Old Crimea. Attractions. Old Crimea

Stary Krym is a city in the east of Crimea, located in the valley of the Churyuk-Su River, known for its healing climate and sights. This ancient corner gave its name to the entire peninsula (before that it was called Tavrika or Gazaria).

The heyday of the Old Crimea

The Old Crimea reached its heyday in the XIV century, when the Silk Road from Asia to Europe ran through it. Here you could meet both Muslims (Polovtsy) and Christians (Rus, Genoese). It is believed that the native of this city is Baybars, the sultan of Egypt (XIII century), famous for his military and other reforms. It was with his generous hand that a mosque was built in his homeland, which is now the oldest Muslim religious building in Crimea.

Gradually the Old Crimea lost its strategic importance, and after the transition to the submission of the Russian Empire, it was completely empty (only by the 20th century, its population increased from 114 people to almost 5 thousand). But this city has preserved something more - unique historical sights, on the basis of which modern travelers can recreate in their imagination the life of our distant ancestors. Tourists, "plunging into the arms" of the Old Crimea, are thoroughly saturated with the spirit of antiquity, without a time machine getting into several centuries ago.

Legacy of the Middle Ages

What historical sights of the Old Crimea have survived to this day? Basically, these are architectural monuments. They can be divided into two eras - the Medieval and the era of Russification.

The already mentioned Baybars Mosque appears before the eyes of a modern traveler in ruins. Its architectural silhouette can now only be recreated in the imagination. But the mosque of Khan Uzbek, located not far from the gift of Baibars, is still functioning. Although it was built not much later than the oldest mosque in Crimea.

Khan Uzbek ordered to start construction of a new religious building in 1314. And 20 years later, a madrasah (religious school) was added to it. Now they are only reminded picturesque ruins. But the mosque itself continues to receive believers.

Three and a half kilometers from the city there is an ancient Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach. It was built in the fourteenth century, when the Armenians, not wanting to fall into slavery to the Mongols, fled to the peninsula.

In the 17th century, Surb-Khach became a center of pilgrimage for all Armenians of the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. During the reign of the Soviets, there was a pioneer camp and a hospital here. And only on the eve of our century the monastery returned to the bosom of the Armenian Church and continued its original mission.

To the south of Surb-Khach, the ruins of another Christian monastery, Surb-Stepanos, have survived to this day. According to scientists, it is even older and at one time was even larger. But the natural vibrations of the earth and mountain landslides had a devastating effect on this stronghold of Christianity.

Legacy of the era of Russification

The sights of the Old Crimea of ​​the Russification era have a literary basis. The most popular of them is Green's trail. The road along which the writer liked to walk on the way to Koktebel. Also famous among tourists is the house-museum. Green, opened in 1960 thanks to the efforts of his wife.

There is also a house-museum of K. Paustovsky, a writer and a great admirer of Green's work.

You can visit the Literary and Art Museum, whose activities are dedicated to famous people whose life and work had a connection with the city. And there were many of them - the poets A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, M. Voloshin, the famous surgeon N. Amosov and many others.

Among the natural attractions of the Old Crimea, one can single out the unique source of St. Panteleimon.

Church above the source of St. Panteleimon

about his miraculous healing power known as far back as four centuries BC. In Soviet times, they tried to liquidate it by covering it with sand. But thanks to the efforts of the Old Believer K. Tokareva, the spring has not dried up, and today many, having taken a bath in its waters, feel significant relief and a surge of strength.

Kotyuk Petr Maksimovich

Kyrym, Solkhat, Levkopol

1000 people/km²

Story

Main article: History of the Old Crimea

Within the city in different places Neolithic settlements were discovered, which received the eponymous names Stary Krym, Bakatash, Izyumovka in 1930; Stary Krym I, II in 1975 and 2004 In the center of the city, during earthworks, antique ceramics of the 4th century BC were discovered. BC e. - III c.n. e. These layers are covered with layers medieval city and partly destroyed. Honorary inscription 222 AD e. in ancient Greek, found in 1895 in the Old Crimea, is evidence of a much older city than is commonly believed.

But the emergence of the city is traditionally attributed to the XIII century, when, after the Mongol conquest, the steppe Crimea became part of the Golden Horde. Soon after the final establishment of Horde power in the eastern part of the peninsula, the city of Kyrym was founded, which became administrative center Crimean Yurt and the residence of the Emir of Crimea. During the reign of the Golden Horde, the city had two names at the same time.

