What is the deepest place on earth. The deepest points of the oceans

Woodingdean (England)- the deepest well in the world, dug by hand. Its construction began in 1858. Initially, it was supposed to dig only 122 m, but no water was found at this depth, and then they had to wade further into the bowels of the Earth, reaching a depth of 392 m (this is more than the Empire State Building!) Like all grandiose, the construction of the well cost human victims. At least one of the diggers died working hard in merciless conditions, daily going down flimsy stairs. Prisoners from the nearest prison were used as labor force to build the well.

Tagebau Hambach (Germany)- the deepest open pit in the world, the depth of which is 370 m. However, the mine is famous not only for its depth. So, in Tagebau Hambach, the largest excavator is used: with its help, about 24 thousand tons of brown coal are lifted to the surface every day. That's not all - next to the quarry is the world's largest artificial hill Sophienhöhe, from the top of which you can view the mine in all its glory. The hill rises to 301.8 m above sea level, i.e. it is almost as high as the quarry is deep.

El Zacaton (Mexico)- a beautiful (and dangerous for adventurous divers) sinkhole. Naturally, the deepest in the world. sinkholes can form suddenly, including in residential areas, and such collapses can be fatal. However, the El Zakaton funnel is not new: it was formed during the Pleistocene (i.e., in the period 2.588-11.7 million years ago). In addition to the depth (339 m) and the glorious age, the fact that the depression is filled with water adds a special charm to it. This "reservoir" has attracted brave divers more than once, but only a robot managed to sink to the very bottom.

Lake Baikal — deepest lake in the world (1642 m) and one of the most beautiful places on the planet, which attracts both tourists and scientists. Manned submersibles have been diving to the bottom of the lake since 1977. In 2009, the bathyscaphe "Mir" plunged to a depth of 1640 m and reached the point of the bottom, which is supposedly considered the deepest. In total, during the expedition "Worlds" on Baikal during 2008-2010, 160 dives were made on the famous deep-sea vehicles"Mir-1" and "Mir-2".

Cave Krubera, or Crow's Cave (Abkhazia)- the most deep cave in the world (2199 m) and the only known to people cave, deeper than 2 km. karst cave, opened in 1960, was named after the master of Russian karst studies Alexander Kruber. The second name - Crow Cave - appeared in the 1980s, when Ukrainian speleologists reached a depth of 340 m: this name is due to the crows that lived in the cave. Since 2000, the Krubera cave has attracted researchers from all over the world, who every year discover new passages and galleries. The Crow Cave may contain many more interesting things, but its secrets will be revealed only to those who do not suffer from claustrophobia.

Kidd Mine (Ontario, Canada)- the deepest copper-zinc mine in the world, extending 2733 m below the sea. This is not the deepest mine in the world, but because the quarry is located in the north, it is the closest to the center of the Earth from all existing mines. Its history begins in 1964, since then this open pit has been expanding underground. Every year, more than 2,000 workers mine millions of tons of ore here. Additional deepening of the quarry is planned for 2017.

Litke trough- the deepest depression in the North Arctic Ocean and throughout the Eurasian basin is located 350 km from the "Arctic desert" of the island of Svalbard. The depression is not only deep (5449 m), but also cold - perhaps the Lithuanian trench can be called one of the most inhospitable places on the planet. The depth was discovered in 1955 by members of the expedition of the Fyodor Litke icebreaker, after whom it was named.

Deep Milwaukee- the deepest point of the Puerto Rico trench and everything Atlantic Ocean, leaving 8740 m below sea level. Like the Litke Trench, the Milwaukee Deep is named after the vessel that first recorded it, the USS Milwaukee. The depth of Milwaukee became known on February 14, 1939. The Puerto Rican Trench itself is located on the border caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean - where the fault passes. According to many geologists, soon a volcanic eruption is possible in this place, which, in turn, will cause a strong tsunami.

Mariana Trench, like other deepest depressions - the Tonga Trench, the Philippine Trench, Kermadec, the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench - is located in the Pacific Ocean. Its deepest point, the so-called Challenger Deep, is 11,034 m below sea level. No wonder she draws people to her. So, Hollywood director James Cameron and businessman Richard Branson competed in who will be able to reach the bottom of the Martian trench earlier and become the third person in history to have been so deep. Cameron won.

