Manor narrow alternative history. Unusual excursion "The wide life of the Uzkoye estate" with a visit to the halls of the mansion and the territory of the estate
Manor Narrow.
Manor "Uzkoe"
LINDE ALLEY
B.L. Pasternak
Gate with a semicircular arch.
Hills, meadows, forests, oats.
In the fence - the darkness and cold of the park,
And a house of unparalleled beauty.
There are lindens in several girths
Celebrate in the twilight alleys,
Hiding the peaks for each other,
Your bicentenary.
They close the arches from above.
Below is a lawn and a flower garden,
Which is the right moves
They cross straight.
Under the lindens, as in a dungeon,
Not a bright spot in the sand
And only the opening of the tunnel
Lights up the exit in the distance.
But here come the days of flowering,
And lindens in the belt of fences
Scatter along with the shadow
Irresistible aroma.
Walkers in summer hats
Breathe in whoever passes
This incomprehensible smell
Understandable by bees.
He composes in these moments,
When he takes the heart
The subject and content of the book
And the park and flower beds are binding.
On an old bulky tree,
Hanging the house from above
Burning, dripping with wax,
Flowers lit by rain.
The UZKOE estate is one of the numerous landlord estates located around Moscow. In his history, divided into 4 periods, real facts are intertwined with "traditions of antiquity deep."
Three and a half centuries ago, the boyars Streshnevs settled here, connected by family relations with Mikhail Fedorovich, the first Russian sovereign from the Romanov dynasty. The Streshnevs are the first owners of Uzkoye, who left real traces of their activities in it. The Streshnevsky period in the history of the estate is the longest, rather than the subsequent ones, and at the same time, the least known. The scarcity of sources does not allow to reliably reconstruct the appearance of the estate. Judging by indirect data, the Streshnevs repeatedly visited their fiefdom, at which time its formation was completed. The territory collected from separate parts became a single whole. Under the Streshnevs, the Narrow became Narrow. This is their merit.
Sofya Ivanovna Golitsyna (née Streshneva) was the last of some owners and the first of others. In 1726, a naval officer, Prince Boris Vasilyevich Golitsyn, married her, Uzkoye was her dowry.
Under the Golitsyn princes, who came into possession of the estate in 1726, at the end of the 18th century, Uzkoye gained fame as one of the best landscaped landlord estates in the Moscow region. Golitsyn Uzkoe owes its architectural flourishing. The last owners only supplemented and rebuilt the ensemble, which was basically formed in the 1770-1780s. Considerable attention was also paid to the landscape - a park was laid out, ponds were arranged. The architectural structures created under the Golitsyns shaped the artistic appearance of the estate.
Many of those who owned the estate became prototypes of the heroes of literary works. So, Princess Natalia Petrovna Golitsyna is the old countess in Pushkin's The Queen of Spades. And Famusov’s exclamation: “What will Princess Marya Alekseevna say!”; also refers to the owner of Uzkoy, Maria Alekseevna Golitsyna, by her husband Tolstoy, a former maid of honor, whose opinion is equivalent to the opinion of high Moscow society.
During the war of 1812, Uzkoe suffered significantly. The French army came out of burned Moscow on October 5, 1812 along the Old Kaluga road, ruining the villages and villages located along it. Evidence of the presence of the French in the estate was the trace of a cannonball on one of the bells of the church, from where, according to legend, Napoleon himself watched the movement of the "Great Army". Similar legends about allegedly taking place personal visit emperor are typical of the areas that were along the path of the French from Moscow.
From the beginning of the 19th century, agriculture, taking into account the latest European achievements, was put at the forefront in Uzky. The greenhouse remained from the Golitsyns. The economy was multiplied and began to be conducted on a grand scale. New well-equipped greenhouses and greenhouses appeared. There were more than a dozen of them. In 1850, their number is reduced to one, the same one that exists in our time.
As newlyweds, Maria Nikolaevna and Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, the father and mother of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, spent time at the Uzkoye estate. During the tenure of the Uzky Tolstoy, the manor composition basically acquired modern features. The greenhouse and hothouse economy neither before nor after has acquired such grandiose proportions. It largely determined further fate narrow.
In 1883 Uzkoye passed into the possession of Prince Pyotr Nikolaevich Trubetskoy, a sociable and energetic person. His brother Sergey Nikolaevich Trubetskoy, a humanities scholar, since 1905 - the rector of Moscow University, maintained friendly relations with the outstanding scientific philosopher and poet of the "Silver Age" Vladimir Solovyov. In the summer of 1900, the friends met in Uzkoy, hoping to have a rest together. But fate decreed otherwise. Solovyov fell seriously ill and on July 31 died in Trubetskoy's arms. Since then, Uzkoye has been associated with the name of the great Russian philosopher. Under Trubetskoy manor park, passing into the larch forest, has undergone reconstruction. Narrow was not enriched with new outstanding structures. The activity of the owners was aimed mainly at the preservation of existing buildings. The rebuilt manor house has lost most artistic merits that distinguished him earlier, which indicates a decline in taste. The death of Vladimir Solovyov brought fame to the estate, which has since become a place of pilgrimage for his admirers. Later, in the room where he died, there will be a library, but even today it is called the Solovyov Room.
