Nauru is a miniature state itself. Hydrology and soils. Number and placement

Nauru is a coral island in the western part Pacific Ocean in southern Micronesia. The area of ​​the island is 21.3 km². According to a July 2007 estimate, the population of the Republic of Nauru was 13,528, including 6,763 men and 6,765 women. Nauru is a relatively rare type of coral island - a raised atoll. In the central part of the island there is a slightly brackish freshwater lake Buada, which is the remnant of an ancient lagoon. In the north of the island there is also a group of small lakes Anabar. Nauru is located 42 km south of the equator. nearest island- Banaba - is located 306 km east of Nauru and belongs to the Republic of Kiribati. In 1968, the island was proclaimed an independent state, which is the smallest independent republic on the ground. The climate on Nauru is equatorial, humid and hot. Average annual temperature+27.5°C. The average annual amount of precipitation is 2060 mm. The rainy season lasts from November to February.

There are 60 species of plants growing on Nauru. The most common are ficuses, coconut palms, laurel, pandanus, almond tree, mango, as well as some types of shrub formations. The effects of the Second World War, the overexploitation of the coconut palm and the mining of phosphorites damaged the island's vegetation cover. Most of vegetation is located near the coastal strip.
All mammals of Noir were introduced by humans. Polynesian rats, cats, pigs, and chickens are common here. Only one species of birds lives - the warbler. Lots of insects. The coastal waters are home to sharks, shellfish, sea ​​urchins and crabs

History of Nauru

There is no official capital on Nauru. The presidential residence is located in the Meneng district, the main government offices are in the Yaren district. The main population of the island lives off the coast. Nauruans speak the Nauruan language, which was written 100 years ago on the basis of 28 Latin letters. Since, until 1968, Nauru was the common possession of Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand, English, along with Nauruan, is the official language. Over 3,000 years ago, Nauru was settled by Polynesians and Micronesians. The first settlers arrived from the Bismarck Islands. Before the expansion of Europeans, the population of the island consisted of 12 tribes.
Nauru was discovered on November 8, 1798 by the English captain John Fearn, who gave the island the name Pleasant. The main part of the settlements at that time was located on the seashore. The islanders lived in "estates" united into villages. In total there were 168 villages and 14 regions.
In the 19th century, Europeans began to settle on the island. Mostly they were runaway convicts, deserters, and later enterprising merchants. Europeans brought venereal diseases to the island, actively soldered the Nauruans with alcohol and fomented bloody internecine wars with the use of firearms.
On April 16, 1888, Nauru was annexed by Germany, as a result of which the population of the island began to pay taxes, and serious deposits of phosphorites were discovered on the island itself. The development of phosphorites left a serious imprint on the entire subsequent history of Nauru.
In the 1990s, Nauru was turned into an offshore zone. Many banks were registered here. In 2003, under pressure from the international commission on combating money laundering, offshore banking activities were banned here.
Tourism on the island is difficult due to severe environmental pollution after the development of phosphorites.

Information

• water area: Pacific Ocean
• A country: Nauru
• Square: 21.3 km²
• highest point: 65 m
• Population (2012): 9591 people

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Republic of Nauru- a dwarf state on the same name coral island in the western Pacific. Nauru is the smallest independent republic on Earth, the smallest island nation, the smallest nation outside of Europe, and the only republic in the world without official capital.

Nauru Island - Raised coral atoll, confined to the top of the volcanic cone. The island has an oval shape, from the east the coast is concave - there is the Gulf of Anibar. The surface of the island is a narrow coastal plain 100-300 m wide, surrounding a limestone plateau, which reaches a height of 30 m in the central part of Nauru.

Nauru airport

Nauru International Airport

Hotels Nauru 1 - 5 stars

Weather Nauru

The climate is equatorial monsoon, hot and humid. average temperature about +27.5 °C. During the daytime, it usually fluctuates between +26 °C and +35 °C, and at night between +22 °C and +28 °C. Daytime temperatures can reach +38-41 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2060 mm. There are dry years, and in some years up to 4500 mm of precipitation falls.

Nauru language

Official language: Nauruan, English

Currency of Nauru

International name: AUD

The Australian dollar is equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 dollars, as well as coins of 1 and 2 dollars, 50, 20, 10 and 5 cents.

