What Stalingrad (and Tsaritsyn) looked like before the war. What was the name of Volgograd before? Brief history of the city
At first glance it seems simple: Tsaritsyn means "city of the queen" and the river that crosses our city and flows into the Volga is also called the queen. And we already know that hydronyms appeared earlier than the names of cities and villages. Consequently, the city is named after the river. Recall that the name Tsaritsa arose before the appearance of the Russians on the banks of the river and was formed as a result of adaptation from Turkic. SARY-SU - yellow water. The “Yellow” river, as researchers believe, carried its muddy waters to the Volga and washed up at the mouth small island SARY-CHIN - "yellow island" (by the way, the name of the city of Saratov is also associated with the word SARY - yellow and TAU - mountain, that is, "yellow mountain"). At first, a small settlement grew on this island, and then a wooden fortress, which served to protect ships on the river route along the Volga at its junction with the Don. In 1579-1581, visited here Englishman Christopher Burro, from whom we learned about the island of Tsaritsyn from his travel notes.
The Russian tsar kept here in the summer a detachment of 50 archers for defense against the steppe nomads and robbers, and between this island and Astrakhan there were five more guards.In 1589, the city of Tsaritsyn was founded on the basis of the fortress.. At the end of the 90s of the XVI century. from the island, the city was moved to the right bank of the Volga and became known as the "New City", and then Tsaritsyn.
According to other sources, after the conquest of the Middle Volga, the Russians moved the settlement and gave it the name Tsaritsyn, slightly changing the name SARY-CHIN (and according to Nikonov's dictionary from SARYGSHIN, which means "yellowish", or SARY-SU - "yellow water"). Volgograd journalists (V. Ershov and others) in the book "Hero City Volgograd" admit the convergence of the toponym Tsaritsyn with the name of the Bulgarian city of Saritson, noted in the chronicles of the Volga region.
Finally, there is a version that the name of the city of Tsaritsyn comes from Ivan the Terrible, who built a fortress on the Volga in 1556. in honor of his wife Anastasia.
So, the final name of the city was established - Tsaritsyn. It is interpreted in Russian as “the city of the queen”, and the word “tsaritsa” was formed from “tsar” (in the Old Russian language “ruler, sovereign”, as well as the title of the Tatar Khan). "Tsar" goes back to the all-Slavic TsSAR (as a designation of the Byzantine emperor - XI century), which changed into "tsar". In turn, TSAR (TSAR) is a change of TSAR, borrowed from the Gothic language. The Gothic Kaisar on Slavic soil was subjected to phonetic changes: the diphthong A1 changed into Ъ, and the consonant K before Ъ into C. The Gothic form goes back to the Latin Caesar - Caesar, cf. Julius Caesar; all Roman emperors then began to be called the word "Caesar". In Russia - Tsar, Tsesarevna.
In the 17th century Tsaritsyn was a fortress city, a kind of outpost on the Volga. Its first inhabitants were gunners, archers, service people, craftsmen (masons, carpenters, etc.). Later, fugitive peasants, working people, began to settle here. In the XVIII century. there is a further replenishment of the city by settlers. The population also increased as a result of attracting foreign colonists on preferential terms. In connection with the development of the city, caused by population growth, streets and squares, suburban villages appear, they are given names. These toponyms reflected the history and growth of the city, the nature of production, the features of the local landscape, the life of our distant ancestors.
Rice. 3. Tsaritsyn's plan of 1697.
Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky
June 13, 1901 - a great fire broke out in the city, raging for several days. Alexander Kuprin was in Tsaritsyn in the summer of that year. He visited the site of the fire, talked with eyewitnesses, carefully studied the materials of local newspapers, and wrote the essay "The Tsaritsyno Fire" (1901)
Daily News:
From Nizhny Novgorod telegraphed that the fire in Tsaritsyn did not stop. 28 Belyans burned down, 12 barges with coal, timber and tar, all sawmills, a village of 500 households, a village, private houses for a verst. Losses up to 6 million. Most of the burnt - not insured.
daily News:
PROVINCE TSARITSYN: Rumors about arsonists continue to circulate. One suspicious subject was captured during a fire, and the crowd wanted to commit lynching over him, but the gendarmes saved him from reprisal and, putting him on a steam locomotive, sent him to the station. Volga. It was as if flammable objects, some kind of liquid and tow were found in his hands.
Rice. 4. Tram in Tsaritsyno.
In the summer-autumn of 1918, Tsaritsyn defended himself against the army of Ataman Krasnov, thereby inscribing his lines in the annals of the Civil War. The city survived, but a year later, on June 30, after two weeks of fighting, it fell under the blows of the Caucasian army of General Wrangel. On the evening of July 2, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Denikin arrived in the city, on the morning of July 3 he received a parade of troops, after which he announced the directive signed that day on the attack on Moscow. This directive went down in history under the name "Moscow". The operation to capture the city made the personality of General Wrangel very popular in the White Army as the "hero of Tsaritsyn." The Soviets regained control of the city on January 3, 1920.
