The history of the development of air transport. Balloons. New achievements of science and technology

Marina Gerasimova
Presentation "History of the development of air transport"

Target: the formation of children's ideas about air transport and the history of its development.

Tasks: develop logical thinking, speech, mindfulness, activate the vocabulary of children with the words airship, glider, etc.

Man has always envied birds and he really wanted to learn how to fly. In antiquity, all attempts by people to fly with artificial wings were unsuccessful. People have long noticed that not only smoke rises up, but also heated air. Two scientists made a Frenchman out of paper and canvas balloon, filled it with hot air, and the ball rose. But far on such a ball is not fly away: where the wind goes, the ball goes there. And people wanted to fly where they needed to. A hundred years later, controlled balloons - airships. They were filled with light gas, an engine with a propeller was installed in them. The engine gave the airship speed and allowed to keep the desired direction. The airship had an elongated, oval shape - this increased its speed. Armed with wings, people jumped from a height, they managed to soar in air. There were gliders. This aircraft with wings but no motor. However, they did not fly faster. air currents. Then came controlled airplanes. They were equipped with engines that ran on gasoline. These engines resembled automobiles. Airplanes could make long flights. People were convinced that planes could fly anytime, anywhere. Over time, man managed to fly around the Earth in a spaceship! The first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin.

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1. History of the development of air transport

1.1. Aircraft from antiquity to the present day

Balloons and airships

Hot air ballooning was colorfully described by Jules Verne in his fantastic stories. The balloon is more than 220 years old, it has a complex and dramatic history of development: a return at the end of the 20th century and intensive development for tourism, advertising, sports. Today, ballooning is a unique and profitable branch of the enterprise system and a unique method of attraction that attracts the attention of everyone without exception. Ballooning is an elite entertainment for wealthy tourists.

The first hot air balloon was designed and built in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers. It was a huge balloon filled with hot air. Jean-Francos was the first person to fly in a hot air balloon. This happened on October 15, 1783 and marked the beginning of the era of aeronautics. The design of the hot air balloon has changed little from its invention to the present. The balloon is almost always spherical or pear shaped.

In 1852, Henry Giffard installed a small steam engine in a balloon nacelle. This engine rotated the propeller, which allowed the direction of the airship to move at a speed of 8 km per hour against the wind. Only 46 years later, in 1898, Alberto Santos-Dumont, a wealthy Brazilian living in Paris, began experimenting with gasoline internal combustion engines to drive a propeller. balloons. On October 19, 1901, he lifted a cigar-shaped balloon into the air and made an 11-kilometer flight over Paris. At the beginning of the 20th century, balloons began to be used for scientific purposes in the study of the stratosphere, and in 1901 the first high-altitude ascent was made.

At the beginning of the century, in 1914, Hans Berliner made a balloon trip from Germany to the Urals.

The unguided balloons were reconstructed into airships that carried motors and propellers, complex control systems. In Germany, the airship industry successfully developed - huge airships were built and operated with a strong frame made of light alloys, covered with rubberized fabric, and a gas-filled multi-sectional hull. Most capital ship had a cigar shape 245 m in length and 41 m in diameter, it could carry 50 passengers with a crew of 60 people. in a trailed gondola or a load of 215 tons.

Airships were also used for military purposes. During World War I and World War II, airships and balloons of various designs were used in combat operations for observation and reconnaissance, hunting for submarines, and for setting up anti-aircraft barriers. Formally, the last airship was decommissioned in the United States only in 1962. In the era of intensive development of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th century, balloons began to be actively used for travel, tourism and sports competitions.

Initially, the design of an aircraft was created - a glider glider - aerodynamically perfect, capable, using the lifting force of air currents, to soar silently for hours in airspace. The pioneer of gliding was the German Otto Lilienthal (1848-96). John Montgomery (USA) around the same years built a glider and lowered it from a balloon. Somewhat later, in 1896, Octave Chanute, an American inventor, built an easily and steadily controlled glider. Inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1902 improved the airframe by adjusting the elements of the wing and tail. In the general case, the glider took on the form of an aircraft familiar to us today.

Beginning in 1935, gliders equipped with scientific instruments were widely used for air navigation and meteorological purposes. Gliders were used during World War II to deliver small reconnaissance groups and troops.

In the post-war period, very aerodynamically perfect forms of the fuselage for gliders were developed.

Parachute

Parachute - a device made of durable fabric that opens in the air like an umbrella and is used to slow down the descent of an object or person to the ground from a height in the air. Initially - a parachute was invented to ensure rescue from a damaged aircraft or aircraft and has been used for these purposes to this day, with the exception of civil aviation for the purposes of passenger traffic.

The parachute was invented simultaneously with the balloon, but independently of this design (and in exact translation from French means "preventing falling"). There is evidence that in 1306 in China, acrobats used umbrellas to jump from a height. The first demonstration of a parachute was carried out in France in 1783. Someone Louis Sebastian Lenormand publicly jumped from a tree with two beach umbrellas. The Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin was the first professional skydiver, he made many parachute jumps, including one from a height of 2400 m in England in 1802.

Parachuting ("parachuting") or "skydiving" has become a popular sport of parafoils, international competitions have been held since 1950. The Parachuting Federation was created. Military personnel, youth and even the disabled actively participate. The parachute is used for landing groups of tourists in hard-to-reach areas, for example, at the North Pole, as well as rescuers. Skydiving is a common sport and pastime. Jumping young and old.

Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.

Helicopter

A helicopter is a unique aircraft that can take off and land vertically on a small platform, hover in the air, carry out horizontal controlled flight, including in different directions - forward, backward, sideways, make turns and other aerobatics.

Unlike a conventional aircraft, a helicopter does not have wings. The lifting force is created by a propeller with an adjustable blade angle located horizontally above the cabin.

The helicopter is capable of carrying cargo or passengers. Passenger helicopters are divided into three categories according to passenger capacity: the first one is from 2 to 5 passengers; the second from 5 to 12 passengers. For these categories, small single-engine helicopters are commonly used. The third category of large vehicles is capable of carrying from 12 to 40 passengers and is used in commercial transportation.

The ingenious Leonardo da Vinci in 1438 created the preconditions for the design of a helicopter and developed a propeller capable of ascending and descending vertically, but it became available only much later to put his idea into practice.

The first prototype of a modern helicopter was built by the French Launoy and Bienvenu in 1784 (i.e., much earlier than airplanes and gliders). In 1843, the Englishman D. Kayley built a steam helicopter, but the design was too bulky and heavy and could rise from the ground by a meter. A helicopter capable of rising into the air and hanging for several minutes above the ground was built by the Frenchman Paul Korn only in 1907, however, no methods of controlling the machine in flight were created and during the tests the apparatus was tied to the ground with ropes. In 1916, the Austrians created a more successful design of the device, which rose in unmanned mode to a 200-meter height and stayed in the air for one hour, but the device was still tied to the ground with cables.

In 1931, the idea of a tiltrotor was implemented, i.e. aircraft with motors that could turn from horizontal to vertical and provide practically vertical landing and takeoff. Currently, such aircraft are widely used in military aviation. The development of helicopter designs was carried out quite intensively in different countries, but only by 1938 was it possible to create a helicopter that reached an altitude of 3000 m and completed more than an hour of manned flight. Active in various countries helicopter construction began to develop only after the Second World War. In the USSR, several successful designs of helicopters were created, including the most powerful one - the MI-26, capable of lifting up to 40 tons of cargo.

Today, helicopters are highly reliable, can stay in the air for a long time, and be used in difficult weather conditions. The speed of the helicopter reaches 200-220 km per hour, the flight range is limited by the capacity of the fuel tanks. By helicopter in 1982 committed trip around the world, which took 29 days and 3 hours. The average flight speed was 55 km/h.

Soaring high, high, like a bird, a person wanted for a long time. Flying with measured wings flapping... A strange idea, however, but...
... it was she who haunted man for thousands of years! Otherwise, where would the legends about flying people come from?

