East Australian Current. Inland waters

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West Australian Current

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Climate

Relief

History of discovery and research

Physical location

Mainland Australia is located in the southern latitudes of the Eastern Hemisphere. The southern tropic crosses Australia almost in the middle. Australia is a compact continent: its central regions almost equally distant from the ocean.

The mainland is washed by the waters Indian And Pacific oceans. In the west, near the coast of Australia, there is a cold Western Australian current, and in the east - warm East Australian flow.

warm waters Southern Tradewind currents run along north coast mainland. cold flow Western winds washed by its southern shores.

Huge ocean expanses separate Australia from other continents. Only in the north, thanks to the numerous islands, is it connected with Asia. The isolation of the continent affected its nature.

extreme points:

North - Cape York (11 0 S, 142 0 E);

· South - Cape Yugo-Vostochny (38 0 S, 146 0 E);

Western - Cape Steep Point (26 0 S, 113 0 E);

Eastern - Cape Byron (27 0 S, 153 0 E)

The coastline is slightly indented.

big seas washing the coast of Australia: Coral and Tasmanovo.

The largest bays are the Great Australian and Carpentaria.

Most large peninsulas– Cape York and Arnhem Land.

Most famous islands near the shores of the mainland: New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand.

Australia was discovered only at the beginning of the 17th century. the Dutch. Abel Tasman walked along the northern, western and southwestern coasts.

In the second half of the 18th century Australia was rediscovered by the Englishman James Cook. He walked around eastern shores continent. From that time Australia became a colony of Great Britain.

Only in the 19th century the first voyage around the mainland was made and its dimensions were established. This was done by the Englishman Matthew Flinders. He also suggested modern name mainland.

Most of Australia is located within the ancient Australian platform far from the edges of the lithospheric plates. This explains the predominantly flat character of its relief.

Located in the western part of the mainland western australian plateau 400-600 m high. It lies within the shield, so minerals of igneous origin are mined there: iron and nickel ore, gold.

In the southeast, the plateau merges into central lowland, which in the Lake Eyre region plunges below sea level. Deposits of oil and natural gas have been found in the thick layer of the sedimentary cover.

In the east of the mainland, heavily destroyed ancient Paleozoic mountains stretch along the coast - Great Dividing Range. In the extreme southeast, the mountains reach greatest height and are called australian alps. Here is the most high mountain Kosciuszko (2230 m). There is not a single active volcano on the mainland, there are no earthquakes.

The climate of the mainland is very dry and hot. The southern tropic crosses Australia almost in the middle, so the Sun is over northern part its territory is at its zenith. Therefore, the mainland receives a large number of solar radiation due to the large angle of incidence of sunlight. Australia lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, so January is the warmest month on the mainland and July the coldest.

Australia's climate is affected by constant winds - southeast trade winds that blow from the tropics towards the equator. They come from the Pacific Ocean, so they carry moist air masses. But the Great Dividing Range delays the trade winds. This affects the redistribution of precipitation: only small coastal areas up to the mountains, behind the mountains there is little precipitation.

Coastal climate is affected sea ​​currents: cold currents cause dry weather, warm currents cause wet weather. Therefore, they remain slightly wet western coasts(due to the cold West Australian current) and southerly (due to the current of the West Winds). The eastern shores receive a lot of precipitation due to the warm East Australian Current. Australia is the driest continent on the planet.

In Australia, there are

subequatorial climatic zone(warmth with summer season rains and winter drought)

tropical(warm with different moisture content: continental in the center of the mainland - with insufficient and uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year, nautical in the east - with excessive and uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year),

subtropical(with wet warm winter and dry hot summers).

Australia is the smallest continent the globe. Together with the adjacent islands, it is entirely located in the southern hemisphere. The name of this continent, discovered and settled later than others, comes from the Latin word "australis" - "southern". Not in Australia active volcanoes and modern glaciation, however, in recent geological time, such phenomena were still observed, as evidenced by the craters of extinct volcanoes located throughout Australia and traces of glacier activity, which we will discuss later.

Australia is traversed by the southern Tropic of Cancer. The southern tropic crosses so that to the north of it lies a smaller part of the mainland, to the south - a large one.

Extreme points of the mainland:

• in the north - Cape York (10 ° 40` S),
• in the south - Cape Yugo-Vostochny (39 ° 08` S),
• in the west - Cape Steep Point (113 ° 09` E),
• in the east - Cape Byron (153° 39` E).

The length of Australia from north to south is about 3200 km, from west to east about 4100 km, the area is 7630 thousand km2

Australia is washed by the waters of the Pacific seas and is not connected by land with any other continent. Therefore, Australia, also referring to its small size, is sometimes called the "mainland-island".