“The first inhabitants of Tsaritsyn were Neanderthals . Their parking was found in the floodplain of the Mechetki river. There are only seven stations in the world ancient man and it is a great honor that we have one of them . Now melons are in the parking lot, but the progressive public is ringing the bells in order to erect an acropolis there with donations from the townspeople. So that tourists have something to see.
On June 30, 1808, the first school for teaching children to read and write was opened in the city. This day went down in the history of the city as the day of knowledge. It is noteworthy that the first teacher was a retired sergeant Vlasov.
Before the official measures of length were approved, the Tsaritsyno people used folk measures, which were based on the length of different parts of the human body. :
Span- the distance between the thumb and middle finger of an outstretched hand.
Elbow- from the elbow to the middle finger of the right hand.
fathom- with arms extended horizontally, the distance from the finger of the middle left hand to the middle finger of the right.
half a fathom- outstretched hand. Distance from middle finger to neck.
Step- about the same distance as half a yard.
Gak- an indefinite distance after two growls.
In 1806, in Tsaritsyn, in the City Duma, they discussed the highest decree “ About Yabedniks and Yabednik Petitions". The decree said to publicly discuss them and, if it doesn’t help, then beat them with a whip. According to Nyura's grandmother, they discussed little, they immediately began to beat…
From generation to generation, a beautiful legend about ancient city Golden Horde Shed-Berke, What's on Akhtuba. A contemporary of that time, the historian and traveler Ibn Batuta compares it in beauty and grandeur with Domassk and Constantinople. At the end of the 14th century, the great Timur destroyed it, razing the city to the ground. The reason was the non-payment of tribute by Khan Takhtamysh to Timur . Until now, local residents from Verkhne-Akhtubinsk to Kolobovka (90 miles down the Akhtuba) replenish their family budget in search of treasures. And, oddly enough, they find it.
The inhabitants of Tsaritsyn saw the first steamboat in 1818. And only 20 years later - navigation was opened, and a second one came from somewhere ...
1808. This year, the first medical worker was appointed to our city - midwife Uliana Andreeva, who graduated from the St. Petersburg Midwifery Institute. It is noteworthy that the grandmother was 20 years old . Doctors of Tsaritsyn honor this holiday and make gifts to each other on this day.
In Gorodische and Root beam there is a source of the Great Martyr Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. The feast in honor of the icon is celebrated on the 9th Sunday from Pascha. People come not only from the nearest villages, but also from Astrakhan and the Don Cossacks. On this day, everyone, from young to old, douses themselves with water and prepares it for future use.
The first Russian aeronaut was Captain Kashirsky, who made his flight over Moscow in 1805. The second, according to grandmother Nyura, was our queen, who took off on a balloon ten years later . It is noteworthy that the ball was made of sturgeon bubbles and patriarchal glue . This type of material was not used by anyone, so our fellow countryman became a pioneer in this.
On September 11, 1911, pilot Vasilyev laid the first air path over Tsaritsyn. On this day, the Tsaritsyn head gave a ball in honor of such an event: the young ladies alternately invited the pilot to a waltz. On the hundredth, the pilot got dizzy and had to be pumped out . It is interesting that just a month before that, Vasiliev became the winner in the airplane competitions held between St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Let's not dissemble that within 300 years the capital of Rus' was Great Sarai-Berke and later Sarai-Batu , because it was here that Russian princes came for labels to the principality . Thus, political center Rus' in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries was precisely our Lower Volga.
In 1721, Tsaritsyn was given the status of a city, but of the lowest, 5th category. This rank was received settlements not exceeding 250 households.
Tsaritsyno prices for 1910:
sturgeon - 4 rubles 50 kopecks per pood,
stellate sturgeon - 3 rubles per pood,
sterlet, bream and asp - 4 rubles per hundred,
watermelons - from 4 to 100 rubles per 1000 pieces, depending on the size ...
In 1884, in Tsaritsyn, one of the first in Russia, lanterns were lit on the embankment. The city owes this firework of light and celebration to the Nobel oil company. According to Grandma Nyura one of the men from Ezhovka “banged ” flashlight, but was forgiven by the population.
On October 21, 1890, the first water supply system was built in Tsaritsyn. Project author - mechanic Bromley. The price of water is 1 kopeck for 4 buckets. At that time, the inhabitants of the water pipeline underestimated and more willingly used water from wells and the Volga.
Archaeological expeditions of Tereshchenko, Vodolagin, Semyon and others who visited different time on Akhtuba on the ruins of the capital of the Golden Horde, they are looking for a mysterious gulustan - the garden of blooming roses, where the Golden Horde coin was forged . The locals are also looking for the mint, it seems that together they will find it!
