The emergence of cities. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese. Their differences from European cities. Economic prerequisites for the territorial organization of the population

The first cities in the history of mankind were compact (100-120 people each) settlements of farmers. Houses in the first cities were built in a circle. Cities did not have external protective ditches, or even gates, since there were no external captures in the Late Neolithic.

In the 3rd millennium BC. e. began to emerge big cities, which was caused by the flourishing of trade and slavery. The largest ancient cities were Babylon and Memphis, they numbered more than 80,000 thousand inhabitants.

Over time, in the 5th century BC. Athens and Carthage became the largest cities, the number of their inhabitants was equal to 500,000 thousand. Rome became the first millionaire city in the history of mankind, during the reign of Octivian Augustus, more than a million people lived in the capital of the Empire.

The cities of antiquity were distinguished by a low standard of living and improvement. The population density was extremely high.

Eastern city

ancient eastern cities fundamentally different from other cities. The city was a regular rectangle, which was surrounded by defensive fortresses. For example, in Babylon, there were more than seven protective walls.

The space between the defensive walls served as a refuge for the townspeople, in case of an attack on the city. Directly outside the main gate, in the eastern cities were located royal palaces. They were followed by urban and commercial quarters.

In the center of the eastern cities were places of worship And sacred places to offer sacrifices to the gods. The dominant position in the eastern cities was occupied by the aristocratic nobility, which in frequent cases represented wealthy landowners, or their descendants. Representatives of the most influential clans were included in the council of elders.

Roman forum

The Roman Forum was a square in the center ancient rome. Before the formation of the city, this area served as a cemetery, where locals buried the most honored countrymen. After the formation of Rome, a market was located on this square.

Merchants from all over the state came here to bring unique goods. Later, such a lively place began to be used as a place of comitia (people's meetings). The forum discussed current issues related to the life of the city and citizens.

Over time, the curia building was built at the Roman Forum, where the Roman Senate held its meetings. The Roman Forum served as the center of social life: entertainment events were often held here. Ordinary Romans exchanged news on the forum, shared their opinions about various events.

Medieval city

Medieval cities were built in the form of a circle, in the center of which was always located Catholic Church or a cathedral. Near the church were the houses of the nobility and wealthy citizens. The quarters where artisans and poor merchants lived, as a rule, were located on the outskirts of the city.

The main building adjoined the church. Town Square, where mass spectacles were often held. With the beginning of the Inquisition in the squares medieval cities there was a gallows on which heretics found their death.

The dominant position in the medieval city was occupied by the aristocracy. The lowest class were the urban homeless.

Infectious diseases flourished in medieval cities because they did not have a sewer system. Residents of the city threw garbage directly onto the streets.

Modern city

Depending on the population, modern cities are divided into 6 categories:

Up to 50 thousand inhabitants - small towns;

Up to 100 thousand inhabitants - medium-sized cities;

Up to 250 thousand inhabitants - large cities;

Up to 500 thousand inhabitants - large cities;

Up to 1 million inhabitants - the largest cities;

Over 1 million inhabitants - cities - millionaires.

Modern cities - millionaires have satellite cities. Every modern city has its own line (administrative boundary). On this moment, the main proportion of the population living in the city is the middle class.

characteristic feature Middle Ages was the growth of cities. This is connected, first of all, with the division of society into social groups and the development of crafts. Typical medieval city in Western Europe It was a small settlement by modern standards, located near a monastery, fortress or castle. A prerequisite for the construction of a new settlement was the presence of a reservoir - a river or lake. The Middle Ages itself covers a very significant period of time: from the fifth century to the fifteenth (the Renaissance). Many cities of the 5th-15th centuries were real fortresses, surrounded by a wide rampart and a fortress wall, which made it possible to keep the defense during the siege, since wars were not uncommon for this period of time.

