Egyptian pyramids: photos and interesting facts. The Great Pyramids of Giza (Egyptian Pyramids) and the Great Sphinx - the heritage of the Old Kingdom

The only 7 wonders of the world that have survived to this day is the pyramid of Cheops, or the pyramid of Khufu, as the Egyptians themselves call it, unlike the rest of the world, which uses the Greek pronunciation of the name of the pharaoh.

In order to fully realize how far from us those times when the Cheops pyramid was built, one has only to think that for the contemporaries of the other six wonders of the world, the Great Pyramid at Giza was so old that they no longer knew the solution to its secret.

Despite the fact that the most great pyramid in the world has an age of more than four thousand years, it is quite well preserved to our times. Today, excursions to the Egyptian pyramids can be ordered from almost any hotel in Cairo.

History and construction of the Great Pyramid of Cheops

It is believed that a certain Hemion, the nephew and vizier of the pharaoh, and, by compatibility, also a court architect, was engaged in the embodiment of royal ambitions. The pyramid of Cheops was built around 2540 BC, and its construction began twenty years earlier - somewhere in 2560 BC.

More than two million huge stones were needed to build great pyramid in Giza. The largest blocks weighed several tens of tons. For the construction weighing 6.4 million tons, so that it does not go underground under its own weight, solid rocky soil was chosen. Granite blocks were delivered from a quarry, which was located at a distance of 1000 km. Scientists still cannot find an answer to the question of how these stones were transported and how the Cheops pyramid was built.

A lot of controversy is also the purpose of the high pyramid in ancient Egypt. According to the most common opinion, this is indeed the tomb of Cheops (the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty of rulers) and members of his family. Nevertheless, discussions around the riddle of the pyramid do not subside. For example, from the point of view of some astronomers, a kind of observatory was equipped here, since the ventilation ducts and corridors point to the stars Sirius, Tuban, and Alnitak with amazing accuracy. It is also interesting that during the construction of the pyramid of Cheops, the coordinates of the Earth's magnetic poles were also taken into account.

Geometry and description of Khufu's pyramid

The dimensions of the pyramid of Cheops surprise even modern man. Its base occupies a huge area of 53 thousand square meters, which is proportional to ten football fields. Other parameters are no less striking: the length of the base is 230 m, the length of the side rib is the same, and the area of the side surface is 85.5 thousand square meters.

Now the height of the Cheops pyramid is 138 meters, but initially it reached 147 meters, which can be compared with a fifty-story skyscraper. The years have left their mark on the safety of the pyramid. Numerous earthquakes over thousands of years brought down the stone top of the structure, and the smooth stone that lined the outer walls crumbled. Nevertheless, the interior of the attraction, despite the many robbery and vandal invasions, remained almost unchanged.

The entrance to the pyramid, located from the north, was originally at a height of almost 16 meters and was sealed with a granite plug. Now tourists get inside through a huge gap made ten meters below, left in 1820 by the Arabs, led by Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun, who attempted to find the treasures supposedly hidden here.

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are three tombs located one above the other. The lowest, unfinished underground chamber is located at the base of the rock. Above it are the burial chambers of the queen and the pharaoh, to which the Grand Gallery ascends. Those who built the pyramid created a complex system of corridors and shafts, the plan of which is still being studied by scientists. Egyptologists put forward a whole theory of understanding the afterlife of people of that time. These arguments explain the secret doors and other design features.

For how many years the Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops in Giza, as well as Great Sphinx, in no hurry to reveal all its secrets. For tourists, it remains the most striking attraction of Egypt. It is impossible to fully comprehend the secrets of its corridors, shafts and ventilation ducts. Only one thing is clear: the Great Pyramid is the fruit of a brilliant design idea.

There are many opinions about when the Cheops pyramid was built and who did it. The most original assumptions are various versions about the construction completed long before the Flood by civilizations that did not survive it, as well as hypotheses about alien creators.
Despite the fact that no one knows the exact time when the Cheops pyramid was built, in Egypt, the date of the start of its construction is celebrated at the official level - August 23, 2560 BC.
The latest excavations carried out at the beginning of the 21st century show that the work of the pyramid builders was hard, but at the same time they were well taken care of. They had a high-calorie diet of meat and fish and comfortable sleeping places. Many Egyptologists are of the opinion that they were not even slaves.
Studying the ideal proportions of the Great Pyramid at Giza, scientists came to the conclusion that already in those days the ancient Egyptians knew very well what the golden ratio was, and actively used its principle when creating a drawing.

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are no decorative paintings and historical inscriptions, except for a small portrait in the passage to the queen's chamber. There is not even any evidence that the pyramid belonged to Pharaoh Khufu at all.
Until 1300, for three millennia, the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure on the planet, until they built one that exceeded it. Cathedral in Lincoln.
The heaviest stone block used in the construction of the pyramid weighs 35 tons and is placed above the entrance to the pharaoh's burial chamber.
Before the Arab vandal invasion of Egypt, the outer slabs of the Cairo pyramid were so carefully polished that they radiated a mysterious shimmer in the light of the moon, and in the rays of the sun their lining shone with a soft peach light.
To study rooms that are difficult for a person to reach, scientists used a special robot.
From 6 to 10 thousand tourists visit the pyramids daily, and about 3 million a year.

Useful information for tourists

Currently in the museum south side pyramids, you can get acquainted with the exhibits that were found during excavations and in the pyramid itself. There is an opportunity to see the restored unique cedar boat (Sun Boat), which was built by the ancient Egyptians. You can also buy souvenirs here. And the next point of view on the territory will be the Great Sphinx.