The most famous of them is about the Greek master Daedalus and his son Icarus, who flew with the help of wings made of bird feathers and fastened with wax from the island of Crete to Sicily. Unfortunately, Icarus, the first "pilot", turned out to be the first air hooligan in the world: he did not obey his father, he rose too close to the sun, which melted the wax and ... The result, I think, is not worth reminding.

Many, many years have passed since then, a person “learned” to fly in a way that birds never dreamed of: he climbed sky-high heights, jumped over hypersound, made a non-stop round-the-world flight ... But the dream of flying with the help of bird-like wings does not leave him …

^ Balloons and airships

Hot air ballooning was colorfully described by Jules Verne in his fantastic stories. Many of his proposals have come true, entered our lives and turned into everyday reality. The balloon is more than 220 years old, it has a complex and dramatic history of development: a return at the end of the 20th century and intensive development for tourism, advertising, sports. Today, ballooning is a unique and profitable branch of the enterprise system and a unique method of attraction that attracts the attention of everyone without exception. Ballooning is an elite entertainment for wealthy tourists.

^ Balloons.

The first balloon was invented and built in 1783 by the Montgolfier brothers from the town of Anna in France. It was a huge balloon filled with hot air. This balloon, in the presence of King Louis XVI and members of his family, successfully rose into the air to a height of 1.8 km. To begin with, a duck, a rooster and a sheep were put in the gondola as passengers. Jean-Francos was the first person to fly in a hot air balloon. This happened on October 15, 1783 and marked the beginning of the era of aeronautics.

The design of the hot air balloon has changed little from its invention to the present. The balloon is almost always spherical or pear shaped. The shell of the balloon is a huge fabric bag covered with rubber, providing elasticity and tightness. Until the middle of the 19th century, balloons were not controllable. Having risen in the air, the balloon simply drifted with the wind. Hot air cooled, seeped through the shell, the ball lost height. The flight altitude was controlled by dumping the ballast (sandbags) loaded into the gondola before the start of the flight or by releasing air through the valve. Attempts were made to arrange adjustable sails, but this did not bring success.

In 1852, Henry Giffard installed a small steam engine in a balloon nacelle. This engine rotated the propeller, which allowed the direction of the airship to move at a speed of 8 km per hour against the wind. However, the steam engine was too heavy and clumsy for a balloon. Only 46 years later, in 1898, Alberto Santos-Dumont, a wealthy Brazilian living in Paris, began experimenting with gasoline internal combustion engines to drive the propeller of balloons. On October 19, 1901, he lifted a cigar-shaped balloon into the air and made an 11-kilometer flight over Paris. For this hour and a half flight, Santos-Dumont received a prize of 125,000 francs.

During the Franco-Prussian conflict in 1870-71. 65 balloons were used to transfer passengers and cargo from besieged Paris. In 1875, attempts were made to cross the English Channel in a balloon. However, this event was a dubious success. The pilots were forced to throw out of the gondola all equipment, equipment and even clothing. At the beginning of the 20th century, balloons began to be used for scientific purposes in the study of the stratosphere, and in 1901 the first high-altitude ascent was made.

In the 30s, several high-altitude climbs followed to achieve records. The record height was reached at 31 km. From a height of 12 km, several long parachute jumps were made from a balloon. At the beginning of the century, in 1914, Hans Berliner traveled by balloon from Germany to the Urals.

Airships.

Unguided balloons were reconstructed into airships that carried motors and propellers, complex control systems. In Germany, the airship industry successfully developed - huge airships were built and operated with a strong frame made of light alloys, covered with rubberized fabric, gas-filled multi-section body, Ferdinand Zeppellin became a brilliant designer of airships. He began his work in 1871 and became the founder of a whole trend in aeronautics. The airships he designed bore his name and were called jepellins. Airships flew at speeds up to 130 km per hour. The largest ship was cigar-shaped, 245 m long and 41 m in diameter, it could carry 50 passengers with a crew of 60 people. in a trailed gondola or a load of 215 tons.

In 1910, Zeppellin opened a company that carried out commercial transportation of more than 14 thousand passengers within three years. These airships covered a distance of more than 61,000 km without accidents. In 1919, the airship crossed the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. In 1929, the Graf Zeppelin airship made an unprecedented flight around the Earth. An attempt was made to organize regular airship flights between Europe and America. Airship Hindenburg made ten scheduled commercial flights across the Atlantic. But the designs of the airships were imperfect, and one after another they suffered accidents. In 1937 Hindenburg exploded at an airfield in the United States, the accident killed 35 of the 97 passengers present on board. Suffered heavy accidents and many other large ships in Europe and the United States. The designer also died. One of the airships died while flying to the North Pole. After 1935, large airships were no longer built, although the idea of improving them and creating new designs still exists.

Airships were also used for military purposes. During World War I and World War II, airships and balloons of various designs were used in combat operations for observation and reconnaissance, hunting for submarines, and for setting up anti-aircraft barriers. Germany used airships to bombard London, but these heavy and clumsy airships were easy prey for British fighters. The Zeppelin factories worked throughout the war, and after it ended, a large airship for the United States was built on them. Formally, the last airship was withdrawn from service in the United States only in 1962.

In the era of intensive development of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th century, balloons began to be actively used for travel, tourism and sports competitions.

Since the late 1960s, the era of mass balloon travel has begun. New materials and designs of devices for generating hot air by means of powerful, easily controlled gas burners have been created. The balls became colorful, multi-colored. High flight safety was achieved, companies organizing balloon flights were created. A fundamentally new and accessible to the masses tourist product and attraction product has been created. Clubs of fans of balloons were organized, the number of fans began to number in the thousands in Europe, America, and Australia. The traditions of festivals and holidays were born. Balloon festivals in Switzerland attract up to 15,000 participants. Many arrive with their own balloons, each costing roughly the price of an average car.

Flights over mountain valleys, rivers and cities in good weather exceptionally attractive unique beauty and information content, originality of sensations, and many tourists use the services of travel companies that organize trips of this kind. Flights require proper permits, experienced pilots, weather conditions and a team to find and pick up the balloon after flying tens of kilometers.

With the development of ballooning, associations and clubs of aeronauts were created. One of the big clubs Albuquerque created in New Mexico in the USA in 1972. Procedures for certification of balls and equipment, pilot training schools and the procedure for issuing certificates for the right to fly have been developed. Methods of navigation, traffic on the ground are being developed, as well as issues of insurance, both for travelers and for the equipment itself, as well as damage that may be caused to third parties and their property.

Tourists are offered a flight in a club balloon, which is accompanied by an instructor and a pilot during the flight. At the same time, in good weather, up to 60 or more balloons can be raised. Tourist services are very diverse: flight booking, transfer and hotel accommodation, meals, transfer to the starting point, briefing, start, flight, in-flight champagne, photographing. The duration of the flight is usually from one to three hours (no more than twelve). Upon completion of the flight with a safe landing, a certificate of a participant in a balloon flight, memorable gifts, and medals are issued. Cost from 500 USD and above. In case of bad or non-flying weather, the start is canceled and the cost of travel is refunded to the client-customer, except for ground handling ( accommodation, meals). The types of travel are very different, including tourists are invited to make Honeymoon on the air balloon.

Balloon festivals and fiestas gather up to 10 thousand spectators and are considered important tourist events. Club Albuquerque carries out a broad program of promotion of its services on television, rational interaction with religious, national and local holidays. Huge amounts of money are being invested in popularizing hot air ballooning as a progressive and fashionable form of recreation and investment. Due to its natural attraction, the balloon is a good place to advertise products and is widely used for this purpose. Mass flights during important events and holidays are especially programmed.

^ Gliders, hang gliders, paragliders and paramotors

The idea of soaring in the air with the help of wings, imitating birds, has owned man since antiquity. Albatross, capable of soaring in the air for hours, moved in 1855. sailor Jean Mark La Bloom to create a model of an aircraft similar to a bird. The kite, the original design, was famous in China and is still a national pastime. However, it was only at the end of the 19th century that it was possible to create an air apparatus with wings capable of carrying a person and soaring in the air without a motor.

Initially, the design of an aircraft was created - a glider glider- aerodynamically perfect, capable, using the lifting force of air currents, silently soar gliding hours in the air. The pioneer of gliding was a German Otto Lilienthal ( 1848-96). He and his brother Gustav began working towards the creation of an aircraft in 1867 and built the first glider in 1891.

