Types of ships: names with photos. Dictionary of marine terms

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on the sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailboat was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. Then, in these troubled centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe some rowboats can be added.

galleys

Getting on them is an unenviable share. Such a punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in ancient Egypt, and in Finland, and in Hellas they already were. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. Those same convicts served as the main driving force, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those days the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of the galleys is represented by ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The move, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

barks

The types of sailing ships are little known to our contemporaries, but some of them are still familiar from regularly held parades and international regattas. The barges Sedov and Kruzenshtern have been preserved in Russia. These ships not only demonstrate their beauty to the whole world, but also contribute to the education of young sailors who practice on them in the traditions

So, a bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with three to five masts. All of her sails are straight, with the exception of the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barks - the ships are quite large, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded at two constant steps. Even today the speed of the ship does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barge reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

The brigantine raises the sails

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigable qualities. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. Sailing equipment is mixed, on the fore (front mast) the sails are straight, and on the mainsail oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyktros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others took on a different meaning. A frigate is an example. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Since the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” has been added to the word “frigate”, for a long time, meaning the predominant use in a separate zone of the maritime theater of operations adjacent to the Pas de Calais. This type was fast. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

caravels

“She passed like a caravel ...” - is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the species before writing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared with a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the nose of the caravel is turned up high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, basically this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World precisely on three caravels (Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina). Outwardly, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, with straight foresails, and the rest with latin (oblique) sails.

Appointment - distant sea and transoceanic campaigns.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave its name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast navigation, all types of ships are created, they are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and then everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This vessel with a long and narrow hull has gone down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was its speed. It was the lot of clippers and their crews to deliver tea from China, quickly bring mail to distant colonies, and carry out especially delicate tasks for the queen. And these ships did their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.

galleons

Going through the old types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. Not a single sailing ship of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced superstructure of the tank (that very “upturned nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the old Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, it was easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew conditions became more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of the word.

The displacement of these "battleships of the 16th century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Among them special place occupied by schooners. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with slanting sails. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts for it on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to manage (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A peculiar record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts was launched (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats that arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on website pages. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, keches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer into the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they say in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfolded the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your seats at the modern control panels of bulk carriers, bulk carriers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.

The upper luff of which is laced to the gaff, and the lower one is stretched along the boom with a mizzen sheet; 2) the lower straight sail, placed on the begin-yard of the mizzen-mast.
The word "mizzen" is added to the names of all parts of the spars, rigging and sails attached to the mizzen mast. The exception is the lower yard, when the mizzen, in addition to the oblique sail, has straight sails. Then the rai will be called "begin-rai", and the word "cruise" is added to the spars located above the mars platform and on the topmasts.

1. ) A vessel anchored at the entrance to a roadstead, harbor or channel. Designed to perform guard duties, regulate and record the movement of floating objects and monitor their compliance with customs, quarantine, offshore and other rules.
2. ) A post on the shore or on a ship to monitor fire safety in the port area.
3. ) Non-self-propelled vessel with accommodation, designed for temporary or permanent accommodation of geological parties, crews of dredgers, workers of floating docks and workshops, for accommodation of crews of ships during the inter-navigation or repair period.

• Brandskugel(from him. brand- fire, Kugel- core) - an incendiary projectile of naval smooth-bore artillery. It consisted of a hollow cast-iron core with holes filled with an incendiary composition. It was used from the middle of the XVIII to the second half of the XIX century.
• Bras- tackle of running rigging, which serves to turn the yard in a horizontal plane (brasop the yard).
• Windlass- the machine for lifting the anchor, unlike the capstan, has a horizontal shaft.
• Braid pennant- a wide short pennant raised on the mainmast by the commanders of formations, divisions and commanders of ship detachments.
• Brig- a two-masted sailing ship with straight sails. They were used for sentinel, messenger and cruising services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns. Crew up to 120 people.
• Brigadier- military rank, middle between colonel and general. In Russia, it was introduced by Peter I, abolished by Emperor Paul I.
• Brigantine(Italian brigantino): 1) Two-masted sailing ship of the 18th-19th centuries. with straight sails on the front (fore) and with slanting on the back (main) mast. Armament 6-8 guns. 2) In the Russian fleet of the XVIII century. - a sailing and rowing vessel for the transport of goods and troops.
• Battleship- a ship of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries with a powerful artillery weapons and strong armor protection. Coastal defense battleships were intended for combat operations in coastal areas. The squadron battleship was intended for naval combat as part of a squadron as the main strike force of the Fleet.
• Throwing end- a line having at one end a canvas bag (weight) stuffed with sand and braided on top. With the help of the throwing end, mooring cables are fed to the pier (or from the pier to the ship). Currently commonly referred to as ejection.
• brukanets- a sleeve made of dense fabric (canvas, tarpaulin), covering the mast in the deck area. The upper part of the trouser is attached to the mast with a yoke or a cable clamp, the lower part is nailed to the deck. The purpose of the bryukants is to prevent water flowing down the mast during rain from entering the hold.
• Broching- sharp turns (throws) of the yacht to the windward side, which cannot be controlled.
• Yoke- a flat metal ring used to fasten parts of the rigging to the spars.
• Yoke with butts- a steel ring with tides having holes, put on (stuffed) on a mast or yard to strengthen it with guys or to connect the components (mast, yard).
• Buyrep- a cable attached to the anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (tomb buoy), which indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.
• Tow- 1) A cable with which ships are towed; 2) A towing vessel designed to tow other vessels.
• towed mine- a type of mine weapon that was used at the end of the 19th century. Unlike minefields (bottom, anchor, floating, etc.), a towed mine was an active attack weapon - it was secretly (at night) delivered to an enemy ship using a small vessel (mine boat, destroyer), which, maneuvering , wound it under the hull of the attacked ship, and was blown up with the help of an electric fuse.
• Bowline- tackle, which is used to pull the windward leech of the lower direct sail.
• Bowsprit- a spar, fixed on the bow of the ship in the diametrical plane horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane. Standing rigging of the front mast topmast, as well as rigging of slanting sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit.
• Bull-pride- tackle of the running rigging of the vessel, with the help of which, when cleaning the sails, the lower luff of the direct sail is pulled up to the yard.

