Analysis of the external relations of the Japanese economy. Economy of Japan: the most complete and detailed analysis

(GDP of Japan), % to the same period of the previous year

Rice. 2(a). Japanese GDP structure

In 2007, Japan's GDP growth was 2%.

GDP in 2007 amounted to 4.272 trillion. dollars at purchasing power parity (33.5 thousand dollars per capita) or 4.384 trillion. dollars at the exchange rate.

The unemployment rate in Japan was 5.1% (01.10.2009).

Rice. 2(b). Japanese GDP structure

Japanese export structure: transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, electronics, electrical engineering, chemicals.

Japan's import structure: machinery and equipment, fuel, food, chemicals, raw materials.

The country's share in world exports is more than 1/10. Industrial goods account for 98% of exports. Share of Japan in world imports- about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.

Index of industrial production: in relation to 2005, the indicators of which are taken as the initial 100 points, the index of industrial production in April 2009 amounted to 74.3 points.

The main sectors of the national economy:

Services 63%

Industry 35%

Agriculture 2%

Rice. 3. Japanese import and export structure (2008 data)

Rice. 4. Japan's foreign trade volume (2006 data)

The volume of exports on an annualized basis in September 2009 fell by 30% - to 5.1 trillion. yen (56.4 billion dollars), the volume of imports decreased by 36.9% - up to 4.6 trillion. yen (50.7 billion dollars). The magnitude of the decline in exports - a key component of the Japanese economy - approximately coincided with market expectations.

Japan in international economic relations

As a result of rapid economic development, Japan has taken one of the leading places in international economic relations. In the early 1990s, it took second place in the world in terms of total foreign direct investment (15% of the global volume). In previous decades, foreign trade was the leading form of relations. In terms of exports, Japan is second only to the USA and Germany, it accounts for 9-10% of world exports (1994-1995). By the size of the export quota, it can be classified as a semi-open economy. 10-13% of GDP is sold abroad. A number of industries work almost entirely for export (production of watches, tape recorders - 90%, cash registers - 83%, copiers - 77%).

Development and structure of foreign trade.

Over the past 50 years, the physical volume of Japan's exports has increased by more than 70 times, its pace was almost twice the growth of world exports.

The success of Japanese companies in the world markets is based on product competitiveness, which is formed due to high quality, latest technology, personnel policy, the authority of the company. Japanese firms are known for their effectively developed system of comprehensive and consistent control and management of product quality, which is primarily related to the nature of the organization of production. Rhythm and flexibility of the production process, its ability to readjust and produce new products, deliveries of components and raw materials just in time significantly improve the quality of products and the efficiency of enterprises. The growth in the level of automation and robotization, the use of equipment quality control systems, the high level of technological limits regulation also make it possible to significantly improve the quality of manufactured goods. The principle of autonomization of production involves the release of the final product with full quality control and guarantees of defectlessness.

One of the methods of competitive struggle of Japanese firms is fast change of models. Their product development period is shorter than in the US.

Despite the importance of the above factors of high competitiveness of Japanese goods in world markets, it should be borne in mind that labor cost per unit of production in Japan was lower than in the United States and several other industrialized countries. The cost component compensated for the lag of Japanese companies in one of the most important factors of competitiveness - labor productivity. According to individual Japanese research organizations, Japan is 1/3 behind the United States in terms of labor productivity in the manufacturing industry. The gap in this indicator has narrowed (1975 - 50%), but remains significant. The lag in labor productivity is largely due to the strategy of a large number of Japanese firms, which give priority not to profits, but to their market share. The general state of affairs is also influenced by the fact that labor productivity in small and medium-sized enterprises is significantly inferior to that of large enterprises, amounting to 40% of the level of large enterprises. This holds back the overall performance of the entire industry.

A high level of labor productivity has been achieved in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry, where it significantly exceeds American indicators. All other industries are lagging behind, even such as automotive and electrical engineering, where Japanese companies have strong competitiveness. There, the productivity level is 78 and 85% of the US.

Japan has long been leading place on the competitiveness of their products in world markets. As a result of the weakening of the price factor, it dropped to third place in 1993. after Singapore and the USA. There was a significant increase in the cost of labor from about 60% in the late 1980s to 70% of value added in 1994. (45% in 1960).

In the post-war period, significant changes were export structure. Until the 1960s, the predominant place in it was occupied by consumer goods: radios, televisions, and textiles. Then the leading positions were occupied by products of ferrous metallurgy, ships, cars - over 60% of exports. The 1980s saw a new shift in the structure of Japanese exports. With the increase in the share of automobiles and household electrical appliances, the export of capital funds began to take the lead. The share of products of general mechanical engineering (13.9 and 24.1%), electrical engineering (9.9 and 25.6%), scientific equipment, optics (3.7 and 4.5% in 1980-1995) increased significantly.