John Montgomery (USA) around the same years built a glider and lowered it from a balloon. Somewhat later in 1896. ^ Octave Chanute, American inventor, built an easily and steadily controllable glider. Its design turned out to be successful and for 2000 flights there was not a single accident. Inventors Orville And Wilbur Wright in 1902 the glider was improved by adjusting the wing and tail elements. In the general case, the glider took on the form of an aircraft familiar to us today.

Since the glider does not have a motor, in order to fly, the device must first be accelerated to a certain speed. The speed of the movement of the glider is different and depends on the air flow and the method of planning, but does not exceed 100 km per hour. This is done by towing it with a cable (approximately 60-300 m long) by another aircraft or from the ground by a car or a special tensioning device. When the proper forward speed is reached to provide lift, the cable disengages and the glider floats freely in the air.

In the post-war period, very aerodynamically perfect forms of the fuselage for gliders were developed. Single and double gliders are used for sports competitions and entertainment. The maximum flight distance is 700 km one way and 1000 km round trip. There is information about new flight range records up to 1450 km. Max Height flight reached about 14,000 m. Flying a glider requires certain flying skills, skills and pilot training (as well as obtaining a certificate). The maintenance and service of gliders, the organization of flights, the training of pilots is carried out in flying clubs.

Parachute

The parachute was invented simultaneously with the balloon, but independently of this design (and in exact translation from French means "preventing falling"). The principle of the parachute was proposed by many inventors, including Leonardo da Vinci. There is evidence that in 1306 in China, acrobats used umbrellas to jump from a height. The first demonstration of a parachute was carried out in France in 1783. Someone Louis Sebastian Lenormand publicly jumped from a tree with two beach umbrellas. Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin was the first professional skydiver, he made many parachute jumps, including one from a height of 2400 m in England in 1802.

The first successful parachute jump from an airplane was made by US Army Captain Albert Berry in 1912. By the end of World War I, parachutes became mandatory for pilots and aircraft crews. In World War II, parachutes were actively used for landing troops, supplying food and weapons to partisans, and dropping agents into enemy territory. Today, even heavy military equipment is dropped by parachute. We note once again that in civil aviation, when transporting passengers, parachutes are not used and are absent on board in principle.

The shape and design of the canopy of parachutes are different (round, triangular, sectional and others). Known designs of tapes, separate sections, with holes in the dome for the passage of air and others to give flight stability and transportation of heavy loads or braking aircraft during landing. It is important that the lines on which the parachutist is suspended, or the load, do not get tangled and allow their tension to control the descent. Among the many exercises there are also jumps for landing accuracy.

Parachuting parachuting or skydiving became a popular sport parafoils, International competitions have been held since 1950. The Federation of Parachuting has been established. Military personnel, youth and even the disabled actively participate. The most massive jumps are made from a height of 3000 m. Mass jumps of up to 500-1200 people at the same time are cultivated at air shows, holidays or military exercises. When jumping from high altitude you can open the parachute not immediately, but make a fairly long free flight. When jumping from a height of 5 km, free flight can last several minutes. A forced jump of pilots with a parachute from a height of 17 km was registered. A balloon jump was made from a height of 31 km. Developed management techniques free fall and techniques of aerial acrobatics in free flight, including in a group. Long tandem jumps are practiced. Usually beginners make a tandem jump from a height of 3500 m with an instructor on a controlled parachute with a round dome - the most popular and safe entertainment. There is a special type of jumping from a low altitude (for example, 800 m) with the forced opening of a parachute.

The parachute is used for landing groups of tourists in hard-to-reach areas, for example, at the North Pole, as well as rescuers. Skydiving is a common sport and pastime. Jumping young and old. The oldest skydiver made the jump at the age of 95. Women, although they live longer than men, behave more modestly in old age.

Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes. A double jump from a mountain slope from a height of 5 km is known. More primitive and accessible is the use of a parachute flight with towing behind a boat. A skydiver can tie a light motor on his back and then you get a paramotor. In the presence of powerful air currents on the laramotor, you can make an extended flight.

Skydiving is far from cheap entertainment. Jumping once without an instructor costs about 2000 tenge, equipment rental is another 1000 tenge, a jump in tandem with an instructor is 4000 rubles. Training, even the shortest, from 100 USD. Elite suit 150-300 USD and more, own parachute up to 5000 USD. Prices, of course, depend on the prestige of the company and have no limit.

hang glider

At the end of the 20th century, the hang glider was invented and quickly gained popularity. hang gliding. A light delta-shaped wing (10-15 m) made of durable fabric, stretched over a frame made of aluminum pipes, allows the pilot, suspended on cables under the wing, to make long flights in the air, using the lift force of ascending air currents. Changing the configuration of the wing and the position of the pilot's body allows you to adjust the direction of flight. Usually, a hang glider starts from a high mountain, acceleration from land or water is possible by towing by car or boat. Since 1974, the world championship in hang gliding has been held. The longest flight in a straight line on a hang glider is almost 500 km, this flight was made in 1994 by Larry Tudor (USA), for women this distance is somewhat less - about 335 km. On a hang glider, you can take to the air up to a height of 4.3 km.

A hang glider can carry two people and make a fairly long flight. These aircraft are actively used to entertain tourists on seaside resorts. In the city of Strelna near St. Petersburg, motorized hang-gliders in good weather entertain those who want thrills in winter and summer. At the water festival on the threshold in the village. Losevo (Leningrad region, Russia) motor hang gliders and water skis are used as an attraction for spectators who want to survey the water rapids and competitions from a height, shoot an amateur video or photographs.

Helicopter

Unlike a conventional aircraft, a helicopter does not have wings. The lifting force is created by a propeller with an adjustable blade angle located horizontally above the cabin. Rotating, the propeller creates lift, which ensures the movement of the machine in the air. Changing the angle of the rotor allows horizontal movement. To give stability, an additional propeller is used, placed on the tail of the fuselage, at a distance from the axis of rotation of the main screw and installed perpendicular to it. This propeller allows you to create a force that counteracts the rotation of the body in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the main screw. The same screw sets the direction of the horizontal flight course, i.e. it acts like a rudder. Both propellers are driven by a motor.

The first prototype of a modern helicopter was built by the French ^ Launoy And Bienvenu in 1784 (i.e., much earlier than airplanes and gliders). In 1843, the Englishman D. Kayley built a steam helicopter, but the design was too bulky and heavy and could rise from the ground by a meter. A helicopter capable of rising into the air and hanging for several minutes above the ground was built by the Frenchman Paul Korn only in 1907, however, no methods of controlling the machine in flight were created and during the tests the apparatus was tied to the ground with ropes. In 1916, the Austrians created a more successful design of the device, which rose in unmanned mode to a 200-meter height and stayed in the air for one hour, but the device was still tied to the ground with cables.

In 1931, the idea of a tiltrotor was realized, that is, an aircraft with motors that could turn from a horizontal to a vertical position and provide an almost vertical landing and takeoff. Currently, such aircraft are widely used in military aviation. The development of helicopter designs was carried out quite intensively in different countries, but only by 1938 was it possible to create a helicopter that reached an altitude of 3000 m and completed more than an hour of manned flight. Helicopter construction began to develop actively in various countries only after the Second World War. In the USSR, several successful designs of helicopters were created, including the most powerful one - the MI-26, capable of lifting up to 40 tons of cargo.

Today, helicopters are highly reliable, can stay in the air for a long time, and be used in difficult weather conditions. The speed of the helicopter reaches 200-220 km per hour, the flight range is limited by the capacity of the fuel tanks. By helicopter in 1982, a round-the-world trip was made, which took 29 days and 3 hours. The average flight speed was 55 km/h.

Intended use of the helicopter

The helicopter is a multipurpose machine. Due to its inherent advantageous design characteristics, such as: compactness, vertical take-off and landing, no need for special airfield sites, the possibility of prompt delivery of small consignments of cargo and people to hard-to-reach areas, high reliability - determines a wide scope for military and civilian purposes. The helicopter is effectively used in combat operations, patrolling, rescue operations on land and water, prompt delivery of medical personnel, sick and wounded to hospitals. The helicopter is widely used for photographing terrain and objects, filming at film studios, as an air taxi.

