What balloons fly. How it all works: a passenger balloon. How to make a balloon: basket

Flying enthusiasts balloons are available all over the world, and they can offer hot air balloon travel, both for money and for volunteering to help their ground crew. If you have already tasted the delights of such flights and now want to pull the lines and light the burner yourself while traveling solo, then first you need to take a course of training and certification. Knowing how a hot air balloon works will give you an edge and help you decide if this hobby is right for you.

Steps

Part 1

We understand why the ball flies. Operating principle balloons very simple. As you heat air or any other gas, it becomes less dense. Just like an air bubble rising in an aquarium, hot air will rise above the denser, colder air that surrounds it. It is worth heating the air in the balloon to the desired temperature, and he himself will be able to lift up both the dome and the basket along with all its contents.

We study the design of the ball. Its device is so simple that you can already easily navigate it, learning the necessary terminology will help you and your team communicate with each other:

We wear protective clothing. The pilot must wear goggles as he will be near the flames. Also, the pilot and crew must wear heavy duty gloves, long sleeves, and long pants made from fabric that is free of nylon, polyester, and other flammable materials.

• Everyone in the shopping cart should keep in mind that balloon can land in mud or difficult terrain, and therefore the clothes and shoes worn should be as comfortable as possible.

1. In order to rise higher, you need to release more propane. To increase the supply of propane to the fire, you need to open the blast valve on the hose attached to the gas cylinder, which is usually located directly under the burner, more. The more you open the valve, the large quantity hot air will rush into the ball and the faster it will rise. .

   • Dropping the ballast or any heavy object placed on the sides of the balloon will reduce its overall density and cause it to rise as well. For obvious reasons, this technique is not recommended when flying over populated areas.

2. Learning how to stay at a stable height. Like any object that is warmer than its surroundings, the balloon cools down over a long period of time, which causes it to gradually descend. To stay at the same height, you must use one of the tricks:

   To lower, open the parachute valve. Remember that the parachute flap is the flap at the top of the envelope. In the normal state, it is hermetically sealed and, in order to open it, you need to pull the red sling, which is called the rupture sling. This allows hot air to escape through the top. Keep the line taut until the ball drops to the correct mark. Then, release it and the flap will close again.

   We control the direction of decline or rise. It is impossible to directly influence the direction of balloon movement. There are several air currents that are layered one on top of the other. Raise or lower the ball, catching different cross-flows of air, and it will change direction. Pilots are often forced to change the route of their movement, adjusting to the desired air flow.

   Check the strength of the wind. Knowing when to cancel a flight is a very important factor in pilot training. Flight at strong wind extremely dangerous and prohibited. Beginners must follow simple rule: fly either in the first hours after sunrise, or a few hours before sunset, when the wind direction is more predictable and its speed is low.

   Check for life support items. At a minimum, the basket should contain: a fire extinguisher, a first aid kit, a topographic map, an aviation map, an altimeter (a device for measuring altitude) and a flight log in which the pilot records all the details of the flight. Check the propane tank sensor. You need to be sure that they have enough fuel to fly - usually about 30 gallons (114 liters) per hour. For long flights, you will also need a radio and possibly electronic navigation equipment.

   Fill the balloon to take off. Almost all balloons require the help of several people to get off the ground. First, the burner must be secured to the frame of the basket and positioned to the side of the envelope that is lying on the ground. Raise and straighten the mouth of the envelope, and for ten minutes use a powerful pump to pump in air, which is then heated by a burner. Usually, while the balloon is preparing to fly, the basket on the ground is held by people or tied to a car. When the passengers and the pilot are seated in the basket, the pilot releases a powerful jet of flame from the burner and the ball lifts off the ground.

   During the start, you need to be extremely careful. The pilot must be very focused and watch how the envelope is inflated, and the ground crew controls all the lines. Constantly look around in all directions to spot trees or other objects that the ball may stumble upon during takeoff. As soon as you feel the first gust of wind during the ascent, immediately fix your eyes on the obstacle that is located along the take-off course and do not break away from it until the balloon has overcome the obstacle. This helps to quickly fix the deviation from the course and immediately respond to it, accelerating the takeoff.

   Study all the weather phenomena in the flight area. To be certified as a balloon pilot, they must pass a meteorology test to understand how temperature, altitude, and humidity interact and influence each other, and what they can tell you about the state of the air. different kinds clouds. Of course, listing everything in this instruction will not work, but a couple of examples can be given:

   • Significant changes in wind direction as you ascend or descend are called gusts and require special attention, because they can speed up or slow down your movement. If a strong gust of wind extinguishes the flame of your burner, light it again and, in order to avoid falling, heat the ball as quickly as possible.
   • If the balloon reacts slowly to your actions, or you notice that the air is being wasted instead of rushing you up, then you are in an "inversion" - a condition in which the higher you rise, the warmer the air around you becomes . You can compensate for the inversion by increasing the amount of heated air or vice versa, by decreasing it, depending on the direction of movement.

3. Check the direction and speed of the wind, learn to read the weather map, use this data to get an overall picture of the speed and direction of the air currents. To find out local conditions, spit or spray some shaving cream on the edge of the basket.