Kola Superdeep Well- most deep place on our planet, and it was created by human efforts (surprisingly, not for the purpose of extracting natural resources, but exclusively for scientific research). She is located in Murmansk region, and its depth is 12,262 m. Previously, more than 10 research laboratories worked at the Kola superdeep well, studying the oldest rocks, whose age exceeded 2.8 billion years. To date, the well has been mothballed and is in operation.

The Mariana Trench is located in the western part Pacific Ocean, not far from Mariana Islands, just two hundred kilometers away, thanks to the neighborhood with which it received its name. She is a huge marine reserve in status national monument The United States, therefore, is under state protection. Fishing and mining are strictly prohibited here, but you can swim and enjoy the beauty.

In shape, the Mariana Trench resembles a grandiose crescent - 2550 km long and 69 km wide. The deepest point - 10994 m below sea level - is called the "Challenger Abyss".

Discovery and first observations

The Mariana Trench began to explore the British. In 1872, the Challenger sailing corvette entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean with scientists and the most advanced equipment of those times. After taking measurements, we set the maximum depth - 8367 m. The value, of course, differs markedly from the correct result. But even this was enough to understand: the deepest point of the globe was discovered. So the next riddle of nature was “challenged” (translated from English “Challenger” - “challenging”). Years passed, and in 1951 the British carried out "work on the mistakes." Namely: a deep-sea echo sounder recorded a maximum depth of 10863 meters.

Then the baton was intercepted by Russian researchers who sent to the area Mariana Trench research vessel "Vityaz". In 1957, with the help of special equipment, they were not only able to fix the depth of the depression, equal to 11022 m, but also established the presence of life at a depth of more than seven kilometers. Thus, making a small revolution in scientific world the middle of the 20th century, where there was a strong opinion that there are no such deeply living beings and cannot be. This is where the fun begins ... Many stories about underwater monsters, huge octopuses, crushed into a cake by huge paws of animals, unprecedented bathyscaphes ... Where is the truth, and where is the lie - let's try to figure it out.

Secrets, riddles and legends

The first daredevils who dared to dive to the "bottom of the Earth" were US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Picard. They dived on the bathyscaphe "Trieste", which was built in the same name. Italian city. A very heavy structure with thick 13-centimeter walls was immersed to the bottom for five whole hours. Having reached the lowest point, the researchers stayed there for 12 minutes, after which the ascent was immediately begun, which took approximately 3 hours. At the bottom, fish were found - flat, similar to flounder, about 30 centimeters long.

Research continued, and in 1995 the Japanese descended into the "abyss". Another “breakthrough” was made in 2009 with the help of the Nereus automatic underwater vehicle: this miracle of technology not only took several photos at the deepest point of the Earth, but also took soil samples.

In 1996, the New York Times published a shocking story about equipment from the American scientific vessel Glomar Challenger diving into the Mariana Trench. The spherical apparatus for deep-sea travel was affectionately nicknamed the “hedgehog” by the team. Some time after the start of the dive, the instruments recorded terrifying sounds, reminiscent of the grinding of metal on metal. The “Hedgehog” was immediately raised to the surface, and they were horrified: the huge steel structure was crushed, and the strongest and thickest (20 cm in diameter!) Cable seemed to be sawn. There were many explanations immediately. Some said that these were the "tricks" of the inhabitants natural object monsters, others leaned towards the version of the presence of an alien mind, and still others believed that there were mutated octopuses! True, there was no evidence, and all assumptions remained at the level of conjecture and speculation ...

Same mysterious case happened with a German research team that decided to launch the Highfish apparatus into the waters of the abyss. But for some reason he stopped moving, and the cameras impartially showed on the monitor screens an image of the shocking size of the lizard, which was trying to gnaw through the steel "thing". The team was not taken aback and by an electric discharge from the device “scared away” an unknown beast. He sailed away, and did not appear again ... It remains only to regret that for some reason those who came across such unique inhabitants of the Mariana Trench did not have the equipment that would allow them to be photographed.

At the end of the 90s of the last century, at the time of the "discovery" of the monsters of the Mariana Trench by the Americans, the "fouling" of this geographical object with legends began. Fishermen (poachers) talked about glows from its depths, lights running back and forth, various unidentified flying objects emerging from there. Crews of small ships reported that ships in the area were "towing at great speed" by a monster with incredible strength.