In the field of tourist transportation, the helicopter is widely used:

for the purposes of transfer from airports, transportation of persons VIP The organization of the transfer stage using a helicopter is highly efficient and comfortable enough, it allows you to avoid the need to use vehicles, traffic jams on the roads, and improve safety. This is especially pronounced when flying on supersonic liners. Is it worth it to use an exceptionally expensive supersonic aircraft to transport passengers and tourists to save two or three hours of flight time, to then stand in line at the immigration official, in line for luggage and get stuck in a traffic jam on the way to the hotel. That is why all ground handling operations land services passengers supersonic liners are organized on the principles of maximum minimization of the operation time or stages and a helicopter is used for transfer. In some tourist centers, helicopters are used as taxis. helybus;
when organizing sightseeing tourist excursions in tourist centers. A bird's-eye view gives a person a completely different and unusual idea of the appearance of architectural ensembles, centers of historical or ultra-modern urban development, palace and park buildings, and unique natural landscapes. In St. Petersburg, during the season, helicopter excursions over the city and its environs are regularly made from the Peter and Paul Fortress. Helicopter tours are organized over the Victoria Falls. During polar cruises in the Arctic and Antarctic, the ship always has a landing area and is equipped with a helicopter that carries out ice reconnaissance and sightseeing tours for tourists;
to organize the prompt delivery of tourists to remote and hard-to-reach objects of tourist display, in areas where there are no airfields and sites for small aviation. Usually this distance is 50-300 km from the tourist center. Less popular sport hely-ski- Helicopter transfer of skiers to unprepared mountain slopes, followed by a puzzling descent. This is the essence of this kind skiing X-trete;
to organize the search and rescue of tourists in case of accidents or natural disasters. On ice fishing in the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga more than 3,000 fishermen are rescued by helicopter every year.

^ Technical support of air transportation and a brief description of individual airports

The last decades of the XX century. characterized by a significant increase in air traffic worldwide. To a large extent, this is due to positive trends in the global economy, the expansion of trade relations, as well as the rapid development of tourism. However, the transport service for travelers on air liners has led to a number of problems associated with such reasons as:

Rejection of territories for the construction and equipment of airports;

Increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from spent fuel;

Noise pollution of the environment.

Therefore, issues related to technical support air transportation, are very relevant and involve two important directions in their solution: 1) improvement of the aircraft itself and 2) modernization of airports. Let's take a brief look at these areas.

^ Improvement of aviation technology

The greatest popularity in passenger transportation received modern aircraft, various modifications. The main reasons are, of course, and above all, high reliability (aircraft are in operation without accidents up to 25 years), carrying capacity (up to 100 tons of payload), passenger capacity (up to 560 people) and flight range with full load without refueling up to 12 thousand km. The latter is important when organizing transoceanic flights. Another criterion is criticality to the length of the runway (RWY). Aircraft have been created that can take off from a very short runway or even for vertical take-off and landing, but this applies to military equipment.

In the modern world, there are several large aircraft manufacturing enterprises that produce civil aircraft for air travel. The largest of these are the American company Boeing, the European consortium Airbus Industry and the Anglo-French consortium British Aerospace-Sud-Avia.

The Boeing company bears the name of the founder of this world-famous company, timber merchant Williams Boeing, who in 1916 built the first model of his aircraft, designed to carry mail. After the Second World War, the American company became the leader in the production of turbojet passenger aircraft, and its Boeing 707 model was unrivaled in the world. Currently, the company produces passenger liners of various modifications and models - B-737, B-747, B-757, B-767, B-777, which differ technical specifications, flight range and capacity (Table 1). All aircraft of the Boeing family are highly reliable, comfortable for passengers, comply with the environmental requirements of the International Organization ICAO, and also provide operators with maximum flexibility in their use.

The most popular of the presented models is the aircraft B-737 present in the fleet of most international carriers. Aircraft B-737 are equipped with comfortable seats, the backs of which, when trying to lean back, remain in place, and the seats themselves are pushed forward, which does not create any inconvenience to the passenger sitting behind. Personal video monitors, headphones, sockets for laptops can be installed in the aircraft cabin. Boeing 737s are equipped with an eight-channel audio system for in-flight entertainment offering passengers a wide range of music programs. Boeing-737s serve international medium-range flights and domestic trunk routes. Appendix A shows the interior layout of the B-737 aircraft.

^ Rice. 1 Boeing 737-700 and 800 Rice. 2 Boeing 737-800 in Astana

Liner B-747, being one of the largest aircraft in the world, serves as a personal vehicle for the President of the United States.

Air liners B-757 is the result of the most advanced technological solutions that provide maximum fuel efficiency, low noise levels, increased passenger comfort and the best performance. The aircraft is equipped with two powerful and reliable Rolls-Royce RB211 jet engines. Boeing 757-200 operate flights on long-range and medium-range international flights, as well as on domestic trunk routes

The rapid development of aviation technology and the need for high-speed transportation of especially valuable cargo, mail and passengers led to the fact that after the First World War, air transport began to take shape. Its subsequent development took place at an ever faster pace. In 1937, 4.1 million people were transported on world air routes.

Preparations for World War II and the rapid development of aviation technology during World War II influenced the civilian air fleet, which was rapidly improving. After the end of the war, air travel increased very rapidly.

In the 1950s, air transport overtook sea transport in the main ocean areas in terms of the number of passengers transported.

In the early 1970s, the total length of air routes reached 6,250,000 km. Accordingly, already at that time, the cargo turnover amounted to 30 billion thousand kilometers, and the number of passengers transported reached 560 million people.

The further development of air transport was also carried out at a rapid pace: by the end of the 90s, cargo turnover reached 293 billion thousand kilometers, including international traffic 189 billion thousand kilometers. The number of passengers increased to 2244 million, including 1252 million on international routes.

The development of aviation technology in the twentieth century was primarily embodied in the improvement of engines and the improvement of the design of aircraft. Lightweight and relatively whiter simple piston aircraft in the second half of the century began to be replaced by jets. From the 1960s, air cargo transportation began to grow especially rapidly and heavy cargo aircraft began to be actively put into operation. Around the same time, the increase in passenger traffic stimulated the creation of large-capacity aircraft.

Throughout the 20th century, and especially its second half, the speeds of machines and their flight range increased. IN last years the problem of fuel efficiency of aircraft was brought to the fore. Issues of environmental protection have become important.

By the beginning of the new century, world air transport approached with undoubted success: rapid development, more reliable technical means, improved quality of service, and increased speeds.

The turnover of world air transport is approaching 300 billion thousand kilometers, including two-thirds of international traffic.

The successful development of air transport, in general, in the world, was significantly damaged by the terrorist attacks in September 2001. A sharp drop in demand for air travel followed as a result of a lack of confidence in flight safety, increased risks, and therefore insurance costs. A number of the largest and very reputable airlines went bankrupt.

The strongest shock experienced by the world air transport, the losses associated with this, were an incentive for revising the business strategy of many aviation companies. The competition has intensified. So-called air discounters have appeared, which seek to "deregulate" the aviation market.

Meanwhile, the current situation in Russian air transport was largely predetermined by the entire previous course of aviation development in the Soviet era.

In the Soviet Union, the development of civil aviation, which enjoyed large state financial and other support, was carried out at a fairly rapid pace. The planned development of air transport made it possible to take into account national interests, the needs of the population, including those in remote regions of the country, maintain a good level of security, monitor the development of technology, and so on. Judging by the main parameters, outwardly the situation in air transport was favorable.

In the USSR in 1945 the number of passengers transported by air was 0.6 million people, in 1955 -2.5 million people. A further increase was carried out at a faster pace. In 1965, 42.1 million people were transported. Accordingly, the passenger and cargo turnover of Soviet air transport increased.

