Thailand what country. What was the name of Thailand? Siam is the first name of Thailand

Christianity is also represented in Thailand, which became known from the 16th-17th centuries AD. e., thanks to the Catholic missionaries. There are currently Catholic and Protestant communities in the country, as well as a parish of the Russian Orthodox Church. In total, according to various estimates, from 0.7% to 1.7% of the country's population profess Christianity - these are mainly inhabitants of the mountainous northern regions.

Architecture

Thai house

Before the formation of the first major Thai state of Sukhothai, the regions of Thailand (and from the 12th century the whole country) were part of the Mon and Khmer states of Bapnom, Dvaravati, Chenla and Kambujadesh. After the fall of Cambujadesh, the Thai states of Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Bangkok became the main heirs of Cambodian culture, since there were no conditions for its development in Cambodia. Thai architecture originates from Cambodian.

The entire development of Thai artistic culture is associated with Buddhism, which in the Thai version also included some Hindu motifs. In monumental architecture, the main types of buildings are the stupa and the temple. Thai stupas go back to the Mon and Khmer prototypes (prasang, prasat, chedi; the prefix "pra" means "holy"). The basis for the development of temples is vehan- a building with brick or stone columns and a wooden roof.

Most a prime example architectural creativity of the Thais is a complex of temples and the Grand Royal Palace in Bangkok. The buildings located on the territory of the temples have a different form and meaning - these are usually sanctuaries, halls for religious ceremonies, libraries and schools. The walls can be decorated with scenes from the Hindu epic ("Ramakien": King Rama 2 translated the Ramayana into Thai) and images of mythological animals. The sacred Bodhi tree is often found in the courtyard of monasteries. There are also numerous sculptures of mythical creatures with supernatural powers and guarding the monastery.

Music

In the ceremonial, court and religious life of the Thais, music has always occupied an important place. The traditional orchestra consists of gongs, bells, strings, xylophones. For Europeans, Thai music sounds quite unusual. It still accompanies important public ceremonies and classical theater performances today.

Artistic crafts

Thailand is famous for its folk art crafts. They are found everywhere - the largest centers of crafts in Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Thailand is one of Asia's largest producers of silk and cotton products, furniture and carved wood products. Numerous shops offer ceramics, caskets, painted fans and umbrellas, bronze and brass products, Thai dolls, etc. In Thailand, you can find a lot of inexpensive jewelry made of silver and traditional Asian "yellow" gold with precious stones (rubies, emeralds , sapphires).

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Thailand

Thailand is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of rice: the country annually supplies up to 9 million tons of rice of various varieties to the world market. Including - the famous "jasmine" rice, so named because of the subtle natural aroma. The share of agricultural products in Thailand's GDP is currently about 10% with an upward trend. Other popular crops are cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, coconuts (mainly in the southern region), bananas. The country receives large incomes from the export of the "king of fruits" - durian, which was first learned to be cultivated here.

Rice fields in Chiang Mai

Story

Periods of Thai history
Primitive Thailand
Early history of Thailand
First states of Thailand (3000–1238) Suvarnabhumi Haripunjaya Singhanavati Raktamaritika Langkasuka
Sukhothai (1238–1448) At the same time there were: Lanna (1296-1558) Nakhon Si Thammarat (1283-1468)
Ayutthaya (1351–1767)
Thonburi (1768–1782)
Rattanakosin (1782–1932)
Kingdom of Thailand Military dictatorship (1932–1973) Democracy (1973–present)

The history of the country dates back to the kingdom of Sukhothai, formed in 1238. His successor was the kingdom of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya), founded in 1350. Thai culture has been heavily influenced by China and India. In the 18th century, Siam suffered from the predatory raids of the Burmese, which were stopped by Taksin and Pra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. The latter, after the death of Taksin in 1782, succeeded to the throne as King Rama I, founding the Chakri dynasty. Thanks to his heirs Kings Rama IV and Rama V, Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonized. True, Thailand was forced to leave the three southern provinces, which later became the three northern states of Malaysia. This was caused by the interests of Great Britain, which was trying to conquer Thailand.

Thailand has never been a colony. One reason for this was the desire of the colonial empires to leave Thailand as a buffer between parts of Asia that had already been colonized by Britain and France. The second reason is that Thailand had very strong rulers at that time. But a largely peaceful revolution in 1932 saw Thailand become a constitutional monarchy. Formerly known as Siam, Thailand was given its current name for the first time in 1939, and for the second time, definitively, in 1949, after World War II. During this war, Thailand supported Japan, and after its end, became an ally of the United States.