1913 in the annals of Tsaritsyn must be written in gold letters , because it was on this year and day that the first tram rushed along the bumpy streets of Tsaritsyn, marking the revolution in the transport of the city with its appearance . However, the fare was expensive and the townspeople preferred to walk or travel by cab.
1695 is the year of founding a post office in Tsaritsyn to serve the embassy order. Hence, the post office is one of the oldest services in our city. The postal workers were treated with great respect and reverence, because it was they who opened an accessible and easy form of communication for the population to everyone and, secretly, every girl in the city dreamed of marrying a postal worker.
The first hospital was opened in 1811 . The institution was so unusual that not only the sick, but also the healthy wanted to lie down in it. According to the stories of Nyura's grandmother, the merchant Shlykhov paid a tidy sum to lie there for a week, he really liked the nurses in white coats.
1806. There are already 687 houses in Tsaritsyn, 1117 inhabitants, of which :
nobles - 13,
merchants - 330,
petty bourgeois - 422,
workshops - 11,
beans and state peasants - 181,
landlord peasants - 62,
retired soldiers and Cossacks - 98.
The city and the surrounding area are unreliable, so a garrison with 1361 soldiers is quartered in Tsaritsyn.
Efim Novikov was the first Russian self-taught who invented the submarine and in 1720, in the presence of Peter I, made a test. The second, according to Nyura's grandmother, was our countryman Makar, Makar's son. He made a calf skin into a sheath in which he could long time be in the water and fish . Thus, in one dive he caught a whole chuval of crayfish, although, unfortunately, the time spent in the water is not brought to us.
One of the first in Russia, thanks to the Nobel oil company, a telephone appeared in Tsaritsyn. victims telephone connection became local crooks who stole the device. The thieves were found along the wires that ran along the fences from the police station to the hut of the main thief Bubny .
On September 16, 1901, the first pawnshop was opened in our city. . And on the same day, retired lieutenant Zolotukhin wanted to pawn his wife. The public of the city was extremely outraged by such a heinous act and forced the lieutenant to apologize to his wife.
In 1888, the largest tanker in Russia with a carrying capacity of 120 thousand pounds was launched at the shipyard, which was used not only to export kerosene, but also fish and crayfish.
Near the Kachalinskaya village, just below the mouth of the Ilovlya River, according to some historians, there was Sarkel, the capital of the Khazar Kaganate, where the Khazars professed the Jewish faith. locals, entirely curly and lupy, but for some reason people call them gypsies .
On January 2, 1885, the first Tsaritsynskaya newspaper was published, with the title "Volzhsky - Don sheet". The event was so important for the city that they asked the priest to sprinkle the first set of holy water and serve a prayer service. The ceremony was attended the best people Tsaritsyna: gendarmerie colonel and assistant prosecutor .
In 1872, the first theater appeared in Tsaritsyn. From the report of the policeman “... the theater is located in a private stone building, belongs to the merchant Kalinin. Composition: 15 people, including 8 men and 7 women. Theatergoers celebrate their birthday in Tsaritsyn at the beginning of June, and this event is accompanied by a big booze in Razgulyaevka.
In 1907, 10 brothels with 66 women and 25 secret brothels were officially registered in Tsaritsyn. Visitors to the brothels have not yet been counted. Supervision of prostitution is carried out by a police officer, and examination by a city doctor .
1774 year. In September, two people met in Tsaritsyn famous person Russia: A. Suvorov and E. Pugachev. There were no friendly handshakes, because the first accompanied the second to the city-capital for an inquiry and a place of execution.
One of the best fabrics in Russia in the 19th century was considered sarpinka produced by the Germans from Sarepta. The fabric was so practical and durable that the Volga barge haulers adapted to twist twine out of it..
In 1862, the fourth Railway in Russia between the Volga and the Don. It had a length of 73 versts. According to the stories of Nyura's grandmother, the Don Cossacks, seeing the “monster”, fired at him with cannons, but, thank God, the attempt to destroy the first steam locomotive was stopped in time.
In 1691, customs was established in Tsaritsyn, and the main source of income for the royal treasury was the duty for fish and salt. According to grandmother Nyura, the first Tsaritsyn bribe-taker was the head of the customs service, Semyon, who was very fond of salted fish .
May, 1670 Stenka Razin walks in Tsaritsyn . By his highest order, all the inhabitants were accepted as Cossacks and Cossack self-government was introduced in the city, thank God not for long.
Prices for one portion in the city canteen for 1906:
Shchi without meat - 5 kopecks, half portion - 3 kopecks
Shchi with meat - 11 kopecks — 6 kopecks
Meat - 6 kopecks. - 3 kopecks
Millet porridge - 5 kopecks. - 3 kopecks
Buckwheat - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks
Hot potatoes. - 7 kop. - 4 kopecks
Peas - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks
Noodles - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks
Pies - 3 kopecks.
Doctor - 39 rubles.