The development of domestic air transport was immediately seriously hampered after the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent economic reforms. Among the economic reasons for the difficulties that Russian aviation faces in market conditions, a special place is occupied by the low solvency of potential domestic clients, which hinders real demand. Accordingly, the search for measures to solve the problem remains relevant.

Another difficulty in the development of air transport in the Russian Federation, which has become more acute in recent years, is the poor relationship between Russian carriers and the Russian aircraft industry. This is partly due to the unresolved issues of financing domestic aircraft factories, the lack of government guarantees for loans that should be issued against orders for the construction of aircraft. At the same time, the very mechanism of decision-making by Russian carriers Aeroflot, Transaero and others on the issues of placing orders for aircraft needs to be seriously revised. The role of the state must certainly be strengthened.

Passenger traffic in Russia also reached its peak in 1990, 91 million passengers, then began to fall very quickly, falling in 1995 to 32, and in 1999 to 22 million people. In 2000, 21.8 million people were transported. In 2001, their number increased to 25 million people, which gave rise to certain hopes of domestic companies.

This park is largely outdated and needs to be updated. In addition, at the end of 2001, the European Parliament ratified restrictions on flights over Europe of particularly noisy aircraft. New noise restrictions are fixed in the 16th paragraph III of Chapter III of the ICAO Regulations and came into effect on April 1, 2002. Noise restrictions can lead to loss of Russian markets 11 thousand flights and, accordingly, 3 million passengers. The events of 2001 in New York also affected Russian air transport. About 20 domestic companies stopped their work. In the future, the process of disappearance of small companies or their absorption by larger ones is expected to continue. The number of small companies has already decreased, however, it reaches 265. It is believed that their fate is sealed, since they do not have the funds to renew their fleet of cars. Leasing payments now amount to 8-10% per year of the cost of the aircraft plus a fixed part of the basic cost. In reality, for example, with the cost of a TU-254 of $15 million, one has to pay $2-2.5 million a year.

According to the Aton investment group, up to 80% of Russian airlines are now unprofitable. Even "Aeroflot" in 2001 suffered a loss of 4-5 million dollars, and as a result, its profitability was about zero. Analysts believe that if in 2002 Russian companies achieved a net margin of 3%, then this can be considered a very good result.

At the same time, official forecasts are full of optimism. Starting from 2001, a systematic increase in passenger traffic on domestic lines up to 40 billion passenger-kilometers and more, and on international lines up to 50 billion is predicted.

In the field of Russian air transport ground infrastructure, attempts are being made to increase revenue by raising airline fees while expanding the number of services for passengers. In general, following the example of Western airports, the course has been taken to turn airports into international transport hubs. At the same time, hopes are pinned on the organization of commercial transshipment points with convenient connections between flights.

The general prospects for Russian international air communications will still depend largely on the ability of domestic companies to adapt to the inevitable new, even more stringent requirements in developed countries West. Thus, in 2006, new international standards for airborne noise come into effect.

1. History of the development of air transport 1 Aircraft from antiquity to - page No. 1/2

1.1 Aircraft from antiquity to the present day

1.2 Technical support of air transportation

1.3. Brief description of individual airports in Russia

2. Servicing tourists by air

2.1 Legal basis for regulating the transport of tourists by air

2.2 General rules for the carriage of tourists and luggage

3. Air transportation in Russia

4. Interaction of tourist organizations with airlines

4.1. Transportation of tourists by charter flights

4.2. Services provided by airlines

4.3. International aviation organizations

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction
Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any means at hand to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and a little later, various types of engines, man began to develop means of transportation accordingly: wagons, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.

International tourism involves the movement of people from country to country. In studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Success in generating tourism markets and adequate transport infrastructure are one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry. Scientific and technological advances in the transport industry over the past decades have also played a significant role in this.

Tourism is completely dependent on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits in sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is constrained by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet world standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects in terms of building new airports, roads and railways require huge investments and time for their implementation.

Less than half of all international travel is by road, with the role of air transport growing every year.

In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the rail system for international travel (mainly within Europe) and 8% traveled by steamboats and ferries (e.g. between the UK and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists reached their destination by aircraft 1 .

According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular mode of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances;

Secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;

Thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on an aircraft, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the most rapidly and dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system 2 .

The purpose of this study is a general description of tourist air travel.

To achieve the goal in the course work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) consider the features of air transportation; 2) to study some aspects of servicing tourists by air; 3) consider interactions tourism organizations with the airline 4) study the legal framework for regulating the transportation of tourists by air.

To write this course work, such sources of literature were used as: Gulyaev V.G. Organization of tourism activities. - M.: KNOWLEDGE, 1996; Chudnovsky A.D., Zhukova M.A. tourism management: Textbook. - M. : Finance and statistics, 2003 .; Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: Transportation - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Gerda", 2001 .; Osipova O.Ya. transport services for tourists: Textbook. Allowance for students of higher education. educational Institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. and others.

History of air transport development

Aircraft from antiquity to the present day

Balloons and airships

In 1852, Henry Giffard installed a small steam engine in a balloon nacelle. This engine rotated the propeller, which allowed the direction of the airship to move at a speed of 8 km per hour against the wind. It wasn't until 46 years later, in 1898, that Alberto Santos-Dumont, a wealthy Brazilian living in Paris, began experimenting with gasoline internal combustion engines to drive the propeller of balloons. On October 19, 1901, he lifted a cigar-shaped balloon into the air and made an 11-kilometer flight over Paris. At the beginning of the 20th century, balloons began to be used for scientific purposes in the study of the stratosphere, and in 1901 the first high-altitude ascent was made.

At the beginning of the century, in 1914, Hans Berliner made a balloon trip from Germany to the Urals.

Airships were also used for military purposes. During World War I and World War II, airships and balloons of various designs were used in combat operations for observation and reconnaissance, hunting for submarines, and for setting up anti-aircraft barriers. Formally, the last airship was taken out of service in the United States only in 1962. In the era of intensive development of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th century, balloons began to be actively used for travel, tourism and sports competitions 1 .

Gliders

Initially, the design of an aircraft was created - a glider glider - aerodynamically perfect, capable, using the lifting force of air currents, to soar silently for hours in the airspace. The pioneer of gliding was the German Otto Lilienthal (1848-96). John Montgomery (USA) around the same years built a glider and lowered it from a balloon. Somewhat later, in 1896, Octave Chanute, an American inventor, built an easily and steadily controlled glider. Inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1902 improved the airframe by adjusting the elements of the wing and tail. In the general case, the glider took on the form of an aircraft familiar to us today.

In the post-war period, very aerodynamically perfect forms of the fuselage for gliders were developed.

Parachute

Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.

Helicopter

Unlike a conventional aircraft, a helicopter does not have wings. The lifting force is created by a propeller with an adjustable blade angle located horizontally above the cabin.

In 1931, the idea of a tiltrotor was implemented, i.e. an aircraft with motors that could turn from horizontal to vertical and provide almost vertical landing and takeoff. Currently, such aircraft are widely used in military aviation. The development of helicopter designs was carried out quite intensively in different countries, but only by 1938 was it possible to create a helicopter that reached an altitude of 3000 m and completed more than an hour of manned flight. Helicopter construction began to develop actively in various countries only after the Second World War. In the USSR, several successful designs of helicopters were created, including the most powerful one - the MI-26, capable of lifting up to 40 tons of cargo.

Today, helicopters are highly reliable, can stay in the air for a long time, and be used in difficult weather conditions. The speed of the helicopter reaches 200-220 km per hour, the flight range is limited by the capacity of the fuel tanks. By helicopter in 1982, a round-the-world trip was made, which took 29 days and 3 hours. The average flight speed was 55 km/h 1 .

Technical support of air transportation

Rejection of territories for the construction and equipment of airports;

Increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from spent fuel;

Noise pollution of the environment.

Therefore, issues related to the technical support of air transportation are very relevant and involve two important areas in their solution: 1) improving the aircraft itself and 2) modernizing airports. Let's take a brief look at these areas.

Improvement of aviation technology

The greatest popularity in passenger transportation received modern aircraft, various modifications. The main reasons are, of course, and, above all, high reliability, carrying capacity, passenger capacity and flight range with a full load without refueling up to 12 thousand km. Another criterion is criticality to the length of the runway (RWY).