You can exchange currency in banks or in any of the hotels on the island. Credit cards are accepted almost everywhere, but there are no ATMs on the island. Traveler's checks can be cashed at banks and hotels.

Customs restrictions

Import of currency is not limited, export is limited: up to 5000 USD. When importing more than 10 thousand Australian dollars must be declared.
You can import goods worth no more than 400 Australian dollars.

It is forbidden to export plant seeds, plants, stuffed animals, objects made of coral, feathers, shells, and also objects that are under state protection.

When importing seeds, plants, wood products, fruits and vegetables, it is mandatory to pass the checks listed above. Food products that have not passed special control are strictly prohibited for import.

Mains voltage

Tips

Tipping is not accepted and not particularly encouraged.

Purchases

Since the end of the 20th century, Nauru has positioned itself as an offshore center, so there is no sales tax, but a number of goods are subject to customs duties, the rules for which are periodically changed. Tobacco products and alcohol are not taxed.

The usual opening hours of commercial establishments are from Monday to Friday, from 09.00 to 17.00, on Saturdays from 09.00 to 13.00, however, many private shops operate on their own schedule.

Office Hours

Bank of Nauru branches are usually open from Monday to Thursday, from 09.00 to 15.00, on Fridays - from 09.00 to 16.30.

Safety

The waters around the islands are home to several varieties of sharks and many poisonous sea creatures.

Code of the country: +674

Geographic Domain name first level:.nr

Emergency Phones

Each region has its own emergency telephone numbers.

The content of the article

NAURU, The Republic of Nauru, a state on the island of the same name in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (0 ° 30º S and 166 ° 55º E). Nauru Island is a coral atoll confined to the top of a volcanic cone. The island is 5.6 km long and 4 km wide. Length coastline OK. 19 km. The most high point 65 m above sea level

Nature.

The hilly limestone plateau, located in the central part of the island, slopes down to the coast in ledges and is covered with a thick layer of phosphorites. Along the perimeter of the island stretches a strip of sandy terraces and beaches with a width of 100 to 300 m. The island is bordered by a narrow barrier reef separating the shallow lagoon from the deep water area.

The climate of Nauru is equatorial, hot and humid. Average monthly temperatures approx. 28 ° C. The average annual rainfall is 2000 mm. There are dry years, and in some years up to 4500 mm of precipitation falls. The wettest season lasts from November to February, when the western monsoons prevail.

There are no rivers on Nauru. In the southwestern part of the island there is a small freshwater lake, Buada, which is fed by seeping rainwater. drinking water produced at a single desalination plant and imported from Australia. For domestic needs, rainwater flowing from the roofs is collected in containers.

The soils are porous sandy loam, on which coconut palms, pandanuses, ficuses, laurel (calophyllum) and other deciduous trees grow. Also common different types shrub formations. The most dense vegetation is confined to the coastal strip and the vicinity of the lake. Buada. The recultivated quarry dumps are planted with bushes.

The fauna of Nauru is poor. From mammals, rats are found, from reptiles - lizards. The avifauna is more diverse (waders, terns, petrels, frigatebirds, pigeons, etc.). Lots of insects.

Population.

According to an estimate in 2004, the island was inhabited by 12.8 thousand people. Of these, 58% are Nauruans, who are part of the Polynesian group of peoples, 26% are from other islands of Oceania, 8% are Chinese and Europeans each. The birth rate is estimated at 25.61 per 1000 inhabitants, the death rate is 6.95 per 1000, and the natural population growth is 1.87%. Infant mortality in 2004 was estimated at 10.14 per 1000 births. In the composition of the population, the age group under 14 years old is 38.2%, from 15 to 64 years old - 60%, over 65 years old - 1.9%.

As of July 2011, the population was estimated at 9,378.
33% of the population are children and adolescents under 14 years old, people over 65 years old - 1.6% of the population.

The average age of Nauruans is 24.2 years. Population growth rate 0.608%.
countries compared to the world: 143

The birth rate is estimated at 27 births per 1000 population, the death rate is
5.97 deaths per 1,000 population (July 2011 est.).

Infant mortality has fallen to 8.51 deaths per 1,000 babies.

Life expectancy is 65.7 years.

The official languages ​​are Nauruan and English. Among believers, more than 60% are Protestants, the rest are Catholics.