The Horde and the Kipchaks, who constituted the bulk of the population of the Crimean steppe, called the city Kyrym, and the Italians (mostly Genoese), who owned the southern coast of Crimea and conducted active trade in the region, called it Solkhat - Solcati. There is a lot of controversy regarding the origin of both names, but the following versions seem to be the most reasonable. Kyrym - Western Kipchak qIrIm- "my hill" ( qIr- hill, hill -Im- affix belonging to the I person singular). Solkhat - from Italian solcata- furrow, ditch. Some historians suggest that the city was divided into two parts: Muslim, in which the emir's residence was located, and Christian, in which Italian merchants lived, and these two parts were called Kyrym and Solkhat, respectively.

The name of the city - Kyrym - soon spread to the entire peninsula, which before that was usually called Gazaria or Taurica.

Attractions

The main sights of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. Well preserved to this day, now operating, the mosque of Khan Uzbek. Nearby are the ruins of the Baibars Mosque, which is considered the most ancient mosque in Crimea. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque. 5 kilometers southwest of Stary Krym is the 14th-century Armenian monastery of Surb Khach (Holy Cross). Today it is a functioning monastery of the Armenian Apostolic Church. In the same place, a little higher along the tract, there are the ruins of another Armenian monastery - Surb Stefanos.

On the territory of the Literary Museum is Catherine's mile, one of the five preserved in the Crimea.

To the south of the city is the source of the Holy Great Martyr Panteleimon the Healer with the chapel of the same name. The chapel was rebuilt in 2001 on the site of the one that burned down in 1949.

At the end of Partizanskaya Street, the "Green's Road" begins, which is very popular among tourists. In 1931, Alexander Grin walked along it to Koktebel to visit Voloshin. Many famous people traveled along this road: Voloshin, the Tsvetaeva sisters, Efron, Zabolotskaya ...

On Mount Agharmysh there are karst caves, in the Monastyrskaya beam - waterfalls.

In the city are:

• house-museum of Alexander Grin - literary and memorial museum of the writer;
• house-museum of Konstantin Paustovsky;
• an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people;
• literary and art museum;
• museum exposition in the monastery of Surb-Khach - dedicated to the history of the monastery;
• museum of the old Crimean sanatorium;
• museum of school-gymnasium No. 1

Nature

• In the north-west of the city there is the Agharmysh mountain range (722.5 m above sea level);
• In the south, the Tuar-Alan ridge ( highest point 748.2 m above sea level);
• In the east, the Kara-Oba mound (333.9 m above sea level).

Enterprises

• "BytService"
• Starokrymsky concrete goods plant
• MP "BIOCENTER"
• Starokrymsky bakery
• Starokrymskaya garment factory
• OAO STAROKRYMSKY QUARRYER
• Starokrymsky GLOH (lesokhokhoz)
• Starokrymskaya food flavoring factory
• Starokrymsky sports and technical club OSOU (DOSAAF)

Photo gallery

Persons associated with the city

In art

Filmography of Stary Krym

• Film "Night Witches in the Sky" Director: Evgenia Zhigulenko. Released: 1981

• The film "9th company". Directed by F. Bondarchuk. Release year: 2005
  • Scenes related to the protection of the "high-rise building" were filmed in 2004 on Mount Bald Agarmysh

• Film "Inhabited Island". Directed by F. Bondarchuk. Release year: 2008
  • Some of the scenes were filmed on Mount Bald Agarmysh and on Mount Sary-Kaya.

• The series “Death to spies. Crimea" Directed by Anna Gres. Release year: 2008
  • Old Crimea "played" the role of the resort village of Koktebel, where nature half a century ago could not be found.

honorary citizens

• Altunin, Alexander Terentyevich (07/19/1978) - Hero Soviet Union. Army General.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Dombrovsky O. I., Sidorenko V. A. Solkhat and Surb-Khach. Simferopol, 1978.
• Zabolotsky P. N. Essays on the prehistoric past of the Crimea. Traces of the Stone Age Southeast Crimea// Collection of articles on the economy, life and history of the Feodosia region. Issue. 1. Feodosia, 1931.
• Corpus of Bosporan Inscriptions (CBN). M. - L., 1965, No. 953.

Notes

Links

• Solkhat and Surb-Khach popular science essay. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012.
• Site dedicated to the Old Crimea. archived
• Armenians of medieval Surkhat and their churches. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012.

Settlements of the Kirovsky District
cities :	Old Crimea
town:	Kirovskoe
villages:	Apricot Aivazovskoye Babenkovo ​​Vasilkovoe Vidnoye Vladislavovka Revival Dobrolyubovka Dolinnoye Pearl of Crimea Zhuravki Golden Field

Hello friends!