The Boeing company bears the name of the founder of this world-famous company, timber merchant Williams Boeing, who in 1916 built the first model of his aircraft, designed to carry mail. Currently, the company produces passenger liners of various modifications and models - B-737, B-747, B-757, B-767, B-777, which differ in technical characteristics, flight range and capacity. All Boeing family vehicles are distinguished by high reliability, comfortable conditions for passengers, and comply with environmental requirements. The latest development of the Boeing family of aircraft - the B-777 is recognized as the safest and most technically equipped in the world - almost the entire flight can be performed by it in automatic mode. Models V-737, V-767 and V-777 are operated in Russia. In the near future, Boeing is not going to create a completely new type of airliner, as its policy in this regard is aimed at improving the existing B-747, B-767 and B-777 models.

The Airbus Industry consortium was established in July 1967 by a number of European firms with the support of the governments of France, England, Germany and Spain, who decided to put an end to the US monopoly on the aviation market. The first aircraft of this company A-300B took off in October 1972. The family of aircraft of the European consortium has high efficiency, low fuel consumption and atmospheric emissions, and is very convenient for cargo transportation.

Airbus Industry is currently developing the A-380 superliner. This aircraft will carry between 500 and 700 passengers on long haul routes and up to 1,000 people on short flights. The two-deck design of the machine is due to the fact that modern airports world cannot accept liners with a wingspan of more than 80 m, so increase the capacity passenger ships no other way is currently possible. On board the new aircraft will be small offices, business centers, sleeping compartments, places for entertainment - sports and games rooms, which are planned to be placed under the floor of the main deck. There will also be resting places for the crew, kitchen units, toilets. The superliner meets modern environmental performance, and, in addition, it is 20% more economical than its counterparts. Air France, Singapore Airlines and Dubai Emirate have already applied for the new Airbus A-380. In general, by 2016, Airbus Industry is going to renew more than half of the world's aircraft fleet with 16,000 new aircraft of various types.

Speaking of supersonic passenger aircraft, then these are the only Concord supersonic liners in the world, designed and built by the Anglo-French consortium British Aerospace-Sud-Avia in 1969. The speed of such an aircraft is 2 times higher than the speed of sound, which allows it to cross the Atlantic in 3 hours, capacity - 130 people. In total, 14 cars of this class were built, which belong to two airlines - British Airways and Air France. Until recently, they were operated mainly on transatlantic lines, as well as on some charter routes, and served mainly wealthy, wealthy customers. However, after the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in the United States, the demand for transportation for them fell sharply. In this regard, "British Airways" and "Air France" announced that since May 2003 all liners of the "Concord" family are decommissioned.

A business jet is a special aircraft with business-jet turbojet engines, equipped to carry VIPs - businessmen, statesmen, musicians, etc. More than 2,000 large jet liners business-jet type, including in Russia - more than 100. Abroad, American Senna aircraft, French - Falcom and British - BAe-125 are most often used for this purpose. In Russia, this is most often the Yak-40 with a cabin equipped for flying office (has such aircraft; for example, AvtoVAZ). Many modern Western businessmen use small military units for quick trips. supersonic aircraft purchased for this purpose for private use.

The ban on flights in the European space, due to the increased noise characteristics of obsolete domestic aircraft, is forcing national carriers to update their aircraft fleet. This problem can be solved in different ways: one way is the modernization of existing vehicles; another way is to buy foreign used aircraft; third - closer cooperation with Russian factories, which should and in principle can produce modern aircraft that meet world and European standards.

Modernization of old engines requires from 5 to 7 million US dollars or more (for a four-engine airliner), in connection with which many experts believe that it makes no sense to spend such money on old equipment. In this regard, many large Russian carriers are choosing to purchase foreign-made aircraft, such as Boeing and Airbus, but medium and small airlines are often unable to do this.

The third way, until recently, was largely complicated by the lack of a mechanism for the sale of aircraft. After all, one airliner costs several tens of millions of dollars (for example, the Tu-214 costs 25 - 26 million US dollars) - such money at a time can hardly be found even with major airline. Therefore, usually in world practice, aircraft are built and sold under leasing schemes or for a specific order. Leasing implies a gradual redemption of the liner after making an advance payment (according to some reports, up to 15% of its value). The remaining payments are made on a monthly basis, which is approximately 1% of the cost of the aircraft. At the same time, the plane is already flying and earning its own ransom. Governments around the world support aviation leasing with its guarantees 1 .

Unfortunately, all of the above latest generation aircraft (Tu-204, Tu-214, Tu-334) by 2006 may again cease to comply with noise standards due to the next tightening of the requirements of the standards that ICAO is going to introduce since 2006. However, domestic aircraft manufacturers are not yet ready to offer serial samples of new equipment that meet European standards, which is one of the main problems in the technical support of air transportation at the moment and in the near future 2 .

1.3. Brief description of individual airports in Russia
Sheremetyevo Airport is located 28 km northwest of Moscow and 11 km from the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD). Geographically and functionally, it is divided into 2 sectors - Sheremetyevo-1 and Sheremetyevo-2. The first terminal was put into operation in 1959, the second - in 1980, on the eve of XXII Olympic Games. The airport aerodrome is served by both operating terminals, it is able to receive all existing types of aircraft of domestic and foreign production. At the end of the summer of 2002, the airport received an international certificate that allows it to operate smoothly in weather conditions of any complexity. Sheremetyevo Airport became the second airport in the CIS, after Borispol in Kiev, and the first in Russia to receive the ICAO weather minimum category III, allowing aircraft to land at visibility from 0 m in height and only 200 m in range.

The total capacity of both terminals does not exceed 10 million passengers per year, which practically exhausts the capabilities of the airport. It is especially difficult in the summer, as well as on New Year's holidays, the Christmas holidays, when tens of thousands of Russians tend to fly abroad for vacations. The conditions of the airport no longer allow serving passengers in accordance with international requirements, therefore, in recent years, the flow of tourists from Europe to Asia began to move to Vienna, Frankfurt, Helsinki, although the most shortest way from Europe to Asia lies through Moscow. In this regard, the construction of the third terminal with a capacity of 8-10 million people a year has now begun at the airport. New terminal will serve flights of foreign airlines, as well as domestic and international flights of domestic carriers. It is expected to be commissioned in 2004.

Domodedovo Airport is located 22 km south of the Moscow Ring Road. It was built in 1964 as a base airport for long-haul flights to Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. In 1992, it received international status, and in 1996, its major reconstruction began. Currently, this airport is able to receive any type of domestic and foreign aircraft, moreover, it has no restrictions on takeoff and landing, as well as noise levels at night. This is the only airport in the Moscow aviation hub where two parallel runways can be used independently with a capacity of 20 and 60 aircraft/h in fair weather conditions and 7 and 12 in difficult weather conditions. The airport has a lot of reserved land, which allows it, if necessary, to build two more runways in addition to the two existing ones.

The airfield is equipped with main taxiways, a network of high-speed and connecting taxiways, an apron with 92 aircraft parking spaces.

The total area of the terminal is 63,000 sq. m, throughput - 2100 passengers / h in the Russian sector and 1100 passengers / h in the international. The air terminal has comfortable halls for passengers, equipped with the latest technology and interior design. They have 42 desks of the automated passenger check-in and baggage handling system, which practically eliminates queues.

The airport terminal has numerous shops, cafes, restaurants, there is a bank and post office. In the international zone, a Duty-Free shop and a bar are at the service of passengers. Embarkation and disembarkation of passengers is carried out with the help of telescopic and covered gangways, comfortable Neoplan buses.

The airport complex "Domodedovo" includes a completely reconstructed hotel complex "Domodedovo Airhotel", corresponding to the class "4 stars" according to European quality standards.

Domodedovo Airport ranks first in the country in terms of domestic and international air cargo transportation. Its cargo terminal has a throughput capacity of up to 1300 tons per day, the level of technical equipment meets the best international standards. In addition, Domodedovo Airport is one of the largest aircraft repair enterprises - its repair hangars can accommodate four Il-8b type aircraft at once.