There is no official capital and cities on the island. The seat of government is located in the Meneng district, while government offices and parliament are located in the Yaren district.

State device.

According to the constitution adopted in 1968, the president (head of state and government) is elected by the parliament from among its members for a term of three years. Legislature- Parliament consists of 18 deputies who are elected by popular vote for a three-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government, which consists of 5 or 6 ministers and is accountable to parliament. All Nauruans over the age of 20 have the right to vote. The highest court is Supreme Court.

Economy.

The main source of income in Nauru is the export of high quality phosphate rock. Thanks to this, the GDP per person until 2005 was 13 thousand dollars. Approx. 2 million tons of phosphorites, and their reserves are rapidly depleted.

In 2005, an Australian mining company entered into an agreement to exploit the remaining phosphate reserves. In 2006, open pit mining of phosphorites was completed, but in 2006, mining began from deeper layers. These reserves will be depleted in 30 years. With the prospect of depleting the phosphate rock deposit, a significant amount of the proceeds from the sale of phosphate rock have been invested in trust funds that should secure Nauru's economic future and ease the transition to a different way of doing things. To cut costs, the government froze salaries and reduced the number of civil servants. Nauru lost additional income in 2008 due to the closure of the Australian refugee center seeking to enter Australia.

A significant part of the country's income in last years is Australian aid. Content on site

Statistics on the economy of Nauru, in particular GDP estimates, vary widely.

In 2005, GDP per capita is estimated at $5,000.

Coconut trees are grown on the island. Developed fishing. The economy is largely dependent on the influx of labor from outside, mainly from neighboring countries. island states- Kiribati and Tuvalu.

Food, fuel, machinery and equipment, building materials, and consumer goods are imported into the country. The export value of phosphorites is four times the amount of imports.

The main foreign trade partners are Australia, New Zealand, Japan, UK.

Nauru has Railway 3.9 km long, linking the phosphorite mining area in the center of the island with the port on southwest coast. A 19 km long highway has been laid along the coast. There is an airport.

Story.

Nauru was discovered in 1798 by the American navigator John Fearn. At that time, at least 12 tribal groups lived on the island. In 1888, Nauru was annexed by Germany and included in the protectorate New Guinea. In 1906, the Australian Pacific Phosphate Company received permission to develop phosphorites. During the First World War in 1914, Nauru was occupied by Australia. In 1919, in accordance with the mandate of the League of Nations, Nauru was transferred to the joint administration of Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain, but Australia carried out the administration. These countries have created a joint company "British Phosphate Commission" for the development of phosphorite deposits, which until the Second World War led their intensive development.

Japan occupied the island between 1942 and 1945, and Australian rule was restored after the war. In 1947, Nauru became a UN Trust Territory and was transferred to the administration of Great Britain, the Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand. In 1927, a Council of Leaders elected by the people was created, which was endowed with only limited deliberative powers. In the 1940s and 1950s, an independence movement took shape on the island. In 1951, the Council of Leaders was transformed into the Nauruan Council of Local Government, an advisory body to the colonial administration. By 1966, it was possible to achieve the creation of local Legislative and Executive Councils, which ensured internal self-government in Nauru. On January 31, 1968, the independence of the Republic of Nauru was proclaimed. In the same year, the republic became an associate member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Hammer DeRoburt became president after independence, a position he held until 1989, with the exception of a brief period in 1986-1987, when Kennon Adang came to power. In August 1989, after a period of political instability and a vote of no confidence, DeRoburt was forced to resign. Bernard Doviyogo was elected President the same year and was re-elected in 1992. After the April 1999 elections, René Harris became President. After the elections held in April 2000, Doviyogo was re-elected president, Rene Harris resigned. However, Harris returned to the post in March 2001.

Nauru in the 21st century

After the decision of the Nauru authorities to accept, at the request of the Australian government, over 1,200 illegal refugees from Afghanistan and the countries of the Middle East in exchange for financial assistance (annual $ 10.6 million), protests began in the country. As a result, Parliament passed a vote of no confidence in President Rene Harris and his government. Harris was stripped of power and replaced by the country's former president, veteran politician Bernard Dowiyogo. Harris, however, declared that the vote was invalid and was reinstated by the Supreme Court, but resigned shortly after the decision was made. Dowiyogo re-assumed the presidency, but died two months later, in March. Parliamentary presidential elections were held in May 2003 and were won by Ludwig Derangadage Scotty. He was elected with 10 votes in Parliament. Scotty was elected president of the country twice more - in June 2004, after the dissolution of Parliament and the introduction of a state of emergency in the country, and in August 2007. However, after allegations of financial irregularities against his deputy, Scotty was passed a vote of no confidence in December 2007. he was replaced by Mark Stephen.

