What are the signs on the big stone bridge. Stone bridge across the river Vitochka
With Bolshaya Polyanka street.
Before the construction of the Stone Bridge on the Moscow River, there were so-called “living” bridges (tied logs were laid on the water), wooden ones, which often broke in spring or autumn floods. Such since ancient times were: Moskvoretsky, Krymsky, Dorogomilovsky and Yauzsky. On the site of the modern Stone Bridge, there has always been a transport. The construction of a stone bridge was thought of in the 15th century in connection with the growth of the population of Zamoskvorechye, where the settlements of the archers were located, and the need for a “reliable” connection of the city with the main suburbs was discovered. For this purpose, in 1643, the chamber master Anze Kristler was summoned to Moscow from Strasbourg with his uncle Ivan Kristler. By order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Kristler first presented a wooden model with a drawing. The model was made by palace carpenters. After reviewing the model and estimates in the Ambassadorial Order, questions arose whether the bridge would withstand ice two arshins thick, whether it would be possible to carry a cannon projectile over the bridge, and whether the vaults would resist. Questions like these reveal doubt about the ability to build a stone bridge across the Moskva River, which would have withstood the pressure of ice and endured great burdens, and it can be said that the construction of the bridge was considered a miracle.
With the untimely death of Mikhail Fedorovich and Kristler in 1645, the construction of the Stone Bridge stopped. The construction of the bridge was continued in 1682 by Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsin, a favorite of Princess Sophia. And they completed it in 1687 according to the Christler bridge pattern. The architect was a monk whose name has not been preserved. Driving oak piles into the river bed and laying them with beams, he brought to them stone structure. This building at that time seemed so important that it even entered the folk saying about something extremely expensive: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge”.
In former times, the Stone Bridge presented a completely different look and its situation was completely different. At the outlet bulls, water flour mills with dams and drain gates were attached. On the bridge itself stood: the chamber of the Predtechevsky Monastery and four stone tents of Prince Menshikov, a tobacco customs office and a beer yard. At the end of the bridge there was a tavern, known as "Savernyayka". On south end The bridge had six gates and chambers, above which two tent tops topped with double-headed eagles towered, the tavern office and a prison for those convicted of taverns (secret production of wine) were placed in tents. Below them were galleries, called the upper abysses, where Muscovites gathered to walk and drink wine and beer from the galleries, a wooden descent led to the embankment, to the so-called Tsaritsyn meadow and to Bersenevka. Under the bridge there was a beer glacier. On the left bank near the bridge were the All Saints trading baths, granted by Peter I to Prince Menshikov and for a long time known as the "Menshikovs". Barns were also built there "for the grain distribution of the sovereign's salary of the Preobrazhensky Regiment to the soldiers." From the Vsesvyatskaya tower and the church in the name of All Saints adjacent to the bridge, it was called Vsesvyatsky, from the neighboring tract of Bersenevka - Bersenevsky, after the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker - Nikolaevsky. In this form, the Stone Bridge was until the reign of Anna Ioannovna. By her decree of May 26, 1731, she ordered the mills at the bridge to be broken and the bulls to be cleared so that between them there was a free passage through the water. According to Ruban's description in 1782, the bridge was in the following form: "Six stone gates at the end of the bridge at the cloth factory on one side, and on the other at the Chamber Collegiate wine yard." They stood on three sides: one directly opposite the Stone Bridge and Kosmodemyanskaya Street with two passages, the others to the right towards Bersenevka, also with two passages. Actually, there were only three gates, but there were six passages through them. Since its existence, the Stone Bridge has been repeatedly corrected, so that later its original appearance was changed.
