List of ship positions. Profession - Captain of coastal and long-distance navigation, chief navigator of the vessel

This article is devoted to some marine words and expressions that are widely used, but often incorrectly and incorrectly sound from the lips of the layman. This "sin" and the sailors themselves. The correct interpretation can be searched in marine dictionaries, and finally on the Internet. As it turns out, the answers to the questions that arise in these sources are not always complete and exhaustive, or even completely absent. Let us turn to the speakers of the maritime language - to those who consciously and carefully treat the preservation of maritime traditions.

A few words about the origin of Russian marine terminology. In the preface to the "Complete Marine Encyclopedia" N. S. Andryushchenko edition of 2006, candidate of philological sciences E. P. Shibinskaya writes:

“... In the era of great geographical discoveries, the main source of replenishment of the maritime and commercial vocabulary for all European languages ​​was Italian. In the Italian language itself, special vocabulary was created on the basis of the Genoese and Venetian dialects. Italian sailors in everyday communication borrowed terms from the Greeks and Arabs, who retained the Phoenician and Egyptian terms ... For a very short time, no more than a hundred years, the borrowing language was Spanish.

In the Petrine era in Russia, the first source language of marine terms was Italian for a short time, then it became mainly Dutch. Borrowings from the English language also began under Peter I, and by the beginning of the 20th century. it became the leading source language and intermediary in the formation of new maritime terms. In addition, with the help of formants of Germanic origin (such as -man, -lin, -falsh, -tov) they began to form new Russian words ... "

Here is the first widespread misconception that Italians- mediocre sailors who do not have long-standing maritime roots and traditions.

To the base or to the base. In almost all publications in the press, even the naval one, and reports about the fleet, something like “... after the successful completion of the combat mission, the ship returned to base” often sounds. So which is correct "to the base" or "to the base"? It depends on what base we are talking about. If we are talking about a coastal base (supply point, storage place), then it would be correct to say: “a batch of beef has arrived at the coastal base.” It should be noted that ships almost never arrive at the barbaza, this is the lot of vehicles. But if the point of basing ships is meant, then they only say this: “the ship requested permission to go to the base” or “the ship arrived (should) go to the base.”

Rynda or bell? A significant part of the maritime brotherhood sincerely believes that the rynda is a ship's (ship's) bell. Moreover, in everyday life, almost everyone already calls the ship's bell nothing more than a rynda. In fact, "rynda" is a signal that is given at noon by a bell on ships of the Navy of the 1st and 2nd ranks. As for the ship's (ship's) bell, in all current guiding documents, including international ones (COLREGs), it is called nothing more than a bell. When giving orders on a ship (vessel), the term "bell" is also used. There is one item (not a signal) that contains the word "rynda" in its name. This is a short braided end, for which the tongue of the ship's bell is set in motion - "ryndybulin". But still, if someone wants to show off their knowledge of maritime affairs, it is worth using the expression “ship (ship) bell”.

Avral - a command or a signal? Another common, especially on auxiliary ships of the Navy. The misconception concerns the concept of "hands-on". As you know, all-hands work is a ship's work performed by the entire crew or most of it. On the ships and vessels of the Navy, a bell signal (No. 6) is provided, which is called “Collection” (“Avral”), but the “Avral” command is not provided for by any governing documents. Therefore, after the characteristic emergency calls, the commands are heard: “Big gathering”, “Personnel line up for a divorce for work”, “Stand in places, remove the anchor (mooring lines)”, but the word “Avral” should not sound on the ship broadcast. As they say, the ear cuts.

The captain of the ship and the captain of the ship. What is the correct way to call an official heading the crew of a sea or air ship (vessel) a commander or a captain? In the general case, the commander is a soldier who commands a warship, and the captain is the head and sole head of the ship's crew. The expressions "captain of the ship" and "commander of the ship" are not used: these are alogisms.

There are, however, exceptions. It is well known that in civil aviation the commander of the ship supervises the crew and controls the aircraft. Fishermen in Murmansk stubbornly call their captains commanders, and at the same time no one calls fishing vessels ships. Agree, it would be foolish to argue with them. Until recently, Navy auxiliary vessels with civilian crews were led by military commanders. The position was called that - “commander of a hydrographic vessel”, for example.

It is not necessary to strictly judge those who are no-no, and even call the commander of the ship a captain (but still not a captain of a ship). After all, sailors often call their commanders exactly that - “cap” (behind the eyes, of course). This somewhat slang expression even entered the marine dictionaries. The influence of the West, as some believe, has nothing to do with it.