The islands are located northwest of the coast of Australia. Malay Archipelago. These islands are part of the once former Australian land, like an isthmus between Australia and that existed until the Quaternary period. This area is only half flooded, not very deep sea, washing the continental platform, within which there are such seas as the Timor and Arafura, as well as the bays of Carpentaria and Joseph Bonaparte.

Southern and east coast Australia, which is washed by the Indian Ocean, is mostly shallow. The continental shelf is quite clearly developed (the width of the shelf is about 300 km, and the depth does not exceed 200 m). In some western coastal parts, 30-40 km from the coast, there is a network of Australian guyots. In total, there are 69 of these guyots, 68 guyots are located under water, and only one of them comes to the surface. And from a height it seems that this is a crater extinct volcano. However, it is not. In fact, these are Milloborean coral structures that developed very actively in the Paleozoic (Vendian age). This area was called Milliborea, which was separated from Australia by the Flinder fold system, which is now represented by the Flinders Range in the present period.

In the Indian Ocean, two currents approach the coast of Australia, one is the cold West Australian Current, the other is the warm South Trade Wind Current. At the place of their convergence, in the off-season, rather powerful whirlpools form, which the majority of sailors called the "Ponamari Devil's Triangle". A lot of ships sank here, thick and water tornadoes are very frequent. But when planes fly over this area, there is a bumpiness due to a powerful turbulent flow. This place attracts many adventurers, because according to them, in 1604, the famous pirate ship "Reeves" was sunk here, which transported a lot of gold, which now lies at the bottom and, according to legend, is guarded by the Ponamari Devil, who has a human head and hands, and everything else is the structure of the fish.

The temperature of the water in the Indian Ocean gradually decreases to the south under the influence of the already described cold West Australian Current. However, this current is weak and the water off the coast of Australia is warmer than at the corresponding latitudes off the western coast and, as you know, cold currents flow here.

The Indian Ocean forms many bays off the coast of Australia. In the northwest - King, in the west - Shark, in the southwest - the bay, in the south - the Spencer bays and, as well as the very wide and little protruding into the land - the Great Australian Bight. There are also islands, the largest is, which is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait. Most of Novaya Island also belongs to the Indian Ocean basin and is separated from the mainland by the Tores Strait.

Small islands include - Melville, Grote Eyland, Bathers - in the north; King, Flinders and Kangaroo, in the south; Derk Hartog is to the west.

Now let's move on to Pacific coast. It is already known that Australia is washed in the east. Here, in contrast to Indian coast the continental shelf is not so pronounced, the shelf stretches for 5 km, after which depths of more than 3000 km follow. This is characterized by the fact that in this place there is a collision of two different types of structures of the earth's crust: the Solomon Plate, which is an integral part of the Indo-Australian platform and the Pacific. At the place of their contact, a marine trench called Lahlansky is formed, which stretches from north to south for 2500 km. On the edge (the edge of the continental shelf) there is a reef structure, which in some places comes to the surface of the sea. The surface of the reef is uneven and dissected by erosion, the surface of which is filled at the time of the tides. In some places, the reef is divided into parts by narrow and winding channels through which small boats can pass to the mainland. This place was named - which is the most powerful coral structure in the world. Reef formation is favored by good climatic conditions. Here, the water temperature throughout the year is kept at 25 ° C, as a result of which coral growth is observed. And so, the Pacific coast includes Timor, Arafura and coral sea the depth of which exceeds 5000 km, and separated by shallow areas (coral islands - no one lives on them, they used to be very actively used for military purposes (atomic bombs were dropped for the purpose of studying, forcing Russians and execution), and now some coral islands of the Pacific Ocean are purchased oligarchs). But apart from coral islands there are also continental and volcanic ones. The latter are the most. The totality of these islands is called Oceania. In its origin and development of the organic world, Oceania is closely related to Australia, but we will talk about the organic world later.

And now, my dear guests, we will describe Oceania. But did you know that the area of ​​the islands of Oceania is about 1.3 million km2. Oceania can and should be divided into several parts, namely Melanesia, and. Polynesia includes the Society, Line, Hawaiian and other islands. Melanesia includes the most major islands– New Guinea, New Caledonia and others. The remaining small islands lying north of Melanesia and west of the meridian 177 ° E. (, Caroline, Mariana and others) are called Micronesia. Stop! But what about the island? But as for the island, it belongs to a completely different special group.

Such a division of Oceania is based on cultural, historical and ethnographic features, which does not quite coincide with the division of Oceania according to physical and geographical features.