In 1783, the bridge was severely damaged by spring water pressure. To correct it, a special department was established under the department of Count Chernyshev. And they did not find another solution, how to divert the waters of the Moscow River with the help of a canal, in order to open the foundation of the bridge. And the right bank from the canal to the bridge should be strengthened with stumps. With the death of Count Chernyshev, this plan was not carried out. However, this plan was partially used by the new commander-in-chief of Moscow, Count Bruce. All the benches were finally removed from the bridge, the railings made of stone were strengthened, and in 1785 the Drainage Canal was dug. The channel runs almost in the same direction as the Moskvy River. It starts above the Stone Bridge, passing by Bolotnaya Square and behind Sadovnikov.
In 1788, the Stone Bridge was again damaged by floods, its reconstruction lasted until 1792, when the bridge came under the jurisdiction of the Treasury. In 1804, the bridge required new repairs. 111,164 rubles were allocated for these works. Work began in 1809 and ended before 1812. But with all the reconstructions, the foundation of the bridge still remained original. With a length of 70 and a width of 11 fathoms (149 and 23 meters), the bridge was built in the form of an arc on six arches, or pillars, large and two smaller, which were then laid. They were adjoined on the eastern side by semicircular, and on the western side by angular stops, or diverting bulls from wild stone. A deep and solid foundation, conscientious masonry and thick iron ties ensured its existence.
In the former life, the Stone Bridge served not only as a way for travelers, but as a vital haven for the beggars, cripples, singers of Lazarus, merchants, pimps and generally walking people, which were many in the ancient capital.
Back in the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, through him they led from the Detective Order "tongues" that slandered the oncoming ones. Under the ninth cage of the bridge, on the left side, there was a gathering of thieves who robbed and killed here, the robbed were thrown into the river (mentioned in the cases of the Detective Order).
In this form, the bridge existed until the beginning of the reign of Alexander II. Falling bricks from the vaults in the arches gave rise to fears that the vault might collapse, and the ascent to the bridge itself seemed already steep in relation to the adjacent street pavements. It was decided to break it down and build a new one much easier than the old one. It took a lot of effort and expense to break the two-century-old monument. Moscow residents were going to look with curiosity at the destruction of this bridge, which for a long time was revered as one of the curiosities not only of Moscow, but of all of Russia. new bridge It was built on three cast-iron arches and two stone piers, with cast-iron railings. Its builder was an engineer, Colonel Tannenberg. The new bridge was no longer a curiosity. It was consecrated and opened for driving in 1859.
In 1938, a modern bridge was built at approximately the same place (engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, architects V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreikh, M. A. Minkus). The length of the bridge with entrances is 487 meters, the width is 40 meters.
Big Stone Bridge - one of the bridges spanning the Moscow River near the Kremlin. It connects Borovitskaya Square, as well as Mokhovaya and Znamenka Streets, with Bolshaya Polyanka Street on Bolotny Island, but its transport component is not its only role. Location in historical center of the capital and excellent views of the surroundings make Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge an important tourist attraction.
Now the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge is called stone only formally, but in the past a bridge built of stone was indeed thrown across the Moscow River. Initially, a ford arose at this place, through which the road from Ryazan to Novgorod went, then a "live" wooden bridge. In 1643, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich issued a decree, according to which the Strasbourg engineer Yagon Kristler began the construction of a stone bridge, which, after construction was completed in 1692, was named All Saints. The All Saints Bridge, which impressed the townspeople with its scale (170 meters long and 22 wide, 8 arches with spans up to 15 meters), became one of Moscow's curiosities, however, by the 1850s it had become very dilapidated, and they decided to demolish it; the demolition was difficult - the solid masonry had to be blown up. Already in 1858, on the site of Vsekhsvyatsky, a metal three-span bridge was erected according to the project of engineers Voskoboinikov and Tannenberg, but a little later, already under Soviet rule, it also became obsolete. Instead, in 1938, a modern bridge was built a little downstream, called Bolshoy Kamenny.
The bridge is located literally under the walls of the Kremlin, so it offers an excellent view of the ancient Moscow fortress: you can clearly see the entire southern wall from Vodovzvodnaya to Beklemishevskaya Tower, Bolshoi Kremlin Palace, Archangel Cathedral, Ivan the Great Bell Tower. On the other side of the bridge dominated and famous - residential complex CEC-SNK of the USSR.