The sea is the sea, but to visit the place, which was the center of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde, is definitely worth it, perhaps you will become witnessing the meeting of the descendants of Genghis Khan at the festival "Minarets of Solkhat" . If not, then the local flavor and National cuisine will still provide you with complete immersion in the atmosphere of that time.

Finding the city of Stary Krym on the map of Crimea is easy. It is located very close to the popular coastal resorts – , .

Stary Krym is located in the eastern part of the peninsula, in the direction of Simferopol-Feodosia.

From the north-western side, the city is closed by the Agarmysh mountains, in the south - by the mountain ranges of the Karasan-Oba mountains. The Churuk-Su River passes through Stary Krym, but more like a stream, it dries up completely in the summer.

The terrain is relatively calm; in the east, a plain stretches all the way to the sea.

How to get there

You can get faster along the highway through Belogorsk, then the distance will be 89 km. If you want to ride along the coast, then your path will run through Alushta and resort villages-, Malorechenskoye, and the city of Sudak. In total about 162 km.

1. You can get here directly from the usual regular bus. View the schedule and buy tickets here "Krymavtotrans ».
2. Shuttles also go from here, or as they are now commonly called Aeroexpresses Fly&Bus. Prices and schedule on their website .
3. You can also first get from the airport to the bus station "Kurortnaya" in Simferopol, from where flights to Stary Krym run every 20-30 minutes. From the airport to the bus station can be reached by bus number 49 or trolleybus number 17. It will take 20-30 minutes.
4. As an option, order or rent a car if you plan to travel around the Crimea. About how not to miss the choice of a car for rent, I.

About all the ways how to leave the Simferopol airport competently and cheaply in

Historical facts

Until the 13th century the city of Stary Krym is rarely mentioned in chronicles and on the map. Only after the conquest of the steppe Crimea by the Mongols and the formation of the Golden Horde, the town of Kyrym becomes an important object in this historical period of time.

This city is also known by another name - Solkhat . Historians are of the opinion that the multinational settlement that divided the city at that time into communities and quarters could call it differently.

Kyrym during the Golden Horde was a rich, beautiful city, a center of trade, and, as they say, the residence of the Crimean khans. Numerous merchants and travelers, stopping here, could not restrain their admiration for economic development and luxury.

Along with the Tatars, a lot of Armenians lived in the city of Solkhat, as evidenced by the numerous Armenian churches and four monasteries erected in the vicinity.

Since 1313, it has been recognized throughout the territory state religion is Islam , mosques, Muslim schools were built.

The city of Solkhat acquired a protective wall, a wonderful, well-fed and rich life was in full swing inside. Towers and fountains, coffee houses and bath complexes, buildings for noble and ordinary citizens - it was the heyday and best time for residents.

But everything is changing, further fate The city was also affected by the Turkish war, and the endless change of authorities and masters.

It is known that Catherine the Second stayed here, and Prince Potemkin made a lot of efforts to boost the economy and introduce new industries - sericulture, viticulture, and tobacco growing.

In Soviet times, already in the Old Crimea, sanatoriums, holiday cottages, and industrial establishments were built.

Today the city has population is about 9.5 thousand inhabitants . People honor and remember history, take care of sights, receive tourists, engage in agriculture and farming. It often hosts themed events, festivals and concerts.

What is Old Crimea famous for?

On the territory of the city and in its environs there are a lot of historical and architectural monuments. This place simply attracted famous people and important persons.

In 1787 the city was visited by Catherine II with all her retinue. By her arrival, a palace was erected on the site of the old Armenian church, as well as an oriental-style fountain with a gazebo for tea ceremonies.

Neither structure has survived to this day. The palace after the visit of the Empress was used as Orthodox church Dormition of the Mother of God.

There are graves in Stary Krym famous writers and poets: A. Green , Yu. Drunina, screenwriter and screenwriter - A. Kepler. The fate and stories of their lives associated with this city, and the peninsula as a whole, are very dramatic and heartfelt.

K. Paustovsky immensely loved Stary Krym, lived, worked and rested here since the 30s.

Here, in sanatorium "Stary Krym" an eminent physician surgeon and scientist - N. M. Amosov . A memorial plaque in his honor tells about the merits, work and life of the scientist.

Sights and recreation in Stary Krym

For tourists, an excursion program has been developed that tells about events, facts of famous people who once lived here, with visits to all the main objects.

First of all, in my opinion, it is necessary to honor the preserved ancient structures with your visit.