For certain types of products, Japanese companies account for a significant part of the export deliveries in the world: semiconductors - 50%, cars - 22%, office and telecommunications equipment - 22.6%, steel - 17.4%. The transformation of Japan into one of the world's main exporters of engineering products and science-intensive products was the result of its industrial and scientific and technological development.

Import structure reflects the processes of international specialization of industry, the internationalization of the economy and the poverty of the domestic mineral base. Japan has the lowest degree of self-sufficiency in raw materials and fuel among industrialized countries, the country is almost completely dependent on the import of many types of mineral and agricultural raw materials. For many types of mineral raw materials, it is a major buyer on world markets. It accounts for over 30% of world imports of iron ore, over 19% of non-ferrous metal ores, coal, cotton and wool.

At the first stages economic development the structure of production predetermined Japan's great dependence on developing countries - about half of its exports and over 40% of imports. Southeast Asia and the countries of the Persian Gulf are still the main market for the sale and supply of energy raw materials. In recent decades, deliveries of ore and chemical raw materials have been localized in industrialized countries - Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

An important feature of the geographical structure of foreign trade relations is their concentration on the United States. So far, 29% of Japanese exports are realized in the American market and 22% of imports are provided. In turn, Japan accounts for over 11% of US exports, including almost 20% of agricultural sales.

Japan is the main trading partner of a number of countries in East and Southeast Asia. It provides Indonesia with 37% of its exports and 24% of its imports, for Malaysia - 26% of its imports and 16% of its exports, for Singapore - 21% of its imports and 17% of its exports, for South Korea - 26% of its imports. Japan is also the main export and import market of the PRC (15-16%).

Trade turnover is reduced to a huge positive balance, which increased 6 times in 1981-1995. and exceeded 130 billion dollars. 40% of its volume is formed in trade with the United States. A positive balance develops with all regions, with the exception of the countries of the Middle East and in the 90s - with Eastern Europe. Trade relations with industrialized countries are accompanied by outbreaks of trade wars, pressure on Japan, and the establishment of "voluntary restrictions" on its exports. The United States is especially successful in this.

Commodity composition of Japan's foreign trade, % of the total.

Japan is a prime example a country that is very actively involved in the international geographical division of labor. It is characterized by the development of all types of foreign economic relations, and they largely determine its role in the world economy and ensure its economic security. But the meaning of certain types of such connections has changed over time. At the first and second stages of the country's development, they were reduced mainly to foreign trade. But then Japan managed to win a fairly strong position in such activities as the export of capital, production, scientific, technical and other ties.

Let's try to characterize foreign trade Japan according to its three main indicators: turnover, structure and geographical distribution.

By foreign trade turnover(1225 billion dollars) modern Japan ranks fourth in the world after Germany, the USA and China. Its share in the world export of goods exceeds 5.5%, and in their world import - 4.5%. In terms of exports of services, it is second only to the United States, Germany and Great Britain, and in terms of their imports, it is second only to the United States and Germany. Trade balance The country traditionally has a positive balance: in 2006, the excess of exports over imports reached $ 70 billion. But at the same time, in terms of the level of openness of its economy, Japan is inferior to most countries Western Europe, since its export quota is only 14% of the total GDP.

Against the backdrop of a constant trend towards an increase in foreign trade turnover, its structure by no means remained unchanged. As already mentioned, the well-known journalist V.V. Ovchinnikov once compared the Japanese economy at the first stage of its development with a huge processing plant that imports almost all the necessary raw materials, and then, after processing, sends it to the world market in the form of finished products . It is not surprising that at this stage Japan became the world's largest importer of mineral raw materials and fuel and an exporter of products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. Then, cars, consumer electronics began to play an increasing role in the structure of the country's exports, and even later - different kinds science-intensive products.

In the 1990s Japanese export 3/4 consisted of engineering products (cars, sea ​​vessels, televisions, cameras, computers, integrated circuits, optical and other devices), and the export of some industries reached 50–70% or more (Fig. 125). The rest of the exports accounted for synthetic fibers, car tires, cast iron, steel, etc. As for imports, Japan was still highly dependent on the import of many types of fuel and raw materials (Fig. 125). Moreover, it turned out to be the world's largest buyer of some of them (hard coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores). In terms of annual oil imports (more than 200 million tons), it was second only to the United States. Since then, this structure has undergone further changes. In 2006, in exports, the first place was occupied by vehicles(21%), machinery and electronics (17% each), followed by chemical and electrochemical goods, iron and steel, and office equipment. And in imports, oil remained in first place (18%), electronics (13%) - in second, agricultural products (9%) - in third; followed by chemical goods, machinery, electrical engineering, metals and their ores.