Other iconic sights of Moscow are visible a little far away: , the building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences("Golden Brains"), book houses on Novy Arbat, , high-rise building of the Swissotel Krasnye Holmy hotel, park on Bolotnaya Square and a number of others. Not without Stalinist skyscrapers: skyscrapers are visible from different points Moscow State University And , and residential building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment.
An interesting and dynamic view opens up on the embankments adjacent to the bridge: the Kremlin, Prechistenskaya, Sofiyskaya and Bersenevskaya, as well as the automobile Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge at the far end of the southern wall of the Kremlin and the pedestrian . During rush hours, the embankments are filled with traffic, and from the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge, one more famous city landmark becomes visible: Moscow traffic jams.
You can get to the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge from metro stations "Borovitskaya" And "Kropotkinskaya", as well as from a number of other centrally located stations.
This is perhaps the most famous bridge in the capital. It is he who, most often, can be seen on the species photos of Moscow. Here, you and the Kremlin, and the Moscow River and, in fact, the Big Stone Bridge, raised high above the water. So to say, "the brand of the capital."
Just next to him, Gleb Zheglov and Volodya Sharapov, in the film "The meeting place cannot be changed", met a soldier admiring the views of Moscow. It was after the war, which means they had already seen the bridge built in 1938.
A scene from the film "The meeting place cannot be changed." From left to right: Sharapov - soldier - Zheglov.
It is certainly convenient, as it has the best location in terms of car traffic (its predecessors would invariably become the culprits of traffic jams if they were kept). It is quite high and allows small ships to sail freely along the river. One of the the best views on central part city, and he himself has a very beautiful design. However, the history of his predecessors is much more exciting.
So, the first crossing appeared at this place in time immemorial and most likely passed through the ford. Its significance was constantly growing, since important roads and waterways converged here, and the settlement itself, which became part of the Suzdal principality, served as a stronghold military point on the border with several principalities (Smolensk, Novgorod, Ryazan and Seversk).
From what time, it is not known, but a floating bridge appeared here, which was a simple wooden structure made of planks laid on top of rafts that covered almost 100 meters of the water surface. Such bridges were used everywhere and had many disadvantages. Firstly, they had to be bred and brought together during the passage of ships, which took a lot of time. Secondly, they could have suffered from a fire during the period of ice drift and freezing. So the bridge had to be built annually, after the ice melted and before it appeared. At a time when the crossing was cleared, and the ice was already beginning to break, it was very difficult, dangerous, and sometimes simply impossible to get to the other side. Nevertheless, contemporaries praised the wooden "Moskvoretsky bridges". Foreigners also noted them. In the 17th century, Pavel Aleppsky, a traveler and church figure from the now sadly famous city Aleppo. He left the following notes: “The bridge near the Kremlin, opposite the gates of the second city wall, arouses great surprise: it is even, made of large wooden beams, fitted one to the other and tied with thick ropes of linden bark, the ends of which are attached to the towers and to the opposite riverbank. When the water rises, the bridge rises, because it is not supported by pillars, but consists of boards lying on the water, and when the water decreases, the bridge also sinks. When a ship approaches with supplies for the palace from the regions of Kazan and Astrakhan ... from Kolomna ... to the bridges approved (on piles), then its mast is lowered and the ship is escorted under one of the spans; when they approach the mentioned bridge, then one of the connected parts of it is released from the ropes and taken away from the path of the ship, and when it passes to the side of the Kremlin, then that part (of the bridge) is brought back to its place. There are always a lot of ships that bring all kinds of supplies to Moscow ... On this bridge there are shops where a brisk trade takes place; there is a lot of movement on it; we go for a walk there all the time... troops are constantly moving back and forth across it. All city maids, servants and commoners come to this bridge to wash their clothes in the river, because the water here is high, on a level with the bridge.
Moskvoretsky floating bridge. Engraving by Peter Picard. XVII century.