One of the most famous representatives of Thai culture during this period was Prince Damrong Ratchanubab. He became the founder of the country's modern education system and the provincial government system. He was also a historian and one of the most influential intellectuals in Thailand of his time. Damrong Ratchanubab became the first Thai to be included in the UNESCO list of the most honored people.

Coup in Thailand in 2006

Political structure

Phra Nang beach in Thailand

Form of government- A constitutional monarchy. head of state- king. The king has lost absolute power, but still remains the protector of Buddhism, the symbol of unity and the Supreme Commander. The current king enjoys the full respect of the nation, which is sometimes used during political crises. Thai Parliament The bicameral National Assembly consists of the 150-seat Senate and the 480-seat House of Representatives. The leader of the party with the majority in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister. Members of both chambers are elected by the people of Thailand, with the exception of 50% of the Upper House (Senate), they are appointed by the monarch. The lower house (House of Representatives) is elected for 4 years, the Senate - for 6 years. Until March 2000, the Senate was appointed exclusively by the king.

Thailand is an active member of the Southeast Asian Association of Nations.

Administrative division

Thailand is subdivided into 76 provinces (changwat) and one municipality - the country's capital Bangkok.

Foreign policy

History of Russian-Thai relations

At the end of the nineteenth century. Thailand (then Siam) saw the Russian Empire as a possible ally, counting on help in defending its independence from the colonial powers of Europe and maintaining political sovereignty. Relations between the two states gradually strengthened. In 1882, under the command of Rear Admiral A. B. Aslambekov, a squadron arrived from Russia in Siam on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the power of the Chakri dynasty. In 1888, the Russian composer P. A. Shchurovsky wrote the music for the anthem of Siam, which since 1932 became the personal anthem of the royal family. In 1891, Russian Crown Prince Nikolai visited Bangkok. In the same year, the Siamese Prince Damrong arrived in the Crimea, where he received an audience with the Russian Emperor Alexander III. In 1896 Prince Chira attended the coronation ceremony of Emperor Nicholas II as a guest.

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Siam were officially established during the visit of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to Russia from July 2 to 10, 1897. On December 4, 1897, Alexander Olarovsky was appointed Charge d'Affaires and Consul General of the Russian Empire in Siam. The Russian Consulate General was opened in Bangkok, and later it was expanded to a mission that lasted until 1917. On June 23, 1899, a Declaration on Jurisdiction, Trade and Navigation was signed in Bangkok. Due to the friendly nature of Russian-Siamese relations and the expansion of cultural ties, the royal guards of Siam until the 70s. wore the uniform of Russian life hussars, some elements of this uniform have survived to this day.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of members of the Siamese royal family and dignitaries visited Russia. Many young aristocrats were educated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The son of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Chakrabon, lived in Russia for several years, studied at the Corps of Pages and the Academy of the Ground Forces, and served in the Russian army. In 1906 he married Ekaterina Desnitskaya.

After 1917 there was a short break in bilateral relations. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Thailand were established on March 12, 1941. In 1947, an Agreement on the exchange of diplomatic missions was signed between the two countries, and a year later the embassy began its work in the capital of Thailand. During " cold war' and until the end of the 70s. bilateral relations were neutral.

A new period in relations was the official visit of Thai Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan to the USSR in 1979. During this visit, the Soviet-Thai Friendship Society was established. Since the mid 80s. In connection with positive changes in the world political arena, bilateral relations gradually began to strengthen again. In 1987, the first exchange of visits between the foreign ministers of the two countries took place. In May 1988, General Prem Tinsulanon, Prime Minister of Thailand, paid an official visit to Moscow. In February 1990, N. I. Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, arrived on an official visit to Bangkok.

On December 28, 1991, the Thai government recognized the Russian Federation as a sovereign state and confirmed its intentions to develop mutually beneficial bilateral relations.

Since the beginning of the XXI century. bilateral relations have steadily gained momentum in key areas of cooperation. The culmination of this process was the visit to Thailand in October 2003 of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and his wife, which became the first visit of the head of the Russian state to the Kingdom of Thailand since the collapse of the USSR. This trip was also unique in terms of international diplomatic protocol, including a private visit by the Russian President at the invitation of the then Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra, an official visit at the invitation of the Thai Prime Minister, participation in the summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and, finally, a state visit at the invitation of His Majesty King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej. In total, the trip took more than 5 days.