In the post-revolutionary years, Uzky was lucky. Most of the landowners' houses and estates were swept away by the "revolutionary element" as "the haven of class enemies." Uzkoye, as they say, "got off with little bloodshed." In the first years of Soviet power, Uzkoe protected from destruction exemplary land use on the estate - agriculture and gardening. In the future, Uzkoye turned into a sanatorium for the rest of the scientific intelligentsia.
Sanatorium "Uzkoe" was opened in the estate in 1922. Almost all of the country's leading scientists, academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, cultural and art figures rested and worked in the Narrow. In 1931, English playwright B. Shaw visited Uzkoye, accompanied by A.V. Lunacharsky, who arrived in the USSR for ten days. There they met with K.S. Stanislavsky, who was on vacation. B. Shaw said about Konstantin Sergeevich that he is “the most beautiful person in all the globe". In 1935, V.I.Vernadsky and Academician A.N.Severtsov posed for I.E.Grabar, filling in the gaps in the portrait gallery of outstanding Russian scientists.
During the Great Patriotic War When the Germans were near Moscow, it was turned into a field hospital, and in 1943, during the war, Uzkoye again opened its doors to vacationers.
K. Chukovsky created memories of Vl. Mayakovsky here, L. Leonov worked on the chapters of the novel "Russian Forest". And how many poems about the Narrow were written by the poets B. Pasternak, A. Bezymensky, S. Vasiliev, S. Marshak, V. Lugovskoy, Yakub Kolas!
On August 30, 1960, after the inclusion of Uzkoye into Moscow, part of the buildings, according to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR (church, horse yard), as well as the park with ponds, were put under state protection as monuments of architecture and garden and park art.
On December 4, 1974, another Decree of the Council of Ministers included several more objects among them: main house manor, southern wing, greenhouse and service building.
Other buildings: the northern wing, the glacier, the manager's house, the three gates - northern, southern and western ("heavenly"), as well as the forge are not under state protection. Until now, the art collection located in the sanatorium does not have a special status, which caused the loss of a number of values.
Church - five-domed, stone, built by the Streshnevs, now is one of interesting monuments Moscow architecture. It was built in the style of the Moscow "Naryshkin" baroque, characteristic of the capital's architecture of the late XVII-XVIII centuries. It was brought under the roof by 1696. On August 2, 1990, the Uzky Church was given to the Patriarchy. At the time of the transfer, the building was a book depository, so its consecration took place only on April 26, 1992.
Sources
1. M.Yu.Korobko. Usadba Uzkoye: historical and cultural complex of the 17th-20th centuries. M.: Bioinformservis, 1996. 2. S.N.Razgonov. Monuments of the Fatherland (Almanac) issue 32 1994 3. N.V. Teptsov; K.A. Averyalov; S.V. Zhuravlev. History of the South-West of Moscow. 4. L.E. Kolodny. Journey to Moscow. M.: 1990. 5. I.K. Kondratiev. Gray-haired old Moscow. M.: Military publishing house, 1996. 6. F.L. Kurlat. Moscow. From the center to the outskirts: A guide. M.: 1989. 7. S.M. Lyubetsky. Moscow environs near and far behind all outposts. M.: 1887. 8. Manor necklace of the South-West of Moscow. M.: 1996. 9. A.P. Vergunov, V.A. Gorokhov. Landscape art of Russia, 1996. 10. P.D.Alekseev, M.A.Filin, A.G.Chetverikov. Yasenevo. History and modernity. M.: 1997Prokhorova Anna Alexandrovna, GBOU secondary school No. 794, 10
The Uzkoye estate in the south-west of Moscow is a former noble nest, in Soviet times a children's sanatorium, and now a health resort of the Academy of Sciences. Near the estate there is a village of the same name. The estate is surrounded by Bitsevsky park.
Many centuries ago, Uzkoye was a wasteland, in its history it was called both Uzhsky and Usky, but in the end, the current name was assigned to the estate. The first known owner of the wasteland was Prince Afanasy Gagarin, who divided this land with the steward Peter Ochin-Pleshcheev. In the 20s of the 17th century, the Gagarin allotment was acquired by the boyar Maxim Streshnev, a relative of Evdokia Lukyanovna, the second wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Boyar Streshnev built an estate on the wasteland in about two decades. At the end of the 17th century, Tikhon Nikitich, a representative of another branch of the Streshnev family, became the owner of the estate. Under him, a church with five domes was built on the estate, consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. The temple was restored in the 70s of the last century, therefore it has survived to our time.