An engraving by Peter Picard, made in the 17th century and depicting a neighboring similar bridge on the Moskva River, will help to imagine what the floating bridge looked like.
The 17th century was very difficult for Moscow and many other lands of the state. Our country experienced the consequences of the Time of Troubles, the devastation of the land by the Poles, frequent changes of rulers. Military settlements grew, and the artisanal people revived after a long period of chaos. There was a need to firmly connect the banks of the Moscow River with a stone bridge. Only in Moscow itself, there was no experience in such construction, except for two small brick bridges built back in the 16th century, which is why they turned to a foreign specialist. In 1634 they invited a "chamber master" from Strasbourg - Christler. He did not come alone, but with a nephew and many necessary tools. On the basis of their calculations, Russian masters made a wooden model, and foreigners prepared all the necessary calculations, which was presented in the Ambassadorial order. However, the construction costs were not jocular, and the Duma clerk Grigory Lvov and the stone master Stepan Kudryavtsev, who conducted the examination, had to be convinced of their expediency. The craftsmen guaranteed that the bridge would withstand “two arshins of ice” (about 1.5 meters), thanks to six stone “bulls” on powerful supports. They also assured the experts that "The vaults will be made thick and solid, and there will be no damage from great burdens." The width of the bridge allowed troops and artillery to pass through. And from the side of the Kremlin, the structure was supposed to be connected with a powerful bridgehead, which would allow protecting the approaches to the "heart" of Moscow. The project was presented to the Tsar - Mikhail Fedorovich and finally approved.
Almost immediately began to prepare the necessary material. Unfortunately, the first royal Romanov failed to go down in history as the builder of the "miracle bridge", since he died in 1645. By a sad coincidence, Johann Kristler followed the customer a year later. A grandiose undertaking was postponed for many years.
They returned to the project only in the 80s of the 17th century and completed the bridge for 5 years. The work was already carried out under the guidance of a Russian master, at the same time a monk. In the 90s, the bridge was completed and received the name of All Saints, at the gate white city to which he approached. (On modern map Moscow - this is the exit to the Moscow River of Lenivka Street, near the Kremlin). The opposite, Zamoskvoretskaya side ended with a tower representing a bridgehead. All Saints Bridge at the end of the 17th century.
All Saints Bridge at the end of the 17th century. Drawing by Apollinary Vasnetsov.
The total length of the bridge was 140 meters, and the width was 22. This is approximately 3 times wider than the medieval streets of the center of Moscow. With such dimensions, the bridge has turned into a separate city, which is now even hard to imagine! Wooden benches and stone chambers were built on it, where they located: a beer yard, a tavern office and a prison, trade in various goods. Above all this towered the "upper ambush" used for the cultural drinking of low-alcohol drinks. Below were glaciers to store goods. Upstairs unfolded trade, business and Entertainment Center for a respectable audience. People came here to enjoy the views of the city and entertainment, such as fistfights, which were arranged on the ice and, with delight, watched the ice drift from the safe height of the bridge.
In 1697, on the occasion of the capture Azov fortress, young Peter I, through this bridge and the Triumphal Gates located there, at the head of his troops entered the Kremlin. In addition, religious processions to the Donskoy Monastery from the Assumption Cathedral took place on the bridge every year.
All Saints Bridge had one more interesting feature: between the supports the river was blocked by a dam and a mill was built. Which, unfortunately, was the beginning of its destruction due to the increased load. In addition, some researchers are inclined to believe that our builders could not comply with all the construction technologies conceived by Kristler due to lack of experience, which also weakened the construction and, by the way, greatly increased the estimate. The bridge turned out to be very expensive and even entered into the common, at that time, proverb “More expensive than the Stone Bridge”.
