The first "measures" for the protection of nature were of a religious nature. There were "holy places" protected forests”, “forbidden places”.

Various animals were endowed with supernatural, mysterious features: bears, beavers and many others. That is why, for a long time, the most beautiful parts of nature, individual animals and plants fell under special protection.

State natural reserves, including biospheric - areas of the territory, completely withdrawn from their normal economic use, on which people stop all their interference in natural processes in order to compare the latter with developed lands. Reserves are considered as research institutions that perform scientific protective and cultural and educational functions.

They are used as a background reserve-reference object in the study of biospheric processes. There are about 90 nature reserves in Russia, including 16 biosphere reserves.

natural national parks- vast territories where regulated tourism and recreation of people are provided, environmental knowledge is promoted. In national parks there are also zones of economic use.

natural parks- territories of special aesthetic and ecological value, with a relatively mild protection regime and used mainly for organized recreation of the population.

Reserves - territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components.

Monuments of nature- unique, irreproducible natural objects having scientific, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, ancient trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). Any activity that violates their safety is prohibited in these territories.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens — environmental institutions whose task is to create collections of trees and shrubs in order to preserve biological diversity and enrich flora, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes. Work is also underway on the introduction and acclimatization of new this region plants.

Natural reserves of Russia

In Russia at the beginning of 2006 there were 101 state nature reserve with a total area of ​​about 340,000 km2. Reserves are located in all natural areas ah - from the Arctic deserts on Wrangel Island to the subtropics ( Caucasian Reserve) in 70 subjects of the Russian Federation. The largest of them is the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve (the area is 4 million 169.2 hectares; it is the largest in Eurasia), and the smallest is Galichya Gora in the Lipetsk Region (231 hectares; it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the smallest in the world). Until 1916, only local hunting reserves and private reserves existed in our country. Barguzinsky is considered the first official state reserve in Russia. It was established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General in 1916, and in 1917 its creation was formalized by a government decree. However, according to some sources, it is believed that the Sayansky Reserve was opened somewhat earlier than the Barguzinsky Reserve, although at that time it was not officially registered. The youngest reserve today is the Kologrivsky Forest, created in 2006.

Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve

Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve situated on western slopes Northern Urals in the taiga zone. The reserve was established in 1930 to preserve the unique flora and fauna of the Cis-Urals. About 40 species of mammals live here: elk, reindeer, wolf, wolverine, beaver, sable, marten; 200 kinds of birds. Valuable species of fish are found in the rivers - salmon, whitefish, grayling, taimen. In 1984, the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve was given the status of a biosphere reserve.

Kronotsky Reserve

Kronotsky state reserve was established in 1934 to restore the number of Kamchatka sable. Since 1967 it has existed as a biosphere reserve and includes unique objects Kamchatka nature: Valley of Geysers, Uzon caldera, Kronotsky lake, nine active volcanoes, Graceful Fir Grove. Thus, the territory of the reserve covers the main landscapes of Kamchatka - the ocean coast, tundra, taiga, mountains, volcanoes.

Here you can find geysers, thermal springs, different in temperature and mineral composition; hydrothermal springs with temperatures above +100 °C; warm and cold carbon dioxide mineral springs. Their occurrence is associated with earthquakes and. There are about 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka, 29 of them are active.

Cedar Pad

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad" was formed in 1916 on the coast of the Amur Bay to protect natural resources Ussuri taiga. Korean cedar grows here, reaching a height of 40 m and more than 1 m in diameter, velvet, walnut, ash, linden, oak, and ginseng. The main object of protection of the reserve is the Ussuri tiger.

Other reserves in Russia

There are several nature reserves in the tundra, one of which is Kandalaksha. It was opened in 1932 on the coast Kola Peninsula. Under protection there are wild reindeer, as well as various species of birds.

In 1996, the first tundra ornithological reserve was created on Wrangel Island, where birds are studied and protected. The main object of observation in the reserve is polar geese that nest in these parts.

In the Siberian taiga, the first natural park was created in 1995. It is called "Kondinsky lakes". scenic ponds, Pinery, abundance of mushrooms and berries, great places for hunting and fishing attract tourists and vacationers here.

The fauna of these places is surprisingly diverse: river beaver, sable, otter, wolverine, fox, reindeer, muskrat. Of the birds: capercaillie, black grouse, partridge, gray crane, white-tailed eagle, whooper swan.

National parks of Russia

In 1987, there were 156 nature reserves and 17 national parks in our country. Now the number of the latter has increased markedly. There are currently 34 of them.

The national parks include the most picturesque and naturally valuable territories (Valdai, Samarskaya Luka, Meshchera, Curonian Spit, Elbrus region, Baikal, etc.), many of them have received international recognition and are included in the World Heritage List.