In the evenings, a light and sound show is shown in Giza: alternate floodlighting of local attractions is accompanied by a fascinating story, including in Russian and in English.

Opening hours of the museum complex in Giza

daily from 8.00 to 17.00;
in winter - until 16.30;
during Ramadan - until 15.00.

Ticket prices

entrance ticket to the Giza zone for foreigners - $8;
entrance to the pyramid of Cheops - $16;
inspection of the Solar Boat - $7.

For children and students, prices are usually two times lower.

To visit the pyramid of Cheops, only 300 tickets are sold per day: 150 at 8.00 and 150 at 13.00.
It is best to go to the pyramids in the morning in order to grab a ticket and protect yourself from the midday heat.
The entrance to the pyramid is very low, you have to walk 100 meters bent over, besides, it is very dry, hot and slightly dusty inside. People suffering from claustrophobia, diseases of the respiratory tract and heart of the waters are undesirable.
Photo and video shooting is prohibited inside. As for photographs against the background of the Great Pyramid, it is better not to give your camera into the wrong hands, as there are frequent cases of theft.
It is better to take a photo of the Cheops pyramid (as well as other pyramids) in the morning or in the evening, when the sun does not shine too brightly, otherwise the image will turn out to be flat.
Climbing the pyramid is strictly prohibited.
For local residents tourists are the main and often the only source of income, so you will constantly be offered something to buy. Therefore, think carefully whether you need certain offers, and in any case, be sure to bargain. Tipping is given only to those who really deserve it.
Be careful: there are a lot of pickpockets around.

How to get to the pyramid of Cheops

Address: Egypt, Cairo, El Giza District, El Haram Street

Arriving from Cairo:

By metro (line number 2) - to Giza station. Then transfer to bus No. 900 or No. 997 and drive along Al-Haram avenue for 15-20 minutes.
By bus number 355 and number 357 from the airport and Heliopolis. Runs every 20 minutes.
By taxi to Al Haram.

From Hurghada or Sharm El Sheikh: on tourist bus or taxi.

Pyramid of Cheops on the map of Cairo

In order to fully realize how far from us those times when the pyramid of Cheops was built, one has only to think that for the contemporaries of the other six wonders of the world Veli ... " />

Many tourists dream of climbing the Egyptian pyramids to admire the views from them, however, this cannot be done. Otherwise, you can get three years in prison. Why it is forbidden to climb the pyramids, this post will tell.

On the pyramids, and most often on the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza, a variety of travelers of all stripes different countries and it's worth it. From the top, unique views of the surrounding lands open up, Cairo is as if in your palm ... And the very fact that you climbed to the highest and most mysterious man-made point of the Ancient World already inspires you.

But Egyptology and the protection of monuments is a strict discipline, and you can get punished for pyramid climbing: from deportation and the closure of entry into Egypt or the Egyptian kalabush. But it doesn't stop everyone. Previously, it was not so strict and climbed much more often than now. Photos taken in different time.

So why not climb the pyramid?

First, this ancient monument, and although it has withstood more than one thousand years, it is not immune from destruction and vandalism. Stones are crumbling bit by bit even now, and whole pieces can jump out from under your feet. Many people like to break off a piece as a keepsake or take it to the laboratory to be told whether it is concrete or not. Unless, of course, it's concrete. Others like to leave autographs, some with a marker, some with an awl. And the pyramid also needs protection, like any other monument anywhere in the world.

The second reason is just as banal. It's still dangerous. You can stumble on the sidewalk and break your neck. And here is a steep climb, and unstable (due to erosion) limestone, the rapids are quite narrow and, of course, not a small height. I did not find sources, but there were rumors that they often broke when trying to climb or climb down from the pyramid. Maybe there are some other reasons, but the main ones are these: the protection of the monument and security.

Many people know about the ascent of Rascalov and his company to the pyramid of Cheops. If I am not mistaken, they managed to escape and now entry into Egypt is closed. But they gave us interesting night photos from the top of the pyramid.

A very recent story, when an 18-year-old youth from Germany, Andrei Tsiselsky, climbed a pyramid, and then posted a video on the network. Upon arrival in Egypt, he will be escorted to the kalabush, so that the path to the country of the pharaohs is ordered for him, and no one will extradite him to Egypt, since there are no reasons.

He climbed along the west side, and it was she who north side, well viewed by both the police and the administration. He noted with green - this is the house of the commandant of Giza, so to speak, he had to visit, although he did not let him into the house) Well, behind the whole administration of the complex. The author bought a ticket and immediately climbed. Of course, they will be waiting for him downstairs. It was necessary to go in the evening, sit out in a secluded place, climb up early in the morning and get down to the opening. And, of course, just not on the north or west side. Usually, many people climb the eastern one (like Raskalov), it is the most convenient and less visible.

Norwegian guys climbed in 2007.

Interesting video of the ascent to the pyramid of Menkaur

And here is how Y. Shcherbachev describes the ascent to the pyramid in his travel notes dated 1876.

There was also a case when a religious fanatic climbed the pyramid of Khafre, which is very difficult to do because of the poor condition of the blocks and the presence of cladding at the top. He climbed in to pray, and a special forces helicopter filmed him from there. And then, of course, kalabush. But what views did you see...

In the film "Death on the Nile" (1976), the heroes climb the pyramid of Menkaur.

Here is a photo from half of Menkaur's pyramid. It is the easiest to climb on, it is remote from the administration, and all the guards share the baksheesh.
companion pyramids

Upper Temple of Menkaure

The stone is not eternal...

Masonry with mortar at a level of about 30 meters.