IN

• Guys(dutch. want) - tackle of standing ship rigging. They are made of steel or hemp cable and serve to strengthen the mast, being braces to the board.
• Vant Putens- iron chains or strips, the lower end of which is attached from the outside to the side of the vessel, and the upper end is laid behind the lower yufers. Not to be confused with putens guys.
• Water backstays- gear of the standing rigging of the bowsprit, unfastening it in a horizontal plane, going to both sides of the vessel.
• waterweiss- thick wooden beams of deck flooring, running along the sides along the entire vessel. Serve for longitudinal fastening of the vessel and water flow. On modern ships, a gutter running along the upper deck along the sides, along which water flows overboard through the scuppers.
• water wooling- bowsprit mount with stem. In the old sailing fleet, cable or chain were made. On modern sailing ships, they are replaced by iron yokes and brackets.
• Waterline (English) waterline ) - the line of contact of a calm water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.
• Water stays- standing rigging of the bowsprit, holding it from below.
• whaleboat (Dutch walboot)- a narrow long boat with a sharp bow and stern. The name comes from the original type of boat used by whalers.
• Verp- an auxiliary ship anchor of a smaller mass than the anchor, which serves to remove the ship from the shoal by bringing it in on boats.
• Anchor spindle- a massive rod, to the lower part of which are attached the horns of an Admiralty anchor or retractable paws.
• Shipyard (Dutch werft)- a place for the construction of ships.
• take the reefs- reduce the area of ​​the sail: folding it from below and tying the folded part with reef-shingles for oblique and boat sails; picking up the sail up and grabbing it with reef seasons to the railing on the yard at the straight lines.
• windjammer (Dutch vind jamer)- wind blower. A sailboat that is a development of the tea clippers. It absorbed all the best achievements of technology of the 19th-20th centuries: it had a steel hull with characteristic contours, a steel spar. According to the type of sailing armament, a barque or a ship. The number of tiers of sails is up to seven. The number of masts is from five to seven. Successfully competed with steamships until the 30s of the XX century. Many windjammers are still walking today. One of them is a training sailboat barque "Sedov".
• Displacement- the weight of the ship in tons, that is, the amount of water displaced by a floating ship; characteristics of the size of the vessel.
• Choose the slack in the cable- tighten the tackle so that it does not sag.
• Vyblenki- segments of a thin cable tied across the shrouds and acting as steps when climbing along the shrouds to the masts and topmasts.
• ejection- a conductor (30-50 m long) with a load at one end, to supply mooring lines to another vessel or to a berth manually.
• Vymbovka- a wooden lever used to rotate the spire manually.
• Pennant (Dutch wimpel)- a long, narrow, pigtailed flag hoisted from the mast of a warship in campaign.
• Shot- a horizontally located spar suspended above the water perpendicular to the ship's side. The shot is designed for fastening boats, as well as for boarding ship crew members in boats.

G

gemam- sailing and rowing frigate of the Swedish fleet. Armament: 18-32 guns.

Long saling- two wooden longitudinal beams attached to the bottom of the top of the mast or topmast and interconnected by spreaders and chiks. They serve as the basis of mars or saling.

Lapp- a cable based between blocks or lufers.

Patch- a device for temporary repair of damages in the underwater part of the ship's hull. It could be made from several layers of waterproof impregnation canvas or from several layers of boards with a canvas lining.

Rybiny- wooden boards made of slats, which are laid on the bottom of the boat in order to protect the skin from damage by feet.

top- the upper end of any vertical spars, such as masts, topmasts, flagpoles.

“What will you name the boat”... So, if shipowners attached at least the same importance to names as sailors to signs, there would certainly be some kind of system in this matter. In the meantime, yachts and ships are given intricate names - you can't figure it out without a hundred grams :))) "Sailor of Ukraine" ran through the lists of the Registers of countries and peoples and made a rating of the strangest names.

« Beda » Sweden has such a passenger ferry. A non-optimistic title, to put it mildly.

"Sleza"

The Polish tanker has such a weeping name

« YM Utopia »

The container ship is registered in Liberia. When there is only water...

"Bandit" fast bandit, Time Bandit

A very popular name among shipowners. Registered tugboats, boats in America, UK, Norway.

Time Bandit

"Blue daddy" ("Blue daddy")

The name of a small Italian ship blue daddy ”, at first glance, seems at least suspicious, but there is an assumption that this is just the name of a California blues band.

cool girl

cool girl, « energy girl, « Bad Girl, Sexy Girl

"Classy Girl" is a Panamanian freighter, while "Powerful Girl" is from Norway. "Bad girl" is a yacht registered in Bermuda and "Sexy Girl" is a yacht from America.

« energy girl"

"Ladytramp" , "Lady Ay","Almost a Lady"

Bulk carrier « Lady Ay ”, which in translation is “Lady Ay”, belongs to Georgia.

Name "Ladytramp" , which translates as "Lady Tramp", belongs to a bulk carrier registered in the Marshall Islands.

"Lenadura"

The tug LenaDura is registered in Chile. Sailors claim to have seen boat (?..) with a similar "proud" name « D ura".

At the sight of a colossus 300 meters long and nine-story building high, it’s hard to find another word

« candy »

The sweet name "Candy" belongs to the Bahamian bulk carrier.

"Koza"

Bulk carrier under the flag of the Marshall Islands. The same name is given to a sailboat from Australia.

"P eregar »

Indeed, on this ro-ro vessel it is written in large letters "Peregar". However, this is not the name of the vessel, but of the cargo operator "MARITIMA PEREGAR", which is located in Spain. The ship is actually called "Island of Volcanoes" (registered in Spain, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria).

"P indos » Greek bulk carrier Pindos. From the Greek "Pindos" is a friend, a friend. And in the 19th - early 20th centuries, on the Black Sea coast of Russia, the word "Pindos" was used colloquially as a nickname for the Black Sea Greeks. Nowadays, not only Greeks are called so, but also citizens of the United States (sometimes Canadians). It came from Russian paratroopers in Yugoslavia. By the way, Pindos is a kind of pony (Thessalian pony). The country of origin of the animal is Greece.

« Siskin'

Funny name for Russians. However, in translation it means "swift bird". Dutch tugboat.

"Pig". The cargo ship sails under the flag of the Marshall Islands

Huilo Huilo

The tugboat is registered in Chile.

JopaUno'- fishing boat

Lujopa- french ferry

J opa"- cargo ship flying the Dutch flag

AnaGandon", "HermanosGandon »
Fishing boats from Spain. Gandon is a common surname...

« unitas » Nine"Toilets" is registered in the Netherlands and one in Hungary.

Tanker ATLANTIC PISCES. Atlantic Scribe...

"B andura » Bulk carrier from the Netherlands

« Incognito » The boat is registered in the Cayman Islands.