The main airport in the northwestern region of Russia is Pulkovo Airport, opened for passenger traffic in July 1934. At present, the airport is connected with 65 cities in Russia and the CIS and with 48 cities in the far abroad. The geography of flights extends from North America to Japan and Thailand, from Kola Peninsula to Africa and India.

The airport aerodrome has two runways, a system of taxiways, three passenger and two cargo platforms. The airport has two terminal complexes Pulkovo-1 and Pulkovo-2. In 1998, Pulkovo Airport was recognized best airport Russia. According to the company's development plan, which was developed until 2015, it is planned to build the third Pulkovo-3 terminal, as well as the construction of a 300-room hotel with a business center.

Thus, it is possible to observe the development of air transport from its inception to the present day, considering the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprises in the world and modern airports in the Russian Federation. The contrast between ancient times and modern innovations makes it clear how actively the improvement of aviation has developed over many millennia. Air transport has evolved from “primitive” to more comfortable, which gives tourists more possibilities to travel in more comfortable conditions.

2. Servicing tourists by air

2.1 Legal basis for regulating the transport of tourists by air
Air transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage carried out by aviation enterprises on aircraft for a set fee, as well as by carrier ground vehicles 1 .

Domestic air transportation - air transportation in which the point of departure, the point of destination and all points of landing are located in the territory of one state.

International air transportation - air transportation, in which the point of departure and the point of destination are located: respectively on the territory of two states; on the territory of one state, if the landing point (points) on the territory of another state is provided 2 .

The regulation of air transportation is carried out in accordance with international law (if the transportation is international) or with national legislation (if the transportation is domestic). The main documents regulating international air transportation are international global and bilateral conventions.

One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw Convention "Agreement for the Unification of the Basic Rules for International Carriage by Air" dated October 12, 1929, as amended and supplemented in 1955 and 1975. Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention was developed in the amendments and amendments introduced by the Hague Protocol of 1955, Guatemala Protocol 1971 and the 1975 Montreal Protocol 3 .

November 4, 2003 The Montreal Convention came into force (concluded under the auspices of the ICAO in 1999), which abolished the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on payments to victims of a plane crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention introduced a two-tier liability system. By the time the Montreal Convention came into force, 31 states had signed: Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan.

Other important document international air law in the field of regular air traffic is the Chicago "Convention on International Civil Aviation" 1944. The Chicago Convention laid down a set of principles for conducting flights in world airspace, according to which each contracting state grants to other contracting states the following rights:

Fly over its territory without landing;

Land for non-commercial purposes (for refueling, crew change, technical purposes, etc.);

Unload passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;

To take on board passengers, mail and cargo with a destination in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;

To take on board passengers, mail, and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting state and the right to unload passengers, mail, and cargo arriving from any such territory 1 .

Later, these principles were extended by the right to transport passengers, mail and cargo between a partner under the Agreement and a third party in both directions through its territory or by an air route that does not pass over the territory of its country, as well as the right to transport passengers and cargo by internal lines another country party to the Agreement.

Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic, the “Agreement on International Air Transport” (Chicago, 1944) is also important; "Agreement on Transit on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Rome Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface (Rome, 1952); Tokyo "Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963), etc.

Each airline determines the rules for the transportation of people and goods independently. These rules must comply with the national legislation of the countries through which the travel route passes, and international bilateral and multilateral agreements. If they conflict with the national legislation of any state, then on the territory of this state they are valid only to the extent that they do not contradict the laws.

The tasks of state regulation are:

creation of conditions for the effective functioning of civil aviation (preservation and development of aviation infrastructure, maintenance of the state register of aircraft, improvement of procedures for licensing and certification of aviation equipment, works and services, certification of aviation personnel, etc.);
creation of conditions for fair competition in civil aviation;
development of the regulatory legal framework in the civil aviation industry;
improvement of the system of training and retraining of personnel, technical training aids, ensuring a high level of qualification of aviation personnel;
coordination of activities for the construction and operation of airports and airfields;
ensuring monitoring of the technical and operational condition of the aircraft fleet and ground services;
bringing activity aviation enterprises in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation 1 .

2.2 General rules for the carriage of tourists and luggage
Rules for the carriage of air passengers

Air transportation is carried out on the basis of the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of passengers, cargo or mail with the carrier.

A carrier is an operator that is licensed to carry passengers, baggage or mail by air 2 .

Under the contract for the carriage of passengers by air, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger of the aircraft to the point of destination, providing him with a seat on the aircraft operating the flight specified in the ticket, and in the case of air carriage by the passenger of baggage, also to deliver this baggage to the point of destination and issue it to the passenger or authorized to receive face luggage. The term of delivery of the passenger and baggage is determined by the rules of air transportation established by the carriers.

The passenger of an aircraft is obliged to pay for air carriage, and if he has baggage in excess of the free baggage allowance established by the carrier, the carriage of this baggage. Each contract of air carriage and its conditions are certified by transportation documents issued by the carrier or its agents. Shipping documents include:

passenger ticket (Passenger Ticket) - when transporting a passenger. It is a document certifying the conclusion of an agreement for the air carriage of a passenger and baggage and including a baggage check;

baggage receipt (Baggage Check) - a part of the ticket, which indicates the number of seats and the weight of the checked-in baggage and which is issued by the carrier as a receipt for the baggage checked in by the passenger;

paid baggage receipt (Excess Baggage Ticket) - a document confirming the payment for the carriage of baggage in excess of the free baggage allowance or items, the carriage of which is subject to mandatory payment, as well as the payment of fees for the declared value of baggage;

air waybill (Air Waybill) - a document confirming the contract between the shipper and the carrier for the carriage of goods along the carrier's routes. It is issued by the consignor or his authorized representative 1 .

Compliance with the terms of the contract for transportation is mandatory, regardless of whether it is regular or charter transportation. Should; it means that the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of a passenger implies rules. The departure time indicated in the timetable and ticket is not a binding condition of the contract and is not guaranteed by the carrier. In order to ensure the safety of the flight, the flight may be canceled, rescheduled or delayed. The reason for these changes may be bad conditions weather at airports of departure, arrival or stopping points, natural disasters, state violation runway and so on.

The Carrier reserves the right to change the aircraft, change the route of transportation and the points of landing specified in the schedule and ticket. This right of the carrier is also justified by ensuring the safety of passengers in the event of an aircraft breakdown or force majeure situations along the route.

In any of the cases listed above, the carrier, taking into account the legitimate interests of passengers, is obliged:

Warn them about schedule changes;

carry out transportation on another flight of yours or on a flight of another carrier;
arrange service for registered passengers at the airport or provide them with a hotel in the prescribed manner.

If the circumstances are such that the passenger is forced to refuse transportation due to a change in the schedule, then the carrier is obliged to return to him the amount of money for the failed transportation. The carrier has the right to refuse transportation to a passenger if his documents are incorrectly executed or not presented in full. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the availability, reliability and correctness of the execution of documents issued by state bodies depend only on the competence of these bodies and the citizen himself, and therefore all claims often made in such situations against the carrier by the passenger are unfounded. The carrier does not bear any responsibility for the execution of such documents.

The passenger has the right to interrupt the journey and make a stop at any intermediate airport, if it provides for landing. This stop is called "Stopover". After staying at the landing point for the necessary time, the traveler can continue transportation along this route. At the same time, he can immediately book a seat on a similar flight (if the exact date of the continuation of transportation is known) or request confirmation of a seat on this flight for the desired date.

An aircraft passenger has the right to:

Travel on preferential terms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the rules of air transportation established by the carrier;

Free baggage allowance (including things carried by the passenger) within the established norm depending on the type of aircraft (at least 10 kg per passenger);

Free (in case of international air transportation - in accordance with a reduced tariff) transportation of one child under the age of 2 years without providing him with a separate seat. Other children under the age of 2 years, as well as children aged 2 to 12 years are transported in accordance with a reduced fare with the provision of separate seats for them.