In November 2011, Sprent Jared Dabvido was elected as the new president.

Since May 1, 1999, Nauru has been a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations, and since September 1999, the United Nations. Nauru is a member of the South Pacific Commission and the South Pacific Forum.

Anticipating the closure of the only source of foreign exchange earnings in the near future, the government invests a significant part of export earnings in real estate abroad and special accumulation funds.

Nauru is one of several island nations threatened by potential sea level rise as a result of global warming.

Basic moments

The island is bordered by an annular shaft of coral reefs, 150-300 m from the coast; behind the reefs begins a steep underwater slope. On the coastal lowland, with a width of 100 to 300, residential and industrial buildings are concentrated, there are plantings of coconut palms, pandanus groves. From the sea, this lowland is bordered by a narrow beach of white coral sand, and from the inner part of the island, which is a flat plateau, it is separated by a rampart of coral limestone, rising 40–50 m above sea level.

On the plateau, under a thin layer of soil, phosphorites lie - the main wealth of the island, which forms the basis of the country's economy. Where the phosphorites have already been worked out, there remain fantastic heaps of limestone battlements and pyramids, reminiscent of a dead "lunar" landscape. Where mining has not yet begun, light hard-leaved forests, light forests and shrubs have been preserved. Nauru is sometimes referred to as the "Kuwait of the Pacific". This comparison is reminiscent of the rapid enrichment of a backward country, but this wealth is associated with the destruction of the habitat.

Nature

The hilly limestone plateau, located in the central part of the island, slopes down to the coast in ledges and is covered with a thick layer of phosphorites. A strip of sandy terraces and beaches from 100 to 300 m wide stretches along the perimeter of the island. The island is bordered by a narrow barrier reef that separates the shallow lagoon from the deep water area.

The climate of Nauru is equatorial, hot and humid. Average monthly temperatures approx. 28 ° C. The average annual rainfall is 2000 mm. There are dry years, and in some years up to 4500 mm of precipitation falls. The wettest season lasts from November to February, when the western monsoons prevail.

There are no rivers on Nauru. In the southwestern part of the island there is a small freshwater lake, Buada, which is fed by seeping rainwater. Drinking water is obtained from a single desalination plant and imported from Australia. For domestic needs, rainwater flowing from the roofs is collected in containers.

The soils are porous sandy loam, on which coconut palms, pandanuses, ficuses, laurel (calophyllum) and other deciduous trees grow. Various types of shrub formations are also common. The most dense vegetation is confined to the coastal strip and the vicinity of the lake. Buada. The recultivated quarry dumps are planted with bushes.

The fauna of Nauru is poor. From mammals, rats are found, from reptiles - lizards. The avifauna is more diverse (waders, terns, petrels, frigatebirds, pigeons, etc.). Lots of insects.

Story

Nauru was settled by Micronesians and Polynesians about 3,000 years ago. According to one version, the first settlers arrived in Nauru from the Bismarck Islands and represented the Proto-Oceanic ethnic group, even before its breakup into Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians. Traditionally, the islanders considered their maternal lineage. Before the arrival of Europeans, the population of the island of Nauru consisted of 12 tribes, which is reflected in the twelve-pointed star on the modern flag and coat of arms of the Republic of Nauru. On November 8, 1798, English captain John Fearn, sailing from New Zealand to China, was the first among Europeans to discover Nauru, who gave the island the name Pleasant Island, which was actively used for 90 years. At that time, the decomposition of the primitive communal system was observed on Nauru. The main crops were coconut palm and pandanus. Nauruans fished on the reef, with canoes and with the help of specially trained frigates (lat. Fregata minor). They also managed to acclimatize in Lake Buada chanos (English) (lat. Chanos chanos), providing for themselves additional source food. Fishing was done exclusively by men.

In the 19th century, the first Europeans began to settle on the island. They were runaway convicts, deserters from those approaching the island. whaling ships and later individual merchants. Foreigners brought venereal diseases to the island, they soldered the Nauruans, fomented internecine wars, which became incomparably more bloody due to the use of firearms.