The parties managed to reach a number of constructive agreements, in particular, on the settlement of the debt of the former USSR to Thailand in the amount of $36.5 million.

Armed forces

Set phrases and terms

Data

Notes

Bibliography

• K. Kinel, D. Mishukova. Thailand. Kingdom of temples and palaces. M., Veche, 2011 (Historical guide).

Links

see also

• List of Russian-speaking researchers in Thailand (contains the main bibliography)

It is not for nothing that Thailand is called the "Land of Smiles", because very polite and hospitable people who love to smile live there. Probably, the habit of smiling among Thais is developed from an early age under the influence of Buddhism. This is not surprising given that there are over 18,000 Buddhist temples in Thailand. Something else is amazing in Thailand - nature, mountains, palaces, ancient monasteries and temples, pagodas, floating bazaars, Thai cuisine, Thai massage, coral islands and, of course, white sandy beaches surrounded by palm and coconut groves.

Thailand is located on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Thailand borders Laos and Cambodia to the east, Malaysia to the south, and Myanmar and Laos to the north. In the east of the country is the Gulf of Thailand, which belongs to the South China Sea, and the western shores are washed by the waters of the Andaman Sea. The total area of ​​Thailand, including the islands, is 514,000 sq. km., and the total length of the state border is 4,863 km.

There are several geographical regions in Thailand. In the west, south and north are mountain systems, and in the east - the Korat plateau. The highest peak is Mount Doi Inthanon, whose height reaches 2,565 m. In the central part, along the Chao Phraya River, there is the Menam lowland. It is Chao Phraya that is considered the most big river Thailand.

The capital of Thailand is Bangkok, which is now home to more than 15 million people. The history of Bangkok goes back to the 15th century.

The official language of the people of Thailand is Thai, belonging to the Thai-Kadai language family.

More than 94% of the population of Thailand professes Theravada Buddhism (the most conservative direction of this religion).

Under the current constitution, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the King and the head of government is the Prime Minister.

The bicameral parliament in Thailand is called the National Assembly, it consists of the Senate (150 senators) and the House of Representatives (480 deputies).

The main political parties in Thailand are the For Thailand Party and the Democratic Party.

The climate in Thailand is tropical with a lot of rainfall. On the west coast of the country, the monsoon brings rain from April to November, while on the east coast the rainy season lasts from September to December.

At all, best time to visit Thailand - from November to February. During this cool season, the air temperature in Bangkok ranges from +18C to +32C.

The summer period (i.e. hot, dry season) lasts from March to June. In Bangkok at this time of the year, the average air temperature is +34C, but often reaches +40C. Try not to get to Thailand in April, unless, of course, you plan to constantly swim in the ocean. April is the hottest month in Thailand.

From July to October, the monsoon season continues in Thailand. During this time, floods often occur in the country.

In the east of Thailand is the Gulf of Thailand, which belongs to the South China Sea, and the western shores are washed by the waters of the Andaman Sea. The total length of the coast is 3,219 km. Average annual temperature water - + 26-29C.

The largest river in Thailand is the Chao Phraya River, which flows through the Menam Lowland in the central part of the country. Another large local river is Mun, which is a tributary of the Mekong River. The Tapi River flows through the south of Thailand, it originates in Khao Lang and flows into the Gulf of Thailand near the city of Surat Thani.

Also in the south of Thailand is the largest lake in this country - Songkhla Lake, located near the city of the same name. Its area is 1,040 km. sq.

Archaeological finds indicate that people on the territory of modern Thailand lived already 10 thousand years ago, and they began to grow rice more than 5 thousand years ago. The ancient Thais were nomads, and their ancestral home is still not exactly known.

Buddhism began to spread in the territory of modern Thailand from about the 3rd century BC. From the 9th to the 11th century, Thailand was part of the Khmer kingdom.

In the XIII-XVII centuries, there were two strong Thai states - Sukhothai and Ayutthaya, which formed the Thai principalities. Interestingly, the Europeans were never able to establish their protectorate over Thailand (it was called Siam in the Middle Ages and in modern times).

