What cars are made in Japan. The most famous manufacturers of Japanese electronics.

Page 1

1. Metallurgy suffered for Lately strong changes. Instead of many obsolete factories, powerful plants equipped with the latest technology. Lacking its own raw material base, Japan focuses on the import of iron ore and coking coal. Malaysia and Canada have been and remain major suppliers of iron ore. The main suppliers of coal are the USA, Australia; to a lesser extent, India and Canada. Japan is the world's second largest producer of refined copper, after the United States. Deposits of polymetallic ores form the basis for the development of zinc and lead production.

2. Japan's energy industry focuses mainly on imported raw materials (mainly oil and oil products). Import of oil is more than 200 million tons (own production of 0.5 million tons in 2007). The share of coal in consumption is decreasing, the share of natural gas in consumption is growing (it is imported in a reduced form). The role of hydropower and nuclear energy is growing. Japan has a powerful electric power industry. Over 60% of the capacity falls on thermal power plants (the largest of 4 million kW). A nuclear power plant has been under construction since the mid-1960s. Currently, more than 20 nuclear power plants operate on imported raw materials (more than 40 power units). They provide about 30% of electricity. The country has built the most powerful nuclear power plants in the world (including Fukushima - 10 power units).

3. Japan's shipbuilding is very diverse: the world's largest supertankers and other ships are leaving the stocks of the shipyards of Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Nagasaki and many other shipbuilding centers. Shipbuilding specializes in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The total tonnage of ships built in Japan is 40% of the world's tonnage. In shipbuilding, the country firmly ranks first in the world (2nd place - the Republic of Korea). Shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises are located throughout the country. The main centers are in major ports(Yokohama, Nagasaki).

4. The production of non-ferrous metals is material and energy intensive. They belong to the “environmentally dirty” industries, therefore, a significant reorganization of the industry has been carried out. In the last decade alone, the smelting of non-ferrous metals has decreased by 20 times. Converting plants are located in almost all major industrial centers.

5. Mechanical engineering in Japan includes many industries (shipbuilding, automotive, general engineering, instrumentation, radio electronics, aerospace industry). There are a number of large factories of heavy engineering, machine-tool building, production of equipment for the light and food industries. But the main industries were electronics, the radio industry and transport engineering.

* For the production of cars (13 million units per year) in last years Japan also ranks first in the world (industry production accounts for 20% Japanese exports). The most important centers of the industry are Toyota (Nagasaki region), Yokohama, Hiroshima.

* The main enterprises of general engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt: in the Tokyo region - complex machine tool building, industrial robots; in Osaka - metal-intensive equipment (near the centers of ferrous metallurgy); in the Nagoya region - machine tool building, production of equipment for other industries.

* Enterprises of the radio-electronic and electrical industry are oriented towards centers with a skilled workforce, with a well-developed transport system, with a developed scientific and technical base. In the early 90s, Japan accounted for over 60% of the production of industrial robots, ½ of CNC machines and pure ceramic products, from 60 to 90% of the production of certain types of microprocessors in the world. Japan maintains a leading position in the production of consumer electronics and electronic equipment. The share of the country in the world production of color TV sets (taking into account the production at foreign enterprises of Japanese companies is more than 60%, video recorders - 90%, etc.). The products of science-intensive industries account for about 15% of the total industrial production in Japan. And in general, for engineering products - about 40%.

* Enterprises of the oil refining and chemical industries gravitate towards the main centers of the Pacific industrial belt - in the Tokyo agglomeration of the Alan industrial belt. In the Tokyo agglomeration (Kawasaki, Chiba, Yokohama), in the Osaka and Nagoya regions, enterprises use imported raw materials. In terms of the level of development of the chemical industry, Japan occupies one of the first places in the world.

Japan is one of the most unique countries peace. After the failure in the Second World War, she literally rose from the ashes, like a Phoenix bird.

First, consider geographical position countries. Japan is located on four islands A: Shikoku, Honshu, Koshu, Hokkaido and numerous small islands. The population is approximately 122.2 million, which is the most interesting 99% of the population are native Japanese. The revolution of 1866-1896, also known as the Meiji Restoration, played an important role in the development of the country's economy and industry. The bourgeois reforms carried out became the basis for the development of capitalism.

According to the constitution of 1889, Japan was proclaimed a monarchy headed by an emperor. However, legislative power was divided between the emperor and parliament. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Japan entered the stage of monopoly capitalism - the militarization of Japan under the leadership of Emperor Hirohito. In 1940, Japan entered into military alliances directed against the USSR, Great Britain and the USA, with Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, and in 1941 entered into a second world war, which ended for her in defeat in September 1945.

Postwar Japan

After the end of the war, Japan faced a dilemma - to focus entirely on overcoming the then hyperinflation, or to direct all efforts to restore production, which had been badly damaged during the war. The government urgently needed to look for ways out of their crisis. The second path was chosen.