After the marriage of the granddaughter of Tikhon Streshnev, the Uzkoye estate passed into the possession of the Golitsyn princes. Sofya Ivanovna's husband was Boris Vasilyevich Golitsyn, a military man who retired with the rank of admiral in 1762. The Golitsyn family had many children, but one of their sons Alexei Golitsyn entered the history of the estate more than others. Under the father and son Golitsyns, terraced ponds, which have survived to this day, a regular park, were built on the estate, a new master's house and service buildings were built. The daughter of Alexei Golitsyn, Maria, became the wife of Count Peter Tolstoy, and under the Tolstoys, the estate also acquired greenhouses.
Closer to the end 19th century Trubetskoy became the owners of Uzkoye, during which the central mansion was again rebuilt. The building acquired the features of neoclassicism, the road leading to the estate from the highway turned into a larch alley. The Trubetskoys ruled Uzkoye until the revolution.
After the events of 1917, the Trubetskoys left the estate. The estate was nationalized and in the 1920s it was turned into a children's sanatorium, which was very soon converted into a sanatorium for scientists, and in 1937 was transferred to the Academy of Sciences.
Today, on the territory of the former noble estate, you can see not only the central mansion and the church, but also ponds, a horse yard and an old greenhouse, an outbuilding built in the middle of the 18th century, and one of the service buildings have been preserved.
From the estate to the palace and park ensemble: an architectural and historical cheat sheetIn 1692, Uzkoye was bought by Tikhon Streshnev, a representative of another branch of this family. Thinking about leaving worldly life, he ordered the construction of the Kazan Church. The temple was built quickly and completed in 1697 - before the prohibition of stone construction by Peter.
Tikhon's granddaughter Sophia married Prince Boris Golitsyn, later an admiral. They arranged a regular park and several terraced ponds in the estate. Their son, Major General Alexei Golitsyn, built a new house and commercial buildings.
Then the estate was inherited by his eldest daughter Maria Tolstaya. She was married to Count Peter Tolstoy. He became the next owner of Uzkoye in 1826. And in the early 1880s, the estate passed from the Tolstoys to their relatives Trubetskoy. Then the old wooden house was rebuilt in the neoclassical style according to the project of S.K. Rodionov, they supplemented it with stone outbuildings, and the road to the estate was lined with larches on both sides.
The whole color of literary life has been here. Boris Pasternak often walked in the park. Even one of the linden alleys was named after him, and in response he dedicated poems to Uzky. And in 1900, the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov died in the owner's office.
After 1917, almost all Trubetskoys emigrated, and in 1922 the estate was transferred to the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (since 1931, the Commission for the Assistance to Scientists), and in 1937 - to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
An exemplary farm saved the estate: it is known that the Trubetskoys grew pineapples, peaches and other exotic fruits in greenhouses.
During the war, a hospital was set up in the main house. Then a movie booth was set up at the main entrance. Immediately after the war, a sanatorium for members of the Academy of Sciences was reopened in Uzky, and the empty walls of the main house were decorated with "trophy" paintings by Western European masters of the 17th-19th centuries, taken from German museums. In 1948, the collection was replenished by the collection of Academician Nikolai Morozov. Among them were the works of I.A. Aivazovsky, V.L. Borovikovsky, I.E. Grabar, B.M. Kustodieva, I.E. Repin, N.K. Roerich, A.A. Rylova, I.I. Shishkin and other artists of the XIX-XX centuries.
Now access to the estate is possible only in the composition excursion group although the place is very picturesque! Not without reason, in 2007, Burnt by the Sun - 2 was filmed here.
All architectural structures The estates, together with the ponds and the park surrounding them, form a single architectural and landscape ensemble. The Uzky Park, which unites numerous diverse buildings of the manor complex, includes the regular and landscape parts (Maryina and Mikhalkov groves), which should be more correctly considered as a forest that lives according to its own law. The complexity of the relief creates an abundance of natural viewpoints from which magnificent views open. Throughout the park there are individual old trees: spruce, pine and larch. The park has a complex layout and is distinguished by a rich species diversity of woody vegetation of predominantly deciduous species with a predominance of linden. This is one of the best estate parks in Moscow and the Moscow region.
The earliest owner of Uzkoye, information about whose interest in landscape art came down to us, was T.N. Streshnev. In 1704, i.e. immediately after the start of the construction of St. Petersburg, Peter I asked him "... not missing the time, all sorts of flowers from Izmailovo little by little, but more of those that smell, send gardeners to St. Petersburg" , and six months later he reported: "Flowers, six peony bushes, they brought it intact, which we are very surprised at, how it didn’t shake, and the flowers are considerable. We deeply regret that we did not send kalufer, mint and other fragrant ones; and when the peonies were brought, and these are much easier; order them to be sent ... ". Judging by these letters, T.N. Streshnev knew a lot about plants. In this regard, it is extremely interesting that the presence in the neighboring Narrow homestead Lopukhin's Yasenevo flower beds, as well as their "country yard" located near Moscow itself, where there was even a park sculpture. It is impossible to imagine that the horticulture in Uzkoye of their "sworn friend" T.N. Streshnev was not sufficiently developed and did not have such a scale.