"BEHEMOTH". The tanker is so big that you can play basketball on the wings of the bridge of this canister

"L Elephant" Tanker "Elephant" walks on the Liberian flag

Py.Sy.
Well, and finally:

"PULA". Like nothing special. But no.
From Romanian, this word is translated as "yuH". Being with the Romanians on the same ship and at the sight of this masterpiece, the latter rolled around the deck in hysterics - an experienced sailor writes

TIME IS MONEY. Time is money

BOARDING- the approach of hostile ships close for hand-to-hand combat.
VANGUARD- the forward (head) part of the battle formation of a squadron or fleet.
ACCIDENT- damage to the vessel.
AVISO- a small ship used for reconnaissance and messenger service in the 18th-19th centuries.
AVRAL- work on an urgent call of the entire personnel of the ship, when one watch cannot cope with the task.
ADMIRALTY - supreme body management and command of the naval forces.
ADMIRALTY ANCHOR- an anchor with two fixed horns with triangular paws on their horns, and a rod, fixed on the upper part of the spindle in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the horns. The name "Admiralty anchor" appeared in 1352 after extensive field tests of anchors of various designs, carried out by the British Admiralty.
ANKEROC- a barrel in one, two, three buckets and more; used to store water, wine, and vinegar.
ANTICYCLONE- area of ​​high pressure in the atmosphere, with a maximum in the center. It is characterized by cloudy and dry weather with light winds.
ARTEL- an association of sailors or soldiers in the Russian fleet or army in order to organize food from a common boiler, at the expense of the money they put in for food. The economy of the artel was in charge of the artel, elected by soldiers or sailors. The artel worker was approved by the senior officer of the ship.
REAR GUARD- the trailer (closing) part of the battle formation of a squadron or fleet.
AKHTERLUK- stern hatch.
AKHTERSTEVEN- a vertical bar forming the aft end of the ship's keel. The steering wheel is suspended from the sternpost.
TANK- the bow of the deck of the ship from the stem to the foremast. A forecastle is an elevated superstructure that occupies part of the forecastle.
BAKAN, or buoy - a large float, sometimes with a bell, sometimes with a lantern, anchored to indicate a dangerous shallow place.
TANK- a sailor on duty performing work on the forecastle.
BACKSTAY- 1) the course of the ship at an obtuse angle to the wind direction line; 2) tackle holding topmasts, bram-masts and bam-bram-masts from the sides and back.
BALL- a number indicating the strength of the wind or wave on a scale. According to the Beaufort scale adopted by us, wind strength is indicated from 0 (total calm) to 12 (hurricane) points, and waves - from 0 to 9.
JAR- 1) stranded among deep place; 2) bench, seat on the boat.
BAR- shallow water, a ridge across the river from alluvial sand and silt.
BARQUE- a ship with direct rigging on the forward masts and with oblique rigging on the rear mast.
BARQUENTINE, or schooner-bark, - a ship with three or more masts, of which the foremast has direct armament, and all the rest are oblique.
RUNNING RIGGING- rigging, providing maneuvers with sails and spars. For simplification of draft it is passed through blocks.
BEIDEWIND- the course of the ship at an acute angle to the wind.
BAYFOOT- a clip that presses the rail to the mast or topmast.
MIZAN MAST- rear mast of all ships with three, four or more masts.
BEAMS- transverse bars connecting the sides of the vessel and serving as beams for decking.
BITT- a wooden or cast-iron pedestal used for fastening thick gear, tugboats, and sometimes anchor ropes (chains).
BITENG-KRASPITSA- a transverse bar on a bitten or a pair of bitten.
BLOCK- a device with a rotating pulley wheel inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.
BLOCKSHIVE- an old ship, anchored and serving as a floating warehouse, wharf or barracks.
BOKANTS, or davits - iron racks of a special device and shape, located on the ship and used to raise and lower boats.
BOM-BRAMSELY- fourth from the bottom of the sails on a ship with direct armament.
BORA- local, strong (up to 40-80 m/s) cold wind on the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, on the Black Sea coast in
area of ​​Novorossiysk. Usually happens in winter.
BOATSWAIN- the head of the deck crew of the ship's crew, manages all work on the deck and keeps the ship clean.
BRAMSELS- third from the bottom sail on a ship with direct armament.
BRACES- gear used to rotate the rails in a horizontal direction. Brasopit - turn the yards with the help of braces.
WINDLASS- a mechanism with a horizontal arrangement of drums, used for lifting and lowering anchors and mooring operations.
BRIG- a two-masted vessel with straight sails on both masts.
BRIGANTINE, or schooner brig, is a two-masted ship with straight sails on the fore mast and oblique sails on the main mast.
YOKE- flat metal ring on spars.
BUOY- see cormorant.
BUEK- a small float showing the place of the anchor when it is released.
BAY- 1) a small bay; 2) a cable rolled up in circles. The coil of cable, manufactured at the factory, has a length of 200 meters, or 100 fathoms.
BOWSPRIT- inclined mast on the bow of the vessel.
BULL-PROUD- one of the gear for cleaning sails.
SHAFT- a separate major war, in a storm it reaches a height of 9 meters or more.
OUTRIGGER- the thickened part of the oar, it is divided into a handle, a roll, a spindle and a blade.
VALKOST- insufficient stability, the tendency of the vessel to tilt to one side from the slightest reason; Valkost is considered a bad and even dangerous property of the vessel.
GUYS- cables strengthening masts, topmasts, bram-topmasts from the sides.
WATERWAYS- a wooden beam or metal sheet connecting the deck to the sides of the ship.
WATERLINE- the line along which the ship goes deeper into the water. The maximum deepening permitted by law for each vessel is limited by the load waterline.
waterstay- thick metal bars or chains that pull the bowsprit to the stem.
WATCH- duty on the ship.
MONOGRAM- tying of a thin line for fastening two cables together.
VERP- a small anchor.
SHIPYARD- a place where ships are built, a shipyard.
MILESTONE- a pole with a float, anchored or on a stone. At the upper end, either a kind of broom made of thick rods, or a colored flag is attached. Milestones are surrounded by shoals and other obstacles in the way of ships, such as sunken ships.
DISPLACEMENT is the volume of water displaced by the vessel. The weight of this volume is equal to the weight of the ship.
CUTWATER- the outer edge of the stem below the waterline.
WEAPONS- equipment of the vessel, a set of spars, rigging and sails.
LOOKING FORWARD- the sailor on duty at the bow of the ship, watching the horizon and immediately reporting everything. what he sees, the captain's officer on duty.