Japan adhered to the reform model, the main points of which were the following: providing cheap and targeted loans, state control over foreign economic and foreign exchange activities, pursuing a policy of protecting national capital in the banking and manufacturing sectors, protecting the agricultural sector (providing subsidies to agricultural workers) and, most importantly, was created its own model of state regulation of the economy, which was based on the interaction of the economic system of private business and the administrative apparatus. The results were not long in coming.

In less than ten years, Japanese industrial production has been restored by 80%. Japan moved away from a policy of strict financial regulation (competitiveness national currency and industry in the world spoke for itself). After the war, the country was forbidden to have armed forces, which allowed the government to concentrate on the agrarian issue (most of the land was given for ransom to peasants) and to focus on the development of science and new technologies. Such a sharp economic jump was called the "Japanese economic miracle."

Japan's modern economy

By the 1970s, Japan had become the second economic power in the capitalist world in terms of gross national product and industrial production. Today it is in second place after the United States in terms of economic development. Its GDP is about 4.5 trillion dollars. Moreover, the country ranks third in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of purchasing power parity. This is a country of private enterprise with low taxes: the total amount of taxes is lower than in other large Western countries, in 2007 it amounted to 26.4% of GDP.

The largest Japanese companies are Toyota Motor, NTTC DoKoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Nippon Steel, Tepko, Mitsubishi Estate, and Seven & Eye Holding. There are also the largest bank assets in terms of size, such as Japan Post Bank (assets of 3.2 trillion US dollars), Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (assets - 1.2 trillion US dollars), Mizuho Financial Group ( assets - 1.4 trillion dollars) and Financial Group "Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group" (assets - 1.3 trillion dollars). The Tokyo Stock Exchange (as of December 2006), with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion yen, is the second largest in the world.

However, economic growth stalled slightly in 1990 due to overinvestment and domestic policies aimed at eradicating excess speculative capital from the stock market as well as from the real estate market. And already in 2005, it began to recover: GDP growth for this year amounted to 2.8%, which exceeded the growth rates of countries European Union and the US this year.

Japanese industries

Now about the Japanese industry. She, like the economy, has passed thorny path. Until 1950, the industrial potential of the country was heavy industry, which was typical of the period of the country's militarization. With the ban on maintaining the armed forces, a course was taken for the development of high-tech industries with some containment of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries. 12% of world industrial production today falls on the share of this country. The development of the following industries is in full swing.

1) Ferrous metallurgy. It is mainly focused on imports. Currently, Japan provides 14-15% of the world's steel production. Nippon Seitetsu is the leader in metallurgy. Most of factories located on the islands of Shikoku and Honshu. Polymetallic ores, sulfuric and copper pyrites are found in almost all major islands- Shikoku, Honshu, Koshu and Hokkaido. But lead and aluminum have to be imported from Australia, Mexico and Canada. As well as iron ore (exported from India, Australia, Chile and South Africa) and coking coal (coming from Canada, USA and Australia). And such rare elements as thallium, cadmium, selenium, indium, germanium, tellurium and rhenium are obtained by recycling waste from coke production or polymetals and copper.

2) Nuclear power. On this moment There are 39 power units in the country. In nuclear energy, monopolies such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Sumitomo play an important role. Japan consumes 5% of the world's electricity production. In 2000, the country ranked third in electricity production (1012 billion kW) after the United States and China. Japan was one of the first to start using non-traditional energy sources. It is known that this country is famous for acting and extinct volcanoes, fumaroles and geysers (they are located on the island of Honshu). Already in the 1970s, the first geothermal power plant. By the early 1990s, millions of "solar houses" appeared in the country - they used solar radiation to heat residential complexes and heat water.

3) Mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering in Japan is one of the most developed in the world. The main centers of mechanical engineering are located in Tokyo, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, Nagasaki and in the northwest of Kyushu). The 1970s were the beginning of a boom in Japanese cars. Due to the "Oil Shock" (1973 gas price spike), buyers began to prefer small, fuel-efficient cars. Just on such cars, Japanese scientists are working on the domestic market of the country. Then they started talking about the "Japanese" stage in the global automotive industry. In 1980, Japan passed the 10 million milestone in car production, and in the late 1990s, the country took first place (and held it for 15 years) in the world in car production. Now the production of cars in Japan itself has declined due to the appreciation of the yen. However, Japanese car factories operate all over the world (in the USA and in Southeast Asia).

4) Light industry. It works on local chemical fiber, cotton and wool from Australia, South Africa and the USA. The Japanese are a nation that honors its centuries-old traditions, so do not be surprised that ceramic production occupies an important place, both a tribute to traditions and a very profitable enterprise (there are over 170 kaolin deposits in the country). The country is also rapidly developing woodworking, which, in terms of the number of enterprises, is second only to the textile and food and flavor industries. There are about 30,000 plywood and sawmills in Japan. Demand both in the domestic and foreign markets is enjoyed by products manufactured at specialized enterprises for the production of containers, national Japanese shoes - geta, umbrellas, dishes, fans, bamboo pipes, etc. Woodworking centers are located in Tokyo, Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama, Osaka, Okayama, Hiroshima and on the islands of Kyushu and Hokkaido.

Need help with your studies?