It is not surprising, but only Anna Ioannovna, in 1731, took care of the safety of the bridge and its appearance, ordering to dismantle the dams, flour mills and part of the shops. However, the bridge continued to collapse. Unfortunately, after the loss of gloss and splendor, the bridge was enveloped in notoriety. Under its spans, a thief's den with the logical name "Under the Stone Bridge" was formed by a thief. The most famous character there was Vanka-Cain, on initial stage of his grandiose career, a thief, a robber and, in combination, an informant of the Detective Order. True, he organized his service in such a way that the entire Moscow police was in his service, and by this time he had already moved from under the bridge to one of the best mansions. Nevertheless, the so-called "pechura" - pits dug under the spans of the bridge, were replenished with new criminal elements, under the patronage of Vanka-Cain. By the way, it was from there that the thieves' expression "ends in the water" came from, since the robbed were often simply dumped into the Moscow River near the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge. The case was staged on such a grand scale that people from St. Petersburg, who were not involved in these cases, had to be sent to restore order. According to the testimony of that time, the inhabitants of Moscow were afraid to spend the night at home, realizing that neither the wall nor the castle would save them. After each night, the dead and robbed were found in the city, and each morning began with the identification of the victims. This dark time ended only in the 50s of the XVIII century with the defeat of the gangs and the exile of Vanka-Cain to hard labor.
In the 60s of the XVIII century, the bridge was reconstructed, under the leadership of Dmitry Vasilyevich Ukhtomsky, who is considered the founder of the Russian architectural Moscow school, which had features of lush baroque, while maintaining the national flavor. However, in this case, the famous architect did not rebuild the bridge, but only simplified its design by dismantling the six-gate tower and removing some of the benches in order to relieve the extra load. I did not come across any documents that testify to the strengthening of the supports, but it is possible that the bridge stood for the next 20 years, precisely thanks to these works. During that period he is remembered as last road Pugachev, who was led to execution across the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge to Bolotnaya Square, located one block across the Moscow River, in 1775.
And in 1783 - there was a collapse of 3 arches. A fisherman who was under the bridge died, a laundress who was washing clothes and 2 more people who were nearby. To carry out restoration work, they dug the Drainage Canal, because of which there appeared, in the very center of the city, a long and narrow island, bent like a piece of Krakow sausage, with the name Bolotny, which included the very Bolotnaya Square.
The next repair made it possible to extend the life of the decrepit Stone Bridge for several decades. Thus, he witnessed the fire in Moscow in 1812. On its stones, the Napoleonic army retreated from the devastated city, and then, for a long time, building materials were transported to restore the burned center. He became very old and weak, constantly in need of repair, but when in 1859 it was decided to demolish the Big Stone Bridge, most of Muscovites took it as a sad loss. “How much effort and dependency it cost to break this two-century-old monument! The very difficulty of breaking proved the strength of its masonry and the goodness of the material, of which only one part was enough to build a huge house. Moscow residents with curiosity and regret were going to look at the destruction of this bridge, which for a long time was revered as one of the curiosities not only ancient capital ours, but in general and all of Russia, ”wrote Snegirev, one of the eyewitnesses.
The bridge was broken, dismantled and even blown up with powder charges until the place was completely cleared. And yet, the memory of him managed to be preserved, at least in urban legends. Firstly, in Moscow there is still a house located at the address: Mokhovaya street, house 7, which was built, according to local residents, from the wreckage of the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge. The reason for this was a note in the newspaper "Moscow Gubernskie Vedomosti" dated 1859. It said: “From the purchased old material left over from the breakdown with the addition of new, a large tenement house on the corner of Mokhovaya, designed by architect Nikolsky. The facade of this building is quite beautiful, below - good shops; in the upper floors of the apartment of various sizes. Documentary evidence that the wreckage was part of the bridge, I could not find. Nevertheless, Moscow local historians, in their works, often adhere to this version.
The house, by the way, was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century according to the project of a St. Petersburg architect in the Northern Art Nouveau style. Its author, Vasily Vasilyevich Schaub, did a lot to develop this trend in architecture and created many different buildings that can now be seen on Vasilyevsky Island and the Petrograd side in St. Petersburg.