Vyblenky- thin ropes tied across the shrouds and forming, together with the shrouds, a kind of rope ladder for climbing the masts and yards.
VYMBOVKI- long bars of hard wood, used to rotate manual spiers (gates). Vymbovka has the form of a stick about two meters long and in diameter, at one end about 10 cm, and at the other - about 6 cm.
PENNANT- a long narrow flag.
HARBOR- an area of ​​water protected by nature or artificial structures from sea ​​waves and serving for the parking of ships.
GAK- metal hook.
GACOBORT- a board enclosing the stern of a ship.
TACK- 1) tackle that attracts the lower corners of direct sails from the windward; 2) if the wind blows from the right, then they say: the ship is on the right tack, if on the left - on the left tack.
GALFWIND, or half wind - the direction of the wind perpendicular to the ship's course.
HALLYUN- lavatory on board.
LEVER- increased vymbovka, serving as a lever when working with large weights.
GAFF- an inclined tree attached with one cone to the mast and used to fasten or stretch the upper luff (side) of oblique sails having the shape of an irregular trapezoid.
GIK- a log for attaching or stretching the lower leg (side) of slanting sails.
GITOV- gear that serves to pull up the lower corners of the sail when cleaning.
DRIVE TO THE WIND- keep the close-haul cool, i.e. very close to the wind line.
GORDEN- tackle. passing through one single-sheave block.
GROTTO- the lower sail on the main mast.
GROT HATCH- the middle hatch on the deck of the vessel.
MAINT MAST- medium, largest, mast on the ship.
GROT-HOLD- medium ship hold.
JACK- a special flag that is raised when anchoring on the bow of a warship of the 1st or 2nd rank.
DOUBLE BOTTOM, or internal - available on all warships and large ships of the merchant fleet; serves to protect the bottom from the effects of holes, increases the reliability of the hull. The space between the inner bottom and the outer one is called the double bottom and is divided by longitudinal and transverse partitions into compartments that are empty or used to store water, oil, etc.
TWO-DECK SHIP- an old type warship that had above the water, in addition to the upper one, two more lower decks with guns.
DEADWOOD - sharp places bottoms at the very ends of the vessel.
DEVIATION- deviations of the magnetic compass needles under the action of the ship's iron.
DECA- deck.
KEEP ON VALUE, go along the alignment - go so that two or more objects observed from the vessel merge into one line, for example, see the masts and pipe of an oncoming steamer in the alignment or walk along the alignment of two lighthouses.
TRIM- the difference in the depth of the vessel in the water between the stern and the bow. Trim to the stern is usually done to give the ship better agility. The trim on the bow, on the contrary, worsens the agility and gives the vessel an ugly look. If the ship has a trim on the bow, then the sailors say: "The ship sits in the water like a pig."
PKD- Wet dock - a section of a harbor or port in which the water is kept at the same level. Such docks are arranged in places subject to the action of ebb and flow, for the convenience of loading and unloading ships moored at the berths. Dry docks - pools, pools in which ships are placed for repair. After entering the vessel into such a dock, the water is pumped out of it, and the vessel remains on supports, called slipway blocks. The gates of a special device that tightly close the entrances to the docks are called batoports. Floating dock - a floating structure that is sunk, and then, after pumping water from the dock compartments, rises along with the ship put on it for repair.
HEAVER- an oblong cone made of hard wood, used in rigging.
DRAW, to scuff - to pull tight, in a figurative sense - to scrub, to clean something. For example, sailors say: "to polish a copper", which means to polish copper parts to a shine.
DRYREP- a chain or wire rope attached to the yard and passing through the block to lift it. Any dryrep usually ends with hoists, called halyards. For example, marsa-drayrep and marsa-fal together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.
DRIFTING- deviation of a moving ship from the intended path under the influence of wind, current, strong wave and ice pressure. To drift - arrange the sails in such a way that from the action of the wind on one of them the ship goes forward, and from the action on the others it backs away, as a result of which the ship keeps almost in place.
INCH- longitudinal unit of length, equal to 2.54 centimeters.
EAT- a word that replaces answers in the fleet: well, I listen, I understand, it will be done. Comes from the English word Yes (Yes).
ZHVAKA-GALS- a piece of chain of the same thickness as the anchor rope is attached to the butt, embedded in the ship's hull with a bracket
MAGAZINES watch and engine - a cord book in which the captain's officer on duty on the bridge, in the wheelhouse, and the engineer on duty in the car record all the circumstances of navigation and all incidents with the ship, mechanisms and its crew at sea, near the coast, while moored at the berth.
ZAGREBNOY- the rower closest to the helmsman, all other rowers of the boat are equal to him.
BOARD- Close tightly.
BUY, seize in a pulley - they talk about tackle when something has clamped it and prevents it from stretching freely.
ZUIDWESTKA- wide-brimmed marine waterproof hat.
SWELL, dead swell - gently sloping waves without wind, sometimes can reach large sizes; it happens either after a long wind, when the sea cannot immediately calm down, or before the wind, when a strong wind blows in the neighborhood and drives a wave in front of it. Small hammer, or ripples - small excitement.
GO- the ship is moving, its crew, taking part in the movement of the ship, is also moving. The passengers carried by the sailors are on their way.
For example, a passenger will say: "I am going on a ship," and a sailor will say: "I am going on a ship."
PORTHOLE- a round window made of thick cast glass in a metal frame built into the side of the ship.
CABLE- thick wire. Since before sailing ships without the help of tugboats, it was often necessary to drag from place to place by bringing a werp with a cable tied to it on a boat, then it became a practice to measure a distance of less than a mile by the number of cables. Cables - 100 six-foot fathoms. There are 10 cables in one nautical mile.
KABOLKA- a thick thread from which cables are twisted, which consist of strands, and strands of cables.
WIRE SLINGS- hemp rings that are connected; they cover the load when lifting with hoists.
CABOTAGE- sailing along their coasts and between the ports of their state. Coaster, coaster - ship. floating near its shores without calling at foreign ports.
GALLEY- ship's kitchen.
CAMLET- a dense fabric made of wool (often with an admixture of silk or cotton fabric).
CAMPAIGN- floating, hiking navigation.
ROPE- the thickest pearls and cables were called a rope, tied to an anchor before chains were used for this purpose. Until now, the anchor chain is often called a chain rope or simply an anchor rope.