Gymnasium teacher - 75 rubles.
Railway worker - from 30–35 rubles.
Laborer - 10-15 rubles.
At the end of the 19th century, Tsaritsyn was called the second Chicago. The once provincial city in some 30–40 years turned into an industrial center with powerful factories, an impressive river port and a competitive railway junction. There were enough workers in abundance, there were not enough specialists, therefore, on September 14, 1896, at a meeting of the City Duma, it was decided to open the first Vocational School ( real schoolgirl) in Russia . Our city was one of the first to forge the "proletariat" of capitalism.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were two troubles in Tsaritsyn: midges and dogs . And if the fight against insects was meaningless, about with dogs it is quite real. In 1902, the City Duma issued a decree “On Dogs”. For our smaller brothers, places for walking and care were determined. At first, however, they wanted to introduce a tax on each head and high-quality artificial regulation, but then they abandoned this.
The geographical map in Russia was published for the first time in 1614 in Moscow . Here, on the Lower Volga, three centuries earlier. The scientist Fra Mauro, who traveled in our area in the middle of the 14th century, gave detailed plan our region. Treasure hunters still use this one.
In 1854, a fire department was officially established in the city, headed by a chief flame-extinguishing fireman. The departure of firefighters to the fire for the townspeople was like a holiday. Literally without exception, everyone ran out to look at the fellows rushing to the elements. . Ahead in a white uniform is a fireman, then, as in the picture, firemen in shiny helmets and they are carried to the fire by black men in white stockings with black manes. The spectacle was truly breathtaking - better than a fire.
The population of Tsaritsyn in 1908 was:
Russians - 89 329 people,
Tatars - 3,040 people,
Germans - 2,835 people,
Jews - 2,144 people,
Polyakov - 1,448 people,
Persian - 436 people,
Armenians - 332 people,
Kalmyks - 132 people,
French - 95 people,
English - 15 people.
Petrovsky guard line was no longer Chinese wall, but solid - the largest fortification in Europe of the 18th century: it stretched from Tsaritsyn to Panshino. Entered service in 1721. The service was carried by 1200 Cossacks. It was created to repel the raids of the Crimean Tatars. They say that some foreign scientist at the beginning of the 20th century wanted to pass it in a day, but did not pass it, because in some places it was equal to fields and gophers.
The Lower Volga region is rightfully considered the birthplace of mulberry trees in Russia, because by decree of Peter I, factories for the production of clothes from silkworm worms were founded here. .
In 1913, the city power station was built, and the Tsaritsyno residents saw the light.
1907 By right, this year can be considered the era of cinema in Tsaritsyn. Mr. Parfiano opened the first cinema. The audience smoked at the session, husked seeds, and one Cossack, according to the stories of the Tsaritsytsy, saw Stenka Razin on the screen, began to call on everyone to rebel and join the ranks of the impostor, for which the Cossack was fined.
November 30, 1769 This round date is known to every Tsaritsyno official of the civil service, because it was on this day that a civil government was established in Tsaritsyno, which still lives at the expense of something. To conduct business, ministers were appointed: a secretary of the rank of a collegiate registrar, three clerks, four sub-clerks, four copyists. From that day until now, the Tsaritsyno officials are growing safely, by leaps and bounds ...
1915 The grand opening of the House of Science and Art took place in our city. The hall accommodated 1100 people.
In 1769, a spring was discovered in Sarepta, the healing properties of which were used to treat stomach diseases and rheumatism. The Russian nobility came here to recover from hangover assemblies.
1904 - a municipal service was created in Tsaritsyn, which for some reason is still alive.
In 1901, the Guardianship of National Sobriety was approved in our city and many lovers of the “green snake” began to enroll in this society, but the revolution of 1917 came and the Guardianship was closed as unnecessary.
Sarepta mustard and oil glorified Tsaritsyn for everything near-God space.
In 1730, a coat of arms was given to the city: two white sturgeon flaunted on a red background under the royal crown. After 100 years, the coat of arms was redone - three sterlet sailed to the sturgeons.
The first car to disturb the peace provincial town in 1912 had the Ford Plymouth brand and belonged to the merchant Yakov Serebryakov, an Armenian not by surname, but by genus .
In 1910, a bust of Gogol was erected in the city with donations from the townspeople. Before that, neither monuments, nor Gogol, nor even his busts were erected in Tsaritsyn. Therefore, they made it already in the country of Suomi - in Finland itself.
There were many theoretical projects for connecting the Volga with the Don. In practice, they dug twice: in 1569, when the Turkish Sultan Selilim wanted to transfer his fleet from the Don to the Volga, and 100 years later, when Peter I transferred the fleet from the Volga to the Don. Both ventures failed, but will the third succeed?
In 1765, a German colony was founded 28 versts from Tsaritsyn Sarepta. The Germans are deeply rooted in Russian land. And, most importantly, what is the use of this: the Tsaritsyn peasants have since become addicted to cigars and schnapps .
