Bratsk reservoir. Bratsk reservoir - a huge artificial reservoir

The Bratsk reservoir has great importance for energy, shipping, timber rafting, water supply and fisheries. Main characteristics The dam at the Bratsk hydroelectric power station was built in 1961, the filling of the reservoir ended in 1967. The water surface area of ​​the reservoir ranges from 5426 km2 to 5470 km2, and the volume reaches 169 km3. The useful volume of the Bratsk reservoir is 35.41 km 3, the average depth is 31 m, the level change during drawdown from the FSL is 7.08 m. major rivers- Angara, Oki, Ii and others - long bays formed. The width of the Bratsk reservoir exceeds 20 km.

The Bratsk reservoir is an artificial reservoir in the Irkutsk region, formed on the Angara River as a result of the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station and is the second stage of the Angara cascade.

The length of the reservoir is 570 kilometers, the width reaches 25 kilometers, the average depth is 31, and maximum depth at the dam - more than 100 meters. The area of ​​the water surface of the reservoir ranges from 5426 to 5470 sq. km., and the volume reaches 169 kb. km. In many respects, the Bratsk reservoir is the largest reservoir in the world: for example, only one African reservoir, Victoria (Owen Fole), created on the basis of huge lake, exceeds Bratskoye in volume.

The reservoir has a rather complex configuration. The coastline, about 7,400 kilometers long, is heavily indented. The reservoir consists of two main reaches, occupying the flooded sections of the valleys of the Angara (length 500 kilometers with a maximum width of 33 kilometers) and Oka (length 370 kilometers). Long winding bays formed in the valleys of many other tributaries.

The dam at the Bratsk hydroelectric power station was built in 1961, the filling of the reservoir ended in 1967. As a result of the creation of the Bratsk reservoir, the depths of many tributaries increased, which as a result became navigable.

In addition to the main energy purpose, the Bratsk reservoir is used for water transport, timber rafting, fisheries, industrial and municipal water supply.

Dips and subsidences are observed along the banks of the Bratsk reservoir, sinkholes and niches, landslides and slope subsidence, disappearing streams. With the creation of a reservoir karst processes, characteristic of this region, increased sharply in coastal zone. The reservoir is also characterized by intensive processes of bank destruction associated with a large amplitude of water level fluctuations. Usually they do not exceed 2-3 meters, but in dry years they increase to 5-6 meters, and in critical periods - up to 10 meters. The length of the destroyed coast exceeds 2 thousand kilometers (more than a quarter of the entire coastline of the reservoir), and total area erosion is more than 5 thousand hectares.

Nevertheless, the banks of the Bratsk reservoir are a favorite vacation spot for tourists and fishermen.

The Bratsk reservoir is an artificial reservoir in the Bratsk district of the Irkutsk region, formed after the construction of the second stage of the Angarsk cascade. The Bratsk Reservoir is considered the second largest reservoir in the world in terms of volume of accumulated water and one of the largest in terms of area - its length reaches 570 kilometers, its width is almost 25 kilometers. Average depth reservoir is 31 meters, when at the dam itself the maximum depth reaches more than 100 meters. The reservoir has a unique coastline - along its entire length it is indented with small winding bays. Most large bays reservoirs were formed at the confluence of the Angara, Ii and Oka.

The history of the formation of the Bratsk reservoir

The construction of the first three hydroelectric power stations of the Angara cascade was the construction of the century, not only for, but for the whole Eastern Siberia. The decision to build the second stage of the cascade was made in the autumn of 1954, and already in December of the same year, the first preparatory work began. The construction of the hydroelectric power station was declared a Komsomol construction site and took place surprisingly quickly for such a large-scale project - in 1957 part of the Angara was blocked from ice, in 1961 the filling of the reservoir had already begun. The filling of the reservoir took almost seven months, and already in November 1961, the first hydroelectric unit gave electricity. The units were put into operation sequentially - the second unit was launched a week later, and already in 1966 all 18 units of the station were launched. The filling of the reservoir was completed in 1967 - in the same year, the Bratsk HPP was well received by the state commission.

Where is the Bratsk Reservoir located?

The Bratsk reservoir is located in the Bratsk district of the Irkutsk region, on its banks there are such large cities as Svirsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye and Bratsk, after which both the hydroelectric power station and the reservoir were named. The reservoir is unique in its form and consists of two parallel channels - the longest part of the reservoir runs along the Angara, while the second part of the reservoir falls on the Oka. The total length of the coastline of the reservoir reaches 7,400 kilometers, of which 5,000 kilometers are on the Angara, and the remaining 2,400 are on the Oka and Iya. It should be noted that after the reservoir was filled, the depth of the rivers flowing into it increased significantly, due to which many of them became navigable.