QUARANTINE FLAG- a yellow quadrangular flag, hoisted on the forward mast and means that everything is safe on the ship in terms of sanitary conditions.
CAT- anchor lifting crane.
ROLL UNDER THE WIND- tilt the bow of the ship into the wind.
CABIN- a room on the ship.
QUARTERDEC- aft deck raised to the line of bulwarks.
QUEBRACH WOOD(upper bracho) - subtropical South American tree species, have hard, heavy wood, bark and tannic extract.
KEEL- a longitudinal beam or steel sheet running along the vessel and serving as the basis of its entire structure.
KILSON- the inner keel running over the frames (ribs) of the vessel.
WAKE- a jet astern of a moving vessel.
LAYING THE RUDDER right or left on board - turn the steering wheel, and hence the steering wheel to the right or left side to failure.
CELL, kletnevka - safety upholstery of the cable with thin lines in those places where it is subjected to constant friction.
JIB- one of the slanting sails on the bowsprit.
CLIPPER- a large, narrow and sharp, fast ship on the move.
CLIPER POST- a beautifully curved stem decorated with gilded carvings.
CLOT, klotik - a chiseled bump or circle worn on top of a mast or flagpole. thin gear is passed through the klotik, called signal halyards, which serve to raise flags.
HAWSE- a round hole in the side of the vessel for the passage of perlines, mooring lines or anchor ropes (anchor hawse).
KNEHT- a cast-iron pedestal or a wooden column for attaching gear.
KNOP- a knot at the end of the tackle, not tied, but in a special way woven from loose strands.
KNYAVDIGED- the upper, broadened part of the stem on old ships, strongly protruding forward.
CASING- attachment, superstructure to cover something, such as a chimney casing.
COOK- the ship's cook.
BILL OF LADING- a document for the cargo.
COPRA- dried nutrient tissue (endosperm) of the fruit of the coconut palm - coconut. Used to produce coconut oil, margarine and soap.
SHIP- 1) ship in general; 2) a large sailing ship, at least three-masted, with direct armament on all masts.
STERN- rear end of the vessel.
DIRK- something like a four-sided dagger, used during boarding battles of ships. Subsequently, the dagger received the value of a distinctive personal weapon of naval officers.
KOFEL-NAGEL- iron pin for fastening gear.
KOFEL-PLANK- an oak thick board with nests, reinforced at the side of the ship or mast to pass coffee pins through it.
CRUMBALL- bracket on the bow of the ship for hanging the anchor.
FENDER- a piece of wood or a rough pillow stuffed with soft cork and braided with a vegetable cable, hanging overboard to protect the ship's hull from friction against a berth or other ship.
CRUISE- swim in a certain sea between certain places.
BANK- the inclination of the vessel on its side, measured in degrees of arc by an instrument called an inclinometer.
COOLER TO KEEP- keep closer to the direction of the wind.
ATTACH THE SAILS- roll up, tie them on the yards, or on the bowsprit, or near the masts.
ATTACH GEAR- wrap or wrap it around the head of the bollard or coffee nagel.
KRUYSEL- topsail on a mizzen mast.
COCKPIT- common living quarters for the team.
WELL- the direction in which the ship is heading.
MANAGE- move forward in zigzags against the wind.
LAS- 1) a tool for measuring the distance traveled in travel speed; 2) board of the ship. For example, to moor with a lag (i.e. sideways) to the pier, to another ship, to stick with the whole lag to the shallows.
LEVENTIK- the position of the sails when they are not inflated and flutter from the wind blowing at their edges.
LEER- a tightly stretched rope, wire or metal rod, used to tie sails (handrails on yardarms) or to protect people from falling into the water (side lifeline).
LIE TO- to stop the course of the ship and keep in place, not letting go of the anchor, properly positioning the sails or maneuvering the machines.
LICTROS, or likovina - a cable with which the sail is sheathed for strength.
TENCH- a cable less than 25 millimeters in diameter.
LISELI- additional sails placed on the sides of direct sails to increase their area.
LIGHTER- a shallow-draft auxiliary vessel, serves for the delivery and transportation of cargo to anchored ships.
BLADE- a paddle of an oar, a steamship propeller or a wheel; the latter is sometimes called a stroke or plinia.
LOT- a device that measures depths, with its help they get soil samples from the bottom of the sea.
LOCATION- part of the science of navigation, a guide for navigators, detailed description seas and coasts washed by them, lighthouses, signs, alignments, etc.
PILOT- a sailor-navigator engaged in escorting ships in a certain area: in a strait, port, fiord, channel.
EYELINGS- sheathed holes in the sail for passing gear.
HATCHES- holes in the decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.
LUSTRIN- thin dark woolen or cotton fabric with a sheen.
MANILA(abaca) - manila hemp, a fiber obtained from the leaves tropical plant abacus. Marine ropes, plant cables, etc. are made from manila.
MANEUVER- control a ship or a detachment of ships, changing the direction of movement and speed.
MARLIN- a thin line twisted from two cables or threads.
MARS- a platform at the junction of the mast with the topmast.
MARSELY- the second from the bottom straight sails.
MARTYN-GIK- a wooden or iron spacer under the bowsprit for wiring the rigging of the jib and bom jib.
MAT- a carpet woven from strands or cables of an old cable.
MAST- a vertically or almost vertically installed spar tree, used to lift sails and weights.
LIGHTHOUSE- 1) a tower with a specially arranged lantern on top; 2) a floating lighthouse - a ship anchored at dead anchors at a shoal far from the coast. Floating lighthouses have a characteristic coloration, an inscription in large letters on the board, balls of thick rods and strong lanterns on the tops of the masts.
MILE- sea measure of length, equal to 1852 meters.
MOLESKIN- a kind of thick paper fabric that goes on clothes.
BRIDGE- a platform raised above the sides of the vessel and protected from wind and waves, extending from side to side. The ship is controlled from the bridge.
MOUSSONS- periodic winds that change their direction depending on the time of year.
MUSHKEL- a massive wooden hammer for rigging.
SHIP SET- the totality of all timber beams and strips of shaped steel that make up the skeleton or frame of the ship.
WINDWIND, coast, board - side, coast, board, from which or from the side of which the wind blows.
HAIR- to clean.
BINNACLE- 1) a copper cap with a glass window and lamps; not put on at night and in bad weather on the compass; 2) a wooden or silumin cabinet (pedestal) on which the compass is installed.
FILL THE SAILS- expose the sails to the wind so that they inflate and the ship gets a move.
NIGHTS- a strong bundle of two or more objects with a cable. To accept - to bind; snite - to connect with each other.