English at sea. It's no secret that the Navy doesn't pay enough attention to the English language. But in vain, it is always easier and more reliable to agree on a divergence with an oncoming vessel than to secretly carry out calculations known to you alone. In addition, no matter how disgusting it is for someone, English at sea is international language communication. And here it must be borne in mind that the generally accepted maritime jargon is somewhat different from ordinary English.

Here are some features. On VHF, they are presented not as they usually do when calling in Russian “I am such and such (I am ...)”, but “this is such and such calls ( This is … calling)". If “I didn’t understand” they still say it like “Not understood”, then “Understood” at sea more often sounds like “ Roger". "Right" and "left" at sea are not "right" and "left", but " star board" And " port". Naval phrasebooks do not fully take into account the peculiarities of maritime English jargon. It should be borne in mind that on a Greek or French vessel with which a VHF connection is established, the same "English" as you are, and they may simply not understand ornate English expressions. Once upon a time there was an article on this topic on the pages of foreign military review.

Walk or swim. Knowledgeable people say that sailors walk and ships float. You can also hear the opposite. So how is it right? The answer to this question is not as simple as it seems at first glance.

Much depends on the context. Both ships and sailors go away into the sea, not float away. ship on the sea goes and not float. And we can say that both the ship and the sailor sailed. New navigation signs and alignments swim, and, of course, do not bypass. There are fixed expressions in which sailors swim. For example, " swam - we know". Another expression " floating admiral"indicates that not all admirals walk in the sea. You can say "according to this map we are already swam", but always say "next let's go(but we don’t sail) on the map number ... ”As you can see, it’s all about the nuances.

Far from immediately, a sailor, having stepped on the deck of a ship, begins to understand these subtleties, to speak correctly and understandably for the rest of the sailors. Currently, for the rank and file of military and civilian sailors, there are numerous "machine gun courses", after which young sailors, in theory, should understand the commands given to them. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. But even for a banal mooring, people on deck should know what fire, bollard, clewse, bale plank, duck, spire, windlass. And if the case takes a more serious turn, then open lac-ports, go abgaldyri and so on. And if some items on the ship have their counterpart in land life, then there are those that are only on the ship, and no one knows how to call them differently.

What does it have to do with " gadget"? The word is, especially with the appearance in our lives mobile phones, tablets and other gadgets, as we now say, has become part of our everyday life. But it's old English nautical word. The missing ordinary members of the team in those distant times were recruited anywhere, as a rule, in port taverns. Since the recruits, of course, did not understand the commands, the officers called objects that they did not understand, to begin with, the word “gadget” (gadget). Over time, sailors got used to maritime terms, but the word "gadget", if necessary, easily replaced any name on the ship.

The same universal word exists in the modern Russian fleet, but we will not give it here, since it, like many other words and expressions used on ships, is outside the normative vocabulary. Is it necessary to fight the naval obscenity? The answer is asymmetric: you need to learn the structure of the ship!

When you become a sailor, you not only get used to special world, to a ship - steel, stuffed with machines, instruments, wires, to the ever-changing ocean, to bad weather, which can no longer be ignored for a minute, as those who can live on the shore can do. You get used to the environment of people, among which the place and duties of each are strictly defined by the job description. On the ship it is known exactly who is who - this is ship's crew.

CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP

Imagine a picture. If a part of the land were somehow to break away from the shore and begin to float in the ocean, it certainly became necessary on this part of the earth to have a person who could maintain order, uphold the law and at the same time manage this piece of land. Such a part of the state that is temporarily separated from the coast and walks in the waters of the oceans, and there is a ship or, and the captain becomes such a person. The word "captain" has been around for many centuries and is said to be derived from the word "head".

The word of the captain on a ship or vessel is law. All orders coming from the shore are transmitted only to the captain of the vessel. Not surprisingly, the law gives the captain the right to arrest, as well as to witness the birth or death of a person.

ship captain

You can talk endlessly about the duties of the captain. The captain of the ship must know and be able to do everything. If the ship finds people in the sea or another ship with which there was a disaster, the captain must provide assistance to people, and after the conclusion of the salvage contract, start rescuing the ship.

The captain of the ship must be an attentive and careful person. The list of his duties directly states that he must calculate the course of the vessel with special diligence in order to avoid mistakes. When approaching reefs, he should pay more attention to the color of the water (water is darker aground) and the presence of floating algae in it. When approaching the shore, these precautions should be doubled. Even the presence of an invitee on the ship does not relieve the captain of the ship of responsibility for the safety of the ship's movement.