The European medieval city was an unsafe place, life in it was quite difficult. If high walls and an active army saved from devastating raids of foreign troops, then stone fortifications were powerless against diseases. Frequent epidemics that broke out in the thousands claimed the lives of ordinary citizens. One plague epidemic could cause incomparable damage to the city. The following reasons for the rapid spread of the plague among the 5th-15th centuries can be noted. Firstly, the state of medicine of those times did not allow to deal with a single focus of the disease. As a result, the "Black Death" spread first among the inhabitants of one settlement, then went far beyond its borders, acquiring the character of an epidemic, and sometimes a pandemic. Secondly, despite the small number of inhabitants, in such cities it was quite high. The overcrowding of people was the best way to contribute to the spread of the infection, which is quickly transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one. Thirdly, according to modern people the medieval city was a collection of rubbish, household waste and animal excrement. Unsanitary conditions are known to contribute to the emergence of many dangerous diseases carried by rats and other small rodents.

However, the birth and expansion of cities had their positive features. So, most of them arose on the lands of large feudal lords or kings. People living in the territory subject to the vassal could be engaged in farming, trade, while receiving a significant income. The vassal, on the other hand, benefited from the prosperity of "his" city, since he could receive the bulk of the income from the taxes of the townspeople.

Description of the medieval city

Most of the cities of 5-15 centuries had from 4 to 10 thousand inhabitants. A city with a population of up to 4 thousand inhabitants was considered medium. The largest medieval city could hardly count 80 thousand inhabitants. Megacities of those times were considered Milan, Florence, Paris. Basically, small merchants, artisans, warriors lived in them, there was a local city nobility. characteristic feature European cities The 12th century was the opening of universities in them and the emergence of students as a separate social class. The first institutions of this kind opened in major centers that time - Oxford, Paris, Cambridge. Their appearance had a significant impact on the development selected countries and Europe as a whole.

Today, the medieval city seems to us dull and dangerous place where even at the height of the day one could witness a robbery or murder. However, there is something romantic in the narrow streets of ancient European cities. How else to explain the increased interest of tourists and travelers in such ancient cities as Sartene (Italy), Cologne (Germany). They allow you to plunge into history, escape from the bustle of the modern "stone jungle", make, albeit short, a journey into the past.

Unlike most of Europe, the countries of the East in the Middle Ages experienced several invasions of nomadic peoples who, over time, perceive urban culture, but this happens almost anew every time. Therefore, in the end, the development of urban settlement in the East is much slower, and the connection with the ancient cities turns out to be closer. To the greatest extent, this is manifested in the formation of a network and principle I of the organization of Arab cities.

Arab conquests in the 7th-8th centuries. covered a vast territory Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory I were destroyed, and nomad camps arose in their place, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). capital Arab state Medina was originally small town m of the desert part Arabian Peninsula. Then the capital was moved closer to the main trade routes of that time, first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, specially built in 702 as the capital. Baghdad arose at the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, that is, approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad during its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after Mongol conquests of the 13th century it lost its significance.

The principles of development in Baghdad were repeated in other Arab cities. The hill in the center of the city was occupied by a fortress (shahristan or kasbah), in which the ruler of the given area (in Baghdad - the caliph) settled with his entourage, military squad and servants. The ruler's palace included a system of courtyards occupied by gardens, pools and fountains. Around the fortress there was a trade and craft part of the city (rabad), surrounded by an external defensive wall. In its center1 there was a market square, and artisans lived in quarters on a professional basis, each of which was surrounded by its own wall. In shahristan and every quarter there was a mosque, which was the larger and more richly decorated, the richer it was.

This quarter. The mosque, as a rule, ended with a dome, and next to it there was a tower - a minaret (a p. and several minarets). The houses of ordinary residents were flat-roofed, one-story, built of clay, facing the streets with a blank wall, with a courtyard. important public buildings The city had caravanserais (hotels), madrasahs (schools), baths located in the center of the city.

Muslim conquests reached India in the 13th century. In the XVI century. passed new wave conquests, as a result of which the Mughal empire was created, which included almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. Wherein major capital cities, numbering hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, developed in the north of the country, from where the conquests came. In different periods they were the cities of Delhi and Agra. The urban planning principles of Indian cities of that time included both ancient Indian and Arabic elements. So, in Delhi, the Red Fort was built (composed of red sandstone), which was a fortress and a palace of emperors. Near Agra, the mausoleum of the Taj Mahal has been preserved - one of the most outstanding buildings medieval India, built according to the classical plan of the mosque and surrounded by specially created reservoirs.