The passenger can return the ticket before departure with minimal costs in the following cases:

cancellation or delay of the flight indicated on the ticket;
the impossibility of providing a seat on the flight or the class of service specified in the ticket due to a booking error;
inability to land at the airport indicated on the ticket due to emergency situations;
changing the type of aircraft operating the flight;
illness of the passenger himself or a family member accompanying him on the aircraft;
incorrect execution of travel documents by the carrier;

Voluntary refusal is a refusal due to personal reasons of the passenger. In this case, the carrier has the right to withhold from the returned funds all the amounts due to him 1 .
Baggage rules

Baggage - personal belongings of a passenger carried on an aircraft by agreement with the carrier. All baggage carried by passengers on an aircraft must be checked in. Checked baggage - passenger's baggage, which is accepted by the carrier for transportation and for the safety of which he is responsible. For any checked baggage, the carrier issues a special numbered coupon - a baggage receipt and a tag. Baggage receipt - a document issued by the carrier solely for the identification of checked baggage. The detachable part of the ticket with the same number is pasted on the luggage unit (suitcase, bag, box, package).

Unchecked baggage ( hand luggage) - passenger's baggage, which is during transportation in the cabin of the aircraft with the consent of the carrier and without additional payment. In aviation, the weight and dimensions of baggage are limited depending on the type of aircraft and class of service.
Free luggage

The free baggage allowance is determined by the direction of departure and the flight service class. There are two systems of baggage allowances in the world - the weight system and the number of pieces system.

The weight system determines the norms for the weight of baggage allowed for free carriage by a passenger. The weight of free baggage allowance is regulated by the carrier depending on the type of aircraft, specific route and passenger service class (but not less than 10 kg).

The number of pieces system determines the number of pieces of baggage that a passenger can carry. This system is commonly used on transatlantic flights. According to its rules, passengers of all service classes have the right to carry two pieces of baggage weighing up to 32 kg each free of charge. If the weight of one piece exceeds 32 kg, an additional fee is charged for it, even if the second piece weighs less than 32 kg. In the sum of three dimensions, each seat must not exceed 158 cm for economy class passengers and 203 cm for first and business class passengers.

At check-in, the passenger is obliged to present for weighing all things, with the exception of items that he may need during boarding, disembarking or in flight (cloak, coat, umbrella, cane, briefcase, “diplomat”, handbag, folding wheelchair for the disabled , food, baby cradle in the presence of a child under 1 year old). These items can be carried in excess of the free baggage allowance if they are in the passenger's hands and not included in the baggage.

The passenger has the right to declare the value of checked baggage; at the same time, the amount of the declared value should not exceed its actual value. For declaring the value of baggage, a passenger is charged a fee, which is certified by a receipt of paid baggage.

After the baggage has been checked in, the carrier assumes responsibility for its safety and transportation. From this moment until the moment of issue at the airport of destination, the passenger does not have access to checked baggage (except in cases of its additional inspection by the relevant services).

As a rule, the baggage of first class, business class passengers, transfer passengers, as well as members of bonus programs is marked with distinctive tags and loaded onto the aircraft last, so that it is unloaded at the destination in the first place.

Paid baggage

If the weight of the passenger's items to be weighed exceeds the established free allowance, transportation excess baggage must be paid at the appropriate rate. This tariff for almost all airlines is 1% of the cost of a first class ticket for every extra kilogram. Payment is confirmed by the issuance to the passenger of a receipt for payment of excess baggage. The mass of one piece of such baggage must also not exceed 32 kg, and the number of pieces - no more than two. Baggage exceeding the specified norm and quantity is registered as cargo according to the rules of cargo transportation.

The carrier may also refuse to transport a passenger's belongings if their weight, size, contents do not comply with the established rules. The reason for the refusal may also be unsatisfactory packaging of baggage from the point of view of the air carrier, as well as the presence of fragile and perishable items and things in the baggage.
Items prohibited for carriage in baggage

It should be borne in mind that there are items and substances prohibited for air transportation as checked baggage or carry-on baggage:

Explosives, compressed gases, corrosives, oxidizing agents, radioactive materials, magnets, flammable materials, poisonous and irritating compounds, etc.

Items that are not allowed to be imported into, exported from or transported through its territory by the laws and other regulations of the state bodies of these countries.

Items unsuitable, according to the carrier, for transportation due to their weight, size and other properties (fragility, smell, etc.) 1 .

3.Air transportation in Russia
Recently, our country has received a great development of air tourist transportation, travel. Air routes connect about 3900 cities and wall points. The total length of air routes is more than a million kilometers. From almost all cities where there are airports, you can organize air routes for Russian tourists. More than 120 million passengers within the CIS countries and about 6 million abroad use domestic air transport services.

Being integral part world air transport, our air transport contributes to the development of political, economic and cultural ties between peoples and states. Aeroflot planes fly to 132 destinations in 103 countries. The total length of overhead lines in Russia is 1.5 ~ railways. km. Agreements on air services are concluded with 129 countries, flights on international airlines are carried out by I5 Russian airlines.

The Civil Aviation Council in our country was established on February 9, 1923. In 1930, a single state body was formed - the All-Union Association of Civil Air Fleet, since 1932 - Aeroflot. In 1964 the Ministry of Civil Aviation was established.

Today, Aeroflot is the largest Russian airline with the status of the national carrier, operating almost two-thirds of the volume international air transportation. Total international airports in Russia - 48.

In November 1970, the USSR became an equal member of the ICAQ (ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization.), And after the collapse of the USSR, Russia confirmed its membership in this international organization.

In 1991, the National Aviation Association of Russia was established. It includes enterprises of both manufacturers and operators. The objective of the association is to form in Russia a unified general aviation management system and registration of aircraft and airfields.

In order to pursue an active industrial and foreign economic policy, as well as to stimulate the development of the air transportation market, on May 18, 1995, the President of the Russian Federation issued a Decree on the creation of a financial and industrial association, the Russian Aviation Consortium. The main goal of creating such a consortium is to form a market for passenger and cargo air transportation based on domestically produced aircraft.

The Russian Aviation Consortium includes the following joint-stock companies:

Ulyanovsk aviation industrial complex "Aviastar",

Aviation Scientific and Technical Complex named after A. N. Tupolev,

- "Perm motors",

- "Aeroflot" - Russian international airlines,

Research and Production Center "Universal",

Promstoybank of Russia.

Aircraft developers, manufacturers, air carriers and financiers formed a single structural whole. The production program of the consortium was based on the developments of the oldest in Russia design bureau "Aviation Scientific and Technical Complex named after A. N. Tupolev". The production of the consortium's aircraft is carried out by JSC Aviastar, the largest and most modern aircraft manufacturing enterprise. The produced aircrafts are designed taking into account the colossal experience in the production and operation of aircraft equipment, accumulated in Russia and around the world. They are equipped with aircraft engines Russian production, which were developed by Aviadvigatel JSC and created by Perm Motors JSC.

Aeroflot is the largest buyer of the Russian Aviation Consortium's products.

According to the Department of Air Transport (DVT), today 411 airlines are registered in Russia, such as: Aeroflot, Vnukovo Airlines, Transaero, Pulkovo, Domodedovskoye, Ural Airlines, Siberia, Almaz-Sakha Airlines, etc. However, not much more than half of them are active in the air transportation market. A small number of Russian airlines operate on the international air transportation market. The leader of Russian aviation in the market international transport Aeroflot is currently a joint-stock company that provides 57% of the foreign exchange income from all international flights carried out in the country 1 .

In the past two years, the Russian aviation industry has seen a trend towards stabilization of the main indicators of production activity. In 2000, the passenger turnover of domestic airlines amounted to 53.5 billion pass/km (+0.1%), passenger traffic increased to 21.8 million people (+1.4%). At the same time, experts note that the growth of these indicators was mainly achieved due to the charter transportation sector, which is confirmed by the following data: the growth in passenger traffic on regular international airlines in 2000 amounted to 5.7% (5.5 million passengers), domestic airlines, it decreased to 12.2 million passengers (-8.8%); the charter segment turned out to be significantly smaller - 2.9 million passengers on international airlines and 1.2 million passengers on domestic airlines, but the increase amounted to 49.4% and 30.3%, respectively 2 .

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