Confirmed testimonies

Depth of the Mariana Trench

Along with many legends associated with the Mariana Trench, there are also incredible facts supported by irrefutable evidence.

Found giant shark tooth

In 1918, Australian lobster fishermen told of a translucent white fish about 30 meters long that they saw in the sea. According to the description, it looks like an ancient shark of the species Carcharodon megalodon, which lived in the seas 2 million years ago. Scientists from the surviving remains were able to recreate the appearance of a shark - a monstrous creature 25 meters long, weighing 100 tons and an impressive two-meter mouth with teeth 10 cm each. Can you imagine such "teeth"! And it was they who were recently found by oceanologists at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean! The "youngest" of the discovered artifacts ... "only" 11 thousand years old!

This find allows us to be sure that not all megalodons died out two million years ago. Perhaps the waters of the Mariana Trench hide these incredible predators from human eyes? Research continues, the depths are still fraught with many unsolved mysteries.

Features of the deep sea world

The water pressure at the lowest point of the Mariana Trench is 108.6 MPa, that is, it exceeds the normal atmospheric pressure by 1072 times. A vertebrate animal simply cannot survive in such monstrous conditions. But, oddly enough, shellfish have taken root here. How their shells withstand such colossal water pressure is not clear. The discovered mollusks are an incredible example of "survival". They exist near serpentine hydrothermal springs. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which not only do not pose a threat to the “population” found here, but also contribute to the formation of living organisms in such a seemingly aggressive environment. But hydrothermal springs also emit a gas that is deadly for molluscs - hydrogen sulfide. But the "cunning" and life-hungry mollusks have learned to process hydrogen sulfide into protein, and continue, as they say, clover to live in the Mariana Trench.

Another incredible mystery of the deep-sea object is the Champagne hydrothermal spring, named after the famous French (and not only) alcoholic drink. It's all about the bubbles that "boil" in the waters of the source. Of course, these are by no means the bubbles of your favorite champagne - this is liquid carbon dioxide. Thus, the world's only underwater source of liquid carbon dioxide located in the Mariana Trench. Such sources are called "white smokers", their temperature is below the temperature environment, and there are always vapors around them that look like white smoke. Thanks to these sources, hypotheses were born about the origin of all life on earth in water. Low temperature, an abundance of chemicals, colossal energy - all this created excellent conditions for the ancient representatives of flora and fauna.

The temperature in the Mariana Trench is also very favorable - from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. The "black smokers" took care of that. The antipode of "white smokers" hydrothermal vents contain a large number of ore substances, and therefore they are dark in color. These springs are located here at a depth of about 2 kilometers and spew water, the temperature of which is about 450 degrees Celsius. I immediately recall the school physics course, from which we know that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. So what's going on? Does the spring spew boiling water? Fortunately, no. It's all about the colossal pressure of water - it is 155 times higher than on the surface of the Earth, so H 2 O does not boil, but pretty much "warms up" the waters of the Mariana Trench. The water of these hydrothermal springs is incredibly saturated with various minerals, which also contributes to the comfortable habitation of living beings.

Incredible Facts

How many more mysteries and incredible miracles is fraught with this incredible place? A bunch of. At a depth of 414 meters, the Daikoku volcano is located here, which served as another proof that life originated here, at the deepest point on the globe. In the crater of the volcano, under water, there is a lake of the purest molten sulfur. In this "cauldron" sulfur seethes at a temperature of 187 degrees Celsius. The only known analogue of such a lake is located on Jupiter's moon Io. There is nothing else like it on Earth. Only in space. It is no wonder that most of the hypotheses about the origin of life from water are associated with this mysterious deep-sea object in the Pacific Ocean.