At the same time, the first documentary information about the structure and layout of the park in Uzkoye dates back only to the time of the Golitsyns. We can judge them by the plan of the general survey of 1767. Measurements for it were carried out by the surveyor captain V. Nazimov on November 25, 1766 during the “general survey” of the entire Moscow district. total area the estate in terms of the modern metric system then amounted to about 317 hectares (without the Lower Teply Stans). In the estate, to the west of the stone manor house, a regular French park (“regular garden”) was arranged, consisting of four rectangular bosquets with ordinary casing. They were separated by mutually perpendicular alleys, one of which was also the axis of the manor's house, at the intersection of the alleys there was a large flower garden. In the notes to the plan, Uzkoye is described as follows: “The village of Uzkoye of Prince Boris Vasilyevich Golitsyn with allocated church land. On the right bank of the nameless ravine is the Church of the Kazan Holy Mother of God, the master's stone house with a regular garden and church land on both sides of the Borisovsky ravine, clay soil, bread and mowing.
One of the main planning axes that determined the structure of the estate is a gigantic larch alley, now running from Profsoyuznaya Street, and originally from the Old Kaluga Road (not so long ago it was called Sanatornaya Alley after the sanatorium located in Uzky). At present, the section of Sanatornaya Alley from Profsoyuznaya Street to the Chertanovka River is the border between the Moscow districts Konkovo and Yasenevo.
The alley creates a very elevated and slightly melancholic mood. Rarely where is the need for a long drive to the estate and those experiences that cover the approacher so felt. This road is shown on the plan of 1767 as "the road from the big Kaluga road to the village of Usskoye". Judging by the plan, initially its trajectory, after crossing the Danilovsky ravine, through which the Chertanovka river flows, passed north of the modern one, the road went through the dam between the Lower and the last, now non-existent pond, reached the horse yard, after which it turned into the main rural street. The road acquired its current trajectory between 1818 and 1844. under P.A. Tolstoy. Then it began to go out to the church, and at its beginning a classicist arch was erected, called the Heavenly Gates (I remind you that the name of the gate is explained by the fact that the terrain behind them is greatly reduced until crossing Chertanovka, therefore, when following from Narrow to Staraya Kaluzhskaya the sky was visible through the gate for most of the way), hence the historical name of this path: “the road to heaven” (the forest next to the Heavenly Gate was called Berezov).
Under Trubetskoy in the last quarter of the 19th century. The "road to heaven" was highway and lined with larches, and in the area between the ponds and the church, fir trees, turning into an alley. Perhaps this work is related to the letter of P.N. Trubetskoy to Count A.V. Orlov-Davydov dated February 2, 1888. P.N. letter, the profiles of the proposed road were recorded: "... one in the park without ditches, and the other along the line, as usual." At the same time, the alley leading to the Buturlins' Yasenevo estate was planted with larches (the alley on Yasenevo existed until the late 1920s - early 1930s). Later, fir trees were planted along the road parallel to the larches.
After creating in Narrow sanatorium The entrance alley has become one of the favorite walking places for vacationers. In addition, along it, and then along the Old Kaluga road, it was possible to get to the only one in the entire district post office in Upper Teply Stany. The wife of A.V. Lunacharsky N.A. Rozenel recalled how A.V. Lunacharsky and V.V. Mayakovsky walked along the “road to heaven”: those who met walked along the famous spruce alley, [actually - larch - M.K.] - and if they argued, then, in any case, with respect and sympathy for each other. And from the walk we went straight to billiards. E.G. Gershtein told about her “journey” along the “road to heaven” with O.E. Mandelstam in 1928. Professor L.A. Kulik later, in his “Narrow Poems”, also interpreted the alley as favorite place vacationers walks.
In winter, the alley could turn out to be impassable, in the diary of K.I. Chukovsky, who arrived in Uzkoye on February 25, 1934, it is colorfully described how at the crossing through Chertanovka “... the driver refused to go further. Solid snow, no road in sight. Bulatov [companion of K.I. Chukovsky - M.K.] with his bare hands, without gloves, heaved my suitcase full of books onto his back; ran up the mountain) - I went off-road in the wind (just from the hospital) - got my feet wet.
In 1941, a part of the alley was cut down for artillery sighting: “... it’s a pity for the cut down“ road to heaven ”, Academician S.G. Strumilin wrote in 1943 in the book of reviews of the Uzkoye sanatorium. Despite the fact that the alley was restored, it already has many attacks, the number of which for last years has increased, so that, alas, it does not always look like a larch alley. Best of all she kept her South side.
Initially, the alley was a little longer than it is now, since in the 1970s. when laying Profsoyuznaya Street, its West Side between the gate and the former Kaluga Highway (now an unnamed passage running parallel to Profsoyuznaya Street).
The name Sanatornaya seems not the most successful for the alley, the historical “road to heaven” is more lyrical. In fact, it is a passage inside Profsoyuznaya Street, because. all the buildings of the estate are listed on it, although it would be more logical to attribute them to Sevastopol Avenue, since they are much closer to it than to Profsoyuznaya.