In the event of a danger of collision with another ship, the captain must act clearly and unambiguously: he is obliged to personally inform the other ship of the name of his ship and the port of registry and receive the same data in response. Otherwise, when unavoidable, the captain can leave the ship only when all possible means for salvation. First, he takes measures to save the passengers, then he allows the crew to leave the ship and leaves the ship last, taking with him magazines (ship, machine), maps and the ship's cash desk.

In time of trouble, saving people, regardless of the passengers of his own ship or people from another ship that is sinking, the captain must take care that children, women, the elderly and the sick are placed in the first place.

And already a completely unpleasant duty: in the event of the death of a person on board, captain of the ship must witness the death and decide whether to deliver the body to the port or bury it at sea ...
And this is only a small part of the duties of the captain of the ship.

CAPTAIN'S ASSISTANTS

Assistants help the captain to command the ship. There are many of them, but the ship on which they are also rather big.

Major assistant- the first deputy captain, ready at any time to replace him at sea or in the parking lot. The order and discipline on the ship depends on it. The captain went ashore and all the rights and duties of the captain are transferred to the chief officer.

senior mate and helmsman

Chief mate in administrative order the entire crew of the vessel is subordinate, and his orders regarding the observance of the ship's order, discipline, organization of service and routine are binding on all members of the crew and persons on board. The chief mate is the head of the general ship service and supervises the deck crew and the life team, the work of the second, third, fourth and fifth mates.

The chief mate must be constantly available to replace the captain and take command of the ship. In the absence of the captain, he can independently re-moor and move the vessel in the port waters, calling, if necessary, a pilot and port officers.

The chief mate is responsible for:
1. Compile and correct the ship's schedule.
2. Organize and conduct training for the crew in damage control of the ship, use life-saving appliances and rescue of people, cargo and ship property, supervise the preparation of emergency teams.
3. Ensure the availability on board and proper storage of a minimum supply of food.
4. Monitor and keep records of the amount of water in ballast and drinking tanks, and its consumption.
5. Ensure the correct technical operation and proper maintenance of the ship's hull, decks and superstructures, ship spaces and compartments, drinking tanks, collective protection rooms, medical care and provisional storerooms, dosimetric instruments, personal protective equipment and blackout, spars and rigging, cargo, anchor, mooring, towing devices, life-saving equipment of the ship; fire-fighting, rescue equipment, property and inventory, measuring, air and receiving pipes; air vents and welded ventilation ducts, clink doors and their drives (except for engine and boiler rooms), ladders, storm ladders and fender protection.
6. Together with the chief engineer, the chief mate is obliged to check the condition of the watertight compartments and closures of the ship.
7. Plan and supervise shipboard operations, as well as monitor the quality of food preparation.

Before and during cargo operations, the chief mate must:
1. Ensure the preparation of cargo devices and premises for receiving cargo; check their readiness together with the second mate, chief mechanic, electrician and assistant captain for fire and technical department.
2. Personally supervise the loading (unloading) and securing of bulky and heavy cargo, placement and securing of deck cargo.
3. Personally supervise the preparation of the vessel for the carriage of dangerous goods and ensure compliance with the rules of maritime transportation.

Before embarking on a voyage, the chief mate must:
1. Ensure preparation of the vessel for the stowed position, take measures for the proper fastening of deck equipment and cargo.
2. Check the readiness of steering, anchor, mooring and boat devices, signal lights, means of light, sound and emergency signaling, on-board communications, engine telegraph and remote control of main engines; monitor the reliable closure of holds, hatches, necks, portholes, caps and other deck and side openings.

On a voyage, the chief mate must:
1. Control the proper fastening of deck equipment and cargoes; organize and monitor the water tightness of the hull, the tightness of the outer contour of the vessel; take measures to ensure them; supervise the preparation of the vessel for stormy navigation and for the fight against icing.
2. The chief mate shall keep watch from 04:00 to 08:00 and from 16:00 to 20:00. In difficult conditions, he carries out navigational watches at the direction of the captain.

also in ship's command staff includes: the second assistant, who is also called the cargo assistant. He is responsible for loading and unloading, loading of holds, their cleanliness and safety.

Third mate- navigator. On it are maps, magnetic compasses, a chronometer, a ship's clock and other instruments.

Fourth Assistant responsible for electrical navigational instruments - gyrocompass, log, echo sounder, etc.

