What year was the titanic. Alternative versions of the death of the ship. Encounter with an unusual iceberg

And this fact is not surprising, because at the time of construction and commissioning, "" was one of the largest liners in the world. His first voyage, which is also the last, took place on April 14, 1912, because the ship, after a collision with an ice block, sank 2 hours and 40 minutes after the impact (at 02.20 on April 15). Such a large-scale catastrophe has become a legend, and in our time the causes and circumstances of its occurrence are being discussed, feature films are being shot, and researchers continue to study the remains of the liner at the bottom and compare them with photographs of the ship taken in 1912.

If we compare the model of the bow shown in the photo and the remains that now lie at the bottom, it is difficult to call them identical, because the front of the ship was heavily immersed in the silt during the fall. Such a spectacle greatly disappointed the first explorers, since the location of the wreckage did not allow them to inspect the place where the ship hit the ship. ice block without the use of special equipment. The torn hole present in the case, clearly visible on the layout, is the result of hitting the bottom.

The remains of the Titanic are at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, they lie at a depth of about 4 km. The vessel cracked in the process of submerging under water and now its two parts lie on the bottom, at a distance of about 600 meters from one another. Within a radius of several hundred meters near them are multiple debris and objects, including a huge piece of the ship's hull.

Panorama of the bow of the Titanic, the researchers managed to make by processing several hundred images. If you look at it from right to left, you can see the winch from the spare anchor, which sticks out directly above the bow edge, then the mooring device is noticeable, and next to it is an open hatch leading to hold No. 1, breakwater lines go from it to the sides. The lying mast, under which there are two more hold hatches and winches for lifting cargo, is clearly visible on the superstructure deck. The captain's bridge used to be located on the front of the main superstructure, but now it can only be found at the bottom in parts.

On the other hand, the superstructure with the captain's and officer's cabins and the radio room is well preserved, although it is crossed by a crack that has formed in place of the expansion joint. The visible hole in the superstructure is the location of the chimney. Another hole behind the superstructure is the well, where main staircase Titanic. A large torn hole located to the left is the place of the second pipe.

Photo of the main anchor on the port side of the Titanic. It remains a mystery how he did not fall down in the process of hitting the bottom.

Behind the Titanic's spare anchor is a mooring device.

Even 10-20 years ago, on the mast of the Titanic, one could see the remains of the so-called "crow's nest", where the lookouts were located, but now they have fallen off. The only reminder of the "crow's nest" is the hole in the mast, through which the sailors-lookout could get on spiral staircase. The tail behind the hole was once a bell mount.

Comparative photos of the deck of the Titanic, which housed the lifeboats. On the right, you can see that the superstructure on it is torn in places.

The Titanic staircase that adorned the ship in 1912:

Photo of the remains of the ship, taken from a similar angle. Comparing the two previous photos, it's hard to believe that this is the same part of the ship.

Behind the stairs were equipped with elevators for 1st class passengers. Only individual elements remind of them. The inscription, which can be seen in the photo on the right, was opposite the elevators and pointed to the deck. It is this inscription - a pointer directing to deck A (the letter A, made of bronze, has disappeared, but traces still remain).

Deck D, 1st class lounge. Although most of the wooden finish has been eaten away by microorganisms, and individual elements reminiscent of the front staircase have been preserved.

The 1st class lounge and the Titanic restaurant, located on deck D, had large stained glass windows that have survived to this day.

This is exactly what "" would look like along with the largest modern passenger liner, which is called "Allure of the Seas».

It was put into operation in 2010. A few comparative values:

• Allure of the Seas has 4 times the displacement this characteristic at the Titanic;
• a modern liner - the record holder has a length of 360 m, which exceeds "" by 100 m;
• maximum width of 60 m compared to 28 m of shipbuilding legend;
• the draft is almost the same (almost 10 m);
• the speed of these ships is 22-23 knots;
• the number of command staff of "Allure of the Seas" - more than 2 thousand people (attendants "" - 900 people, mostly they were stokers);
• the passenger capacity of the giant of our time is 6.4 thousand people (y - 2.5 thousand).

crash passenger liner The Titanic, during which 1,517 out of 2,229 passengers and crew died (official data varies slightly), was one of the largest maritime disasters peacetime.