China was first subjected to the Mongol and then the Manchurian invasion. At the same time, the capital of the country was also moved to the north - to Beijing. The center of Beijing was a complex of imperial palaces surrounded by gardens - the Purple (Forbidden) City. Around him was imperial city, in which the emperor's close associates, his guards and servants lived. The Imperial city was surrounded by the Outer Tatar (barbarian) city, where the Mongols lived, and then the Manchus. Adjacent to it was the Outer Chinese city where the bulk of the population lived. Each part of the Flame is surrounded by its own walls. Some streets of Vaud were also locked at night. outer city built up with wooden houses forming regular square blocks. Apparently, the authorities were afraid that the huge masses of people concentrated in the city could get out of obedience. Beijing since the 18th century. had more than 1 million inhabitants, being at that time largest city peace. The most outstanding buildings of Chinese cities were the palaces of rulers and temples (pagodas), which stood out sharply against the background of ordinary buildings in their size and design.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East, the main functions in the Middle Ages remained administrative and military, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and merchants. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved the vestiges of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hampered the cultural and technical progress. Outwardly, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples - on the one hand, and the wretched shacks of the majority of the inhabitants - on the other, from which the cities of Europe began to leave in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times, the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and currently retain their originality only in the old parts.

Question 1. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their differences from European cities 3

Question 2. Economic background territorial organization of the population. 6

Used literature 20

Abstract on the subject "Territorial organization of the population".

1. Medieval cities of the East: Arab, Indian, Chinese.

Their difference from European cities.

Unlike most of Europe, the countries of the East in the Middle Ages experienced several invasions of nomadic peoples who, over time, perceive urban culture, but this happens almost anew every time. Therefore, in the end, the development of urban settlement in the East is much slower, and the connection with the ancient cities is closer. This is manifested to the greatest extent in the formation of the network and principles of organization of Arab cities.

Arab conquests in the 7th-8th centuries. covered a vast territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory were destroyed, and nomad camps arose in their place, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). The capital of the Arab state was originally Medina - a small city in the desert part of the Arabian Peninsula. Then the capital was moved closer to the main trade routes of that time - first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, specially built in 762 as the capital. Baghdad arose at the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, that is, approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad in its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after the Mongol conquests of the XIII century. it has lost its meaning.

The building principles of Baghdad were repeated in other Arab cities. The hill in the center of the city was occupied by a fortress (shahristan or kasbah), in which the ruler of the given area (in Baghdad - the caliph) settled with his entourage, military squad and servants. The ruler's palace included a system of courtyards occupied by gardens, pools and fountains. Around the fortress there was a trade and craft part of the city (rabad), surrounded by an external defensive wall. In its center was a market square, and artisans lived in quarters on a professional basis, each of which was surrounded by a wall. In shakhristan and each quarter there was a mosque, which was the larger and more richly decorated, the richer the given quarter was. The mosque, as a rule, ended with a dome, and next to it there was a tower - a minaret (or several minarets). The houses of ordinary residents were flat-roofed, one-story, built of clay, facing the streets with a blank wall, with a courtyard. Important public buildings of the city were caravanserais (hotels), madrasahs (schools), baths located in the city center.

Muslim conquests reached India in the 13th century. In the XVI century. a new wave of conquests took place, as a result of which the Mughal empire was created, which included almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. At the same time, large capital cities, numbering hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, developed in the north of the country, from where the conquests came. At different periods they were the cities of Delhi and Agra. The urban planning principles of Indian cities of that time included both ancient Indian and Arabic elements. So, in Delhi, the Red Fort was built (composed of red sandstone), which was a fortress and a palace of emperors. Near Agra, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has been preserved - one of the most outstanding buildings of medieval India, built according to the classical plan of a mosque and surrounded by specially created reservoirs.