Fifth Mate The captain ensures the fire safety of the vessel. He controls the state of fire safety of the vessel, and compliance with fire regulations by the crew; provides fire protection measures when performing repair work and work with open fire on the ship; does not allow the operation on board of equipment, technical means and materials, the condition of which creates a fire hazard; daily checks stationary and portable fire extinguishing equipment, smoke insulating devices for individual use, their readiness for action, serviceability of fire alarms and fire protection systems; monitors the condition of fire-fighting equipment and equipment, takes timely measures to repair and replenish it to the established standards.

Chief engineer

control room of the power plant of the container ship "Mathilde Maersk"

Chief engineer- Independent head of the machine team. It ensures the operation of the main and auxiliary engines, main gearbox, shaft lines, desalination plants, general ship systems, auxiliary mechanisms, mechanical and hydraulic parts of drives, means of preventing sea pollution, mechanical part of deck and fishing mechanisms, steering and cargo devices, mechanical household appliances, air conditioning system (without refrigeration part), automation systems and devices, tiller compartment, mechanical workshops, receiving and dispensing stations for fuel, oil, water, bilge water , fire extinguishing stations.

Second mechanic- his assistant and deputy. Ensures reliable operation, correct operation and maintenance of bilge system hardware. Controls the availability of stocks of fuel, lubricating oils, water, supplies for the needs of the service.

Third Mechanic Responsible on ships for the operation of auxiliary engines.

fourth mechanic responsible for deck machinery and ventilation system.

Senior electrician responsible for the operation of electrical mechanisms and the electrical network. The chief electrician is responsible for the sources of electricity: main and auxiliary generators on a ship with electric propulsion, generators with an autonomous drive and shaft generators on ships without electric propulsion, emergency power stations from the shore, a propulsion electrical installation, main and emergency switchboards, other switchgears; electrical equipment of posts and control panels, electrical (electronic) parts of automation systems and devices, including systems with remote control, all types of signaling and protection; current sewerage networks, demagnetizing devices, electric drives with ballasts and protective equipment for the mechanisms of the engine room, general ship and industrial purposes; electrical part of the steering system (including autopilot), machine telegraphs and axiometers, telephony, batteries with chargers and electrical measuring instruments of his department, lighting, household electrical equipment.

Senior electrician ensures the safe organization of work, reliable operation and maintenance in proper technical condition mechanisms, devices, systems, equipment, proper operation of electrical equipment and automation equipment; monitors the operation of electrical mechanisms.

Boatswain- Head of the deck crew. Being on the forecastle, he manages all the work during setting and shooting from anchor and mooring. During the launching of boats, chores, rigging, the orders of the boatswain are the law.

ship's doctor in charge of the infirmary, dispensary and everything that serves health ship's crew.

All of the above positions - from the senior assistant to the ship's doctor - are the command staff of the ship. But there is also a ship crew. I'll start with those who work under the boatswain on the upper deck.

Sub-skipper (skipper)- boatswain's assistants for the economic part.
Senior sailor performs carpentry work on board, accepts fresh water, directs the mooring at the stern.
Senior helmsman stands on the steering wheel, including necessarily during complex maneuvering (entrance to the port, passing through bottlenecks).
Sailor 1st class must be able to stand on the helm, use signal flags and a semaphore, control a boat under sail. Performs all rigging and painting work.
Sailor 2nd class must be able to row a boat, knit marine knots, operate a winch and capstan, clean rooms, paint and upholster rust, use semaphore flags.
Sailor diver performs underwater work, and also works on the ship as a sailor.

In the engine room of the vessel near the boilers and motors, in the holds, they work: a senior boiler engineer, minders, a pump-action driver and electricians.

In the galley, in warehouses, in passenger cabins and corridors, there are jobs for the pantry, senior cook, galley attendant, barman, sailor and attendants.

cruise director

Zemsnaryadov, radio navigation technician and electric radio navigator.

counting all the maritime professions, it turns out that the ship is actually a floating city

Since the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, among them the one who controlled the boat with a steering oar began to stand out, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set sail. This man, who enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, because he was able to navigate the ship, relying on own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain all rolled into one.

In the future, with the growth in the size of ships, the number of people needed to set the ship in motion and control it also grew. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and all together - for the successful outcome of the voyage. Thus, gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, specialties appeared.

History has not preserved the first names of those whose lot was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that determined whether people belonged to the maritime profession.

One of the seven estate castes in Ancient Egypt there was a caste of helmsmen. These were brave people, according to Egyptian concepts - almost suicide bombers. The fact is that, leaving the borders of the country, they lost the patronage of domestic gods ...