On December 17, 1905, the Charter of the Tsaritsyn Mutual Accident Insurance Society was approved. . According to Nyura's grandmother, all the people who insured themselves in the first week were injured the next. . Their cases were considered by the court. , which occupied part of the modern (pool; shuttle. party. - Wiktionary - http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5
One comment: “The history of the Motherland must be known, loved and not allowed to be corrected for the sake of time. Old Tsaritsyn”
I am rereading your last post about Tsaritsyn. It's amazing what the story is legendary city whatever it was called after. History is made up of names. And the memory of them is a sign of a civilized society. Detailed story about the people who took part in the construction of the city, the formation of its culture, the development of education and the creation of other values of life, fill the soul with joy and pride for their homeland and their people. If each of us looked into the past of the corner of the earth where he was born, lived, received an education, he would see all the advantages of his small Motherland. Many would lose the passion to make revolutions, would be engaged in creation, life would be meaningful and happy. I'm sure there are a lot of things to remember. Thanks for the good posting.
In 1579, the English traveler Christopher Barrow noted:
This record is one of the earliest, where the name "Tsaritsyn" is mentioned, which later became fixed outside the city.
The origin of the word "Queen" is most likely connected with the Turkic word "sary-su" ("yellow, muddy water"), reinterpreted by sound similarity into "Queen" ("sary-su" is a common name for rivers in Kazakhstan, flowing through clay steppes, due to which their water is cloudy-yellowish). The name of the city and the island on which it was founded apparently originated from the Turkic word "sary-chin" ("yellow island"). It is possible that the name Tsaritsyno arose from the name of the Tsaritsa River (in travel notes and diaries of the 16th-17th centuries, some foreign travelers call the city the Tsaritsa itself).
July 2, 1589 is considered to be the day of the founding of the city of Tsaritsyn (then still on the island). " Jail on the perevolok" was first mentioned in the royal charter. Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich sends her to the Volga-Don region to governors Grigory Zasekin, Roman Olferov and Ivan Nashchekin.
In 1592, ataman Nikita Boldyr was sent from Tsaritsyn to Medveditsa "for the thieves' Cossacks, and he really was on Medveditsa, he caught the Cossacks of thieves, four people, and brought them to Tsaritsyn."
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In the summer-autumn of 1918 Tsaritsyn defended against the army of Ataman Krasnov, thereby inscribing their lines in the annals of the Civil War. The city survived, but a year later, on June 30, 1919, after two weeks of fighting, it fell under the blows of the Caucasian army of General Wrangel. On the evening of July 2, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Denikin arrived in the city, on the morning of July 3 he received a parade of troops, after which he announced the directive signed that day on the attack on Moscow. This directive went down in history under the name "Moscow". The operation to capture the city made the personality of General Wrangel very popular in the White Army as the "hero of Tsaritsyn." The Soviets regained control of the city on January 3, 1920.
In Stalingrad, the State District Power Plant (1929), the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (1930), the Shipyard (1931), and the Metizny Plant (1932) were built in a surprisingly short time. Already existing factories were included in the Stalingrad tractor-tank cluster: Krasny Oktyabr brewed structural, armored and weapons steel grades, Barricades made tools, Metizny plant made large parts, Tractor plant assembled tractors and tanks, electricity was provided by the Stalingrad State District Power Plant. The Stalingrad Tractor Institute (1930) and numerous FZUs were created to train engineers and workers. 2 more similar clusters were deployed on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Tractor and Kharkov Tractor Plants. From the Tractor Plant in the north to the Shipyard in the south of Stalingrad, the railway lines were expanded ...
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The result of the second half of December 1942 was the fact of the superiority of the Soviet army in winter conditions, plans to save the encircled 6th Army of the Nazis became unrealizable ...
January 26, 1959 - The Stalingrad aluminum plant (now the Volgograd aluminum plant) gave the country its first production.
December 31, 1960 - the first trolleybus appeared in the city. April 4, 1960 - The millionth tractor (in 15-horsepower terms) rolled off the main conveyor of the tractor plant.
September 1961 - the opening of the Children's Somatic Hospital No. 8 (now the Children's Clinical Hospital No. 8).
November 10, 1961 - The Central Committee of the CPSU decided to rename Stalingrad to Volgograd "at the request of the working people."
May 1963 - Fidel Castro visited the city.
December 27, 1963 - the Volgograd Motor Plant was commissioned.
December 30, 1964 - the Volgograd Soot Plant (now the Volgograd Carbon Black Plant) went into operation.
May 8, 1965 - Volgograd as a "Hero City" was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.
1967 - the first students entered the auditorium of the Higher Investigative School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the Volgograd Law Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia).
May 4, 1968 - the title "Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Volgograd" was established.