Only a few catastrophes caused such a resonance and had such a strong impact on public consciousness. The disaster changed attitudes towards social injustice, affected the rules for the implementation of passenger traffic V Atlantic Ocean contributed to the tightening of the requirements for the presence of a sufficient number of lifeboats on board passenger ships and led to the creation of the International Ice Service.

April 14, 2016 marked the 104th anniversary of the Titanic disaster, which became one of the most famous ships in history. The theme of the sinking of the Titanic is devoted to many books and films, exhibitions and memorials.

At 2:20 a.m., the Titanic broke in two and sank. At that time, about a thousand people were on board. The people who ended up in the icy water soon died of hypothermia. (Frank O. Braynard Collection)

The British passenger liner Titanic leaves Southampton, England for her first and last flight April 10, 1912. Before leaving for New York, the Titanic called at Cherbourg (France) and Queenstown (Ireland). Four days later, on April 14, 1912, at 23:40 local time, the liner collided with an iceberg 603 kilometers south of Newfoundland.

The disaster shocked the whole world. The investigation into the causes of the sinking of the Titanic, which began a few days after the disaster, contributed to a significant improvement in the safety of shipping. (United Press International)

The passenger liner Titanic departs on its first and last voyage to New York from Queenstown, Ireland, 1912. On board the liner were the richest people of that time: millionaires John Jacob Astor IV, Benjamin Guggenheim and Isidore Strauss, as well as more than a thousand emigrants from Ireland, Scandinavia and other countries who were about to start new life in America.

Workers leave the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, where the Titanic was built between 1909 and 1911. At the time of its launch, the Titanic was the largest passenger liner in the world. In this 1911 photograph, the Titanic is in the background.

Dining room on the Titanic, 1912 The liner was designed and built with the latest technology and served as the epitome of luxury and comfort. On board was a gym, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and luxurious cabins.

Room for second class passengers aboard the Titanic, 1912. More than 90% of second-class passengers were men who remained on board the sinking liner, as women and children were the first to board the lifeboats.

The Titanic leaves Southampton, England, April 10, 1912. Some experts believe that the reason for the Titanic disaster was the poor quality of the hull rivets that were used in the construction of the liner.

The height of the liner from the keel to the top of the chimneys was 53.3 meters, 10.5 of which were below the waterline. The Titanic was taller than most city buildings of the time.

Captain of the Titanic, Edward John Smith, who steered largest liner of his time. The length of the Titanic was 269.1 meters, width - 28.19 meters, displacement - more than 52 thousand tons.

An undated photograph of the Titanic's first mate, William McMaster Murdoch, who is revered as a hero in his homeland of Dalbitty, Scotland. However, in the film "Titanic", which received many "Oscar" awards, Murdoch's character appears as a coward and a murderer.

At a ceremony marking the 86th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, 20th Century Fox Executive Vice President Scott Neeson presented a $8,000 check to Dolbitty School to apologize to the officer's family.

Presumably, the iceberg that the Titanic passenger liner collided with on April 14, 1912. The photo was taken from the cable-laying vessel Mackay Bennett, which was piloted by Captain Descarteret.

The ship Mackay Bennett was one of the first to arrive at the site of the Titanic disaster. According to Captain Descarteret, it was the only iceberg near the crash site of the ocean liner.

Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which sailed only partially filled. This photograph of lifeboats approaching the Carpathia was taken by Carpathia passenger Louis M. Ogden.

The photograph was featured in an exhibition of documents relating to the Titanic disaster that Walter Lord bequeathed to the National maritime museum in Greenwich, England.

The rescue ship Carpathia picked up 712 survivors of the Titanic. A photo taken by Carpathia passenger Louis M. Ogden shows lifeboats approaching the Carpathia.

This photograph was also on display in an exhibition of documents that Walter Lord bequeathed to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

Although the Titanic had advanced security measures such as watertight compartments and watertight remote controlled doors, the ship lacked lifeboats for all passengers.

There were only enough boats for 1178 people - this is only a third of all passengers and crew. In this photo you see the rescue of passengers from the Titanic.

Reporters interview the passengers of the sunken Titanic who disembarked from the rescue ship Carpathia on May 17, 1912.

Seven-year-old Eva Hart with her father Benjamin and mother Esther, 1912 Eva and her mother escaped from the sinking Titanic, but her father died during the crash of a British liner on the night of April 15, 1912.