NIRAL- tackle for lowering or pulling down the sails.
NOC- the tip of the yard, hafel or boom.
DEWEATHER SAILS- turn them or the ship so that the wind hits the side edge of the sails and they rinse or become head-to-head.
SET THE SAILS- turn them or the ship so that the wind blows in the opposite direction of the sails and they are pressed against the masts and topmasts. With bare sails, the ship gets reverse.
OVERSTAG- transition from the hauled wind of one tack to the hauled wind of another tack through the wind line.
fire- a loop braided on a cable.
OBTAIN- an order to the helmsman to slow down the turn of the vessel that has begun.
DRAFT- the depth of the ship, measured in feet or metric measures.
STABILITY- the ability of a ship that has received a list to quickly straighten up. Insufficient stability, resulting from a too high center of gravity, makes the vessel rolly and even dangerous, it may capsize. Excessive stability makes the roll too fast, gusty and loosens not only the masts, but also the hull of the ship.
FUCK OFF- move away from the pier or other vessel.
GIVE AWAY- untie, unfasten this or that tackle; give sails - dissolve them; drop the anchor - throw it into the water.
SHALLOW- shallow, connected to the shore.
GROOVE- a gap between planks or deck boards. The grooves are caulked and filled with pitch or covered with putty on drying oil and oil varnish.
DECK- flooring, the same as the floors in houses. The number of decks on the ship shows, as it were, the number of floors. Normal distance between decks is 2 meters; on passenger and new ships, it reaches 2.5 and even up to 3 meters.
APEAK- the moment when the anchor is raised, when it has not yet separated from the ground, but the length of the chain is already equal to the depth of the sea and the anchor chain is vertical. After the paner, when the anchor is separated from the ground and the chain trembles, they say: "the anchor has risen."
trade winds- winds blowing with a fairly constant force (three or four points), their direction is not always constant, but varies within close, however, limits.
HAWSER- the cable is thicker than 13 centimeters.
PERTS AND BACKS- cables, now always wire, suspended under the yards, on which the sailors stand with their feet, diverging along the yards for attaching the sails.
PIER- Pier on piles, arranged perpendicular to the coastline.
GUNWALE- a horizontally laid thick board of hard wood, limiting the upper side of the vessel.
PONTOON- the same as the lighter, but more shallow-sitting.
LEETH SIDE, coast, board - side, coast, board, opposite to windward.
VALANCE- overhang of the stern of the ship.
PODSHIPPERSKAYA- room for storage of ship's property.
"HOLANDRA!"- "beware!". From the Dutch word "fall under" - "falls down". A warning cry.
PUMPS- ship pumps serving for different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.
PORT- 1) a place near some city where the parking of ships is concentrated. Ports are natural and artificial; 2) a door on board the ship: cargo or lazports, gun ports, garbage ports. Small ports are called half ports.
SWEET- an oar that replaces the steering wheel.
SURF, or breakers - excitement near the coast.
LEAD- steer closer to the wind line, steer steeper.
STRAIGHT SAILS- sails of the correct quadrangular shape or the shape of a regular trapezoid, tied to the yards.
DISARM THE SHIP- during long stays and winterings on sailing ships, they untie and put all the sails into the hold, pull out the gear of the running rigging, remove the blocks, sometimes lower the upper yards and bram-topmasts - this is called "disarm the ship."
spars- a collective word for all the wooden parts of the ship, such as: masts, topmast, bram-topmast, rai, booms, gaffs, cargo arrows, etc.
REY- a transverse tree suspended by the middle, to which one of the direct sails is tied.
RAID- a place more or less closed from the winds in front of the entrance to the port.
REEF- 1) a ridge of stones or coral formations, hidden under water or barely protruding from it; 2) a row of ties at the sail to reduce its area during an intensifying wind.
ROSTERS- a place on the deck where the spare spars are stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostras.
CUTTING- 1) a house built separately on the deck with a flat roof; 2) office space: wheelhouse, navigational cabin.
RUMB- 1/32 of the horizon. A card (a circle attached to a magnetic compass needle) is divided into 32 points and, like any circle, into 360. Compass points, counting from north through east, south and west, have the following names: north (N), north-ten-east (NtO), north-north-east (NNO), north-east ten-north (NOtN); north-east(NO), north-east-ten-east(NOtO), east-north-east(ONO), east-ten-north(OtN), east(O), east-ten-south(OtS), east-south-east(OSO), south-east-ten-east(SOtO), south-east(SO), south-east-ten-south(SOtS), south-south-east(SSO), south-ten -ost(StO), south(S), south-ten-west(Stw) and further: SSW, SWtS, SW, SWtW, WSW, WtS, west (W), WtN, WNW, NWtW, NW, NWtN, NNW , NtW, N.
TILLER- lever at the steering wheel to control it.
RUMPEL-TALI- hoists, which are laid on the tiller.
SHOUT- a metal cone-shaped pipe to amplify the voice. A large horn made of pressed corton or linoleum is called a megaphone.
RUSLENI- platforms for the removal of shrouds and back stays from the side of the vessel.
RYM- a strong iron ring built into the deck, side or pier.
BELL- bell.
SKILL- the tendency of the ship to rush towards the wind.
FATTH- old Russian measure of length. Since 1835, its size has been determined at 7 English feet, which corresponded to 213.36 centimeters. The navy used a six-foot fathom, equal to 183 centimeters. 100 six-foot fathoms were one cable length.
CROSSTREES- lattice platform when connecting the topmast to the topmast.
PILE- a round metal wedge, similar to a large and thick awl, is used for rigging.
FRESH BREEZE- a strong even wind, not yet reached the degree of a storm.
SEASON, or harness - a short braid or piece of cable used to fasten retracted sails.
SEY-TALI- large hoists for lifting weights.
phials- hourglass. To beat the bottles - to indicate the time by ringing the ship's bell.
CHEEKBONE- turn, steepness in the lines of the ship's hull; bottom, bow, stern cheekbone.
SPARDEC- medium elevated superstructure, extending from side to side.
SPLICE- Two ends of a cable woven together.
TO GO DOWN- turn the ship, increasing the angle between the ship's course and the direction of the wind.
STAYSAIL- oblique sail, walking on rings (raks) along the bar.
STAPEL- the foundation on which the ship is built.
STAPEL-BLOCKS- bars placed under the keel of a ship under construction or being repaired in the dock.
STEPS- a socket into which the lower end (spurs) of the mast is inserted.
STOP ANCHOR- see ANCHOR.
SLING- a piece of cable, woven with ends into a circle or loop.
STRING- a small strap.