From the history of Volgograd - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0 %BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
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Photo from Maria... and also a memory
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sailor shirt , people , Photos of Maria Ulyanova (Shalaeva , Photos about people , photo from the Internet , retro , vest , Photo-retro , photos of my friends
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*** ***Photos in the album "Photos of Maria Ulyanova (Shalaeva)"
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She started with a vest
The life that mother and father gave.
In the sea fate swayed
When trying on a crown.
... In the distant year forty-third,
In vests went to battle -
For the Motherland, the land of my fatherland, for that,
So that the grandchildren walk peacefully, along the path to the Kurgan.
Bullets flew, there were wounds, fights
They wanted to live...
And there was a song! The nightingales played it.
Everything was overcome by their naval youth.
My life has sprouted.
On weekdays of military hardships,
They looked with me, from west to east.
They did their best to win! For generations...
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Retro photo, photo about people,
Photos by Maria Ulyanova (Shalaeva), photo from the Internet, people, retro, about a person, man, retro, memory,
pictures of my friends
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State Committee of the Russian Federation
higher education
Volgograd State Technical University
Department of History
Essay
"The reasons for the transformation of Tsaritsyn into a developed industrial city"
Completed:
IWT group student - 260
Gonzal M. I
Volgograd -1999.
General view of Tsaritsyn (1636. From a drawing by Adam Olearius)
The founding of the city is considered to be the date of the royal charter to the “Kazan voivode Kn. Grieg. Osipovich Zasekin and Roman Vas. Olferov, and Ivan Af. To make Nashchekina a prison on the perevolok. The letter was marked on July 2, 1589. The city got its name from the island of Tsaritsyn and the river. The queen, and those, in turn, were formed from the consonance of the Tatar words Sary-Su (yellow water), Sary-chin (yellow sand). However, there are other legends about this. The surviving archives from the beginning of the 17th century contain a description of the city already on the right bank. The most complete of them, and also illustrated, belongs to Adam Olearius, secretary of the Holstein embassy, who sailed along the Volga in 1632: some archers, who live in it 400 people. These archers are obliged to keep guard against the Tatars and Cossacks and serve as a guard for passing ships. The fortress, according to the same source, measured within “80 sazhens in length and 40 in width. It was surrounded by a wooden fortress wall with twelve towers and reinforced around the perimeter with a moat. Under the protection of the fortress, settlements gradually formed, consisting of wooden houses of artisans, fishermen and various white people. The choice of territory for the fortress, its architecture and fortification correspond to the methods that developed in Russian urban planning in the middle of the 16th century and became widespread both in the Volga region and in Siberia. Unlike the old Russian kremlins and monasteries of stone structures, the fortresses built on the newly conquered lands of the Volga region and Siberia were built hastily from wood. The place for the new city in military terms was convenient - the steep bank of the Volga and the river. The queen created natural conditions for the organization of protection. Inside the fortress there was a council, voivodship buildings and huts for archers. While the higher-lying fortified cities gradually lost their strategic importance. Tsaritsyn almost until the end of the 18th century, that is, for more than 200 years, had an exclusively military-serf character. In 1689, all outposts previously created along the Volga were abolished, except for Tsaritsyn, where archers, intended to protect the southern borders, made up the bulk of the population and where strict order was constantly maintained. It is explained by the same geographic location Tsaritsyn in the Lower Volga region, where a difficult military-strategic situation remained for a long time. Being under the constant threat of enemy invasions, the entire lower reaches were an uninhabited wild field. Meanwhile, its open spaces, rich in hunting, fishing and other lands, attracted fugitive people, from whom, along with the Donskoy, the more restless and warlike Volga Cossacks were formed. The Nogai Horde has long roamed here, and in 1632 the Kalmyks migrated to the left bank of the Volga. The Nogai Horde moved to the right bank. Both those and others were in constant clashes with the Don and Volga Cossacks. Kalmyks in these conditions either sought protection from the Russian Tsar, or staged devastating raids on his cities. A constant threat to the southern borders was the Crimean Horde, which was under the influence of Sultan's Turkey. The Tsaritsyno fortress stood at the crossroads of all military routes and robbery raids. Here in 1606-1609. armed detachments of three impostors passed through, and in 1630 the Kalmyks captured the fortress and completely destroyed it. In 1667, a detachment of Stepan Razin passed through the city, heading through the Caspian Sea to Persia. And from 1670 to 1671. Tsaritsyn found himself in the zone of the peasant war raised by Razin. In 1707, an uprising broke out on the Don and the Volga region, led by Bulavin and Nekrasov, in whose orbit Tsaritsyn also entered.