Geographic distribution Japan's foreign trade has a number of features that distinguish it from Western Europe and the United States. The first of these is the increased role of developing countries in this trade. This applies both to its exports and, to an even greater extent, to its imports, which is primarily due to the country's raw material needs. The second feature is the special foreign trade interests that Japan has in the Asia-Pacific region, where the bulk of its exports go and where the bulk of raw materials and food products come from.

Giving a more detailed description of the geographical distribution Japanese imports, it can be added that the first place in it is occupied by the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia. Here, Japan's largest counterparties in terms of imports are China (21% of all imports, first place), the Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Taiwan. From the countries of this subregion, Japan imports fuel and raw materials: oil, timber, as well as liquefied natural gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, various products of tropical agriculture, and textiles.

Rice. 125. Japanese imports and exports (early 1990s)

The second place in Japan's imports is occupied by the United States, and in particular their regions. pacific coast(California), where both finished products and coal, cotton, wheat (Fig. 126), wood, phosphorites, pharmaceutical products, and computers come from. In the 1990s the importance of the United States in Japanese imports has increased even more, primarily due to machinery and equipment. The share of foreign Europe is also quite large (10%, with Germany in the first place). The share of Southwest Asian countries peaked in 1980, which was associated with a sharp increase in oil prices, but then it decreased, although it is now 11% ( Saudi Arabia, UAE). But the share of Australia, on the contrary, is increasing all the time. This country now accounts for about 1/2 of all Japanese imports of coal and iron ore, and a significant part of wool imports (Fig. 126). In Japan's imports from Russia, the first place belongs to wood, the second - to coal, the third - to fish and other marine products. Oil and LNG should be added to this list.

Approximately the same features are characteristic of the geographical distribution. Japanese exports. If we consider this export by region, then East Asia, consisting of China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong (35%), takes the first place, the second - North America(23%), for the third - overseas Europe(15%) and fourth - Southeast Asia (8%). If we consider it for other countries, then the leading three will include the United States, China and the Republic of Korea. But in general, Japanese industrial exports cover everything major regions peace. First of all, this applies to the export of engineering products.

Rice. 126. Japanese imports of raw materials, fuel and food

From other forms of foreign economic relations highest value in Japan acquired, perhaps, export of capital. It is directly related to the growth of Japan's gold and foreign exchange reserves (until recently the first, and now the second place in the world after China - $ 865 billion in 2006), the concentration of the largest banks in the world, which made the country rising sun truly "the country of the rising yen." Both the state and monopolies participate in the export of capital from Japan. It is produced mainly in the form of loan capital - the so-called yen-loans provided on favorable terms, and various grants, but also in the form of foreign direct investment. In the mid 1980s. By overall dimensions export of capital, Japan came out on top in the world and held it for a long time. But after the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. the volume of these exports has decreased significantly.

Geographically the greatest interest presents a consideration Japanese foreign direct investment. They began back in the 1970s, but their volume was then insignificant. Japanese TNCs invested mainly in enterprises for the extraction of raw materials and for the marketing of their products. But by the end of the 1980s. Japan has become one of the world's largest exporters of foreign direct investment, and in the second half of the 1990s. according to this indicator reached the level of 23–26 billion dollars per year. As a result, in 2006, the total amount of direct investments accumulated abroad amounted to $460 billion, which ranks tenth in the world according to this indicator.

At the same time, the geography of investments also changed. Until the mid 1980s. they were directed mainly to neighboring countries East and Southeast Asia (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore), but then their exports to the “second wave” NIS increased, such as Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It has also increased significantly in the USA, Western Europe, and Latin America. In the late 1990s Of Japan's total foreign direct investment, more than 40% went to the United States, 25 to other Asian countries, 15 to Western Europe, and about 10% to Latin America. It is important to note that now the bulk of foreign direct investment is no longer directed to the mining industry, as it was in the 1970s, but to the “top floors” industry and the non-manufacturing sector.

It can be added to the above that Japan leads the world in terms of the amount of financial assistance provided to other countries annually (more than 10 billion dollars). For many of them, it has become the main donor country. Examples include the countries of Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines), Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile), and the CIS countries (Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan). Japan also allocates significant funds to the fund of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.