Let's remember a little school biology course. The simplest living creatures are amoeba. Tiny, single-celled, they can only be seen through a microscope. They reach, as it is written in textbooks, a length of half a millimeter. Giant toxic amoebas 10 centimeters long have been found in the Mariana Trench. Can you imagine this? Ten centimeters! That is, this single-celled living being can be perfectly examined with the naked eye. Isn't this a miracle? As a result of scientific research, it has been established that amoebas acquired such gigantic sizes for their class of unicellular organisms, adapting to the “savory” life on the seabed. Cold water coupled with its colossal pressure and the lack of sunlight contributed to the "growth" of amoebas, which are called xenophyophores. The incredible abilities of xenophyophores are quite surprising: they have adapted to the effects of most harmful substances - uranium, mercury, lead. And they live in this environment, like mollusks. In general, the Mariana Trench is a miracle of miracles, where everything living and non-living is perfectly combined, and the most harmful chemical elements that can kill any organism not only do not harm the living, but, on the contrary, contribute to survival.

The local bottom has been studied in some detail and is not of particular interest - it is covered with a layer of viscous mucus. There is no sand there, only the remains of crushed shells and plankton, which have been lying there for thousands of years, and due to the pressure of the water, they have long turned into a thick greyish-yellow mud. And the tranquility and measured life of the seabed are disturbed only by the bathyscaphes of researchers descending here from time to time.

Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

Research continues

Everything secret and unknown has always attracted a person. And with each secret revealed, there were no fewer new mysteries on our planet. All this fully applies to the Mariana Trench.

At the end of 2011, researchers discovered unique natural stone formations in it, shaped like bridges. Each of them stretched from one end to the other for as much as 69 km. Scientists had no doubt: it is here that the tectonic plates, the Pacific and the Philippine, come into contact, and stone bridges(there are four in total) formed at their junction. True, the very first of the bridges - Dutton Ridge - was opened in the late 80s of the last century. He impressed then with his size and height, which were the size of a small mountain. At its highest point, located just above the Challenger Deep, this deep-sea "ridge" reaches two and a half kilometers.

Why did nature need to build such bridges, and even in such a mysterious and inaccessible place for people? The purpose of these objects is still unclear. In 2012, James Cameron, the creator of the legendary film Titanic, dived into the Mariana Trench. The unique equipment and powerful cameras installed on his DeepSea Challenge bathyscaphe made it possible to film the majestic and deserted “bottom of the Earth”. It is not known how long he would have been observing local landscapes if some malfunctions had not occurred on the apparatus. In order not to risk his life, the researcher was forced to rise to the surface.

Together with The National Geographic, the talented director created the documentary "Challenge to the Abyss". In his account of the dive, he called the bottom of the trough "the boundary of life." Emptiness, silence, and - nothing, not the slightest movement or disturbance of water. Neither sunlight, no mollusks, no algae, let alone sea monsters. But this is only at first glance. In the bottom soil samples taken by Cameron, more than twenty thousand different microorganisms were found. Great amount. How do they survive under such incredible water pressure? Still a mystery. Among the inhabitants of the depression, a shrimp-like amphipod has also been found that produces a unique chemical that scientists are testing as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease.

During his stay at the deepest point not only of the oceans, but of the entire Earth, James Cameron did not meet any scary monsters, or representatives of extinct animal species, or alien bases, not to mention some incredible miracles. The feeling that he was completely alone here was a real shock. The ocean floor seemed deserted and, as the director himself said, "lunar ... lonely." The feeling of complete isolation from all mankind was such that it was beyond words. However, he still tried to do it in his documentary. Well, the fact that the Mariana Trench is silent and shocking with its emptiness should probably not be surprising. After all, she simply sacredly keeps the secret of the origin of all life on Earth ...

IN Everyday life we get used to the fact that the earth is flat and level. Pits on the roads seem to be a personal insult, a depression of 10-20 meters is a serious foundation pit. But behind this routine, we sometimes forget that the relief of our planet is very heterogeneous. We have already talked about high points, and now it's time to look at reverse side this problem and find the deepest place on Earth.

Underwater depths

One of the creatures from the Mariana Trench. It's alive and quite happy

It may seem like a funny paradox, but some of the deepest points on Earth are located under water. It is in the ocean that numerous trenches are hidden - faults of lithospheric plates. Filled with water, they turned into Amazing places completely different from the world we are used to. Many kilometers of water creates incredible pressure, not a single, even the most nimble sunbeam can pass through this barrier. As a result, it is very dark and hard in there.