Weather on the Bratsk reservoir

The reservoir is located in a zone of sharply continental climate, so the weather here is very capricious. In winter, frost quickly sets in on the reservoir with average temperature down to -25 °C, especially harsh winters the temperature sometimes drops to -60 ° C - it is not for nothing that the territory of the reservoir is equated with districts Far North. In summer, the air warms up to 24 ° C, but in early June and late August, light frosts are possible in the mornings - therefore, you should always take warm clothes on a trip to the Bratskoye Reservoir, here they will never be superfluous.

What is there to do in Bratskoye Reservoir?

Although the reservoir belongs to artificial reservoirs, in terms of the number of types of recreation offered, it is in no way inferior to natural ones. The water in the reservoir quickly warms up in summer to a pleasant 22–24 °C, allowing you to swim in the reservoir from the end of June. The shores of the reservoir are covered not only with taiga, but also with golden sand, ideal for sunbathing. And the forest surrounding the reservoir is perfect for small walks for mushrooms and berries, which please tourists already in July. Hiking near the reservoir, barbecues on fresh air, sports games and just songs with a guitar - all this can be done on the banks of the reservoir. But the main entertainment on the banks brotherly sea fishing became, of course, - more than 30 species of fish are found in the reservoir.

Sanatoriums and recreation centers on the Bratsk reservoir

The Bratsk Sea is considered the main place for recreation for the residents of the Bratsk District and, of course, attracts many vacationers from other regions of the country to its shores. Near the reservoir there are several tourist bases and recreation centers for every taste and budget. The recreation center "Fishing House", for example, is ideal for a relaxing family vacation– here couples can stay in small cozy houses or settle in a tent right on the shore of the reservoir. Especially for those wishing to improve their health, the Bratskoye Vzmorye sanatorium was opened - the sanatorium is located on the banks of the reservoir in the picturesque taiga. On the territory of the sanatorium is located mineral spring and has everything you need comfortable rest Outdoors. In addition, tourist bases "Golden Sands" and "Ust-Osa" are popular with tourists, offering accommodation both in houses and in tents.

Rest on the Bratsk reservoir "savage"

Of course, a stop at a tourist base is not suitable for everyone, because sometimes you want to be a "savage" - to stay somewhere with a tent away from civilization and other tourists. The Bratsk Reservoir is ideal for such a holiday - you can always find a free place on its banks. The most convenient place for camping on the Bratsk Sea is the Golden Sands beach. The beach is covered with soft golden sand and surrounded by taiga - on the border of the forest and the beach, and you can conveniently stop the tent, while remaining at a distance from the nearby tourist base. Rest "savage" on the Bratsk reservoir is a matter of experience, only after several trips you can find a place that suits you in everything.

Fishing on the Bratsk reservoir

The Bratsk Reservoir is considered a paradise for fishing enthusiasts - both beginners and experienced fishermen can find a catch here. In the reservoir, pike, carp, crucian carp, roach and even omul can get caught on the bait. But the main catch of the reservoir is perch - the reservoir is famous for its huge perches weighing more than a kilogram. The water of the reservoir is an ideal ecological system for perches - there is plenty of food for them, which is why the size of fraternal perches impresses even experienced fishermen. It is worth noting that fishermen can count on a good catch in any season of the year - both in summer and in winter the reservoir is full of fish, you just need to find out everything in advance fishing spots. “Fish” tours often go to the Bratskoye Reservoir, in addition, fishing competitions are often held here - whoever has the most catch is the winner.

How to get to the Bratsk reservoir?

You can get from Irkutsk to the Bratsk Reservoir both by car and by car. public transport. You just need to follow to Bratsk along the regional highway P-255. The way to Bratsk will pass by such settlements of the Irkutsk region as Usolye-Sibirskoye, Cheremkhovo, Zima, Kuitun and Tulun. The distance from Irkutsk to Bratsk is 619 kilometers, the travel time can take up to 10 hours. There are regular departures from the Irkutsk bus station to Bratsk shuttle buses. Bratsk is located on the very shore of the reservoir, so it is from this city that it will be most convenient to get to any point on the reservoir. The Golden Sands beach, for example, can be reached by minibus from Bratsk to the village of Osa, and from Osa - directly to the beach.

Video Bratsk reservoir

Bratsk reservoir- a reservoir in the Irkutsk region of Russia, formed on the Angara River as a result of the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the second largest reservoir in the world. On the banks is the city of Bratsk, after which it got its name.

The reservoir is widely used for navigation, fishing, timber rafting and water supply. It has significant fish resources.

Main characteristics

The coastline is approx. 7,400 km strongly indented, at the confluence of large rivers - the Angara, Oka, Ii and others - formed long bays. The width of the reservoir exceeds 20 km.

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Notes

Literature

• Bratsk reservoir. Engineering geology of the territory, M., .

Links

• // National Atlas of Russia. - M .: Roskartografiya, 2004. - T. 1. - S. 246. - 496 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-85120-217-3.