People are standing on the street, waiting for the arrival of the ship "Carpathia".

A huge crowd of people gathered outside the office of the White Steamship Company. star line on Broadway in New York to find out last news about the sinking of the Titanic, April 14, 1912.

People read reports outside the offices of The Sun newspaper in New York after the sinking of the Titanic.

Two messages sent from America to insurers Lloyds of London in London erroneously claimed that other ships, including the Virginia, were in the vicinity and assisted during the Titanic disaster.

These lots will be auctioned off at Christie's in London in May 2012.

Titanic survivors Laura Francatelli and her employers Lady Lucy Duff-Gordon and Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon stand aboard the rescue ship Carpathia. Francatelli said she heard a terrible roar and then cries for help as her boat pulled away from the sinking ocean liner Titanic on that tragic night in 1912.

The passenger liner Titanic shortly before departure for its first and last voyage, 1912.

In a photo released auction house Henry Aldridge & Son/Ho in Wiltshire, UK, April 18, 2008, captured an extremely rare artifact - passenger ticket to the Titanic.

An exhibit bequeathed to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England, by Walter Lord, is a telegram from Marconi. Miss Edith Russell (journalist and Titanic survivor) wrote in Women's Wear Daily: "Saved on Carpathia, tell mother." "Carpathia", April 18, 1912.

The lunch menu of the restaurant aboard the Titanic, signed by the surviving passengers. Walter Lord bequeathed this document to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.

Prow of the sunken Titanic, 1999.

One of the propellers of the Titanic passenger liner. The picture was taken during an expedition to the shipwreck on September 12, 2008. Five thousand artifacts will be sold at an auction on April 11, 2012, almost 100 years after the Titanic disaster.

The starboard side of the bow of the Titanic. This image was released by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on August 28, 2010.

Part of the side of the Titanic, chains and an additional anchor buoy. Dr. Robert Bollard, who found the wreck of the Titanic almost 20 years ago, returned to the scene of the tragedy to look at the damage done to the ship and its treasures by marauders and seekers of easy enrichment.

The huge propeller of the sunken Titanic lies at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The picture is not dated. The first tourists who visited the shipwreck in September 1998 saw the propeller and other parts of the famous liner.

This 17-ton fragment of the Titanic's hull was brought to the surface during an expedition to the shipwreck in 1998.

A 17-ton fragment of the Titanic passenger liner, which was raised from the bottom of the ocean during an expedition to the shipwreck, July 22, 2009. On April 11, 2012, this exhibit will be sold at auction along with 5,000 other artifacts.

A Waltham American gold pocket watch - personal item of Karl Asplund - against the backdrop of a painting of the Titanic by CJ Ashford. The clock was found on the body of Karl Asplund, who sank along with the Titanic.

Money from the Titanic. The owner of one of the richest collections of things found on the Titanic, put it up for auction in 2012 - the year of the 100th anniversary of the collapse of the famous liner.

Photographs by Felix Asplund, Selma and Carl Asplund and Lillian Asplund in Devizes, Wiltshire, England. These photos are part of Lillian Asplund's collection of Titanic related items.

Lillian was 5 years old in April 1912 when the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage. The girl escaped, but her father and three siblings were among the 1,514 people who died.

Artifacts found at the wreck of the Titanic are on display at the TITANIC The Artifact Exhibit in California scientific center: binoculars, comb, dishes and a cracked incandescent lamp. February 6, 2003.

Glasses found among the wreckage of the Titanic. The complete collection of artifacts found at the Titanic wreck will be auctioned in April 2012 - 100 years after the tragedy.

Golden spoon from the Titanic.

The chronometer from the captain's bridge of the Titanic is exhibited in Science Museum in London. It is one of more than 200 items recovered from the ocean floor at the site where the Titanic sank.

Visitors to the exhibition at the museum can go through the entire history of the famous liner in chronological order - from the drawings for its construction to the moment of death after a collision with an iceberg.

The Titanic's speed gauge and Gimbal lamp are among the artifacts on display at the museum in New York.

Items from the sunken Titanic on display at the New York Museum.

A cup and pocket watch are among the many items found on the Titanic, as well as a White Star Line flag button and a small porthole.

These spoons from the Titanic are part of an exhibition at the Museum of South Norwalk, Connecticut.