Address: Egypt, Giza plateau in the suburbs of Cairo
Date of construction: XXVI-XXIII centuries BC. e.
Coordinates: 29°58"41.3"N 31°07"52.1"E

Where green Valley The Nile is replaced by the Libyan Desert, in the suburbs of Cairo, on the Giza plateau, the Great Pyramids stand unshakably. To the gaze of a tourist who arrived in Giza, the pyramids open unexpectedly: like a mirage, they “grow” from the hot sands of the desert.

Great Pyramids of Giza aerial view

IN ancient world the pyramids were considered one of the " 7 wonders of the world", but even today they impress with their immense size, and their secrets will excite the imagination of mankind for a long time to come. The pyramids were admired powers of the world this "- Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and others.

Great Pyramids of Giza. From left to right: Pyramids of Queens, Pyramid of Menkaure, Pyramid of Khafre, Pyramid of Cheops

Wanting to inspire the French army before the famous battle with the Mamluks, Napoleon, standing at the pyramids, exclaimed: “Soldiers, 40 centuries are looking at you from these peaks!” And then Bonaparte calculated: if the pyramid of Cheops was dismantled, then from 2.5 million stone blocks it would be possible to build a 3-meter wall around France.

Three Great Pyramids, guarded Great Sphinx, - part of the huge necropolis of Giza. These pyramids were built under the pharaohs of the IV dynasty, which ruled in the Old Kingdom in 2639-2506. BC e. They are surrounded by small pyramids and temples where pharaohs' wives, priests and officials are buried.

The Pyramid of Cheops

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

The largest of the pyramids - the pyramid of Cheops - is the only one of the "7 Wonders of the World" that has survived to this day. For more than 3000 years, before the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in England (1311), the pyramid of Cheops was the most tall building on the ground. Its initial height - 146.6 meters - corresponded to a 50-story skyscraper, but after an earthquake in the 13th century, the Cheops pyramid decreased by 8 meters - it lost its lining and the gilded pyramidon stone that crowned the top.

Pyramid of Cheops and the Solar Boat Museum

The Egyptians took away the polished white limestone facing slabs and used them in the construction of Cairo houses and mosques. The Pyramid of Cheops amazes with its grandeur and titanic labor of people who raised stone blocks weighing 2.5 tons to the sky with the help of primitive devices - ropes and levers. And in the "King's Chamber" granite blocks weigh up to 80 tons. The Arab historian Abdel Latif (XII century) notes that individual blocks are so tightly fitted to each other that it is impossible to stick a knife edge between them.

solar boat

solar boat

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are burial chambers, and outside, at its foot, stands the Museum of the Solar Boat. On this ship, built of cedar without a single nail, the pharaoh was supposed to go to the afterlife.

Pyramid of Khafre

Pyramid of Khafre (Khafra)

The second largest ancient Egyptian pyramid was erected 40 years later than the first by Pharaoh Khafre, the son of Cheops. Although the pyramid of Khafre is inferior in height (136.4 m) to the tomb of his father, but due to its location on more high point plateau, it made a worthy competition to the Great Pyramid.

At the top of Khafre's pyramid, a white basalt cladding has been partially preserved, resembling a glacier on a mountain.

Pyramid of Menkaure

Pyramid of Menkaure (Menkaure)

The ensemble of the Great Pyramids is completed by the relatively modest tomb of Mykerin, built for the grandson of Cheops. Contrary to the loud nickname "Heru" (high), it reaches only 62 meters in height, but it emphasizes the greatness of the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre.

Great Sphinx

Great Sphinx

At the foot of the Giza plateau rises monumental sculpture 73 meters long and 20 meters high. It is carved from a monolithic limestone rock in the form of a sphinx - a mythical creature with a human head, paws and body of a lion. According to scientists, the facial features of the Great Sphinx are similar to the appearance of Pharaoh Khafre. The gaze of the Sphinx is directed to the east, to rising sun. According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the lion was a symbol of the solar deity, and the pharaoh was the viceroy of the sun god Ra on earth, and after death merged with the shining luminary.

Great Sphinx from the rear

The lions stood at the gates of the underworld, so the Sphinx is considered to be the guardian of the necropolis. The face of the statue is badly damaged. Most often you can hear that the nose of the Sphinx was beaten off by the Napoleonic grenadiers. According to another version of the legend, the sculpture was damaged by one shah, a religious fanatic. The reason for the vandalism is simple: Islam forbids making images of people and animals.

The Great Sphinx with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background

Secrets of ancient times: why were the pyramids built?

Until now, disputes about the purpose of the pyramids do not stop. The traditional version says that the mounds towering above the mortal world could be the tombs of the pharaohs, from where their ashes ascended closer to the sky and the sun. Some scientists consider the pyramids to be temples where the sun worshipers performed religious rites; others are scientific laboratories created for astronomical observations. German archaeologists put forward another hypothesis: the pyramids are natural generators of terrestrial energy.

In my opinion, the version is quite right to life:

Original taken from gorojanin_iz_b in the Egyptian haze. The construction of the colossi, the Sphinx, the pyramids at the dawn of the photographic era in the 19th century. Part 2

Continuation. Beginning in the first part

The greatest secret of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, aka Cheops, is in front of the eyes of everyone who looks at it, but people do not want to see it. Give them ancient Egypt with pharaohs or anunakhs ...