1. Mosque of Khan Uzbek . A high minaret, tombstones, inscriptions in Arabic, carved oriental patterns - all this in the very center of the city.
2. Baybars Mosque . Almost the ruins of a once great building. Despite this, excavations are still taking place there.
3. Armenian monastery Surb-Khach . The only surviving of the 4 temples, and restored in the 80s.
4. Spring and chapel of St. Panteleimon . Rebuilt in 2001, the chapel is still active today, services are being held here.

You can also visit the places of the once great buildings, but which have become ruins by our time: the ruins of the Caravanserai, the ruins of the Surb-Stepanos Monastery, the Catherine Fountain, the remains of the Kurshum-Jami mosque .

Museums and houses of great people

1. House-Museum of A. Green . It is also called a nature reserve. It is from here that the "Green's path" leads to Koktebel, along which he walked to his friend M. Voloshin. A. Green lived here until his death, a monument "Running on the Waves" was erected on his grave.
2. House-Museum of K. Paustovsky . The writer often visited here, was a fan of Green, and dedicated several works to him.

Very small and very provincial… Old Crimea. So history has ordered that this city has lost its former greatness over the centuries. Now it is one of the smallest cities in Crimea with a population of less than 10 thousand people, which is administratively subordinate to the village of Kirovskoe (Islyam-Terek). And there was a time when Stary Krym was a large medieval city and was even the capital of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde.

Stary Krym is located in the eastern part of the Crimean peninsula. A highway connecting Simferopol and Feodosia passes through it. If you follow this route, why not stop in the town and see the sights of Stary Krym, which are more than one hundred years old, moreover, it will take no more than two hours.

A few years ago, as part of a group of fifteen people, we rented a minibus and set off from Sevastopol to Stary Krym. Among us was a great connoisseur of history and a lover of traveling around the Crimea, who made our route, and also found a local guide who gave us a wonderful tour. In the Old Crimea, we visited - the Mosque of Khan Uzbek, the ruins of the Baibars mosque, the ruins of an ancient Christian church, the church and the chapel with the holy spring of Panteleimon the Healer, the city cemetery, where many famous people are buried, among which Alexander Green, not far from the Old Crimea - the Armenian monastery of Surb -Khach, the ruins of the Armenian monastery of St. Stephanos. It turned out to be such a religious tour, but we were more interested in history.

Stary Krym is located in a valley surrounded by mountain ranges of the inner ridge Crimean mountains: from the north - Agarmysh (725 m), from the south - more high ridge Karasan-Oba. Natural conditions have made this area attractive for human life. The fact that the valley has been inhabited since ancient times is evidenced by many archaeological finds. These are flint tools, clay shards and even cemeteries with stone tombs. Mounds left by Kemiobinsky, Taurus, Scythian tribes have been preserved around the city. Many traces of ancient settlements have been found, scattered over time, dating back to the 9th century BC. These settlements were not full-fledged cities, therefore, today it is generally accepted that Stary Krym as a city appeared only in the 13th century. Probably, the settlements were even called somehow, but the name of the medieval city, when it was called Kyrym and Solkhat, has come down to us. At least now, historians and archaeologists have come to the consensus that since the 13th century the city had these names, and at the same time. There are still disputes about their origin, the most reasonable version is that the name "Kyrym" comes from the Turkic word for "ditch", and "Solkhat" from the Italian "furrow, ditch", since the city was surrounded by a moat. It is possible that the Perekop ditch, which separates the peninsula from the mainland, was meant. The Turkic population - the local one, who inhabited the steppe Crimea and the newcomer Tatar-Mongols called the city "Kyrym", and the Genoese living in the Genoese colonies on south coast Crimea - "Solkhat".

In the first half of the 13th century, the Tatar-Mongols repeatedly raided the Crimean peninsula, and gradually began to settle here. As a result, by the middle of the century Crimea became one of the provinces (ulus) of the Golden Horde. The capital of the Crimean ulus, where the residence of the Golden Horde governor was located, appeared on the site of previously existing settlements in the immediate vicinity of the trading cities of the Genoese colonies of Kaffa (Feodosia) and Soldaya (Sudak). After some time, Kyrym (Solkhat) became a major trading center, rapidly growing and actively developing. The 14th century was a "golden era" for him. At this time, many mosques and other buildings were built in the city, some of which have survived to this day. One of them and the most preserved is the Mosque of Khan Uzbek, which became the first point of our excursion route through the Old Crimea.

The mosque of Khan Uzbek was built in 1314 in the first years of the reign of Uzbek Khan of the Golden Horde, during which Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde. Now the mosque is active, you can look inside. The inner space of the mosque is divided by two rows of faceted columns. Opposite the entrance is a mihrab - a niche facing Mecca. This is the only colorful detail in the interior decoration.