China was first subjected to the Mongol and then the Manchurian invasion. At the same time, the capital of the country was also moved to the north - to Beijing. The center of Beijing was a complex of imperial palaces surrounded by gardens - the Purple (Forbidden) City. Around it was the Imperial City, in which the emperor's close associates, his guards and servants lived. The Imperial city was surrounded by the Outer Tatar (barbarian) city, in which the Mongols and then the Manchus lived. It adjoined the Outer Chinese City, in which the bulk of the population lived. Each of the parts was surrounded by its own walls. Separate streets in the Outer City were also locked at night, built up with wooden houses, forming regular square blocks. Apparently, the authorities were afraid that the huge masses of people concentrated in the city could get out of obedience. Beijing since the 18th century. had more than 1 million inhabitants, being at that time the largest city in the world. The most outstanding buildings of Chinese cities were the palaces of rulers and temples (pagodas), which stood out sharply against the background of ordinary buildings in their size and design.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East, the main functions in the Middle Ages remained administrative and military, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and merchants. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved the vestiges of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hindered cultural and technological progress. Outwardly, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples - on the one hand, and the wretched shacks of the majority of the inhabitants - on the other, from which the cities of Europe began to leave in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and at present retain their originality only in the old parts.

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Arab conquests in the 7th-8th centuries. covered a huge territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. At the same time, most of the ancient cities in this territory I were destroyed, and nomad camps arose in their place, which later became cities (Cairo in Egypt, Rabat in Morocco, etc.). The capital of the Arab state was originally Medina - a small city in the desert part of the Arabian Peninsula. Then the capital was moved closer to the main trade routes of that time, first to Damascus, and then to the city of Baghdad, specially built in 702 as the capital. Baghdad arose at the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, that is, approximately in the same place where Babylon and other capitals of antiquity existed. Baghdad during its heyday had up to 2 million inhabitants and was the largest city in the world, but after Mongol conquests of the 13th century it lost its significance.

This quarter. The mosque, as a rule, ended with a dome, and next to it there was a tower - a minaret (a p. and several minarets). The houses of ordinary residents were flat-roofed, one-story, built of clay, facing the streets with a blank wall, with a courtyard. Important public buildings of the city were caravanserais (hotels), madrasahs (schools), baths located in the city center.

Muslim conquests reached India in the 13th century. In the XVI century. A new wave of conquests took place, as a result of which the Mughal Empire was created, which included almost the entire Hindustan peninsula. At the same time, large capital cities, numbering hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, developed in the north of the country, from where the conquests came. In different periods they were the cities of Delhi and Agra. The urban planning principles of Indian cities of that time included both ancient Indian and Arabic elements. So, in Delhi, the Red Fort was built (composed of red sandstone), which was a fortress and a palace of emperors. Near Agra, the Taj Mahal mausoleum has been preserved - one of the most outstanding buildings of medieval India, built according to the classical plan of a mosque and surrounded by specially created reservoirs.

China was first subjected to the Mongol and then the Manchurian invasion. At the same time, the capital of the country was also moved to the north - to Beijing. The center of Beijing was a complex of imperial palaces surrounded by gardens - the Purple (Forbidden) City. Around it was the Imperial City, in which the emperor's associates, his guards and servants lived. The Imperial city was surrounded by the Outer Tatar (barbarian) city, where the Mongols lived, and then the Manchus. It adjoined the Outer Chinese City, in which the bulk of the population lived. Each part of the Flame is surrounded by its own walls. Separate streets in the Outer City were also locked at night, built up with wooden houses, forming regular square blocks. Apparently, the authorities were afraid that the huge masses of people concentrated in the city could get out of obedience. Beijing since the 18th century. had more than 1 million inhabitants, being at that time the largest city in the world. The most outstanding buildings of Chinese cities were the palaces of rulers and temples (pagodas), which stood out sharply against the background of ordinary buildings in their size and design.

In general, we can say that in the cities of the East, the main functions in the Middle Ages remained administrative and military, although the majority of the population in them, as in Europe, were artisans and merchants. The eastern cities never received any autonomy, which hampered social progress and preserved the vestiges of feudal relations until the beginning of the 20th century. Constant external conquests by more backward peoples hindered cultural and technological progress. Outwardly, the eastern cities still looked like a combination of magnificent palaces and temples - on the one hand, and the wretched shacks of the majority of the inhabitants - on the other, from which the cities of Europe began to leave in the early Middle Ages. It is not surprising that in modern times, the cities of the East began to develop under European influence and currently retain their originality only in the old parts.