On April 16, 1888, the island of Nauru was annexed by Germany and included in the protectorate. Marshall Islands. The population of the island was taxed. But for some time the island continued to live its secluded life. The situation changed after large deposits of phosphorites were discovered here. In 1906, the Australian Pacific Phosphate Company received permission to develop them. This left a deep imprint on the entire subsequent history of Nauru.

On August 17, 1914, the island of Nauru was captured by Australian troops during the First World War. The Australians pursued several goals. First, it was important to disrupt the German Etappendienst system by capturing the transmitting station on the island, which was part of a network of radio stations providing communication with German ships and the courts. Secondly, the Commonwealth government was wary of Japan's actions, quite rightly suspecting the latter of expansionism. As a result of the war in 1923, Nauru received the status of a mandated territory of the League of Nations and was transferred under the joint administration of Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand, but Australia carried out the administration. These countries bought from a private company all its rights to phosphorite deposits and created a joint company, British Phosphate Commission, to develop phosphorite deposits and sell them. Intensive development of phosphorites was carried out until the Second World War, but only meager compensation was paid to the indigenous people.

In early December 1940, the German auxiliary cruisers Komet and Orion sank one Norwegian and several British merchant ships off Nauru. Some of them were waiting for the loading of phosphorites off the coast of the island. The smoke of the burning phosphorite carrier "Triadika" was visible from the coast of Nauru. The island's radio station received alarms sent by the Komata. The information received was transmitted by radiogram to the headquarters of the Australian Navy. The wreckage of sunken ships was thrown by the waves onto the coast of Nauru. Almost all the captured crew members and passengers were landed by the Germans on December 21 on the island of Emirau in the Bismarck archipelago. Some of them were able to quickly reach the city of Kavienga and inform the Australians about the impending attack on the island of Nauru, but Australia did not have warships capable of preventing the raid in this area. On December 27, 1940, the Komet cruiser returned to Nauru to bombard port facilities. Standing abeam the island, the Komet raised the war flag of the Kriegsmarine and sent a radio signal with the order to clear the piers and the oil storage. However, the crowd of curious did not disperse, a warning shot dispersed the islanders. After shelling, only ruins remained on the site of the port. The resulting fire destroyed a large pile of phosphorites, already purchased by the Japanese.

On August 25, 1942, the island of Nauru was captured by Japan and only liberated on September 13, 1945. During the Japanese occupation, 1,200 Nauruans were deported to Chuuk Island (English) (at that time it was called Truk) in the Caroline Islands archipelago, where 463 of them died. In January 1946, the surviving Nauruans returned to their homeland.

Since 1947, Nauru has become a UN Trust Territory, while continuing to be under the joint administration of Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. In the mid-1970s, up to 2 million tons of phosphorites were mined and exported annually, worth 24 million Australian dollars. In 1927, a Council of Leaders elected by the people was created, which was endowed with only limited deliberative powers. In the 1940s and 1950s, an independence movement took shape on the island. In 1951 the Council of Leaders was transformed into the Nauru Council of Local Government, an advisory body to the colonial administration. By 1966, it was possible to achieve the creation of local Legislative and Executive Councils, which ensured internal self-government in Nauru. Independence was proclaimed on January 31, 1968.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, in the American Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, proposals were made to create a single state on the territory of Micronesia and part of the islands of Polynesia, which was to include Nauru. However, these plans were not destined to come true, and the Trust Territory itself broke up into four states (Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Mariana Islands And Federated States Micronesia).

Economy

The main source of income in Nauru is the export of high quality phosphate rock. Thanks to this, GDP per person is 13 thousand dollars. Approx. 2 million tons of phosphorites, and their reserves are rapidly depleted. Coconut trees are grown on the island. Developed fishing. The economy largely depends on the influx of labor from outside, mainly from the neighboring island states of Kiribati and Tuvalu.

Food, fuel, machinery and equipment, building materials, and consumer goods are imported into the country. The export value of phosphorites is four times the amount of imports.

The main foreign trade partners are Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Great Britain.

Nauru has a 3.9 km railway linking the phosphorite mining area in the center of the island with a port on the southwest coast. A 19 km long highway has been laid along the coast. There is an airport.