Another alley, Tyutchevskaya, which runs perpendicular to the Sanatorium and is the main compositional axis of the estate complex, is the same internal passage - all the main estate buildings are located along it. The northern gate, the same as the Heavenly gate, separates the residential part of the estate from the economic one. Tyutchevskaya alley is planted with middle-aged lindens, i.e. it became an alley already in Soviet times. On the plan of 1767, Tyutchevskaya Alley is designated as "the road from the village of Uskov to the village of Kon[y]kovo". The modern name, which is an attempt to perpetuate the name of the poet F.I. Tyutchev, was given to the alley only in 1997 on the occasion of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. His motivation was as follows: F.I. Tyutchev’s childhood passed not far from Uzkoye in his father’s estate Troitskoye (Troitskoye on Teply Stanakh), now part of the suburban village of Mosrentgen (from the estate of the Tyutchevs, the following survived: the Trinity Church of the end of the 17th century, with alterations in 1825, spoiled by modern renovation work, two ponds with a dam between them and, in part, the estate park). However, this toponymic initiative cannot be called successful, since F.I. Tyutchev’s visits to Uzkoye are possible only hypothetically, because not recorded in the Chronicle of the life and work of F.I. Tyutchev”, i.e. do not have documentary evidence. Nevertheless, the supporters of the hypothesis of F.I. Tyutchev’s visit to the Uzky got the argument “this is the name of the alley”! Soon there will be even more arguments, because. on Tyutchevskaya Alley, according to the decision of the Moscow City Duma, it is planned to install a bust of F.I. Tyutchev, the estimated cost of which is 5 million rubles (a monument to V.S. Solovyov would look much more logical here). The history of this unfortunate name shows the need for a very careful approach to toponymy in historically developed parts of the city. Until the mid 1980s. the entrance to the sanatorium was on Tyutchevskaya alley. There, in the sanatorium fence, there was a gate, next to which stood a small wooden booth. After construction, the current gatehouse old entrance was closed, and a new one was built on the continuation of Sanatornaya Alley.
Territory manor park from the west and north, two chains of terraced ponds, large and small, were arranged on the tributary of the Chertanovka "nameless ravine" and a hollow of spring runoff approaching it on the right. The ponds of the large chain are stretched from south to north, at present there are four of them: Upper, Second, Large (Jordan), which was used as a place of consecration of water on the feast of the Epiphany, and Lower. In addition, to the west of them, a small, shallow, polluted pond has been preserved, which acts as a sump; it is not indicated on the plan of 1767, although, most likely, it already existed at that time. Initially, there were more large terraced ponds in Uzkoye, although the plan of 1767 shows four of them, as it is now. But then the central axis of the manor's house, which was also the main park alley, went out to the dam between the first and second ponds from the south, and not between the second and third, as it is now, which means that one of the ponds on the plan was skipped and initially there were not four, but five . To date, the very last pond, located after the Lower, has not been preserved. This pond is shown in master plan Moscow district in 1797, but it is no longer on the plan of 1848, although it is indicated as existing on the Uzky plan of 1949. Perhaps it functioned permanently, otherwise the name Nizhny would have been attached to it, and not to the neighboring pond. Under the Trubetskoys, the ponds were surrounded by a "hedge" that existed as early as 1919. Nowadays, there is an old birch casing with an admixture of linden around them.
Documentary information has been preserved that on the ponds, at least since the time of the Tolstoys, i.e. from the 1st half of the 19th century. there were baths and piers (although one must think that in one form or another they have been in Uzkoye at least since the time of the Golitsyns). Information about them is rather short and fragmentary. In 1846, a wooden “bathing wing” was dismantled in Uzkoy, which was located on the shore of one of the ponds, most likely the Second or Bolshoi. The incident in the Trubetskoy bath in Uzkoye was described by their relative, Count S.M. Tolstoy, who visited the estate before the First World War: “The weather was hot, and grandmother [S.N. Glebova - M.K.] took us to swim in the pond in the park. We barely had time to undress when four black Australian swans attacked us through the door of the bathhouse, hissing and flapping their wings. The only way out of them was to flee."
The lithograph by I.N. Pavlov “Uzkoye Sanatorium” 1923 (private collection, Moscow) shows a wooden bathhouse on the Second Pond, possibly the one described by S.M. Tolstoy. Judging by the painting by A.M. Vasnetsov “The Narrow Village. Pond” in 1924 (a branch of the State Tretyakov Gallery Memorial Museum-Apartment of A.M. Vasnetsov), there was a small pier on the Big Pond, from which, obviously, they also swam. A path led to the pier from the dam between the Second and Bolshoi ponds, on which there is a linden alley praised by B.L. Pasternak with traces of an old haircut. During the war, there were no baths in Uzkoye anymore, judging by the reviews of vacationers, apparently, the baths were dilapidated and were dismantled for material, and restored only in the post-war period. In the late 1940s on the Second Pond, a large bathhouse was built with male and female sections, decorated in the center with a triangular pediment depicting a vulgar-looking mermaid. On east coast Big Pond according to the memoirs of academician Yu.A. Polyakov in 1955: “There was also a pier with boats (the oars were kept in the house)”. Baths and boats in the Uzky are also mentioned by B.L. Pasternak in his sketches for Linden Alley (1957). Berth by the 1970s heavily dilapidated and destroyed. The boats were lost even earlier. The bathhouse survived until the 1980s, when it burned down ( Lately it was dyed blue).