The growth of foreign direct investment, in turn, contributed to the emergence foreign production as a kind of "second economy" of Japan. In the late 1990s the share of such production in the total output of the country has already reached 1 / 4 . And its geography is determined by three main regions.

Firstly, these are the new industrial countries of Asia (the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, as well as the NIS of the "second wave"), where Japanese TNCs went back in the 1980s. began to transfer part of their enterprises for the production of consumer electronics, thereby creating an opportunity for enterprises in their country to switch to the production of more complex and expensive high-tech products. Secondly, this is Western Europe and the USA, where Japan began to create, first of all, automobile plants (first assembly, "screwdriver", and then, so to speak, a complete automobile cycle), but also enterprises of some high-tech industries. Figure 127 provides a visual representation of the network of such enterprises in Western European countries. And in the USA, automobile plants built by subsidiaries of Japanese companies form a quite distinct “corridor” stretching from the border with Canada to Florida, with the main clusters in the states of Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky. .

Since the 1980s Japan is increasingly involved in scientific and technical cooperation. The main form of its participation in it is large-scale long-term programs. An example is the national program "Human Frontiers". Japan imports all technologies from the developed countries of the West, and exports them approximately equally to developed and developing countries.

Trade turnover between Russia and Japan in the 1990s was at the level of 3.5–4.5 billion dollars a year, which was 40 times less than the trade turnover between Japan and the United States and 20 times less than the trade turnover between Japan and China. Russian exports to Japan are purely raw material in nature and consist of metals, timber and forest products, coal with the addition of some food products. And in Russian imports from Japan, 3/4 fall on engineering products. In particular, on Russian market Japan firmly holds an important place in the sale of electrical household appliances, especially such well-known companies as Sony and Panasonic. In addition, Russia and Japan signed several general agreements related to the attraction of Japanese capital in the development of coal, oil (Sakhalin-1, Sakhalin-2), timber and other resources of the Russian Far East and Transbaikalia, as well as with the reconstruction of seaports (Vostochny, Vanino). Some experts believe that in the future, the share of machinery and chemical products, as well as licenses and know-how, may well increase in Russian exports to Japan.

Rice. 127. Japanese industrial enterprises in Western Europe (by the early 1990s)

Table of contents 1. Geographical location .............................................................. ............ 2. Population. ................................................. ................................... 3. Import and export .......... ................................................. .............. 4. Foreign policy .............................. ................................................... 5. Social security...... ................................................. ..... 6. Ecology .......................................... ...............................................

Geographical position

Population.

Import and export

Foreign policy

Social Security

Ecology

Japanese import. Japan has the lowest supply of raw materials and fuel, therefore it depends on the import of mineral and agricultural raw materials: Iron ore - 30% Non-ferrous metals - 6% Coal - 10% Cotton and wool - 3% Provided from: Indonesia - 24%, Malaysia - 16 %, Singapore-17%, South Korea-26%, China-16%.

Geography Grade 11

"Biosphere - the environment of life" - The functions of the living matter of the biosphere. Diagram of the carbon cycle in the biosphere. Answer the questions. The inert substance of the biosphere. Biosphere, its structure and functions. Cycles of substances in the biosphere. Hydrosphere. Nitrogen cycle in the biosphere. IN AND. Vernadsky is the founder of the doctrine of the biosphere. The carbon cycle. Questions verification work on the topic "Biosphere, its structure and functions". The boundaries of the biosphere coincide with the boundaries of distribution.

"Mikhail Lazarev" - Bay and port of Lazarev. Lazarevskoye (resort). Youth. Admiral Lazarev street. Since 1813 to 1825 made three circumnavigation. O. Lazarev in the Aral Sea. Childhood. Oceanographic, astronomical, meteorological and other research. G. Sevastopol. Embankment Lazarev in St. Petersburg. The name of Lazarev on the map of Antarctica. Swimming Lazarev MP on the ship "Suvorov". Cape and village of Lazarev.

"Production of electric energy" - Production of electricity. Air. The turbine drives a generator. Production and use of electricity. Wastewater. Ideas for generating electricity. Waste from chocolate factories. Star energy. American Inventors. Production. Unusual sources of energy. Production of electrical energy. The steam turns into water. Ideas for generating electricity in unusual ways. Unusual ways receiving electricity.

"Economy of Japan" - Feature of Japan. Japan has major production facilities. national specifics. Japan. Japanese import. The phenomenon of the Japanese economy. Extensive renewal of worn out and obsolete factory equipment. economic model. Japan's economy today. Technology development. Conditions of the economic and geographical position of Japan. Factors of the Japanese economy. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of Japan.