SUPERCARGO- a member of the commanding staff responsible for ensuring the correct and most efficient transportation of goods on the ship.
TABANIT- row the oars in the opposite direction.
RIGGING- the totality of all the gear on the ship. Standing rigging - at present, wire cables securing masts, topmasts, bram- and bom-bram-topmasts, bowsprit and jib. Running rigging - consists of a part of a flexible steel cable, a part of a plant cable and a part of chains. It passes through the blocks and serves to lift and turn spars, weights, setting and cleaning sails.
RIGGING- production of various products from a cable, processing of a cable for rigging.
TALI- a cable passed through a system of blocks to facilitate traction. (In physics - polyspas)
TALREP- type of hoist or tension screw for pulling standing rigging or pulling cargo
TWINDEC- intermediate deck deck.
TENT- a canopy made of canvas stretched over the deck to protect people from rain and sun.
TEAK- 1) a very strong, non-rotting Indian tree; 2) striped matter.
TIR- a type of oil varnish.
CRUSHING- wrong high and short excitement.
TONE- the top of a vertical spar tree, for example, masts, topmasts.
TOPENANT- tackle supporting the legs of yardarms, booms and cargo arrows.
BEAM- the position of some sign on the shore or an object on the water, perpendicular to the course of the vessel.
PICK TACKLE- gradually release, weaken.
CABLE- rope. Cables are steel, vegetable (hemp, manila, coconut), nylon. The cable thickness is always measured around the circumference.
HOLD- the interior of the ship, intended for the carriage of goods.
LITTLE- the tendency of the ship to throw its nose from the wind.
DEEP SHIP- distance in decimeters or feet, measured from the waterline to the lower edge of the keel.
NODE- 1) a conditional measure of speed, indicating a nautical mile per hour; 2) a knot on a cable.
oarlocks- metal devices in the form of grips for resting the oars when rowing.
UTLEGAR- the second knee of the bowsprit, its continuation. The continuation of the utlegar is called the bom-utlegar.
GET AWAY FROM THE WAVE- keep so many sails during a passing storm so that the wave cannot catch up with the ship and roll in from the stern, "cover", according to the sea expression, which is very dangerous.
FAL- tackle in the form of special hoists, used to lift spars and sails
BULWARK- the upper part of the ship's side, the side is higher than the upper deck.
FANS- a cardboard tube stuffed with sparkler powder and equipped with a handle for holding, is used to produce night signals.
FAIRWAY- a deep passage among shallows and other underwater hazards.
FLAG- a rectangular panel sewn from a light woolen fabric - a flag - of different colors and serving as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national, meaning which state the given vessel belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally assigned.
FLAGPOLE- the top of the mast or a special pole used to raise the flag.
FLOTILLA- a small group of ships.
FLOOR- the lower part of the frame.
FOC- lower sail on the foremast.
foremast- forward mast of the ship.
FORDEWIND- a tailwind blowing directly into the stern.
FORDUNES- the same as backstays.
FOR-LUX- Front cargo hatch.
FOREPEAK- a bottleneck in the hold at the very bow of the vessel. The same place in the stern is called the afterpeak.
BOOST WITH SAILS- carry more windage than it should at a given wind speed.
stem- front edge of the vessel.
FOOT- sea measure, equal to 0.305 meters.
SHOOT STOCK- a long stick, marked in feet, is used to measure shallow depths.
RUNNING END- the end of the tackle being pulled. The reverse end attached to something is called the root.
WALKER A good walker is a fast boat.
CHAIN ​​ROPE, or anchor rope - a chain attached to an anchor.
CYCLONE- an area of ​​low pressure in the atmosphere with a minimum in the center. The weather during this period is overcast, with strong winds.
CHECHEN- an island in the northwestern part of the Caspian Sea. Sand spits, overgrown with reeds, stretch from the coast into the sea. The Chechen lighthouse was installed.
CHICKS- wooden or metal slaps on the mast under the tops, sometimes under the salings.
CLEAR ANCHOR- the message of the assistant captain, who is watching the lifting of the anchor from the water, that the anchor came to the surface not tangled, clean, the ship can be set in motion.
MOORING, to moor - to attract the vessel to the shore, to the pier or to another vessel.
DOTTERS, or shkhans - part of the deck between the main and mizzen mast, a place of honor on the ship.
WAIST- part of the deck between the fore and main masts.
SQUALL- a strong gust of wind.
PENDANT- the short end of the cable with a point at the end.
SHKIF- a wheel with a hollow in a block or in a spar.
SKIPPER, or skipper - this is how the captain of a merchant ship used to be called.
SHEET- tackle that attracts the lower corner of the sail to the side, deck or leg of the underlying spar.
FRAME- a wooden or metal rib in the ship's set.
SPACE- the distance between the frames.
SCUPPER- a hole for water flow in the side of the ship.
SPIRE- vertical gate.
SPOR- the lower part of the vertical spar tree.
STAG- standing rigging, holding the spar tree in front.
STERT- a short piece of line used to tie something.
STOCK- any pole that has a special purpose - a flagpole, footstaff.
WHEEL- a wheel with handles used to control the steering wheel.
STORMTRAP- rope ladder with wooden steps.
SHTURTROS- a cable connecting the tiller to the steering wheel.
SCHOONER- a vessel with slanting sails and at least two masts.
EZELGOFT- a double forged ring made of strip metal for connecting the top of the mast with the topmast, the top of the topmast with the topmast, the bowsprit with the jib.
CREW- all personnel ship, except for the passengers.
ELLING- the place of construction or repair of the vessel.
SQUADRON- a large detachment of ships under the command of a person who has his own distinctive flag - a flagship or admiral.
YUZEN- a thin line, hand-woven from three cables.
CABIN BOY- a young sailor apprentice.
UT- part of the deck from the mizzen mast to the end of the stern - the tailboard. Poluut - a short, elevated part of the poop, superstructure, starting from the stern, but not reaching the mizzen mast.
UFERS- a kind of round thick block with smooth holes, called windows, instead of pulleys. Cable lanyards are based through the yufers.
ANCHOR- a forged metal projectile that serves to stop the ship by traction with the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready for return and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there is one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors that serve to drag the ship from place to place by delivery are called verps. The heaviest verp is called the stop anchor.
ANCHOR ROPE- a chain attached to an anchor.
YACHT- a ship that has neither military nor commercial significance and is used for the purposes of water sports or recreation.