The first reliable information about the system of naval ranks dates back to the times Ancient Greece; later it was borrowed by the Romans. Arab navigators developed their own system of maritime knowledge. Yes, in everything European languages the word "admiral", derived from the Arabic "amir al bahr", which means "lord of the seas", has firmly entered. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from the oriental tales of the Thousand and One Nights, in particular, from the Journey of Sinbad the Sailor. And the very name of Sinbad - a collective image of Arab merchants - is a distorted Indian word "Sindhaputi" - "ruler of the sea": this is how the Indians called the shipowners.

After the 13th century, an original system of maritime ranks arose among the southern Slavs: a shipowner - "brodovlastnik" (from "ford" - a ship), a sailor - "brodar" or "ladyar", a rower - "oar", a captain - "leader", a team - "posada", the head of the naval forces - "Pomeranian governor".

In pre-Petrine Russia, there were no maritime ranks and could not be, since the country had no access to the sea. However, river navigation was highly developed, and in some historical documents of those times, there are Russian names of ship positions: captain - "head", pilot - "vodic", senior over the team - "ataman", signalman - "mahonya" (from "waving"). Our ancestors called sailors "sar" or "sara", so that in the formidable cry of the Volga robbers "Saryn on a kitchka!" (on the bow of the ship!) "Saryn" should be understood as "ship's team".

In Rus', the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called "shipman", or guest. The original meaning of the word "guest" (from Latin hostis) is "alien". In the Romance languages, it went through such a path of semantic changes: a stranger - a foreigner - an enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word "guest" went in the opposite direction: a stranger - a foreigner - a merchant - a guest. (A. Pushkin in "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" uses the words "guest-gentlemen" and "shipmen" as synonyms.)

Although under Peter I the word "shipman" was replaced by new, foreign ones, it existed as a legal term in the Code of Laws Russian Empire"until 1917

The first document, in which, along with the old Russian words "shipman" and "feeder", there are foreign ones, were "Article Articles" by David Butler, who led the team of the first warship"Eagle". This document was a prototype of the Naval Charter. On its translation from the Dutch by the hand of Peter I, it is written: "The articles are correct, against which it is worthy of any ship captains or initial ship people to apply."

In the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. "For the sake of" he considered it necessary to "create" the Naval Charter, so that on every large and small ship "everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself with ignorance."

Let's try to cast at least a cursory glance at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or a boat.

BATALER- the one who manages clothing and food supply. The word has nothing to do with "battle", as it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means "to bottle", hence bottelier - cupbearer.

BOATSWAIN- the one who keeps order on the deck, the serviceability of spars and rigging, supervises general ship work, trains sailors in maritime affairs. It is formed from the Dutch boot or English boat - "boat" and man - "man". In English, along with boatsman, or "boat (ship) man", there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the "senior boatswain" who has several "junior boatswains" (boatswain'mate, where our old "boatswain" comes from).

In Russian, the word "boatswain" is first encountered in D. Butler's "Article Articles" in the forms "botsman" and "butman". In the same place, for the first time, the scope of his duties was defined. In the merchant marine, this title was officially introduced only in 1768.

WATCH GUARD- at first this "land" word came into the Russian language from German (through Poland), in which Wacht means "guard, guard". If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Maritime Charter of Peter I contains the word "watchers" borrowed from the Dutch.

DRIVER- boat helmsman IN given value this Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English draiver. However, in the Russian maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, the words of the same root - "vodic", "ship's leader" - were called pilots.

"Boatmaster" is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as well as "amateur boatmaster" - in the meaning of "captain", "skipper" of a small pleasure-tourist fleet.

DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, is the same root as the word "liar". They come from the Old Russian verb "lie" with the primary meaning "talk nonsense, idle talk, talk" and the secondary - "talk", "treat".

CAPTAIN- one-man on board. This word came to us in a complicated way, having entered the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is formed from caput - "head". In the written monuments, it is found for the first time in 1419.

The military rank of "captain" first appeared in France - the so-called commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. The rank of "captain" entered the navy, probably from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the "sapro-comite" in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. Subsequently, this practice was adopted on sailing military and even merchant ships that hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of the first person on the ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. So the title of "captain" from the 17th century became mandatory on warships of almost all nations. Subsequently, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.

In Russian, the title "captain" has been known since 1615. The first " ship captains"were David Butler, who led the crew of the Orel ship in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the Orel. Then the title of" captain "was given official status in the Amusing Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was replaced by" ship commander ". On the ships of the ROPi T from 1859 and Volunteer Fleet since 1878, skippers from officers of the navy began to be informally called "captains", and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 instead of "skipper".

COOK- a cook on a ship, has been called that since 1698. The word came into Russian from Dutch. Derived from lat. cocus - "cook".

COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, head of a joint trip of several yachts. Initially, it was one of the highest degrees in knightly orders, then, during the time of the Crusades, it was the title of commander of an army of knights. The word is derived from Latin: the preposition cum - "with" and the verb mandare - "to order."

In the Russian navy at the beginning of the 18th century, the officer rank "commander" was introduced (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore the admiral's uniform, but the epaulettes did not have an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of "captain-commander" was assigned, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was worn by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.

KUPOR(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - "cooper", "cooper", from kuip - "tub", "vat") - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. The foreign word "cork" quickly entered into everyday Russian speech, forming derivatives "cork" and "uncork".

PILOT- a person who knows the local conditions of navigation and takes on the safe wiring and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot ship, say: "White hair - red nose." Initially, the pilots were members of the crew, but in the XIII-XV centuries, those who work only each in their own specific area appear. Such a "pilot" among the Dutch was called "pilot" (loodsman, from lood - "lead", "sinker", "lot"). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilot service was organized in England in 1514.

In Rus', the pilot was called the "ship's leader", and his assistant, who measured the depth on the bow with a lot, was often called the "carrier". In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term "pilot" was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century, the term "pilot" could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was established in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instruction for pilots of the St. Petersburg port published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.

SAILOR- perhaps the most "dark" word in origin. It is only known for certain that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch maritime language in the form of "matroz". And although the form "sailor" is already found in the Naval Charter of 1724, until the middle of the 19th century, "sailor" was still more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - "comrade in bed": matta - "mat", "mat", and genoot - "comrade".

In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot in a truncated form matten came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - a sailor. And after some time, this same "matlo" returned to Holland again and, not recognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into a more easily pronounceable matroos.

There is another interpretation. Some etymologists in the first part of the word see the Dutch matt - "comrade", others - mats - "mast". Some scholars see the Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - "comrade" and rosta - "fight", "fight". And together "matirosta" means "combat friend", "comrade in arms".

DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared in those days when the sails in the fleet began to be forced out steam engine, and borrowed from it. Mashinist (from other Greek machina), but for the first time in Russian it was noted in 1721! Naturally, then this specialty was not yet marine.

MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word "driver", but in Russian in the form "mechanicus" it was noted even earlier - in 1715.

SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his lot. It is believed that this profession is about 9000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives "morenin", "moryanin" or "sailor". The root "move" is very ancient. The expression "to walk on the sea" is already found in the annals when describing the campaign of Prince Oleg against Constantinople in 907. We can also recall Athanasius Nikitin's "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".

In the modern language, the root "move" has been fixed in the terms "seaworthiness", "navigation", "propulsion", etc. Peter I tried to instill a foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - "mariner" (from Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms "mari-nir", "marinal", but by the end of the 18th century it was out of use, leaving only a trace in the word "midshipman". The same fate befell another Dutch term - "zeeman" or "zeiman". It lasted only until the end of the first quarter of the 19th century.

PILOT- the driver (less often - the navigator) of the racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation "as a sign of respect" for high speeds. During the early Middle Ages, this was the personal title of a pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - "pilot", formed from pedon - "oar".

STEERING- the one who directly controls the course of the vessel, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Charter of 1720 ("To inspect the Ruhr before the campaign"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" had finally supplanted the ancient Russian "helm", but the title of "helmsman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until the last decade of the same century.

SALAG- an inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original "interpretations", for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about mythical island Alag ("Where are you from?" "From Alag"), the prose version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with "herring" - a small fish. "Salaga" in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, for a long time was called small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word "herring" as a nickname is recorded, that is, in the meaning of "salaga".

SIGNALER- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of a hand-held semaphore or by hoisting signal flags. The word "signal" came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - "sign").

STARPOM- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic foundations. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning "chief" because it must be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And "assistant" originates from the now lost noun "mog" - "strength, power" (its traces have been preserved in the words "help", "nobleman", "sickness").

SKIPPER- captain of a civilian ship. The word is the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "shchipor", and then the goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scandinavian Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the proximity of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff (s) herr - "master, head of the ship").

In Russian, the word first occurs at the beginning of the 18th century as a junior officer rank. According to the Naval Charter, the skipper had to "see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the tank"; "in throwing and taking out the anchor, it is guilty to be at the biting [biting] and look over the tying of the anchor rope."

In the merchant fleet, the nautical rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768 with the obligatory passing of exams at the Admiralty. In 1867, the rank was divided into long-distance and coastal sailing skippers, and in 1902 it was canceled, although the position of "sub-skipper" - the owner of the ship's supply for the deck part - was big courts still exists today, as does the word "skipper's pantry".