In 1717, the largest raid of the Crimean and Kuban Tatars on the Lower Volga region took place, as a result of which Tsaritsyn, Saratov and other cities were plundered. By decree of Peter 1 in 1718-1720, a 60 km long line was built between Tsaritsyn and Panshino. It was the largest fortification structure for that time, consisting of a deep ditch and a rampart 12 m high, with wooden palisades with 23 outposts and five earthen fortresses . The remains of this line in the form of an earthen rampart are still visible on the Historical Highway and in the steppe outside the city. Regular troops and the Don Cossacks were placed on the Tsaritsyno fortified line to carry out guard duty. Subsequently, taking into account the new requirements military equipment in particular, artillery was reconstructed and the Tsaritsyno fortress. Upon his return from the Persian campaign in 1722, Peter I visited Tsaritsyn himself and designed the project of this fortress in the form of a quadrangular bastion citadel, fortified with earthen ramparts and a moat covered with palisades and slingshots. Historical conditions forced the construction of defensive structures. Construction of the Tsaritsynskaya fortified line with a length of 60 km. in just two years, even by modern standards, it seems to be a unique phenomenon, which at that time could only be realized thanks to the cruel exploitation of tens of thousands of forced laborers. As for civil structures, the layout of the city and its appearance, then all this changed very slowly, as did the conditions and way of life of people, the population slowly grew. The only thing that forced to rebuild the city was the often repeated devastating fires (1728, 1791 1793, etc.). Academician L. I. Lepikhin, who visited the city in 1768, describes it this way: “The city was divided into two parts: a fortress and a suburb. On the territory of the fortress there were 25 residential quarters, the commandant's house, 4 churches and a square. Other people settled in the outskirts of the fortress, where over time the Preobrazhensky suburb was formed, adjacent to the western side of the fortress, and Butyrsky, located to the north. In 1728, the Zatsaritsyno part of the city was formed, where artisans serving shipping, as well as villagers of the Volga Cossacks, settled. The city was mostly wooden, and only the churches that towered over it were built of stone. John the Baptist 1664 - the most ancient building in the city, Uspenskaya - 1718, Holy Trinity - 1720 and Preobrazhenskaya - 1771. If we add to that the Kalmyk tents that huddled near the city in random places, salt fish warehouses on the shore, and sandy treeless steppes surrounding the city for many kilometers, then one can imagine a bleak picture of a semi-desert city, as contemporaries described it. However, after the construction of the fortifications of the Tsaritsynskaya line and the organization of its regular protection, the Lower Volga region gradually began to be populated, which was largely regulated by the government. In 1731, 1057 families of Ukrainians and Don Cossacks were sent here to settle, forming the Volga Cossack Host. In the future, the growth of the population of the already so-called Tsaritsynsky district occurred due to Ukrainians and immigrants from the Kharkov Poltava province, as well as from other places, including due to three regiments returning from the Persian campaign in 1748. In 1765, for the first time in these parts in as a result of two manifestos of Catherine II, 1762-1793. invited people from abroad to settle in Russia, foreigners appear who were provided with a number of benefits - exemption from recruitment duties of taxes and taxes for 30 years, the right to duty-free trade, as well as the issuance of money for travel and settlement in new places As a result, along the banks of the Volga 102 German colonies arose. And then at 28 km. From Tsaritsyn, a colony arose on the Saratov-Astrakhan postal route, which received the name Sarepta from the Sarpa River, on which it is located. The first settlers were the Irnguters, who belonged to the association of followers of Jan Hus, who fled from the Czech Republic from the persecution of the Catholic clergy to Saxony, from where they moved to the banks of the Volga. In the same years, the villages of Beketovka, Otrada, Vinnovka, Gorodishche, and others appeared. Along with the intensive colonization of lands and the strengthening of the borders, which were undertaken by the tsarist government, the 18th century, and especially its second half, is characterized by constantly arising peasant unrest. Despite the tough measures taken by the government, the Lower Volga region was overflowing with fugitive impoverished people, from which large and small bands gathered, disturbing the garrisons stationed here. So, in 1734-1738. the impostors "sons of Peter" reappeared. In 1772, Bogomolov, a fugitive peasant from Count Vorontsov, who called himself Peter III, caused unrest on the Volga and on the Don. Bogomolov was caught and imprisoned in the casemate of the Tsaritsyno Fortress, and then killed by torture. And soon after that, in 1774, the peasant war began, raised by Emelyan Pugachev, which shook all of Russia to its foundations. Tsaritsyn was in the path of Pugachev's troops, and here, near the city in the Chernoy Yar region, the tragic denouement of this war took place. For many months there was a brutal reprisal against the participants in the movement. But even after its suppression, all sorts of unrest arose in the Lower Volga region for many years. In 1785, the detachment of Ataman Zamyatin caused a great commotion in the tsarist troops, in the same year Ataman Konstantin Dudkin was captured, then Ataman Filippov. For several years there were searches for other atamans Ovchinnikov, Zboikov, Goncharov, Degtyarev and others. In 1776, with the annexation of the Crimea and Kuban to Russia, the borders of the state moved far to the south. The Tsaritsyn guard line was abolished, the Volga Cossack army was liquidated, and Tsaritsyn lost its military-strategic significance. For many years it turned into a provincial county town of the Saratov province, and its dull time was still counted down by devastating fires, which in the dry season turned into ashes, if not all, then most its buildings - (1728, 1791, 1793), then terrible epidemics coming from Asia - cholera and plague (1693,1807,1827-1830,1879, 1900), when Tsaritsyn turned into a cordon protecting the central provinces Russia. The urban planning activity begun under Peter I and Catherine II to draw up city plans reached Tsaritsyn only a hundred years later. In 1820, Alexander I approved the plan of Tsaritsyn, according to which it was built up with large deviations until the October Revolution. This plan, in accordance with the urban planning principles adopted at that time, provided for a straight-line layout based on the intersection of streets parallel and perpendicular to the Volga, outlined the main streets, cathedral and retail space. A rampart was provided along the border of the city. The plan was developed without taking into account the city-forming base, and it did not even reflect the piers that existed at that time, fish and salt warehouses, and the improvement of the coast was not provided.