Entire sections, strips and belts of the outer layer of blocks fall inward. Anyone can see it up close, but with side light it can be seen from afar. It is explained by the fact that under the layer of casting-blocks there are no millions of blocks weighing millions of tons, but there is ordinary, naturally subsiding sand. Which cancels all calculations of official and alternative sciences about the time, opportunities, labor costs of the pyramid builders. Put one in a rainy area, it would not have stood for half a century, it would have developed in an ugly way, in the same 19th century, but in Egypt - nothing, even keeps its shape, though only from a distance.

The outer layer of all three Great Pyramids - Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menka-ura (Mykerin) fails. But before we talk about the structure of the pyramids, let's take a look at the external casting. Well, or on hewn, molded, geopolymer blocks, scrambled with mantras, UFOs, an Egyptian draft crowd with an Egyptian mother along the embankment, as official and alternative historians teach.

The Pyramid of Cheops. These dents cannot be erosion, they are too different from all types of erosion on all blocks. There are dozens of them.
(pictures, as in part 1, are clickable)

It looks like a ladder for dragging the mortar was imprinted.

A foreign thing was forgotten.

Another dropped but against the background of the edge from the formwork sheet. A typical sinus - any concrete worker will tell. Peaks, streaks of solution hang everywhere. For wind erosion, the solution turned out to be stronger than the "brick".

This is a fallen but and edges left by the formwork. The unfinished solution, the wreckage - everything went to the casting.

Part of the buta fell out, part still sticks out, but it will definitely fall out, especially from the windward side of the Great Pyramid of Khufu, where the erosion of lime-sand casting is going faster.

Often scrap was used and so. Why not?

The blocks are full of typical traces of primitive grouting like these patterns of stripes, followed by stamping on the wet, as in the "quarry at the pyramid of Khafre." The alternatives - traces of mysterious tools.

Only without stamping.

An ordinary grater with a solution of extremely garbage leaves just such. Where there are no quality requirements, and you only need to close the masonry, Tajiks do not make footage, but kilometers of such a finish. faster speed Nile. On the pyramidal casting is complementary to this. The race is on, it is necessary to close the boot, or the big snot hung - the ancient Egyptian passed with a grater of the golden section, seams, seams, ready, then went on to build an ancient Egyptian masterpiece! .. A matter of seconds - such wiping.

The little things that got out were packed full, but this wonderful little thing, stuffed, but rather forgotten by the ancient Egyptians in casting, I like most of all.
This is a steel profile, not iron; Iron is a very corrosive metal and is never used in its pure form anywhere. An iron profile in the open air, even Egyptian, will turn into dust not in 4.5 thousand years, but in one and a half hundred years that have passed since the middle of the 19th century.

Historians teach that Marten made a furnace for melting steel in 1864, and experiments were done 10 years before. But no! It was not Marten who received rolled steel, but the ancient Egyptians, with Anunakh technologies and secret knowledge priests from Atlantis!

These gaps cannot be obtained by any adjustment of the blocks, even in theory. The edges of the blocks perfectly repeat each other with curved lines. They can only be obtained by sequentially filling a row. This particular one was poured from right to left.

The formwork was placed in place. Thin elastic sheets of metal - iron is quite suitable. A block is poured, sheets are hastily placed, the next one is poured. Sheets are taken out. One block pressed the sheet more, the other less, the third one generally squeezed out the formwork sheet and the stack ... I don’t care, they docked to a small block and filled in a large one - not a single block is repeated there at all, everyone is different. Incredible rush and race.

The top row is especially revealing. This is an impossible build. Only sequential casting.

From this angle, above-deck canopies on the blocks are visible. They were knocked down, cut off, still raw. But not everywhere.

Two remarkably chipped blocks show the internal layered structure of the casting.
The flow went from right to left. The solution was applied in portions (otherwise it will break any formwork, pouring these and any megaliths is only possible in layers). The first portion was slapped to the bottom, to the right wall of the casting mold, which is the face of the previous cube. Second, third ... - in inclined layers. Dry wind was on the day when these cubes were poured, the evaporation is large, each layer had time to dry out, forming a crust.

This layering says that the work was still manual. A small labor army - soldiers, local slaves, prisoners ... - may well make a pyramid in a few years.
French scientists discovered "ancient Egypt". Most likely, this was the "Egyptian campaign of Napoleon." The narrow gauge railway, inevitable in the construction of the pyramids, we have already seen in the 19th century photo in Luxor and Giza. Generally narrow gauge Railway exists, it is believed, since the 16th century, under Napoleon, of course, it was. This technical minimum, plus several years of regime status of the territory, is actually all that is needed to fill in place 1 percent of the extravagant quantities of blocks, which we see and beyond which we will not see (unless the pyramid starts to completely fall apart, crumble, for example, from abnormal rainy season).

Scientists - the guardians of history, of course, cannot assume such things, neither the officialdom nor the alternatives. Fomenko and Nosovsky have brilliant criticism, but useless reconstruction (otherwise no one would ever hear about any of their "new Chronology"). They, like Davidenko and others, actually "legitimized" the pyramids in tandem with the officials, counted ninety-nine percent of the Great Pyramid in tons, cubes and labor costs, which are not blocks.

For some reason, no one is surprised that the Chinese have poured more than a thousand pyramids, including those larger than Cheops - part of them, and at the same time not a single Chinese has said anything about this to any world media.

The Great Wall of China, when the rain washed it away, was empty.
Fufel, like all Chinese, two bricks thick, with sand.

The megaliths of Cusco, unable to withstand the rain, collapsed, inside the same emptiness, the soil with which the natural hill was filled and planned, nothing more.