SHOT- a sailor working on sheets (from Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (tackle for controlling the clew angle of the sail) is first found in the Naval Charter of 1720 in the form "shkhot".

NAVIGATOR- Maritime Specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form "navigator" in D. Butler's Article Articles, then in K. Kruys's "Description of supplies for the barcolon ..." (1698) in the forms "navigator" and "navigator" and, finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720, the modern form of the word is found. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - "steering wheel", "rule". In the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company were already plying the waters of the Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word "navigator" became international. So in Russian, it replaced the ancient "helmsman" or "helmsman" (from "stern", where the ship's control post was located from ancient times). According to the "Article Articles", the navigator had to inform the captain "the acquired height of the semi-pole (pole) and show his notebook about ship navigation and the book of sea traffic in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people ...".

CABIN BOY- a boy on a ship, studying maritime affairs. In the domestic vocabulary, this word appeared under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - a boy). At that time, there were "cabin cabin boys" recruited as servants, and "deck cabin boys" for deck work. Many well-known admirals, including the "Admiral of Admirals" - Horatio Nelson, began their naval service as cabin boys.

Details Updated: 12/22/2018 19:23 Published: 05/08/2017 18:39

The captain of the ship makes the final decision on all matters, whether it be course selection, unscheduled repairs, emergency situation on board. He directs the actions of the team, solves problems with the purchase of food, loadinggoods, agree on the time of arrival at the ports,ensures timely refueling of the shipfuel, etc. The captain understands everything fromfrom the device of the ship and its technical equipmentand ending legal subtleties design documents.

Profession features:

You should always be prepared for the unexpected. Anything can happen in sailing - a strong storm, a collision with drifting icebergs, holes, and the cargo must be delivered on time, safe and sound. Most of the time the captain has to spend on the voyage. Captains river vessels in Ukraine, work is seasonal - only in summer, in winter - vacation.

Place of work:

Companies engaged in fishing, passenger and cargo transportation.

Personal qualities:

First of all, the captain is a leader who knows how to manage people. He is able to find an approach to each member of the crew, remaining friendly and, at the same time, demanding. This job is for those who love the sea, are not afraid of difficulties, and have good health. On a passenger ship, the captain is the face of the ship, and among his mandatory qualities is a presentable appearance, the ability to interest the interlocutor, good manners. It is still an exclusively male profession (Professions for men). Girls for the relevant specialties in educational establishments don't take (

Commodore(vf) - in England and Holland, a naval officer commanding a squadron

Captain - Commander of the ship. May even be a lieutenant (more on that in the next paragraph)

Lieutenant -
naval officer, is the captain's assistant. However, Lieutenant
is the commander of a ship of the 4th rank, having 14-16 guns. For such
ships captain is not appointed. On a rank 3 ship with 50 guns
the lieutenant is the senior assistant to the captain (because there, according to the regulations
no captain lieutenant). talking modern language the lieutenant is
watch officer, head of the watch, i.e. part of the crew carrying
ship service in this period of time.

ship secretary -
there is one secretary on any ship. It can be said that this officer
is an assistant captain for personnel accounting, staff work,
accounting, control over the work of all supply services, correspondence. He is obliged
control the receipt of all supplies on the ship, keep a logbook,
to acquaint the crew with the Charter, written orders and instructions
senior naval commanders, keep court records, draw up
contracts for the supply of supplies, control the distribution of food and other
property personnel, take into account the booty taken from the enemy,
record the consumption of gunpowder and cores during the battle, draw up applications to the port
to replenish supplies, rewrite the belongings of the dead and the dead and
pass them on to relatives. He is not allowed to leave the ship.
(except for the performance of duties requiring his presence at
shore) until it is put on a long parking lot and is not
disarmed.

Priest (chaplain) -
the priest was rather equated with officers in his position, but also
unambiguously to the officers it could not be attributed. Rather, he just stood
apart. The navy had one primary priest in charge of
activities of ship priests. Each ship had
the priest who sent all religious events. In addition, he
was obliged to visit the wounded and sick and to alleviate their spiritual
suffering. The priest was responsible for the priestly supplies and kept records of them and
use (camping church, throne with vestments, Gospels,
crosses, etc.)

healer -
All ships had one healer. Depending on the rank of the ship
he had a different number of assistants. The doctor was in charge of accounting,
supply of medicines, medical instruments, kept records of patients,
was responsible for the treatment of patients, the quality and quantity of food given to them.
During the battle, he was forbidden to go on deck, but had to
be in the chamber where the place of collection of the wounded was determined. If
it was established that the sick or wounded died from the negligence of the doctor, then
the latter was treated as a murderer and subject to execution.