Secondly, many researchers believe that during the construction of the Palace, and now the Lefortovo bridge, the supports were made according to the model of the Bolshoy Kamenny. So it is considered a monument to this legendary building.
And recently, they began to create a graphic reconstruction of the Kremlin at the beginning of the 18th century. So now you can see how the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge and the Kremlin looked several centuries ago.
What is there to say! Even during the construction of a new, metal bridge, the name "Big Stone" was preserved behind it. It was designed by engineer-colonel Tannenberg. The new design had two stone pillars with ice cutters protruding far forward, on which cast-iron spans rested. Despite the fact that it was the first metal bridge in Moscow, neither interest nor enthusiasm local residents he did not call and they got rid of him quite quickly, especially since there was a suitable occasion. At the beginning of the 20th century, he greatly complicated transport situation in the very center.
Big Stone bridge (metal). XIX century. A Moscow anecdote of that time told about an unlucky official who looked with surprise at the huge ledges of supports and, having found out that these were ice cutters, said indignantly: “And if the ice goes from the other side ?!”
In 1921, already the Soviet authorities announced a competition for the design of a new bridge. And only on the second attempt did a variant appear that arranged the commission. It was built in 1938, slightly moved downstream to Borovtskaya Square. The upper surface of the bridge is straight; it is supported by an arc-curved metal structure resting on two stone coastal pillars. At the top is a metal fence decorated with the Soviet coat of arms of Moscow, surrounded by banners with ears of corn on the sides. The design turned out, frankly, unpretentious. But, the main thing in it is that its shape and height block the view of only the Kremlin walls and at the same time emphasize its high location, serving as a kind of pedestal for the Kremlin towers and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. At the same time, the Big Stone Bridge is one of the best viewing platforms in the city. Engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, in company with architects: Vladimir Alekseevich Shchuko and Vladimir Georgievich Gelfreich (authors of the Smolny Propylaea), Mikhail Adolfovich Minkus, "stepping on the throat of his own song", made the simplest bridge, poorly remembered, which fades into the background, allowing you to see the main thing - a magnificent panorama of the banks of the Moscow River, which has preserved a large number of the most recognizable sights of the capital.
Central administrative District. Connects Borovitskaya sq. from Serafimovicha street and (through the Maly Kamenny bridge continuing it) from the street. Big Glade.
On the site of the later bridge, apparently, from the very beginning of Moscow, there was a ford through which the road from Ryazan to Novgorod ran through Volok Lamsky, known as Volotskaya. Then a floating (“live”) bridge was built, which was bred to allow ships to pass. Against the bridge at the end of the XVI century. All Saints (Water) Gates of the White City were built, so named after the Church of All Saints standing nearby (near the modern Cathedral of Christ the Savior), which is on the moat.
In 1643, the chamber master Anze Kristler from Strasbourg was invited to build the Stone Bridge. Together with his uncle Ivan, he made a wooden model of the bridge with a blueprint. The place of construction was also determined, a little higher than the confluence of the Neglinka River with the Moscow River. However, things did not go beyond the start of work.
Work resumed in 1682 and was completed in 1687, the bridge was built according to the design of Christler. The length of the bridge was 149 m, the width was 21 m. So much money was spent that Muscovites, talking about something very expensive, said: "More expensive than the Stone Bridge." The bridge was named after All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and Novy Kamenny (Stary Kamenny meant the Trinity Bridge across the Neglinka, near the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin). Over time, the modern name was established behind the bridge.
In 1689, the traveler de la Neuville reports: “Prince Golitsyn built a stone bridge with 12 arches on the Moscow River, very high due to large floods.”
The bridge started from the corner of the Government House or the House on the Embankment (now Serafimovicha Street, 2) and went to Lenivka Street. Numerous shops were built on the Stone Bridge; it became a favorite place for walking. On the Zamoskvoretsky side, for the protection of the bridge and for beauty, they put a tower with three pairs of gates, completed with two tents. On the abyss, special observation deck on the tower, a pub with a view of the Kremlin was arranged. There was a mill under the bridge.