Every year national parks attract more and more travelers not only from Russia, but also from abroad. National park visitors are offered interesting excursions on hiking and horse trails, fishing trips, photo hunting, skiing and snowmobiling and much more.

In the territory former USSR the first national park appeared in the Estonian SSR on the coast Gulf of Finland in 1971 is Lahemaa(Est. - the land of the bay). In Russia, it was the first to open Sochi National Park - May 5, 1983 The youngest national park in Russia today - "Russian Arctic", spread over the territory Arkhangelsk region. It was opened on June 15, 2009. The possibility of creating a national park "Mologa" in the Yaroslavl region is being considered.

Now in Russia there are 40 national parks, the territories of which cover almost all natural zones: from the taiga to the mountain peaks of the Caucasus, from Baltic Sea before mountainous areas south of Transbaikalia. The largest in terms of area National Park "Udege Legend" located in Primorsky Krai. Its area is 88,600 km2. The smallest is the Curonian Spit, which occupies the territory not only of the Russian Kaliningrad region, but also of Lithuania.

Let's talk about some national parks in central Russia.

Smolensk Lake District

National Park "Smolensk Lakeland" created in 1992 in a unique corner Central Russian nature. It is located in the northwest of the Smolensk region. This is the edge of the lakes. water system The park is complemented by 16 rivers, mineral springs, raised sphagnum bogs.

The watershed of the basins of the Baltic and Black Seas passes through the territory of the park. The relief of the area bears traces of the ancient Valdai glaciation. All lakes, and here there are 35 of them, have glacial origin. Each is unique in its own way. For example, in Lake Chistik it is amazing clear water, in Mutny - healing mud, Baklanovskoye - the deepest. And Lake Sapsho is famous for the fact that on its shore there is a museum-estate of the famous Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.

There are fish in the lakes of the park. There are many birds and animals in the forests. You can meet a bear, elk, wild boar, roe deer. Hunting them, of course, is prohibited. They can only be observed and photographed.

Oryol woodland

National Park "Orlovskoye Polissya" located at the junction of the zone of forests and forest-steppes. The relief of the park is an undulating plain composed of glacial sands and loams. Meet sand dunes up to 10 m high. The territory is dissected by a dense network of river valleys and gullies. There are two lakes, several dozen artificial reservoirs. The park is inhabited by the common crane, muskrat, badger, beaver, lynx and even the dark European forest bee.

Ugra National Park

Ugra National Park in the Kaluga region was opened for tourists on July 1, 1997. It is located in the picturesque valleys of the Ugra and Zhizdra rivers, as well as on the left bank of the Oka. The length of the park from north to south is 130 km, and from west to east - 80 km, which provides a sufficient variety of natural landscapes. According to its content, the national park is historical and natural. There are 21 natural monuments, more than 30 architectural monuments, famous spiritual centers, about 100 archaeological sites here.

The Ugra River in the national park flows through sparsely populated, wooded areas. Its steep banks are buried in the greenery of pine forests. The water is so pure that plants have been preserved in it - indicators of the purity of water: a white water lily, a freshwater sponge - bodyaga. One of the most mysterious places The park is a forest tract "Devil's Settlement" with impenetrable forests, deep gloomy ravines, sheer cliffs, boulders and caves. Archaeologists have found traces of parking here ancient man(Iron Age).

Nechkinsky

Nechkinsky National Park was organized in 1997. It is located at the junction of the taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests of the Cis-Urals. The territory, which extends for a good hundred kilometers above and below the dam of the Botkinsk reservoir, is covered with light pine forests, alternating in depressions with spruce and birch forests with an admixture of fir, larch, linden and oak.

In forests, lakes and rivers, meadows and marshes, 745 species of plants grow and 114 species of animals live. On the territory of the national park there are numerous monuments of archeology, history and culture of different eras.

Landscapes and panoramas of the park's vast water and forest expanses attract painters, photography enthusiasts and tourists.

Reserves of Russia

Another form of protected natural areas are the reserves.

Reserve- a section of a territory or water area within which not all of it is under special protection natural complex, as in a reserve, but only its individual elements: vegetation, all or some species of animals, etc.

Unlike the reserve, the lands of the reserve are not withdrawn from the land user, only certain types of activities are limited for a certain period (plowing, logging, haymaking, hunting, fishing, tourism, etc.).

Currently in Russia there are 69 federal nature reserves with a total area of ​​about 170,000 km 2 in 45 subjects of the Federation and about 12 thousand regional reserves. Among the first reserves formed in 1958, one should mention Tseisky(regional, North Ossetia- Alanya) Priazovsky(federal, Krasnodar Territory), Khingan-Arkharin(federal, Amur region), Voronezh(federal, Voronezh region),Kirzinsky(federal. Novosibirsk region),Tyumen(federal, Tyumen region), Yaroslavsky(federal, Yaroslavl region).