Skipper
one of the senior officers. According to the regulations, only the navigator was above him.
All ships had one skipper. The skipper was responsible for accounting, availability,
storage, use, repair, replenishment, replacement of skipper's
property. Kept a log of this property. To the skipper's property
included the entire removable spars (masts, yards), all rigging (ropes,
ropes, blocks), anchors, lanterns, washing and cleaning equipment, candles,
carpentry stock and tools, boat sails, all metal
products, inventory, materials and tools of the caulker, lubricants
materials, fixing material (nails, staples, bolts). Skipper accepts
to ship all this property and monitors the completeness of the receipt, quality.
He is also responsible for the distribution of all property and supplies in places.
storage, securing property from pitching. When placing the ship on
anchoring and unanchoring monitors the etching or reception of the anchor
rope, the operation of locking devices. He is also responsible for organizing
cleaning the ship, restoring order. The skipper supervises the work
sailors, punishes the negligent, trains the inept. Sub-skipper replaces
skipper in his absence.

Navigator
- was responsible for navigational property, its receipt, storage,
use, spending. Flags were considered navigational property,
signal flags, pennants, ship and boat guises, compass,
hourglasses, logs, lots, lamps. The navigator kept a log book
navigational property, monitored the replenishment and serviceability of his
property. He was also responsible for nautical charts, directions, serviceability of the helmsman
ship control. He adjusted the compass and the hourglass. During
sailing, he had to check maps with a real coastline,
islands, rocks, reefs and map all their changes.
The navigator is obliged to inform the officers and the captain about the dangers of the ship's course
(shoals, reefs, rocks) and insist on changing it, and even if the captain
or another officer will not listen to him, and the ship will be lost, then the navigator
will be executed or sent to hard labor. When anchoring, the navigator
is obliged to ensure that this place is not shallow and the hull of the ship is not
would have broken through with its anchor. The navigator helps the navigator, and in his
the absence is fully responsible for the navigator's service.

Boatswain
- a specialist of the junior commanding staff of the ship's crew (in the Navy -
foremen); the immediate head of the deck crew. IN
The boatswain's duties include maintaining the hull in good condition,
rigging and deck equipment of the ship, management of general ship work
and training of ordinary members of the deck crew (sailors) in maritime affairs,
keeping order and cleanliness on board. On large warships
there is one chief boatswain and several boatswains.

Midshipman -
direct assistant to officers. Primary duty to look after
full and accurate execution by all crew members of the orders of officers.
Other responsibilities include organizing the installation and placement of
premises of the ship's property and keep a register of this property.

Gunners
These are naval gunners. We can say - the commanders of the guns. By
the number of guns and gunners, we can say that for three guns there were two
gunner. Consequently, the gunners were engaged in loading, aiming and
the production of a shot, and the roll of the guns into place, cooling, cleaning
after the shot was assigned to the soldiers. Sailors are not related to guns
had.

Quartermaster
- commands the sailors stationed in this cockpit. He must follow
for the presence of their sailors on the ship, for the health of their sailors,
cleanliness and serviceability of their clothes, for the issuance of food to sailors and for
return to the kitchen for leftover food and dishes, so that the products
weapons, things, gear were not taken away from the ship. Quartermaster also
is the commander of the boat, monitors its serviceability, equipment,
manages it on the water and commands the sailors assigned to the crew
boats.

A carpenter
- is obliged to monitor all the wooden parts of the hull and spars and
repair them; to control the quality of those received on board
spars wooden parts (masts, yardarms); together with a caulker
fix leaks in the hull. It is also obliged to monitor whether there are any receipts
water into the hull. Keep a log of the receipt and consumption of wooden
details, materials. Required to know the dimensions and design of all
wooden parts so that they can competently order on the shore
production of parts for this ship.

Caulker -
have to keep an eye on it. so that there are no leaks in the hull, so that hatches and
cannon ports were tightly closed. When leaks occur, together with
the ship's carpenter to remove them.

sailmaster
- there is one sailmaster on a ship of any rank. Under his leadership
one or two sailing students. Responsible for keeping sails in good condition
fix them.

Soldiers (Marines)- were involved in servicing the guns to help the gunners, boarding and landing teams were made up of them.

Sailors -
junior rank. Engaged to work on the ship, such as: work with
sails, pumping water from the hold, keeping the ship clean. On
robber ships made up the boarding team.