Ruins of Sacsayhuaman temple complex of the great Inca civilization in Cusco (Peru), were allegedly built in the 15th century. From blocks of hewn, fitted with the help of mantras and Anunakh technologies to micron precision. Since 1983 in the List of objects world heritage UNESCO. Only recently the ruins, made by primitive casting in fabric formwork, have fallen apart a little. Just like Chinese Wall after heavy rains. A century has not passed.

There was not a shish under the ruins. Made immediately as ruins.

http://su0.ru/p2bq

I had to save a great civilization for UNESCO and humanity.

http://su0.ru/rfwf

But the world historical community, official and alternative, is not supposed to know about it.

And why is the pyramid of Cheops, of the estimated number of blocks of which people see less than 1 percent, worse?

An artificial hill, a couple of chambers, passages, shafts were made inside, maybe a couple more hid, scientists for the upcoming discoveries, that's all. More than 99 percent of the volume of the Great Pyramid has never been seen and will never be seen, unless it rains in Egypt.

Most of all, the pilgrims of Egypt and the pyramids are confused by the incredible curvature of the rows in height. From a distance they are even, but the closer to the pyramid, the more crooked - shrinkage goes inward, perpendicular to the edges. If you do greatest miracle light for centuries - then either level the rocky foundation, or level the foundation. What about Cheops? They say about this: the bull pissed. Walks in waves. Let's follow one line.
Clickable.

Whichever way you look from the foot of the Great Pyramids - it will be so.

With side lighting, the dips of the faces noticeably appear from afar, like Cheops, Khafre, Mykerin. The edges of the pyramid are not just crooked, but they walk like Danube waves, the drops reach several meters!

Why? Yes, because there is sand under the casting, and there are no 2.3 million blocks, weighing 5.75 million tons. They led several rows. Covered the hill. The sand settled naturally; It's unavoidable. We leveled the edges with the same sand and corrective casting - this is possible. But vertical waves back and forth cannot be aligned.

Moreover, the waves went even from the lowest tiers, and the waves are of such magnitude that it is impossible to explain the different sizes of blocks and shrinkage.

There is no other explanation for these waves.
That's what it is great mystery Great Pyramid.

Scientists and the public do not even know about the interior of Khafre even the minuscule known about Khufu.

Pyramids of Khufu and Khafre.

As well as about Mikerin.

In anticipation of the Big Questions, scientists backed up a little, They took another 23% from the invisible 99% of the volume of the pyramid of Cheops, even in Wikipedia, the main source of sofa Egyptologists, they wrote that, they say, according to the latest data, 23% of the volume of the pyramid is a rocky base in its center. But even three-quarters of the remaining volumes of blocks to carve and carry out of nowhere is an unbearable task for any human and Anunnachi cultures.

No one is surprised that in the Mexican El Tajin, the ancient Mexicans of the type in the 2nd century AD. most of the pyramids were underimposed. Why are we slowing down in Egypt? Morok igipitz?

The stump is clear, it is impossible to veneer such an Egyptian disgrace, which is also falling through, as scientists say about it, pointing to the cap of the Khafre pyramid. The rest, they say, did not survive for centuries, the sultans pulled it into palaces, the imams into mosques. Nonsense. The cap was immediately built as a "remnant of the cladding".

Having reached the beginning of the header in the project, the builders changed step casting of blocks to vertical, and led the vertical walls from five to seven rows high, alternating the casting of horizontal blocks with the casting of vertical ones, and from the border of the cap to the top they began to cast the product under the outer formwork.

Knowing the real quality of pyramidal casting, we strengthened the vertical wall under the cap with additional pillars. This is one of them, which could not appear in any way with the previous, stepped casting.

In some parts of the field, hats hung like visors. Not surprising, given the quality of the main, block casting. When pouring in steps, the crumbling blocks remain in place; when poured vertically, they crumble.

Preparing to hoist a layer twice as heavy with a "facing" so that the latter does not collapse into the settled sand of the central part of the pyramid, the last one and a half to two dozen rows before it were not filled with standard blocks, but every other time - with full-fledged brick pedestals, disguised with plaster. That is why the "facing" is intact, and the base under it is stronger and looks different.

This masonry of the Great Pyramid of Khafre is a jamb like the famous stone with a concrete core from the construction of Stonehenge after the collapse of the plaster, which fell into all the old photos and engravings, which were done in half a century after construction without counting

Now let's take a closer look mysterious cuts a mysterious tool in supposedly granite monoliths, allegedly hewn by the ancient Egyptians, adored by the alternative public and scientists. What is it, who did it, and why?

scientists official sciences it is allowed to talk only about the bronze saws and chisels of the ancient Egyptians. Because the iron official history they have not yet smelted, something stronger - even more so.
Scientists of alternative sciences are allowed to say that it was cut by the Anunakhs, with lasers from the Whitemans, and the great pra-civilization of the Atlanto-Pleiadianto-Aryans, with mantras that make plasticine from granite.
It is permissible for conspirators to talk about a fake with a modern diamond-coated saw and cutting discs for metal with victorious soldering ...

At the same time, the shooting of these cuts and cuts in all LAIST and scientific sites are given only at an angle so that the cuts are like cuts. Let's look at a normal shooting - and everything will become clear.

At the base of the Great Pyramid, there are several blocks of cut / sawn granite type.

But if we look carefully, we will see jumpers among such an alleged cut.

More jumpers in the type of cuts.

Considering that the length between the lintels is the same, we will see simple traces from simple slabs of the same type, which were thrust into the unhardened mass of the future granite block, hewn by the ancient Egyptians, in order to divide it in half and get a corrugated surface of both halves. All in all.