   Learn to navigate. In order to plot a course and flight altitude, balloon pilots are trained to use topographic map and an altimeter. Obtain an aviation map from the regional aviation authority and use it to bypass airliner flight routes. A GPS module will also come in handy, magnetic compass and a pair of binoculars, but these are not needed for short flights unless required by local ballooning regulations.

The main types of balloons

First manned flight

rubber balloon

A balloon with a basket is a safe type of air transport that gives bright and unforgettable emotions!

A hot air balloon is an aircraft for flight, which uses a gas that is particularly light. Structurally, it consists of a shell filled with gas and a special basket designed for a certain weight. The control of such a product is carried out using a special cord connected to the shell. As a result, hot air escapes to the outside, which helps to reduce air transport. To know the correct name of a balloon with a basket, you need to turn to the origins of history.

Excursion into history

The first balloon was designed in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers. The product was filled with hot air, due to which it could rise up. Thanks to the propane type burner, the air was heated. Since the discharged hot air had less weight than the cold air, the balloon could lift off the ground and take off. These devices have been actively used for several centuries to perform aeronautics.

The first successful flight was made in a balloon, the shell of which was made of paper. Warm air circulated from a fixed pot, which served as a combustion site for the fuel. The basket was made of wood and shaped like a boat.

Today, many people are wondering what is the name of a balloon with a basket? Based on the type of shell filling, the following balls are distinguished:

• hot air balloons (filled with hot air mass);
• charliers (light gas is used - hydrogen or helium);
• rosiers (air and gas are used simultaneously for flight).

Features of flying devices

A basket (gondola) of a rectangular shape is an essential attribute of any balloon. It can accommodate from 3 to 25 people (depending on size). You should not worry about the safety of those present, since its edges are quite high and reach chest level. For its manufacture, willow rods or rattan are used. Some areas are covered with leather for greater strength and aesthetics. The shell is made of durable polyester, polyamide or lavsan. Such materials are the most suitable, have adequately proven themselves in various climatic conditions and under increased stress.

Do you want to know what is the name of the large balloon with a basket used for tourist flights by our club? These are modern balloons with a high-quality heat-resistant shell that is airtight. They are equipped with capacious wicker baskets and a block of burners that run on a propane-butane mixture. Barometric devices and a fan are provided, which are responsible for the flow of cold air mass into the shell.

Everyone rests differently. Someone is holding free time with a book in hand, and someone likes to receive thrill– for example, scuba diving or skydiving. Hot air balloon rides are among the unusual, exciting types of recreation. One has only to imagine flying by the will of the wind at an altitude of three hundred meters, and it is already breathtaking. Hot air balloon travel is not the best cheap entertainment, but even one flight is remembered for many years!

Which of us has not dreamed of flying in a balloon, being in a balloon basket, testing our courage and admiring the city from a height ... Someone was stopped by fear, someone by price. A lot of people just don't think it's that easy.

The hot air balloon is the very first aeronautic device invented by man. The most amazing thing is that it is still very popular in last years. And this is quite understandable. It is difficult to describe the feelings of a person flying in a wicker basket three hundred meters above the ground. It seems that there is no basket, and only the wind carries you, and an amazingly beautiful view opens below.

Progress has given us many of the most different types transport. But this does not mean that the former ones cease to be used forever. Of course, on a modern airliner you can get into Right place in a matter of hours, but in a hot air balloon you can take a romantic walk, test your courage and admire great views. Today it is quite real. You just need to remember that ascent into the sky in a balloon is a rather serious adventure, and in order to minimize the risk, you must carefully choose the company that organizes your flight.

Videos and photos of such flights can be easily found on the Internet. But it is one thing to look at photographs, and quite another to be in the basket of a hot air balloon and experience the amazing sensations of flying. Not everyone decides to do this, and even risky skydiving is much more popular.

Every person at least once in his life wants to do something special, to test his courage, willpower, to get new impressions. Traveling in a hot air balloon is romance, delightful emotions, and of course, a dose of adrenaline when you feel how the balloon is rapidly gaining height, and three hundred meters of air separates you from the ground under the deceptively thin, thin bottom of the basket. But at the same time, hot air balloon rides are one of the most safe species recreation. The design of the balloon virtually eliminates the possibility of an accident.

What does a balloon consist of and how does it fly?

A hot air balloon consists of a basket and a shell that is filled with hot air - everyone knows this. Naturally, the balloon flies only in the direction of the wind, and the pilot during the flight can only control the burner by adjusting the air temperature, that is, by decreasing or increasing the altitude. But what about the route? Of course, there is, but it is planned even before takeoff, based on weather conditions - primarily the direction of the wind. Naturally, the wind can change during the flight, but the balloon does not rise into the air without an escort car that follows the balloon and picks up passengers at the landing site.