"Ecology in Moscow" - Technical specifications many cars do not meet sanitary requirements. Along with the development of industry, there is a constant increase in air pollution. The width of the road in the main sections is at least 8 lanes. Third transport ring. Air pollution. Third ring in the area Berezhkovskaya embankment. Aerospace monitoring of the Moscow River basin. There are 17 interchanges on the third transport ring.

"Wedding traditions of the Tatars" - Soup. Engagement and collusion. Bridal show. Chak-chak. Son-in-law pancakes. Rite of caress. Toastmaster. home decorating ceremony. Matchmaking. offerings. Tests for the groom. Bride ransom. Wedding traditions of the Tatar people. Nikah. Features of the wedding.

Economy of Japan is one of the most developed economies in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, Japan ranks third among the countries of the world, after the USA and China. High technologies (electronics and robotics) are developed. Transport engineering is also developed, including automotive and shipbuilding, machine tool building. The fishing fleet is 15% of the world. Agriculture is subsidized by the state, but 55% of food (calorie equivalent) is imported. There is a network of "Shinkansen" high-speed railroads and expressways.

Export structure: transport vehicles, cars, motorcycles, electronics, electrical engineering, chemicals.

Import structure: machinery and equipment, fuel, food, chemicals, raw materials.

At the end of the twentieth century. Japan's foreign exchange reserves grew rapidly. The government introduced a system of measures to liberalize the export of Japanese capital abroad. Now it is the most powerful banking center and international creditor. Her share in international loans increased from 5% in 1980 to 20.6% in 1990. The export of capital is the main form of foreign economic activity. Most Japanese capital works in the USA (42.2%), Asia (24.2%), Western Europe (15.3%), Latin America (9.3%)

• Industrial production index: in relation to 2005, the indicators of which are taken as the initial 100 points, the industrial production index in April 2009 amounted to 74.3 points.

primary sector

Agriculture

Peculiarities

Agricultural land in Japan makes up about 13% of its territory. More than half of these lands are paddy fields used for rice cultivation. On average, one farm has 1.8 hectares of arable land. For Hokkaido, this figure is 18 hectares, and for the remaining 46 prefectures, it is 1.3 hectares. Japan is characterized by intensive agriculture, since agricultural land is predominantly small. They are processed by many farmers, usually without the use of large agricultural machinery, using natural or chemical fertilizers. Since there is not enough flat land in the country, many lands are located on terraces on the slopes of the mountains, which also makes it difficult to use machinery.

Since the end of the 20th century, Japan has been characterized by a rapid reduction in arable areas, especially flood fields. The reasons for the reduction are the transition of the Japanese from the traditional to the Western way of life - a decrease in rice consumption and an increase in the consumption of wheat products, meat, dairy products, etc. Another reason for the reduction in arable land is urbanization, as well as the development of enterprises in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. Former agricultural land is set aside for the construction of residential buildings, factories, offices or roads.

Japanese farmers.

Under current Japanese law from 1990, the entire population of the country employed in agriculture is called farmers. They are divided into two categories: those who grow products for their own needs, and those who grow products for sale. The former are called simple farmers, while the latter are called merchant farmers. The latter, by law, must have arable land with an area of ​​more than 30 ares, from which the annual income exceeds 500,000 yen.

Merchant farmers are also divided into three types: professional, semi-professional and amateur. The first and second types include persons under 65 years of age who are engaged in agricultural work for more than 60 days a year. The annual income of professionals is mainly formed through the sale of agricultural products. Semi-professionals earn only part of their income from agriculture. Amateurs are persons over 65; for them, the cultivation of products is a source extra income or hobby. As of the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, more than half of Japanese farmers belong to the third type and are predominantly elderly.

Rice growing

The main branch of agriculture in Japan is rice growing. About half of the entire arable land of the country, intended for growing plants, is reserved for rice.

secondary sector

Industry

Peculiarities

Japan's main trading partners are the United States, China People's Republic, Republic of Korea, Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, Australia.

Export

As of 2010, the amount of goods for export was 765,200,000,000 US dollars. Japan's main partners in 2009 were:

Import

As of 2010, the amount of goods for import was $636,800,000,000. Japan's main partners in 2009 were:

Major trading ports

• tokyo port
• Yokohama port
• Narita airport
• Nagoya port
• port of kob
• Kansai airport

Japanese banks

Keiretsu are grouped around a bank (with the exception of TOYOTA), which provides funding for all other companies in the group, that is, in fact, provides