The gilded handbag is one of the items from the Titanic.

The stern of the Titanic, with two propellers sticking out of the mud and sand, rests on the ocean floor 600 meters south of the ship's bow.

First full shot legendary wreckage. Mosaic photo consists of 1500 pictures high resolution made using sonar studies.

The right side of the ship. The bow of the Titanic was the first to sink to the bottom of the ocean, so that its front part was buried in the sand, forever closing the mortal wounds left by the iceberg.

Mutilated stern in profile.

The stern of the Titanic, top view. This interweaving of metal is a mystery to scientists. As one of them said: "If you decipher this, you will love Picasso."

Two engines of the Titanic are visible through a crack in the stern. These huge structures, covered with rust, once set in motion the largest liner in the world at that time.

Catastrophes always excite the minds of people, even after a hundred years. Interest in any event can now be fueled by cinema, just one successful film and society will never forget about any problem or event. This is how the owners and crew of the Titanic went down in history, though not in best light. But before talking about the shipwreck, it would be useful to know where and where the Titanic was sailing from?

Travel between continents

Today, to overcome the distance between Europe and America, it is enough to buy a plane ticket. Already on the same day with this cherished ticket, you can be on the other side of the globe, spending 7-8 hours and not such a big amount. But jet liners V civil aviation appeared not so long ago, before that it was a little different. It’s quite sad, in the opinion of the modern layman, it was about the invention of aircraft:

• The only possible travel option is by ship. The journey could take weeks.
• At the end of the 19th century, steamships were designed that made it possible to cross the ocean in 5 days.
• But even in this short period of time, anything could happen, shipwrecks are not uncommon today.
• But the main troubles that tormented the first pilgrims, in the form of scurvy and infectious diseases, faded into the background.

At the time of the commissioning of the Titanic, there were two main companies, one of them emphasized travel speed , another on comfort and luxury . Looking at the interior of the Titanic, you can immediately understand which of the two offices it belonged to.

Protecting the Unsinkable Titanic

Everyone heard something about the unsinkability of the Titanic and some unique system installed on the ship. She was all reduced to three points:

Theoretically, any minor accident should not have led to the rapid sinking of the ship. Although it is difficult to talk about insignificance when it comes to a collision with an iceberg. Coping with the consequences of such a contact turned out to be beyond even most modern system, which only existed at that time.

The route of the Titanic and its passengers

As already mentioned, the ship's route ran from Europe to America. But this is not the most accurate route:

• The liner departed from Southampton. If today this English town is not familiar to anyone, then a hundred years ago it was the most major port throughout Britain.
• The ship made its first stop in France, visiting the port of Cherbourg.
• After that, the Titanic entered the port of Queenstown, Ireland.
• This was the last stop of the ship, it was supposed to follow until end point, to the Port of New York.

Such unusual route within the framework of Europe allowed to gather all comers. Both from the islands and from the mainland of the continent. Sending to Ireland helped to get to the right latitude and lay the best route.

At that time, the United States was a country of hope and new opportunities, but despite this, not only adventurers and lovers sailed to America. thrill. The aristocracy, businessmen and industrialists traveled first class. They all departed from different intentions:

• Someone was looking for new sensations and entertainment.
• Others sought to conclude the most profitable contracts in new markets.
• Someone mastered New World in search of profits and opportunities for growth.

But regardless of the initial motives and desires, the same inglorious outcome awaited all of them.

Cause of the sinking and death of the passengers of the Titanic

So what was the problem of the most unsinkable ship? Yes, that the hole from the iceberg was in length over 90 m. It is easy to understand that more than one bulkhead, not two, or even three, was pierced. In an attempt to evade the Frost Giant, the ship attempted to veer sharply off course and pass by, but instead received a tangential blow. It was such a blow that tore the plating to shreds for 5 bulkheads. The engineering system was not designed for such a level of damage.

But why did almost 70% of the passengers and crew members die? And here the whole a series of errors and criminal negligence:

1. The ship was sailing at full speed, despite warnings about the presence of icebergs in these waters.
2. It is the high speed of the vessel that explains such massive damage.
3. The capacity of the boats was designed for only a thousand people, despite the fact that the number of passengers exceeded two thousand.
4. The defense system played a cruel joke, keeping the ship afloat without visible changes for the first time. For a couple of hours, no one could even understand that the ship was sinking. In this regard, it was difficult to convince passengers to go from comfortable decks to boats.
5. Nearby ships were either too far away or did not come to the rescue.