An excerpt characterizing the Bratsk reservoir

The Bratsk Reservoir occupies a part southern territories West Siberian Upland. The Angara filled its basin with its waters for six years before the start of the hydroelectric power plant. Today it is the world's largest artificial body of water on the river. Along with three more operating and two at the design stage, it is part of the Angarsk HPP cascade.

Bratsk reservoir: history of construction, characteristics

The Angara River, on which a grandiose dam was built in 1961, originates in Baikal and flows into the Yenisei River. The reservoir is located on the site of the first third of the river artery, not far from the confluence of the Oka River into the Angara. Before its location and further downstream, the river was blocked in three more places in order to give the energy of its waters for the life support of cities and industrial facilities.

The construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, begun in 1961 and completed in 1967, was recognized at one time as the construction site of the century. The first builders in the harsh climate of the plateau endured conditions bordering on the threshold of survival: they lived in tents and barracks in severe frosts. The enthusiasm of the builders brought an unprecedented result - a giant hydroelectric dam and its functional units were built in six years. The construction also broke another record - it became the most efficient hydroelectric power plant in the world: its payback for 25 years exceeded the construction costs by five times.

The water level of the Bratsk reservoir

In dry years, the reservoir recedes from the maximum mark of the coastline by ten meters. The rivers and streams flowing into its basin, the largest of which are the Oka, Iya and, of course, the Angara itself, form numerous bays, creating a heavily indented coastline. During half a century of the existence of an artificial reservoir, the shores are gradually slipping, forming many kilometers of shallow water. Along the gently sloping shores of the reservoir, wide sandy spits arose.

(Sandy shore of the Bratsk reservoir)

Reservoir dimensions: area, volume, depth

The reservoir at maximum filling occupies an area of ​​5470 square meters. km, when dry it decreases to 3133 sq. km. m. It is marked on the map by a strongly curved blue stripe, the length of which is 500 km. The width of the reservoir in some places is slightly more than one km. At the confluence of the Oka and the Angara, the reservoir forms two lakes connected by a narrow strait, the maximum width of which in the central part reaches 25 km - there they look like real seas. In some places, the depth of the reservoir is 150 m, but there are areas in bays where the bottom protrudes above the surface of the water surface.

Water temperature and currents

The water of the Bratsk reservoir comes from Lake Baikal, so at the entrance to the basin of the reservoir it is clean, bright and cold. In winter, the reservoir freezes completely, forming an ice cover up to 1.25 m thick in especially cold seasons. Ice cover takes different years five to seven and a half months. During the rest of the year, the reservoir is used for busy navigation. The water temperature in the summer months on the surface and up to one meter deep does not heat up above 15-20 ° C.

The water flow rate for the reservoir is quite high: on the surface it is approximately 1 m/s. At a depth in some places, the water practically stands still, moving towards the dam at a speed of one millimeter per second.

The composition of the water in the reservoir

If in the upper part of the reservoir, where the Angara flows into it with its clean Baikal water, the ecosystem pleases with health, the water has a high second class in terms of purity, then in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe source from the reservoir, at the dam, it shows the limiting indicators for pollution. The composition of the water has a low degree of mineral dissolution - this is a typical picture for the hydrocarbonate type water resources Earth.

Angara, before the construction of a dam on it, was very rich in commercial fish species. Living conditions for sturgeon and salmon were ideal for temperature regime, the abundance of food, the speed of the current. Today, a typical lacustrine composition of inhabitants has been established in the reservoir. These are mainly non-commercial fish species: perch, pike, bream, ruff.

Dam of the Bratsk Reservoir

The reservoir dam is 924 meters long and 124.5 meters high and is built of concrete. It consists of three sections: deaf, stationary and spillway. On the coast, it is continued by concrete dams about half a kilometer long and earthen embankments with a total length of more than three and a half kilometers on both banks.

The dam not only serves as an obstacle to the free movement of the river. On its top, the railroads of the BAM and the highway are laid. They connect the banks of the Angara for busy traffic from the European part of the country to the Asian one.

Cities on the Bratsk Reservoir

During the construction of the dam of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, large and populated areas had to be liberated from the indigenous people who lived here. For them, new cities were built and the plateaus that were previously in this part of the plateau were enlarged. settlements. So, Bratsk appeared on the site of the ancient village - the most Big City on the banks of this reservoir. The cities of Balagansk, Cheremkhovo, Svirsk now stand in the area of ​​the reservoir. The reservoir provides their residents and industrial facilities built here with drinking and technical water - four large water intakes have been built on it.

The reservoir is an important transport artery of the region. It has 40 passenger berths, a timber loading and storage terminal and two cargo ports. As soon as the ice frees the surface of the Bratsk reservoir, a busy movement of ships and means for transporting timber begins. Many industrial enterprises operate within the basin of the Bratsk reservoir. The electricity generated by the Bratsk HPP provides almost all the capacity of the country's largest aluminum smelter.