The carved pattern of the mihrab has been preserved. It echoes the stone lace of the entrance portal.

On two sides of the mihrab, there were originally windows laid down after the madrasah, a Muslim educational institution, built right next to the mosque, presumably in 1333. Although, some researchers believe that this building is a tekie - a Muslim monastery.

Now the structure of the madrasah is very destroyed, but even from the surviving ruins, you can see what this building was like: square in plan with an internal open courtyard, around which there were cells - small rooms with narrow windows like loopholes. Each of them was covered with an arched vault. Galleries stretched along the cells - sheds on stone supports.

The land of Stary Krym is interesting for research. Already in 1925-26. an archaeological expedition worked here, the object of study of which was a madrasah. Archaeologists are also working on its territory now. The excavation site was covered with a special structure.

Not far from the mosque of Khan Uzbek are the ruins of the Baibars mosque. To date, there is no complete certainty that these are the ruins of a mosque built in 1287-88. on the money of the Sultan of Egypt, Baybars I. However, it is believed that this is so. Why did Baybars send 2,000 dinars to build a mosque in the Golden Horde province before it converted to Islam? According to one version, by origin he was a Polovtsy (Kipchak) and a native of the Crimean steppes. Only the size of the mosque can be judged from the surviving ruins, and there is not a trace left of the former luxurious marble cladding.

Also near the mosque of Khan Uzbek are the ruins of a Christian church. On the wall of the church there is a plaque dating back to the times of the USSR, which indicates the period of construction of the temple in the 10th-12th centuries.

To date, it is not known exactly when the church was built (the time range of the X-XIV centuries is allowed), as well as its national identity. It is believed that the church was either Greek or Armenian. The temple bears the name of John the Baptist, during the days of celebration and veneration of which services are held near the ancient walls of the church right under open sky.

For its venerable age, the building is well preserved. In one of the walls, two arched windows protrude directly from the ground. This suggests that over a thousand (or so) years, the ground level has risen greatly.

The ruins of the church are overgrown with ivy. If you do not notice the houses standing nearby, then you get a very atmospheric place.

A hundred meters from the ruins of the Church of John the Baptist, the Church of the Holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon was built not so long ago.

From an architectural point of view, the building of the temple is not of particular interest. IN historical plan Same. What can not be said about the chapel of the same name, located on the slope of the mountain south of the city.

The first chapel of Panteleimon the Healer was built near the holy spring in 1893. The place where the source is located is considered a “place of power”, and the source itself, either due to the chemical composition of the water, or due to the energy component, has healing properties. At least some healings are attributed to him (which I sincerely believe). The current chapel of St. Panteleimon was built in 2001, and is already the third (the first two burned down in 1904 and 1949).

The last point of our tour of the Old Crimea was the city cemetery. What could be interesting in a small cemetery provincial town? Strange as it may seem, famous and even famous people found peace there. famous people. First of all, Alexander Green, whose grave is visited by admirers of his talent.

In 1930, Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (Grin) and his wife Nina Nikolaevna moved to Stary Krym, where they bought a small house, which is now the A. Grin House Museum. Prior to that, they lived in Feodosia for several years, but were forced to move to a cheaper place to live. The family was in great need, since Green's works were no longer published due to inconsistencies with Soviet ideology. Alexander Grin was seriously ill and died on July 8, 1932. Initially, there was an unremarkable monument on his grave, and in 1980 another one was erected with a touching sculpture “Running on the Waves”.

During our visit, on the grave of Green lay a notebook sheet of paper, pressed down with a pebble, with a message of thanks to the writer.

“The whole earth, with everything that is on it, is given to us for life, for the recognition of this life wherever it is.”

Thank you! Thank you! For magic and dreams!

She is from Sevastopol.

Other famous people are buried at the Starokrymsky cemetery: film writer Alexei Kapler, together with his wife, poetess Yulia Drunina, who bequeathed to bury themselves here; science fiction writer and engineer-inventor Vadim Okhotnikov; poet and translator Grigory Petnikov.

How to get there:

The square of the Old Crimea is small - all the sights are within walking distance.

Mosque of Khan Uzbek - st. Khalturin.

The ruins of the Baibars mosque - st. Krasnoarmeyskaya.

The ruins of the Church of St. John the Baptist - st. Osipenko.

Church of the Holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon - st. Kalinin.

Chapel of the Holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon and the holy spring - the southern outskirts of the city from the street. Green on a dirt road.

City cemetery - st. Chapaev.

From Stary Krym we went to.

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