The first and last flight of the liner

The Titanic made its only voyage along an uncomplicated route. It contained only 4 points:

1. Southampton.
2. Cherbourg.
3. Queenstown.
4. NY.

England. France. Ireland. USA. Exactly in that order. That's just up to destination The ship never reached its destination. As did most of the passengers and crew.

A project has already been launched to build a similar ship, which will pass along the same route from where and where the Titanic sailed. Historic voyage for lovers " tickle your nerves”, but it all sounds too tragic.

Video: where was the Titanic going?

Below documentary"Destination of the Titanic", in which the historian Anton Makarov will talk about the point of departure legendary ship and where he went. The moment of the sinking of the Titanic will also be shown:

You have already read and heard about the Titanic many times. The history of the creation and crash of the liner is overgrown with rumors and myths. For more than 100 years, the British steamship has been haunting the minds of people trying to find the answer - why did the Titanic sink?

The history of the legendary liner is interesting for three reasons:

• it was the largest ship for 1912;
• the number of victims turned the catastrophe into a global failure;
• finally, James Cameron, with his film, singled out the history of the liner from general list maritime disasters, and there were quite a few of them.

We will tell you everything about the Titanic, as it was in reality. About how long the Titanic is in meters, how much the Titanic sank, and who was really behind the massive disaster.

Where did the Titanic sail from and to?

We know from Cameron's film that the liner was bound for New York. The American developing city was to become final stop. But far from everyone knows for sure where the Titanic sailed from, considering that London was the starting point. The capital of Great Britain was not in the ranks of seaports, and therefore the steamer could not leave from there.

The fateful flight began from Southampton, a major English port, from where transatlantic flights ran. The path of the Titanic on the map clearly shows the movement. Southampton is both a port and a city located in the southern part of England (Hampshire).

See how the route of the Titanic ran on the map:

Dimensions of the Titanic in meters

To understand more about the Titanic, the causes of the disaster must be disclosed, starting with the dimensions of the ship.

How many meters is the Titanic in length and in other dimensions:

exact length - 299.1 m;

width - 28.19 m;

height from the keel - 53.3 m.

There is also such a question - how many decks did the Titanic have? Only 8. Boats were located on top, because upper deck called a boat. The rest were distributed according to the letter designation.

A - deck I class. Its peculiarity is limited in size - it did not lie down the entire length of the vessel;

B - anchors were located in the front of the deck and its dimensions were also shorter - by 37 meters of deck C;

C - deck with a galley, a mess for the crew and a promenade for class III.

D - walking area;

E - cabins I, II classes;

F - cabins II and III classes;

G - deck with boiler rooms in the middle.

Finally, how much does the Titanic weigh? The displacement of the largest ship of the early 20th century is 52,310 tons.

Titanic: the story of the crash

What year did the Titanic sink? The famous disaster occurred on the night of April 14, 1912. It was the fifth day of the trip. Chronicles indicate that at 23:40 the liner survived a collision with an iceberg and after 2 hours 40 minutes (2:20 a.m.) it went under water.

Things from the Titanic: photo

Further investigations showed that the crew received 7 weather warnings, but this did not prevent the ship from reducing its speed limit. The iceberg was sighted directly ahead of us too late to take precautions. As a result - holes in the starboard side. Ice damaged 90 m of hull and 5 bow compartments. This was enough to sink the liner.

Tickets for the new liner were more expensive than for other ships. If a person was used to traveling in first class, then on the Titanic he would have to transfer to second class.

Edward Smith, the captain of the ship, began the evacuation after midnight: a distress call was sent, the attention of other ships was attracted by flares, lifeboats went to the water. But the rescue was slow and uncoordinated - there was an empty place in the boats while the Titanic was sinking, the water temperature did not rise above two degrees below zero, and the first steamer arrived in time only half an hour after the disaster.

Titanic: how many people died and survived

How many people survived on the Titanic? No one will say the exact data, as they could not say this on the fateful night. The list of Titanic passengers initially changed in practice, but not on paper: some canceled the trip at the time of departure and were not crossed out, others traveled anonymously under assumed names, and others were listed as dead on the Titanic several times.