In 2007, on the Second Pond for the filming of the film “Burnt by the Sun 2” (directed by N.S. Mikhalkov), a wooden gazebo in pseudo-classical forms was built, surrounded by a gallery - a poor stylization of landscape gardening structures of the 1930-1950s. By 2008, it was already dilapidated and lost its internal balustrade.
The second cascade of ponds, small, i.e. less significant in scale, descended from the church to the Lower Pond from the east. The plan of 1767 shows only one of his ponds, according to local residents called French. Perhaps this name is connected with the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, especially since it is documented that at that time the French army visited Uzkoye. According to legend, one of the French drowned in it. “In general, the Kaluga road, along which Napoleon’s army left Moscow, is littered with the bones of uninvited guests, and there is no pond or a collapsed well in this area, in which, according to legends and stories of old people, several Frenchmen would not have been abandoned,” wrote historian D. O. Shepping. However, the possibility of a different origin of this name or the presence of another one cannot be ruled out, especially since given pond appeared long before 1812. Above the French pond, on the same level, there were two more, called, according to the testimony of local residents, apparently based on natural realities: Swamp and Mokhovaya. Behind them, closer to the church, was the Bath Pond, whose name testifies to its functional use. Apparently, there was once a bathhouse on its shore. There was an island in the center of the pond. At present, all the ponds are drained, their hollows are overgrown, but, nevertheless, they are visible. In spring and autumn, they are partially filled with water.
Another pond, but located separately, is shown to the east of the master's house on the nameless left opening of the Martynovsky or Altukhovsky ravine, along this opening there was a road "from the village of Uskov to the village of Yasenevo", crossing the ravine. This pond has been preserved and bears the names: Drinking, according to its purpose, or Round, according to its shape, but on the plan of 1767 it is strongly elongated along the top. Under the next owner of Uzkoye, Prince Aleksei Borisovich Golitsyn, a small rectangular pavilion was erected on its shore, stylistically similar to other buildings built in Uzkoye at that time (in Soviet times, it had motors that supplied water to a metal pump station nearby in the park, strongly the dilapidated pavilion was dismantled after the liquidation of the pumping station in 1991). A.B. Golitsyn, having built the current wooden manor house on the site of an earlier one, began to create landscape park in this part of the estate to the east of the manor house. From the south, it was bounded by the buildings of the Large Greenhouses - the most famous and significant building of the park, almost devoid of architectural decoration (behind the greenhouse was the Human Head Forest, according to local legend, a severed human head was once found there).
The son, A.B. Golitsyn, Prince Yegor, having visited Uzkoye twice in early 1795, “... made mentally different projects, how to plant a garden and other decorations ...”, however, it is not clear what they were and how much they managed to realize. In any case, Yegor Golitsyn, exiled to Moscow under Paul I and later retired, had time to study Uzkiy. Under the next owners of Narrow Count Tolstoy, the estate already existed English garden, arranged on the eastern side of the manor house. In the inventory of the manor house compiled under them in 1846, living rooms “to the ponds” appear, i.e. facing the western facade and living rooms "to the garden", facing the east, i.e. the former division of the park into bosquets was destroyed. " Topographic map circumference of Moscow, taken by officers of the quartermaster unit in 1818 ”, shows that at that time only two southern bosquets remained from it, merging into one rectangle. And by the middle of the XIX century. under Tolstoy, the open stalls replaced them too.
Under them, the development of the dam part of the estate began. Open space, which began immediately behind the large cascade of terraced ponds (it is shown on the plan of 1767) was destroyed. A grove was planted on it, which was named Maryina, after the name of Countess Maria Alekseevna Tolstaya, who owned Uzkoye in 1811-1826. . Maryina grove connected the earlier Mikhalkov grove located behind it (it was located on the Mikhailovka wasteland, located between the "road to heaven" and Mikhailovsky ravine, along which Novoyasenevsky Prospekt now runs, and got its name from it) with the main part of the estate park, where in In 1854, periodically renewed "...fences and bridges ..." were built. The state of the main roads in the park under Tolstoy is clearly shown by a quote from a letter from Sofya Vasilyevna Tolstaya to her sister, Lyubov Trubetskoy: “Yesterday, on Nikolin’s day, we went to mass in a droshky: it rained all night and it became so dirty that it was impossible to walk ...” ( the manor house where the Tolstoys lived and the church are very close to each other).