Seas and oceans are the cradle of life on Earth. According to some theories, all life on the planet originated in water. The sea resembles a huge metropolis, where everything lives according to its own laws, everyone takes his place and performs a very important function. If this order, which has developed into a harmonious mosaic, is violated, then this city will cease to exist. Therefore, it is important to know about the wealth of the animal world. Find out who they are Marine life, photo with the names of the most common species and Interesting Facts more about their lives.

All living creatures that inhabit the sea are conditionally divided into several categories:

• animals (mammals);
• fish;
• algae and plankton;
• deep sea fauna;
• snakes and turtles.

There are some animals that are difficult to attribute to a particular group. For example, spongy or sponges.

marine mammals

Scientists have discovered more than 125 species of mammals - the inhabitants of the sea. They can be divided into three main groups:

1. Walruses, fur seals and seals (pinnipeds order).
2. Dolphins and whales (a detachment of cetaceans).
3. Manatees and dugongs (a detachment of herbivores).
4. Sea otters (or otters).

The first group is one of the largest (more than 600 million individuals). They are all carnivores and feed on fish. Walruses are very large animals. Some individuals reach 1.5 tons in weight and grow up to 4 m in length. The dexterity and flexibility of walruses are amazing with such sizes, they easily move on land and in water. Due to the special structure of the pharynx, they can spend a long time in the sea and will not drown, even if they fall asleep. Thick brown skin becomes lighter with age, and if you manage to see a pink, even almost white, walrus, you know that he is about 35 years old. For these individuals, this is already old age. The walrus is not confused with the seal only because of their distinctive feature - tusks. Measurement of one of the largest tusks showed almost 80 cm in length, and weight - about 5 kg. The front fins of the walrus end with fingers - five on each paw.

Seals live in the Arctic and Antarctic, so they can withstand extremely low temperatures (down to -80˚C). Most of them do not have external auricles, but they hear very well. Seal fur is short but thick, which helps the animal move underwater. It seems that seals on land are clumsy and defenseless. They move with the help of the forelimbs and abdomen, their hind legs are poorly developed. However, they move briskly in the water and swim excellently.

Sea lions are very voracious. They eat 4-5 kg ​​of fish per day. The leopard seal is a subspecies of seals that can catch and eat other small seals or penguins. Appearance typical of most pinnipeds. The fur seals are much smaller than their fellows in the detachment, so they crawl on land with the help of all four limbs. The eyes of these inhabitants of the sea are beautiful, but it is known that they see poorly - myopia.

Dolphins and whales are related to each other. Dolphins are one of the most unusual creatures on the planet. Their distinctive features:

• The absence of ears, nose, small eyes and at the same time a unique echolocation that allows you to accurately determine the location of objects in the water.
• Bare, streamlined body, without signs of wool or scales, the surface of which is constantly renewed.
• Voice and the beginnings of speech, allowing dolphins to communicate with each other in a flock.

Whales are giants among mammals. They feed on plankton or small fish, breathe through a special hole called a “blowhole”. During exhalation, a fountain of moist air from the lungs passes through it. Whales move in the water with the help of fins, the size of which differs from different types. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived on Earth.

The most popular types of sea fish

The second largest group of marine inhabitants includes the following species:

• Cod (blue whiting, cod, saffron cod, hake, pollock, saithe and others).
• Mackerel (mackerel, tuna, mackerel and other fish).
• Flounders (flounder, halibut, dexist, embassicht, etc.).

• Herring (Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, Baltic herring, Pacific herring, European sardine, European sprat).

• Garfish (garfish, medaka, saury, etc.).
• Sea sharks.

The first species lives in the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, comfortable conditions for them are 0 ˚ C. Its main external difference is the mustache on the chin. They live mainly on the bottom, feed on plankton, but there are also predatory species. Cod is the most numerous representative of this subspecies. It breeds in large numbers - about 9 million eggs per spawning. It is of great commercial importance, since meat and liver have a high fat content. Pollock is a long-liver in the cod family (lives 16 - 20 years). Lives in cold waters, is a semi-deep water fish. Pollock is caught everywhere.

Mackerels do not lead a bottom lifestyle. Their meat is valued for its high nutritional value, fat content and a large number of vitamins.

In flounders, the eyes are located on one side of the head: right or left. They have symmetrical fins and a flattened body.

Herring fish is a pioneer among commercial fish. Distinctive features - no or very small teeth, and almost all lack scales.

Garfish-shaped elongated fish with long, sometimes asymmetrical jaws.

The shark is one of the largest marine predators. The whale shark is the only one that feeds on plankton. The unique abilities of sharks are sense of smell and hearing. They can smell the smell for several hundred kilometers, and the inner ear is able to pick up ultrasounds. The shark's powerful weapon is its sharp teeth, with which it tears the victim's body to pieces. One of the main misconceptions is the opinion that all sharks are dangerous to humans. Only 4 species are dangerous to people - bull shark, white, tiger, long-winged.

Moray eels are marine predators from the eel family, whose body is covered with poisonous mucus. Outwardly, they are very similar to snakes. They practically do not see, they navigate in space by smell.

Algae and plankton

It is the most numerous form of life. There are two types of plankton:

• Phytoplankton. It feeds on photosynthesis. Basically, it's algae.
• Zooplankton (tiny animals and fish larvae). Eats phytoplankton.

Plankton includes algae, bacteria, protozoa, crustacean larvae, and jellyfish.

Jellyfish are one of the oldest creatures on Earth. Their exact species composition is unknown. One of the largest representatives is the Lion's Mane jellyfish (tentacle length 30 m). The "Australian wasp" is especially dangerous. It is small in size and looks like transparent jellyfish - about 2.5 cm. When a jellyfish dies, its tentacles can sting for a few more days.

deep sea fauna

The inhabitants of the seabed are a great many, but their sizes are microscopic. These are mainly the simplest unicellular organisms, coelenterates, worms, crustaceans and mollusks. However, in deep water there are both fish and jellyfish, which have the ability to glow. Therefore, we can say that under the water column is not absolute darkness. The fish living there are predatory, they use light to attract prey. One of the most unusual and terrifying, at first glance, is howliod. This is a small black fish with a long mustache on the lower lip, with which it moves, and with terrible long teeth.

One of the most recognizable representatives of the order of mollusks is the squid. It lives in both warm and cold seas. The colder the water, the paler the color of the squid. The change in color saturation also depends on the electrical impulse. Some individuals have three hearts, so they have the ability to regenerate. Squids are predators, they feed on small crustaceans and plankton.

Clams also include oysters, mussels, and scallops. These representatives have a soft body, closed in a shell of two wings. They practically do not move, burrow into silt or live in large colonies, located on rocks and underwater reefs.

snakes and turtles

Sea turtles are large animals. They reach 1.5 m in length and can weigh up to 300 kg. Ridley is the smallest among all turtles, weighing no more than 50 kg. The front paws of turtles are better developed than the hind ones. This helps them swim long distances. It is known that on land sea ​​turtles appear only for procreation. The shell is a bony formation with thick shields. Its color is light brown to dark green.

To get their own food, turtles swim to a depth of 10 meters. Basically, they feed on mollusks, algae and sometimes small jellyfish.

Sea snakes exist in 56 species, united in 16 genera. Found off the coast of Africa Central America, in the Red Sea and off the coast of Japan. A large population lives in the South China Sea.

The snakes do not dive deeper than 200 meters, but without air they can stay for 2 hours. Therefore, these underwater inhabitants do not swim further than 5 - 6 km from land. Crustaceans, shrimps, eels became food for them. The most famous representatives of sea snakes:

• The ringed emidocephalus is a snake with poisonous teeth.

Marine inhabitants, their photos with names, habitats and unusual facts of life are of great interest to both scientists and amateurs. The sea is a whole universe, the secrets of which people will have to learn for more than one millennium.