Photos of the sinking of the Titanic

It is only approximately possible to say how many people drowned on the Titanic - about 1500 (minimum 1490 - maximum 1635). Among them was Edward Smith with some assistants, 8 musicians from the famous orchestra, large investors and businessmen.

Classiness was felt even after death - the bodies of the dead from the first class were embalmed and placed in coffins, the second and third classes were given bags and boxes. When the embalming agents ran out, the bodies of unknown third-class passengers were simply thrown into the water (according to the rules, unembalmed corpses could not be brought to the port).

The bodies were found within a radius of 80 km from the crash site, and due to the current of the Gulf Stream, many were dispersed even further.

Photos of dead people

Initially, it was known how many passengers were on the Titanic, although not completely:

crew of 900 people;

195 first class;

255 second class;

493 people of the third class.

Some passengers left at intermediate ports, some called. It is believed that the liner went to the fatal route with a staff of 1317 people, of which 124 are children.

Titanic: scuttling depth - 3750 m

The English steamer could accommodate 2,566 people, of which 1,034 seats were for first-class passengers. The half-load of the liner is due to the fact that transatlantic flights were not popular in April. At that time, a coal strike broke out, this disrupted coal supplies, schedules and changes in plans.

The question of how many people escaped from the Titanic was difficult to answer, because rescue operations passed since different courts, and the slow connection did not provide fast data delivery.

After the crash, only 2/3 of the delivered bodies were identified. Some were buried locally, the rest were sent home. In the disaster area, bodies in white vests were found for a long time. From 1500 dead people found only 333 bodies.

How deep is the Titanic

When answering the question about the depth at which the Titanic sank, one must remember about the pieces carried by the currents (by the way, they learned about this only in the 80s, before that it was believed that the liner sank to the bottom entirely). The wreckage of the liner on the night of the crash went at a depth of 3750 m. The bow was thrown 600 m from the stern.

The place where the Titanic sank, on the map:

In which ocean did the Titanic sink? - in the Atlantic.

Titanic lifted from the bottom of the ocean

They wanted to raise the ship from the moment of the crash. Initiative plans were put forward by relatives of the dead from the first class. But 1912 did not yet know the necessary technologies. The war, lack of knowledge and funds delayed the search for the sunken ship for a hundred years. Since 1985, 17 expeditions have been carried out, during which 5,000 items and large plating have been raised to the surface, but the ship itself has remained at the bottom of the ocean.

What does the Titanic look like now?

In the time since the crash, the ship has been covered marine life. Rust, painstaking work of invertebrates and natural decomposition processes have changed the structures beyond recognition. By this time, the bodies had already completely decomposed, and by the 22nd century, only anchors and boilers would remain from the Titanic - the most massive metal structures.

Even now the interiors of the decks have been destroyed, the cabins and halls have collapsed.

Titanic, Britannic and Olympic

All three ships were manufactured by the Harland and Wolf shipbuilding company. Before the Titanic, the Olympic saw the world. It is easy to see a fatal predisposition in the fate of the three ships. The first liner was wrecked as a result of a collision with a cruiser. Not such a large-scale disaster, but still an impressive failure.

Then the story of the Titanic, which received a wide response in the world, and, finally, the Gigantic. They tried to make this ship especially durable, given the mistakes of previous liners. He was even launched into the water, but the First World War disrupted the plans. The giant became a hospital ship called the Britannic.

He then just managed to carry out 5 quiet flights, and on the sixth there was a disaster. Having been blown up by a German mine, the Britannic rapidly sank. The mistakes of the past and the preparedness of the captain made it possible to save maximum amount people - 1036 out of 1066.

Is it possible to talk about evil fate, remembering the Titanic? The history of the creation and crash of the liner were studied in detail, the facts were revealed, even through time. And yet the truth is only now being revealed. The reason the Titanic is attracting attention is to hide its true motive - to create a currency system and destroy opponents.

105 years ago, April 15, 1912, "unsinkable ship", "the largest and most luxurious ocean liner"on his very first flight, he crashed into an iceberg and took with him to the bottom of the ocean more than one and a half thousand passengers. It would seem that for many decades there were no secrets and secrets about this terrible disaster. And yet let's remember how it was.