Behind the Big Orangeries there was a traditional cherry orchard for estates; it is not for nothing that this image turned out to be the embodiment of estate life in Chekhov's play of the same name. In a letter to A.V. Orlov-Denisov dated September 14, 1865, V.P. Tolstoy thanked his wife for sending cherries, noting that he had the same ones in Uzkoy. The orchard required constant care, without which it quickly ran wild. Therefore, in the estates that were in desolation for some time, the new owners, as a rule, had to plant orchards anew. At the same time, the previous principle of selecting trees and shrubs was usually not respected. Thus, in Uzkoye near Trubetskoy, cherries were replaced by gooseberries and black currants. On the other hand, the very fact that the orchard is running wild is in itself a fairly clear evidence of the beginning of the dying of the estate, in which outwardly much is still in perfect order.
Under Trubetskoy, the manor park was also reconstructed. The parts of the park closest to the manor house were transformed into a decorative garden, the main elements of which were flower beds. Roses were constantly planted in them, brought from the estate of P.N. Trubetskoy Sochi, which distinguished Uzkoye from the vast majority of other estates. In addition, the garden served as a gathering place for exotic ornamental plants, being, as it were, a small botanical collection, which combined a variety of plants, i.e. became, according to the definition of D.S. Likhachev, a garden of a scientific type, as if an amateur botanical one. Derivation by the middle of the XIX century. new plant species, well adapted to domestic conditions, led to the massive development and flourishing of estate gardening in the post-reform period. Compared to the previous period, it is more decorative, becoming quite intimate and homely. big estate, created or reconstructed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, as Narrow, is simply impossible to imagine without a winter garden and large plants in interiors and terraces; as a rule, on holidays their number increased. Therefore, we can say that in the post-reform period, the master's house, as it were, also becomes a garden, which is a fundamentally new tradition.
At the new entrance to the manor house, built under the Trubetskoys, a round platform for vaulting was arranged, fenced with chains (the chains existed until the mid-1990s, now there are only a few of them left). In 2006, according to the project of S. Ratinova, a flower bed was arranged on it in the spirit of the Japanese school "Sogetsu".
To the east of the vaulting platform, two lanterns have been installed since the time of the Trubetskoys on white-stone foundations (they were electrified in Svoetsk times). The south part of the park on this side received a low metal lattice fence.
At the initiative of the wife of the owner of the estate, Princess A.V. Trubetskoy, a number of new paths were laid in the park, along which benches were placed, one of the paths was called Big walk, another little walk. Two pavilions were built in the park: the Tatinka children's house, named after the family name of the youngest daughter of the Trubetskoys, the favorite of the family Alexandra (to the east of the master's house near the tennis court) and Maryina or Maryeva hut. In Tatinka's house, after the service, Alexandra arranged refreshments for the village children brought from Moscow and distributed small gifts. Mary's hut was placed on the eastern outskirts of Maryina Grove (hence its name) to the west of the Big Pond (Jordan), behind a small unnamed pond, on a cleared area fenced with boulders. Tea parties were usually held there after walks in the park. Mary's hut, built by order of A.V. Trubetskoy, apparently was made in the Russian style, as evidenced by its name "hut", as well as its later interpretation by vacationers as a "teremka". In 2006, at the auction of the Moscow Auction House Gelos, a pencil drawing by I.N. oh spring" by Ivan Pavlov and about the spring in the tower. Ivan Pav[ov]. 13 III 930". Judging by it, in 1930 Mary's hut still existed ...
A survey of the forest part of Uzkoye, carried out under the Trubetskoys, showed that it mainly grew birch, aspen, oak, there were old oaks, but also many small ones. Up to 40 acres of forests were mainly cut down only for themselves, but there was a site where oaks were cut down for sale. Apparently, this information refers to the area of Mikhalkovo grove. In the early 1920s The Lugovoi strong point, which occupies the outbuildings of Uzkoye, uprooted a forest on an area of 8.18 hectares to the right of the Heavenly Gate in order to obtain a large area for planting grasses and conducting experiments.
After the TsKUBU-KSU sanatorium was placed in the estate, the park paths were put in order, and lanterns were placed along some of them. According to the testimonies of vacationers in Uzky, part of the park was cut down in 1941 for military purposes during the construction of a defense line along the Chertanovka River and in its vicinity: “It is a pity, of course, that tree plantations around the sanatorium were damaged in some places,” recalled on September 14, 1943. in the Narrow Corresponding Member K.A. Krug. Until now, to the left and right of the Sanatornaya Alley and to the east of the Paleontological Museum, the remains of defensive structures built in 1941 have been preserved in different places.