There are quite a few such points in the world, but the most impressive of them are known to everyone:

Mariana Trench. Its bottom is the deepest point of the Pacific Ocean and the ocean in general. Many times they tried to accurately determine its depth, and according to the latest data, it is 10994 meters. This value is difficult to comprehend, but for comparison - the height of Everest, the most high mountain, is a little more than 8800 metro. Thus, our planet is rather deep than high.
Trench Tongo. The second deepest and much less studied trench. Its deepest point is at 10882, only 100 meters less than the Mariana Trench. It turns out that the difference between the two deepest gutters is about 1%. Not so much. But if in depth he loses, then in another he is the first. For some reason, in this place the plates move an order of magnitude faster than in other places. The speed of movement is about 25 centimeters instead of the prescribed 2.
Philippine Trench. The third deepest point in the oceans. Maximum value is 10265 meters, which is clearly less than that of the Mariana Trench and the Tongo Trench.

It's funny that these trenches are quite well studied, unlike most of the seabed. People imagine what is happening on about 5% of its area, while the rest of the places elude our attention.

At the same time, the gutters hide many secrets. For example, earlier people did not even think that at such a pressure, without light and oxygen dissolved in water, someone could exist. But the expeditions nevertheless found there quite cheerful, although strange creatures. And this is just one of the many surprises that human nature has prepared.

wells

Despite the fact that the underwater faults and trenches created by nature itself stagger the imagination, the deepest place is still the work of man. And these are wells.

This is what KS-3 looks like from the outside. And under the cover - 12 kilometers of puncture

If a fault is an open open wound on the body of the planet, then a well is rather a trace from a prick with the thinnest needle, but sometimes they can bring no less surprises and unexpected data. And the following wells boast the most impressive depth:

Kola superdeep well. Its total depth is 12263 meters. At the same time, the diameter of the outer part of the well is only about half a meter. The purpose of creating this well was to obtain new data on the structure of the earth's crust. And scientists got them in full. The study of this place brought them an incredible amount of new and unexpected information, which significantly influenced people's ideas about the structure of our planet.
OR-11. Another well created by Russian engineers. It refers to the Sakhalin-1 project, within the framework of which the field was explored. Its depth is 11345 meters, a very impressive achievement. A total of 10 wells were drilled under this project.
BD-04A. This well, located in Qatar, was created with one very specific goal - to explore the oil field. Exploration required certain efforts, first of all, the creation of one of the most deep wells- 10092 meters.

It turns out that the deepest place on the planet is still the fruit of human hands. And let this puncture be infinitely small, the achievement cannot but rejoice.

Not far from Japan, in the depths of the sea, the deepest trench in the world's oceans, the Mariana Trench, hid. This name is geographical feature received thanks to the islands of the same name located nearby. Scientists call this phenomenon the "Fourth Pole", along with the South, North and the highest point on the planet - Mount Everest.

Geolocation

The coordinates of the Mariana Trench are 11°22` north latitude and 142°35` east longitude. coastal islands the trench surrounds for a length of more than 2.5 thousand km, and a width of about 69 km. In its form, it resembles English letter V, widened at the top and narrowed at the bottom. This formation was the result of the influence of borders. tectonic plates. Max Depth world ocean in this place is 10994 (plus or minus 40 m).

Rice. 1. Mariana Trench on the map

Compared to Everest, the largest depression is farther from the surface of the Earth than the largest high peak. The mountain has a length of 8848 m, and climbing it was much easier than overcoming the incredible pressure, plunging into the abyss of the sea.

The deepest place in the Mariana Trench is the Challenger Deep point, which means “Challenger Deep” in English. It was first explored by a British ship of the same name. They recorded a depth of 11521m.

First studies

The deepest point of the oceans was conquered only in 1960 by two daredevils: Don Walsh and Jacques Picard. They dived on the Trieste bathyscaphe and became the first people in the world to descend first to a depth of 3,000 meters, and then to 10,000 meters. The bottom mark was recorded as early as 30 minutes after the dive. In total, they spent about 3 hours at a depth, and froze significantly. Indeed, in addition to the enormous pressure, there is also low temperature water - about 2 degrees Celsius.

Rice. 2. Mariana Trench in section

In 2012, famous director James Cammeron (“Titanic”) conquered the deepest trench, becoming the third person on Earth to descend this far. It was the most important expedition, during which unique photo and video materials were obtained, as well as bottom samples were taken. Contrary to popular belief, at the bottom is not sand, but mucus - a product of processing the remains of fish bones and plankton.