In 1783, from the pressure of water, overload and poor maintenance, three arches of the bridge collapsed with eleven furniture shops of the merchant Epaneshnikov. 4 people died. During the repair, all the shops and the bridge tower were dismantled. The bridge stood in this form until the middle of the 19th century.
In 1859, on the site of the old Stone Bridge, a new one was built according to the project of engineer Tanenberg. This time it was three-span, with metal trusses.
On March 16, 1938, the modern Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge was opened according to the project of engineer N.Ya. Kalmykov and architects V.G. Gelfreikh, M.A. Minkus and V.A. Shchuko .. They decided to send him not to the narrow Lenivka, but to the place of the newly punched passage, closer to the Kremlin. Now the length of the bridge, together with the approaches, is 487 m. The height is 8.8 m from the normal retaining level (NSL) of the Moskva River. High metal arches blocked the river with one span. The construction of new bridges across the Moscow River in 1938 was associated with the opening of the Moscow-Volga Canal. On the Moscow River now had to go big Volga ships, therefore, the spans of the bridges had to be raised to a considerable height.
Until 1945, a tram line ran over the bridge.
Thus, the names Kamenny and Vsekhsvyatsky competed from the very moment the bridge was built. It was the first stone bridge across the Moscow River, which was reflected in its subsequent name.
From the bridge you can see the Kremlin, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the House on the embankment, Bersenevskaya, Prechistenskaya and Sofiyskaya embankments.
An object cultural heritage regional significance.
On highways The Russian Federation operates about 50 stone bridges. Each of them is of an arched type with a circular, less often ellipsoidal outline of the vault. Stone bridges make up only 0.8% of all existing structures. The number of such structures 25 years ago was about 100, half a century ago - more than 150. Even if we take into account those stone bridges that today are transferred to the category of "pipes" or are not on the balance sheet at all, there will be no more than 1 of them on the federal network, 5 %.
The reduction of similar structures is also typical for local networks. So, for example, in the Moscow region, out of the existing 800 stone structures, only 5, about 10 - in the Urals. Approximately 20 bridges are operated in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, in Moscow today there are only 4 arched crossings left. In the North Caucasus, the construction of such structures has practically been suspended. Even in Dagestan, where stone bridge building was given the first place, over the past decade only 3 new structures have appeared. And this suggests that in Russia stone bridges are unjustifiably replacing industrial reinforced concrete and metal structures, and this also applies to areas rich in this rock.
Let's dive into the past
One of the very first constructions in the capital was built of brick through It connects the Trinity Gates of the Kremlin Tower with the Kutafya Strelnitsa. The Stone Bridge in Moscow initially did not have supports with water cutters and vaults. According to the historian Zabelin, the stone building was built in 1367, today it is crossed by a park - the Alexander Garden.
Landmark of the capital of Russia
The large stone bridge in Moscow was built back in 1692. Then he was called All Saints. However, since 1858 the Big Stone Bridge has been considered the first iron structure in Moscow. In the 16th century, it was possible to cross from one coast to another only along a “live” floating ferry. In the 17th century, the construction of a stone bridge began, in 1938 it was already reinforced concrete, but the name remained the same. In order for it to fully correspond to the name, it was lined with granite.
The panorama of the Kremlin, which opens from the Stone Bridge, can be seen on the back of the passports of Russian citizens. In addition, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Sofia, Prechistenskaya and Bersenevskaya embankments are overlooked from this structure.
Other stone bridges were also built in Moscow to cross rivers and ravines. At the end of the 18th century, Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin were connected by two artificial structures - Spassky and Nikolsky.
Big stone bridge in Moscow: 1680
Until the 15th century, there was a floating ferry on the site of the modern structure. Only in 1643 did the king give the order to start building the first stone bridge. They entrusted this to a master from Strasbourg - Yagon Kristler. All construction work on the construction of the stone bridge was suspended after the death of the tsar and the master, completed by an unknown Russian monk in 1687. It was completed in 1692 and given the name of All Saints.