First official version

Two government investigations that were carried out in the wake of the disaster, decided that it was the iceberg, and not the defects of the ship, that caused the death of the liner. Both commissions of inquiry concluded that the Titanic sank not in parts, but in its entirety - there were no major faults.

The blame for this tragedy was completely shifted to the shoulders of the ship's captain, Edward Smith, who died along with his crew and passengers of the Atlantic liner. Experts reproached Smith for the fact that the ship was moving at a speed of 22 knots (41 km) through a dangerous ice field - in dark waters, not far from the coast of Newfoundland.

Discovery of Robert Ballard

In 1985, oceanographer Robert Ballard, after a long unsuccessful search, still managed to find the remains of the ship at a depth of about four kilometers at the bottom of the ocean. Then he discovered that in fact the Titanic had split in half before sinking.

A couple of years later, the wreckage of the ship was first raised to the surface and a new hypothesis immediately appeared - for the construction " unsinkable ship"used low-grade steel. However, according to experts, it was not steel at all that was low-grade, but rivets - the most important metal pins that bind together the steel plates of the hull of the liner. And the fragments of the Titanic found at all indicate that the ship's stern did not rise high into the air, as It is believed that the "Titanic" was divided into parts, being relatively even on the surface of the ocean - this is a clear sign of miscalculations in the design of the ship, which were hidden after the disaster.

Design miscalculations

"Titanic" was built in a short time - in response to the production of a new generation of high-speed liners by competitors.

The Titanic could keep afloat even if 4 of its 16 watertight compartments were flooded - amazing for a ship of such gigantic size.

However, on the night of April 14-15, 1912, in just a few days of the debut flight of the liner, its Achilles heel was opened. The ship, due to its size, was not nimble enough to be able to avoid the iceberg that the sentinels were screaming about at the last minute. The Titanic did not collide with the fatal iceberg head-on, but drove over it on its right side - the ice punched holes in the steel plates, flooding six "watertight" compartments. And after a couple of hours the ship was completely filled with water and sank.

According to experts studying the Titanic's potential weak spot, the rivets, they found that due to the fact that time was running out, builders began to use low-grade material. When the liner hit the iceberg, the weak steel rods in the ship's bow could not stand it and cracked. It is believed that it is not by chance that the water, having flooded six compartments fastened with low-grade steel rods, stopped exactly where the high-grade steel rivets began.

In 2005, another expedition studying the crash site, using the wreckage of the bottom, managed to establish that during the crash the ship tilted only about 11 degrees, and not at all 45, as was long thought.

Memories of Passengers

Due to the fact that the ship listed quite a bit, the passengers and crew had a false sense of security - many of them did not understand the seriousness of the situation. When the water flooded the bow of the hull sufficiently, the ship, remaining afloat, broke in two and sank in minutes.

Charlie Jugin, the Titanic's chef, was standing close to the stern at the time of the ship's wreck and noticed no sign of the hull breaking. neither did he notice the suction funnel or the colossal splash. According to his information, he calmly sailed away from the ship, without even getting his hair wet.

However, some passengers in the lifeboats claimed to have seen the Titanic's stern high in the air. However, this could only be optical illusion. With an 11-degree tilt, propellers sticking out in the air, the 20-story building Titanic seemed even higher, and its roll into the water even more.

How the Titanic sank: a real-time model

In New York, they sold the menu of the last dinner on wrecked in 1912 on the Titanic. They got 88 thousand dollars (about 1.9 million hryvnias) for it.

The company "Blue Star Line" announced the construction of "Titanic-2". According to the designers, the ship will be an exact copy of the famous liner that sank in 1912. However, the liner will be equipped with modern security features. Australian mining magnate Clive Palmer came to finance the project.

Now this 105-year-old cracker is considered the most expensive in the world.

It turns out that a Spillers and Bakers cracker called "Pilot" was included in the survival kit that was placed on each lifeboat. Later, one of these products went to a man who kept it as a souvenir. It was James Fenwick, a passenger on the Carpathia, which was raising shipwrecked survivors.

REFERENCE

On the night of April 15, 1912, the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. He sailed in the Atlantic Ocean on his way from Southampton (England) to New York. Then about 1.5 thousand people died, mostly third-class passengers. In total, it was more than 2.2 thousand people.