On Giza, in pyramidal temples, obelisks and "artifacts" there is a lot of corrugated and ideally even granite. It was necessary to get a lot of the same type of slabs with the same type of relief. Done. The marriage was abandoned on the spot. Only.

This raw half divided gives an exhaustive idea of what kind of cuts it is (and since it fell apart incorrectly, it also turned out to be fragile - a marriage with violations of the ancient Egyptian guests of the composition of the granite mixture by the builders of the pyramids).

Another divided one. There is no smell of lasers from whitemans here, these are just boards that have been shoved into casting.

By the way, they began to finish the base of the Great Pyramid with such, but they quickly abandoned it. The deadlines were pressing, the workers fled, the foremen decided: this will do ... God knows.

Breakdown close. Whoever wants to see lasers from Wightmans, let him see lasers from Wightmans according to his faith, but in physical world there were deck boards here. More than a clear breakdown of the jumper between them.

Another type of marriage - crookedly separating the formwork was pushed. Not suitable for virtuoso ancient Egyptian masters.

They come up with the devil-those-what these scientists ...

Another warehouse of granite products, abandoned because it popped a marriage that can neither be used nor continue the wall, scientists called Mortuary Temple of Menkaure.
For scientists, the ancient Egyptians hewn or the great pra-civilizations of the Anunakhs softened this granite with mantras thousands of years ago. Casting in formwork one and a half to two centuries ago was an absolutely taboo topic for alternatives.

There was definitely no idea to "cut out waves" - all "hewn waves" are crooked, and all are different. It's just an unfinished corridor. Started pouring but gave up.

Here we finally see the famous "megalithic nipples".

They are obtained when stones are placed in a fabric mold, but not like a rubble, but so that it holds the shape, like a spacer and a fixing object, otherwise it will warp when poured (this is how the casting of the aforementioned Cuzco was done). For limestone "stones" they put limestone cargo, for granite, of course, the same granite. Limestone-sand stones, like the Southern one, can be cast without matter (limestone cement is the oldest material used to this day, lime is found everywhere; although "antiques" were poured in the 18-20 centuries), but for finely dispersed components that go to granite , mineral dust, a dense fabric is needed, otherwise the smallest component will leak out, there will be a disgrace, not casting.

A very good picture of one such "nipple" was taken by Sklyarov, or someone from the LAI forum (as soon as the suggestion about the formwork was touched there, the discussion of these pictures was interrupted harshly and instantly).

It can be seen that water oozed from this "nipple" through the fabric and washed a little fine dust from the lower block until it was completely dry. Got a track. If you find pictures of "masonry" with these "nipples" in good resolution, you will see such traces on other monuments of UNESCO and humanity.

Specifically, these "hewn blocks" were cast in formwork frames with a fabric base, the edges were additionally pressed over the fabric with boards. And for the formwork, the stump is clear, no one followed (I think it was impossible with such volumes as they were on the Giza plateau), broke and broke, the top board was kicked out, and the lesha with it. And they poured more solution than they should. Conveyor process costs.

Cast, of course, here, and in this position. Traces on the lower block from the water flowing from the upper "nipple" are evidence of this.

And from the second "nipple" of the upper block on the lower block there is the same trace.

The entire batch of granite blocks turned out to be defective. The bottom row turned out to be quite okay, albeit with influxes through the formwork. Upper - randomly went.

There are three blocks here, the fourth was thrown off. On the middle top, they tried to fix the marriage - they cut off the influxes, moreover, manually, without machines, this can be seen from the unevenness (this is where the "ancient Egyptian stonemasons-masters" really had to sweat, this is generally an ass - to hammer granite!)
But they gave up this occupation - for the zombie mass, it will do.

The other two "floated" through the top, due to unusable formwork, especially the nearest one. The "sailed" part of the block was also cut off (the horror of how much handmade, not otherwise, the ancient Egyptian foreman was terribly angry at the scammers and forced them to hammer their work, like slaves from "historical Egypt" !!)

The fourth block was thrown off. It also cut off the upper influx and the "floated" part of the block from the side of the back edge of the formwork.
Moreover, they managed to split. This is not easy, apparently, the scammers and the composition of the casting also could not stand it.

And so this casting was left to wallow in the "sands of time", in the "darkness of centuries". Not a wall, not a corridor, not a warehouse. An ordinary marriage, which cannot be continued in any way, and it is impossible to drag and adapt somewhere else.

In general, the ancient Egyptians poured granite often, a lot and with pleasure - both in St. Petersburg, and in Europe, and in Asia, and of course in "ancient Egypt". The artel is one, the technologies are the same, but for posterity, scientists and ignoramuses, let the "historians" carry it across the eras.

Here is a wonderful Granite Temple of Khafre in the Giza valley. "Science" took him as far back as 26-23 centuries BC.
"Officially" built of limestone slabs, lined with granite slabs.
However, with good shooting, it is clearly seen that the walls were not faced with granite, but were cast with artificial granite.

Compare last photo with cracks in the cast granite of the St. Petersburg Isaac, Kazan and Roman Pantheon. One office made "history" in approximately one real, but different "historical" time, of course, that both technologies and materials were used the same.

Another material of ancient Egyptian maters used in Giza is basalt. The mineral is as hard as granite, but more brittle.

Allegedly hewn and delivered from where the hell are the blocks with which the floor near the Great Pyramid is laid out.
Let's pay attention to the foundation for pouring these slabs - we will meet it more than once in the Great Ancient Egyptian Pyramids that were being prepared, but not embodied; and on the complete correspondence of the lower faces of the basalt slabs to the relief they flooded.

Actually, you don't need to say anything. A simple sane look and normal photos will tell everything.