Flora and fauna

The underwater world of the largest crack has been studied very poorly. It was first discovered that life in this part of the Earth is possible in 1950. Then Soviet scientists suggested that some of the simplest creatures managed to adapt in chitinous pipes. The new family was named pogonophores.

What have we learned?

We learned which part of the Earth is the deepest. This is the Mariana Trench. The deepest point is the Challenger Abyss (11,521 m). The first expedition to the bottom ended successfully in 1960. In conditions of pitch darkness, pressure and constant toxic fumes, a special world with their unique animals and protozoa. It is very difficult to say what the world of the Mariana Trench really is, because it has only been studied by 5%.

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Of the 5 existing oceans in the world, only the Pacific can boast of its size and depth. Its area extends from the Arctic to the Southern Oceans and is 169.2 million km².

It owns almost half (46%) of the world body of water. If we take the entire globe as 100%, then the Pacific Ocean owns 30% of the entire surface on the planet.

What is the deepest ocean? All the same Quiet! And only thanks to the Mariana Trench, which was formed, according to scientists, as a result of the collision of two oceanic plates. The depth of the Mariana Trench is impressive - 11035 meters!

It is noteworthy that the deepest point of the ocean is further sea level than highest point on the planet - Mount Everest above it.

5 water deserts of the world

Much on earth more water than sushi. People discovered continents and islands, but most of of the globe is hidden under water.

Whole Earth covered by the waters of five oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern. The single water element of the oceans changes its properties as latitude changes.

As you can see from the table, the Pacific Ocean is considered the largest and deepest by right. "Challenger Abyss" is the deepest point of the Mariana Trench, its depth is 11035 meters.

The oceanic trench is called the Mariana Trench because of the islands of the same name located around it.

And the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean, whose area is 11 times smaller than the Pacific. But it ranks second after the Pacific in terms of the number of islands on it, one of which, Greenland, is the largest in the world.

Great and varied

Formerly the most deep ocean in the world they called it "Great", since it owns 50% of the surface of the world's oceans. It is located north and south of the equator, and it is at the equator that its width is maximum. That's why it's the warmest.

The Pacific Ocean affects almost all climatic zones, so here are different types flora and fauna.

The ocean does not correspond to its name, it is far from quiet. But this is not surprising, they could at one time call Greenland a green country, and Iceland an icy one.

In different parts of it, different winds blow, called trade winds, monsoons, hurricanes constantly sweep over its surface, and storms rage very often in the temperate part of the ocean. Waves reach 30 meters high, and raging typhoons can raise huge pillars of water.

Temperature regime the surface of the water varies greatly, in the north it can drop to -1˚С, and at the equator it can reach +29˚С.

In addition, more precipitation falls over the giant's surface than moisture evaporates, so the water in the ocean is less salty than usual.

Due to its location in many climatic zones, the world of flora and fauna here is very rich and diverse.

The diversity of nature gives rise to the incredible fertility of water masses: in different places researchers found large schools of fish - from salmon to herring. Pacific flotillas are famous for the industrial catch of horse mackerel, mackerel, butterfish, flounder, pollock and other species.

The abundance of fish is an important condition for the life of seabirds. Therefore, penguins, pelicans, cormorants and seagulls will always find something to profit from. There are also famous whales here, which can be recognized from afar by the huge fountains of water on the sea surface. Lots of seals and sea beavers.

Big variety and shellfish, crabs, squids, hedgehogs. The largest mollusk that lives only in the Pacific Ocean, tridacna, weighs about a quarter of a ton. A lot of sharks, huge tunas and sailboats live in it.

The ocean can boast of its mountain range. It was created for millions of years by living organisms and has such a height, only under water, as Ural Range. It is the largest on earth natural complex called Big barrier reef.

A variety of colors, different shades, in which coral colonies are painted, create for diving Magic world, ready to captivate anyone. These are bizarre castles, colorful floral arrangements, and mysterious mushrooms. The diversity of echinoderms, different breeds of crayfish, mollusks, and exotic fish is striking.

Fifty countries are located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the number of which is half the population of the Earth.