The stone bridge reached 170 meters in length and 22 meters in width. It had 8 arches, those that were intended for the passage of boats, with 15-meter spans. It was possible to enter from the left bank through the All Saints Gate, at the other end of the bridge there was a tower with a two-hipped top.
Changes since 1858
The dilapidated stone bridge was dismantled and in 1858 it was replaced with a three-span metal one (the first in Moscow). In 1938, a new structure appeared on this site, which was worked on by engineer Kalmykov, architects Gelfreich, Shchuko and Minkus. The length of the bridge is 487 meters (including entrances). It offers an excellent view of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Kremlin, and from here you can see the architectural monument "House on the Embankment", designed by Iofan B.M.
wedding walks
All residents know the big stone bridge former USSR from the footage of the chronicle of Moscow. The view of this panorama has not changed to the present day and looks very good in the photographs behind the backs of the newlyweds.
The bridge is considered a symbol of unification, so photos taken at this place will constantly remind you of the meaning of this word. Think about how much they have in common. Bridge. Opposite coasts. Two destinies and one family.
small stone bridge
The small stone bridge crosses is in second place after the Patriarchal along the canal of the capital. This construction is located in the Yakimanka area, on the one hand there is Serafimovicha Street, and on the other - Bolshaya Polyanka.
The small stone bridge was opened in 1938. Its length is 64 meters with a width of 40 meters. This is not the first structure built on this site. Previously, there was a bridge here, the construction of which was completed in 1788. At that time it was made of wood and was called "Kozmodemyansky". In 1880, it was replaced by a stone bridge with the corresponding name.
The Yakovlevs and Golbrodsky worked on the modern design, for some time there were tram tracks here.
Sights of St. Petersburg
In 1752, a wooden bridge with one span was built across the Krivusha River (today known to us as the Griboyedov Canal). Subsequently, engineer Nazimov developed a new project for the crossing. At that time it was the first building made of stone, which is why it was called the Stone Bridge. St. Petersburg today can boast of this crossing, and no alteration work has been undertaken. The design feature of the bridge is the use of diamond rust. This concept is unfamiliar to many, therefore we will explain in more detail what it is. Diamond rusting refers to the processing of protruding stones in the form of a tetrahedral pyramid, the edges of which, due to special polishing, sparkle brightly when they hit them, resembling diamonds. This technique was often used in construction, but today you rarely see it anywhere. The Stone Bridge (St. Petersburg) was built with four semicircular stairways to the water, which were eliminated in the 19th century.
In 1880, the 7th assassination attempt on the emperor was planned at this place. Members of the "Narodnaya Volya" party planted a bomb under the bridge with the aim of blowing up the crossing when the tsar's carriage was passing through it. Nevertheless, this venture was not destined to come true, since the agents uncovered the plan in a timely manner and Emperor Alexander II crossed the bridge before the Narodnaya Volya arrived on the spot. In 1881, 7 pounds of dynamite were removed from under the structure, but this already happened after the death of the emperor.
St. Petersburg - city of bridges
Peter was honored to be called the guardian of Russian history. In one city, many cathedrals, palaces, chic fountains, magnificent museums and temples have been preserved.
St. Petersburg is the main owner of all kinds of crossings, islands and canals. There are drawbridges, suspension and stone bridges in the city, along which visitors walk. All buildings have a unique solution. Forged frame gives them a certain uniqueness. Every bridge has a story associated with it. This explains the desire of guests to admire the forged masterpieces of art.
Of course, it makes no sense to describe all the bridges of St. Petersburg. Still, their beauty cannot be expressed in words. I would like to note that stone bridges have truly become the pride of the second capital of Russia. The very first bridges such as Prachechny, Hermitage, Stone and Verkhne-Lebyazhy bridges appeared, and today they adorn the city.