If this is not formwork and pouring, then what? Ancient Egyptian bronze saw-chisels??

The thickness of the formwork was
Definitely sheet metal.

When the sheets were taken out, micro-scratches remained.

The surface, not completely dry, cracked right there, along the excavation of the formwork, in the same "ancient Egyptian era."
Rush. As with Cheops.

Another basalt floor.
There are only two of them in the area of "the discovery of ancient Egypt at the beginning of the 19th century" - it was not enough with coal, or with basalt raw materials.
General form.

Traces of smooth formwork are everywhere.

Smooth edge from the formwork close up.

Shitty quality of the poured block. It is pouring, barely had time to take a pee.
Granite is a non-thermal casting, it is easier with it. The creators of "ancient Egypt" have big problems with thermal.

A question for any concrete worker: did they pour the slabs with the sinuses of the slab? or anunakhs were cut out with lasers?

Anunakh (laser) sinus close up. The importance of this photo is different: at the bottom, the blocks repeat the relief of the soil or what was poured onto the ground.
This means that no one brought "basalt slabs" from anywhere, they poured them right here. A mobile smelting stove, on the principle of the one that tar is poured on the roof of "Khrushchev's" houses, was placed right in the "location of the artifact", the block merged onto the ground. They did it right away as "the remains of a basalt floor", scattered blocks.

Immediately for the trolls: the sintering temperature of basalt fibers is +1000, simple brown coal in the home heating system provides a temperature of about 1900 degrees, coal 2100. Anthracite 2250. Italian archaeologists discovered the Userkaf Pyramid in 1831. Such-and-such coal-fired stoves are the great builders of Rome, and so on. They knew how to do the 19th century.

Another trace of formwork on two blocks. Even the characteristic formwork "patches" are visible.

The characteristic formwork comb, which gives out the casting immediately and undeniably, was chipped off.
Decking sheet led. The hot mass pushed it down and almost flowed.
This block indicates that here (at the pyramid of Userkaf), apparently, a copper or bronze sheet was used. Iron doesn't behave like that. Copper does not melt at 1000 degrees (it has a melting point of 1083 degrees), bronze also (up to 1140 degrees), it only softens, like the formwork on this casting.

Yihipitsky scammers!
They suck with thermocasting, what really ...

Obviously they were trying to portray something more complicated than floor slabs. Two molds were inserted into the liquid mass. Didn't like it or didn't work. The formwork ridges were broken off and then the "remains of the floor" began to be poured.

And now, from the floor, let's turn to the object itself, for the sake of which it was heaped up here. Pitiful incomprehensible ugliness, which scientists called Pyramid of Userkaf in Saqqara.

You won’t believe it, but in historical science this pharaoh, the founder of the 5th dynasty, immortalized his name with this great building, replacing the direct predecessors of Djedefre, Mikerin, Snefru (the builder of five pyramids), Khafre and Cheops.

Here is this incomprehension.
No aesthetic claims.
Or at least decently.
(apologies for the "fisheye", but I did not find filming with a normal lens of what I had to shoot)

What is important to see in order to understand the real purpose of this misunderstanding?

Attention - to the most powerful casting, appearing from under the sand all over the site on a patch near the under-pyramid, slabs without any claims at all, not for show, purely functional ...

And on the multi-layered and considerable depth of their occurrence.
For whom and what is this power? Endure crowds of pharaoh worshippers?

Let's take a look at a completely garbage casting not for the public, stuffed rubbish sticks out of the sidewall.

On wire fittings, knocked down or broken off from the same garbage casting, as you can see, on the eve of the presentation of the under-pyramid to the public.

Let's look at the layout of the site with an underpyramid with a clear shift of sand away from it.

Still excavated and shifted soil.

Recognizable by all "top pyramids", a chamber made of cast granite slabs. The first pair turned out, the second burst, and that was the end of the work. Scientists write: the robbers took everything they could from the Userkaf complex back in antiquity. What did they take away? Granite-concrete fools weighing a ton, which are missing here? They weren't here. They surrendered to the robbers by design ... They are absent, therefore, on the second pair of this vault, the product burst, because. more than a lot of rubbish stuffed. You can see it in the picture.

Around the under-pyramid, one cannot say that they are rising, but simply several indistinct buildings have been started, reinforced with monumental castings.

From whom did they make such power, but with a passage protected just as monumentally?
From meteor showers? Nuclear war? Herds of dinosaurs? Crowds of asuras, batyrs and Atlanteans?

Scientists figured out and drew a reconstruction, on which these bunkers are the welcoming and mortuary temples, tombs, the companion pyramid of the pharaoh's wife...

But you can no longer get into the pyramid of Userkaf. It was described and drawn by scientists, after which, in 1991, the passage into it was hopelessly blocked by an earthquake. Only the outside entrance remains. So here it is!

For those who don't understand yet. Explains all misunderstandings foundation construction site one of the following Great Pyramids. Unrealized object. The interior of the pyramid was placed without any beauty. Powerfully protected chambers and passages hidden in the depths of the pyramid for centuries. From above, sand was to be poured onto the site, along the perimeter of the sand, casting was to be carried out in several layers ... Everything, as in two and a half of the Great Pyramids of Giza.

One of the ugliest buildings pyramid of Amenemhat III in Dashur (supposedly 19th century BC) - ugliness, only if we consider it conceived and finished. In the country of great temples, sciences, golden sections and pyramids, drawn by historians, it would be a shame for a real pharaoh to build such a pile of crap (and what else does it look like in form?), Wasting his life and the ancient Egyptians on it. Not ashamed only invented.