The founding date of the city of Tsaritsyn is considered to be July 2, 1589, when Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich issued a letter on the construction of a prison on the Volga to protect the southern outskirts of the Moscow State from nomads. From that time begins the history of the city of Tsaritsyn.
This prison was originally placed on the left bank of the Volga, "opposite the Don lane" - the place of the closest approach of the Volga and the Don. At the beginning of the XVII century. The prison burned down and was rebuilt in 1615 on the right bank of the Volga at the confluence of the Tsaritsa River, from which it received the name Tsaritsyn. According to one version, the name of the river was derived from the Tatar words "sara" and "chin", which translated as a yellow island, or "sary" and "su" - yellow water.
At first, the Tsaritsyno fortress was a small fortress: 160 m long and 80 m wide. It was surrounded by a deep moat and high wooden walls. Reinforced with 11 blind towers and the Spasskaya passage with tightly closing gates, the fortress performed only military functions. Its garrison, consisting of 400 archers, was obliged not only to "keep guard against the Tatars", but also to serve as a guard for passing ships.
In 1632, Kalmyks who came from the east appeared on the left bank of the Volga. In the middle of the XVII century. they began to ruin the Volga cities, in connection with which the role of Tsaritsyn increased even more.
In the second half of the XVII century. relations between the Moscow authorities and the Don Cossacks deteriorated. Failures in the war with the Krymchaks and Turks closed the Don Cossacks access to Chernoye and Sea of Azov. In the same period, the Russian tsar and his entourage headed for a more rigid administrative subordination of the Donskoy army to Moscow. A wave of Cossack uprisings arose on the Don, the largest of which was a revolt led by Stepan Razin. The Cossacks tried to break through the Volga to the Caspian Sea. But Tsaritsyn stood in the way. The rebels took the city twice: in the spring of 1667, when not a single cannon fired from the fortress and the archers themselves opened the gates, and on April 13, 1670, when they had to storm it.
The Tsaritsyno governor Turgenev was executed, and a Cossack system was introduced in the city. To help Tsaritsyn, a detachment of archers was sent, which was defeated by Razin's 5,000-strong detachment near Money Island. After staying in Tsaritsyn for about a month, Razin moved with the army to.
The uprisings of the Cossacks served as an impetus for strengthening government control on the Don and strengthening the Volga defensive system. The Tsaritsyno fortress was repaired, and the number of its garrison increased to almost 800 people.
On June 7, 1708, the city of Tsaritsyn was besieged by the Bulavins, who took the fortress by storm and burned it to the ground. As under Razin, Cossack self-government was established in the city. After that, Kamyshin was taken. On June 20, 1708, government troops captured Tsaritsyn. The remnants of the rebels who had previously occupied Tsaritsyn retreated to the Don.
During the construction of the Tsaritsyno guard line, the Tsaritsyno fortress was also radically rebuilt. According to some reports, Peter I personally developed its project.
Wooden walls and towers were demolished. They were replaced by an earthen fortress with bastions. High earthen ramparts surrounded the entire city, including the suburbs. In addition to the earthen rampart with bastions and a moat, the fortress was protected by a palisade and slingshots.
Tsaritsyno guard line together with new fortress was in the 18th century. one of the largest defensive structures in Europe.
In August 1774, about 20 thousand rebels led by E. Pugachev laid siege to Tsaritsyn. An artillery duel between the garrison and Pugachev's troops continued for about five hours. The garrison of the fortress fought valiantly and remained loyal to the government, and powerful fortifications brought to naught all the efforts made to storm it. The rebels were forced to leave without taking Tsaritsyn.
In 1776, after the defeat of the Pugachev uprising and with the annexation of the Crimea and Kuban to Russia, the borders of the state moved far to the south. The Tsaritsyn guard line was abolished, the Volga Cossack army was transferred to the Caucasus, and Tsaritsyn lost its significance as a guard fortress.