In the 1950s larch and spruce trees were planted in front of the main facade of the manor house - a tribute to the fashion of the Soviet era, when these tree species were an indispensable attribute of an official institution. Strongly expanded over the past decades, they blocked the previously existing numerous viewpoints of the building. And the estate itself took on a look that was not characteristic of it before. The open parterre in front of the manor's house was partially overgrown, so the recollections of N.A. Vlasova in 1928 and V.A. Kulik-Pavsky in 1941 seem like a fantasy, as the vacationers of the Uzkoye sanatorium rode on a sleigh from the manor's house to the Second Pond. Already in 1985, only 22 percent of the plantations of the pre-revolutionary era remained in Uzky, and the plantations of the 1940-1950s. was 43 percent, i.e. almost half. Now, of course, there are even fewer of those and others ... Over the past decades, the breakdown of the park into routes with mileage indications, benches and gazebos for vacationers, located in its dam part, approximately to the middle of Mikhalkovo Grove, has been completely lost. Part of the park, located next to the church, was transferred to the parish in 1990. At the same time, the Vechernyaya Moskva newspaper published an article stating that a backup heating main was being built in Uzkoy Park, destroying historical plantings. On May 12, 1992, by order of the Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow No. 1153-RP “On the creation natural park « Bitsevsky forest» The park and all other lands of the Uzky were included in its structure.
At present, the layout of part of the park around the manor buildings is overgrown with self-seeding and is fragmentary; regular tree plantings are falling apart, because. plantings are not cared for. It is necessary to restore the preserved elements of planning and plantings. Even in its neglected form, the park gives a special charm to Uzky. The estate looks best in autumn, when the fallen foliage makes it possible to see all the buildings, and colorful leaves crunching underfoot hide the flaws that people and time are to blame for.
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In the summer of 1822, a distant relative of the owners, retired Lieutenant Colonel Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1795-1837), who in his youth served with A.S. Griboedov in the Moscow Hussar Regiment, visited Uzkoye. He was engaged to one of the richest brides in the city, Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790 - 1830), who on June 21 arrived at the Znamenskoye-Sadki estate located next to Uzky, which belonged to her uncle, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Trubetskoy (d. 1827). Halfway between them was the village of Yasenevo, in the church of which on July 9 the young people were married in the presence of their relatives from both sides. Apparently, after the wedding, the couple went to Uzkoye, where they spent their first night. The next day they arrived at Znamenskoye for dinner, and later went on their honeymoon to the Tula province, where the estate was located. Yasnaya Polyana, who later gained world fame thanks to one of their sons, the writer Leo Tolstoy. His epic novel "War and Peace" uses facts from the biographies of his parents and other relatives, who became the prototypes of literary heroes. This is only one of the significant facts of the history of the village "Uzkoe". Read more on the websites: http://testan.rusgor.ru/moscow/book/uzkoe/uzkoe14.htm |
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Here is what is written about the village "Uzkoe" in Wikipedia:
At the beginning of the 17th century, the wasteland Uzkoe (Uskoe) belonged to Prince A.F. Gagarin and P.G. Ochin-Pleshcheev. At the end of the 1620s. it was bought in the Local Order by Maxim Streshnev, a cousin of Empress Evdokia Lukyanovna, who built a manor here until 1641.
In 1692, Uzkoye was bought by Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev, a representative of another branch of this family, from one of his descendants, Dmitry Yakovlevich Streshnev. It was he who ordered the construction of a five-domed church here, built by 1697 with an original four-petal plan, all of its 5 domes-towers of the same height, in one of them (above the entrance) a bell tower was built (after the restoration of the 1970s, the domes received onion domes - the previous the domes of the end of the 18th century were different, more elongated upwards). This five-tower church dedicated to the Kazan icon Mother of God, is unique for Russian architecture. In local history literature, it is mistakenly considered that the author of its project was Osip Startsev, who worked on some important Kyiv cathedrals and in Moscow (the work of O. Startsev in Uzkiy is not confirmed by documentary data). The real author of the church in Uzkom is unknown.
Tikhon's granddaughter Sophia married Prince Boris Vasilyevich Golitsyn, later an admiral. Under him, the estate had a regular park and several terraced ponds. Their son, Major General and Marshal of the Moscow District Nobility, Prince Alexei Borisovich Golitsyn, built a new house and outbuildings in the estate. His eldest daughter Maria Alekseevna Tolstaya was the wife of the infantry general Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Tolstoy, who in 1826 inherited Uzkoye with his children. With him got his further development greenhouse farm. In the early 1880s. the estate passed from the Tolstoys to their relatives Trubetskoy, under whom an old house was rebuilt into a neoclassical building by the architect S.K. In the office of the owner of the Moscow provincial marshal of the nobility, Prince P. N. Trubetskoy. in Uzkoy on July 31, 1900, after a two-week illness, the great Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov died. His body until the funeral, which took place on August 3 in the Novodevichy Convent, was in the Uzky Church.
After the Revolution of 1917, almost all the princes Trubetskoy went into exile. Only Vladimir Sergeevich Trubetskoy remained in the USSR, who was shot in 1937 along with his daughter Varvara. In 1922, the estate was given to the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (since 1931, the Commission for Assistance to Scientists), and in 1937 - to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