The builders of this failed pyramid advanced a little further than the artel of Userkaf's pyramid.

We made the filling, the core of the future pyramid, began to fill it up.

Exactly buried sand and slag, and didn't dig the explorers of ancient Egypt, the discoverers of the pyramids - the sand did not even get into the grooves and cracks.

As in Userkaf and, no doubt, in all Cheops and Khafren, a site of incredible, super-excessive thickness was laid here, the "inner chambers" with passages to them protected in the most powerful way from the megaton load of the planned pyramid.

Tons of mortar and defective castings are commonplace, all this goes under the sand, not for beauty.

Entrance - according to a single ancient Egyptian guest, common to all places, pharaohs and times.

This is how the same Cheops looked until it fell asleep completely and started casting blocks around the perimeter of the hill, you can be sure. This is not the ugliness of an invented pharaoh. Just unfinished. The whole mystery of the mysterious "black pyramid of Anemenkhet".

Another pyramid blank represents a whole class of buildings that scientists were embarrassed to call pyramids, but came up with the term mastaba. Harvesting in Medum, 100 km from Giza. They didn’t come up with a pharaoh for her, therefore, it is listed in Egyptology simply under the number - Mastaba №17.

A site prepared and slightly cleared for visiting gives an idea of the size of the pyramid in the project.

Without much care, the same powerful slab foundation was cast for posterity, which, after the change in design, was abandoned, at least on that patch that was open from under the sand for visits.

On the basis - the usual intra-pyramidal bunker in case of an atomic war, designed for megaton pressure.

The casting was abandoned, the formwork was hastily assembled, including a mess. Works, now in the status of "reconstruction-restoration", are being done now. By the time the ceu came to fold the pyramid and start pouring the mastaba, the builders did not have time to add what they wanted or finish it.

And then another slab over one of the passages burst, threatening to collapse and block it. If so, then one of the "burial chambers" will not be "discovered by scientists" - why is this necessary?

This is how this "ancient Egypt" was done; more marriage and incompleteness than finished buildings. But nothing, scientists will finish drawing. Have managed so far.

Almost forgot about mysterious square holes, these, in Aksum, Baalbek, Palmyra, Aswan, Roman, Hellenic, Machupik and the rest of the ancient casting, no matter how much it is (thank you, reminded) - the grooves from the fasteners of the formwork, which in two places they forgot to release from the timber. In the Snefru pyramid (Dahshur, type 26 BC), with the rest of the wood, and in the tunnel under the Wailing Wall, it is also the wall of the Solomon Temple complex (Jerusalem, type 19 BC).

And finally, for the mood, some famous and not very antique sculptures from angles from which it is not very common to shoot, since traces of reinforcement are visible.

Happy May holidays everyone.
Good luck, kindness and good mood!

The famous Venus de Milo from the Louvre.

By the way, the second hand of Venus de Milo in the Louvre is very strangely smeared. Although under the putty, a sealed hole-oval is guessed.

Ancient Greek discus throwers of the Vienna and Roman museums. The dog knows them whether or not to cover up these marks from the fittings. It's not aesthetically pleasing either way.

Belvedere torso. Vatican.

statues ancient Greek city Ephesus (Selchuk, Turkey).

Pergamon altar. Museum of Berlin.

Portrait of Tutankhamen, I hope everyone knows))

Pyramid of Cheops is the most large pyramid from , is the only miracle of the "seven wonders of the world" almost perfectly preserved to this day. The pyramid is located in Giza,. The Pyramid of Cheops is also called the Pyramid of Khufu or the Great Pyramid. The pyramid was built for the fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Cheops as a tomb. ( 11 photos)

1. The construction of the pyramid lasted approximately 20 years and ended in about 2560 BC. e. The architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops himself. The Pyramid of Cheops until 1300 was the tallest building.

In the figure above you see a diagram of the pyramid, the numbers 1 and 2 indicate the entrances inside the pyramid, now there is only one passage, this is No. 2. The number 10 in the figure marks the tomb of the pharaoh itself, and the number seven indicates the tomb wives pharaoh.

1. The height of the pyramid is 146.6 meters.

2. The base area is 230 x 230 meters.

3. The length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south - 230.454 m; north - 230.253 m; west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 meters.

4. Perimeter: 922 meters.

5. The total volume of the pyramid is ≈ 2.58 million m³.

6. Average size of stone blocks: 1.0 meters in width, height and depth.

7. Average weight of stone blocks: 2.5 tons.

8. Number of blocks: about 2.5 million

9. The total weight of the pyramid is approximately 6.25 million tons.

3. There is an opinion that the ancient Egyptians, being literate and smart, already knew about such concepts of geometry as "Pi Number" and "Golden Ratio", and this could affect the proportions of the pyramid and the angle of inclination. It is surprising that such an angle of inclination was not repeated anywhere else, on any of the pyramids.

4. Supporters of the supernatural claim that the Great Pyramid of Cheops was built by aliens themselves, representatives of higher civilizations, and all subsequent pyramids were built in the likeness of this one, and simply copied.

5. The faces of the pyramid are directed exactly to each side of the world, you can see in this photo. The stone blocks of the pyramid are so precisely fitted to each other that it is hardly possible to stick a knife blade between them.

6. As much as many fans of the pyramids would not like, no inscriptions or decorations were found inside the pyramid.

7. Photo of the pyramid of Cheops from the inside. According to general estimates, 5.5 million tons of limestone and 8,000 tons of granite were spent on the construction of such a huge pyramid. Interesting - for the construction of all Christian churches much less material was used in England than on one pyramid of Cheops.