MOU "Pechnikovskaya average

comprehensive school"

Kargopolsky district

Druzhinin Matvey Sergeevich

Scientific supervisor - teacher

MOU "Pechnikovskaya average

comprehensive school"

Kargopolsky district

Kargopol

I. Introduction._______________________________________ 3

Purpose of the work ____________________________________________ 3

Objectives of the work ______________________________________ 3

Formulation of the problem. Literature review. ______________ 3

II. Main part. Experiment. ___________________ 5

Making a balloon filled with hot air.____ 5

Making a balloon filled with hydrogen. __________ 7

III.Conclusions. _______________________________________ 8

References _________________________________ 9

I.Introduction

Goal of the work

Learn to build balloons. Find out what kind of load a balloon filled with hot air and a balloon filled with hydrogen can lift.

Work tasks:

· Build a balloon like a Chinese lantern.

· By changing the volume of the ball, determine the time of its flight and the mass of the load it lifts.

Fill the balloon with hydrogen and determine the mass of the load it lifts.

· Compare the load capacity of a hot air balloon and a hydrogen balloon.

Find out how big a balloon can lift a person into the air.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/568/images/image002_50.gif" align="left" width="231" height="156 src=">It is known that air balls fill warm air or the lightest gas - hydrogen which is 15 times lighter than air. But, as you know, hydrogen is very flammable. Because of this, for example, the German airship "Hindenburg" (lit. 4) caught fire and died in the forties of the last century.

And they inflate balloons helium which is slightly heavier than hydrogen, but it is completely safe because it does not burn (lit. 5).

https://pandia.ru/text/78/568/images/image004_18.jpg" align="left" width="276" height="193 src=">June 5" href="/text/category/5_iyunya /" rel="bookmark">June 5, 1783, another demonstration took place. A ball weighing 227 kilograms with a canvas shell and a rope net was able to rise to a height of two kilometers. All of France learned about this event, and balloons began to be called hot air balloons. On November 21, 1783, people first rose in a balloon: the scientist Pilar de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlande,

A great contribution to the development of aeronautics in balloons was made by the Parisian professor of physics Jacques-Alexandre Charles. As a shell, he used a light silk fabric impregnated with rubber, and the ball itself was filled with hydrogen which made it possible to reduce three times. Charles also developed ways to control a balloon, guessed the need to take ballast with him to increase the flight range and an anchor for landing. From that time to the present day, the shape of the balloon has remained virtually unchanged (lit. 3).

After the invention of balloons, they learned to build airships.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/568/images/image007_14.jpg" align="left" width="145" height="346 src=">left" style="border-collapse:collapse;border :none;margin-left:6.75pt;margin-right: 6.75pt">

Ball mass (gr.)

Weight of cargo (gr.)

Flight time

1 bag ball

3 min13 sec

2 pack ball

5 min 10 sec

It can be seen from the table that if the volume of the sphere is increased by 2 times, then the mass of the load he lifts will increase only in 1,5 times. Probably because the air in the second ball is already cooling. And if you add fire, then the lower shell of the ball begins to melt.

The data of the table are presented in the form of a figure.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/568/images/image010_14.jpg" alt="F:\ball\IMG_2360.JPG" align="left" width="149" height="152 src=">!} Then we decided to fill with hydrogen balloon. It took 25 grams to inflate a balloon with hydrogen. zinc. We poured zinc into the flask and filled it with sulfuric acid. A ball was attached to the end. The balloon began to slowly inflate. He puffed up for almost 2 hours. And when he pouted, we tied him to a string. The circumference of the ball was 78 cm, which means that its volume was 8 liters. and the shell weighed 7.6 grams. and he lifted a weight of 1.1 grams. We could inflate the balloon up to 17 liters. and he would lift a load weighing 13 grams.

Then we released the ball. He flew very high, and he was not visible at all.

Conclusion

Unlike a balloon filled with warm air, a balloon filled with hydrogen can fly for a very long time and high until it puffs up or bursts. Every 1,3 l. hydrogen, which is filled with a balloon can lift 1 payload.

III.Conclusions.

· I actually managed to make balloons filled with both hot air and hydrogen.

· The disadvantage of a balloon filled with hot air is that it lifts 5 times less weight than a balloon filled with hydrogen. In addition, it is dangerous in terms of fire, and it must be launched when there is snow on the ground, or after rain. But it can be run many times and does not require hydrogen.

In practice, hot air balloons can be used like Chinese lanterns, or lifted by a string on fifteen balloons mobile phone and film your village from a bird's eye view on a video camera.

· And as the results of the work showed, the balloon cannot lift Winnie the Pooh into the air. This requires a very large ball. And what would lift a person weighing 70 kg into the air. It is necessary to inflate with hydrogen more than five thousand children's balloons!

Bibliography.

1. http://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/%C2%EE%E7%E4%F3%F8%ED%FB%E9_%F8%E0%F0%E8%EA Article Balloon

2. http://dic. *****/dic. nsf/brokgauz_efron/23370/Aerial Article Balloon.

3. http://www. ballooning. lt/ru/vozdusnye_sary/istorija_vozdusnyh_sarov/ Article History of balloons

4. http://dic. *****/dic. nsf/enc_tech/380/airship

5. Great Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia. - Per. from French – M.: Egmont Russia Ltd, 2005

6. Handbook of physics: Per. with him. 2nd ed. – M.: Mir, 1985