In 1932, after a bloodless revolution, the absolute monarchy in Thailand turned into a constitutional monarchy. In 1939, Siam officially became known as Thailand.

After World War II, Thailand experienced several military coups. Only in 1997, after the adoption of the new Constitution, did the political situation in this Asian country stabilized.

Thailand's culture is rooted in family and Buddhist traditions. Thai children are taught to respect their parents, the elderly, teachers, Buddhist monks. Every Thai settlement has a Buddhist temple, which is the center local life. That is why Thais are so polite and friendly.

In April, the people of Thailand celebrate the onset of the New Year (Songkran). To be more precise, Thais celebrate this holiday for three days - from April 13 to 15. Before the onset of the New Year, Thais spend a spring cleaning in their homes to throw away all the failures of the outgoing year.

Songkran begins with the distribution of food to Buddhist monks who appear on the streets on this holiday from the very morning. Then the youth pours water on everyone (including themselves), after which festivities, games, and dances begin.

Other popular festivals in Thailand are Visakha Puja (May), Rocket Festival, Full Moon Night (November) and Elephant Festival (November).

Thai cuisine is considered one of the best in all of Asia. Indian and Chinese culinary traditions had a noticeable influence on her. The staple food is rice, which is eaten at every meal. Other staple foods in Thailand are fish noodles and seafood. Meat is not often eaten in this country (because of its high cost).

Be warned that most Thai dishes are very spicy. Therefore, if you do not like a lot of spices, in a restaurant just tell the waiter "No spicy".

In Thailand, tourists are recommended to try rice in oyster sauce, khao phat (rice with vegetables and crabs), laap (fish salad with spices), mi krop (noodles with sweet and sour sauce), nay ( pork sausages), "mu daeng" (pickled meat), "salaphao" (patties with different fillings).

In the bazaars in Thailand, tourists are offered a variety of exotic fruits that grow in this country all year round.

Fruit season in Thailand:

lychee - june
durian - May-August
mangosteen - May-September
rambutan - May-September
longan - June-August
longkong - August-October
mango - March-May
sapodilla - January-May

Do not forget also that in Thailand there are also other fruits - watermelons, bananas, coconuts, pineapples and papaya.

In Thailand, tourists are waiting for a huge number of various historical, cultural and architectural monuments. According to official figures, there are now several thousand temples, palaces, pagodas and other attractions in Thailand. The top 10 most interesting sights in Thailand, in our opinion, may include the following:

1. Temple of the Emerald Buddha in Bangkok
2. Buddha's footprint at Phra Buddha Bath
3. Royal Palace in Bangkok
4. Wat Mahathat temple in Ratchaduri
5. Hill Temple in Bangkok
6. Sitting Buddha statue at Mahahtati Si Chum
7. Temple of Dawn in Bangkok
8. Wat Lok Moli temple in Chiang Mai
9. Marble Temple in Bangkok
10. Temple of the Mountain in Bangkok

The largest Thai cities are Nonthaburi, Pakkret, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Phanom, and, of course, the capital is Bangkok.

In Thailand, tourists are waiting for excellent beach resorts. The most popular of them are Cha-am, Krabi, Hua Hin, Pattaya, Koh Samet, Koh Samui, Phuket Island, Phi Phi Island, Chan Island.

Many tourists believe that it is in Thailand that one of the the best beaches in the world. Which one to choose from them? In our opinion, the top ten beaches in Thailand include the following:

1. Patong is the most big beach on the island of Phuket, soft white sand, warm sea, a large number of hotels, restaurants. shopping, and a lively nightlife.
2. Railay Beach - This small beach near Krabi can only be reached by boat and is surrounded by clear water and majestic mountains.
3. Maya Bay, Koh Ley - the beach is located in a small bay, surrounded high cliffs. This beach can only be reached by boat.
4. Hua Hin - this beach, located on the shores of the Gulf of Thailand, is considered perfect beach for families with children.
5. Kata Beach - This beach is located in the quiet southern part of Phuket, in low season there are quite big waves, and therefore there are many surfers.
6. Lamai Beach, Koh Samui - this beach combines beautiful nature and dozens of bars.
7. Sairi Beach, Koh Tao - considered great place for beach holidays and diving.
8. White Sand Beach, Koh Chang - This beach, located on the island, is surrounded by palm and coconut groves.
9. Haad Rin, Koh Phangan - once a month, this beach hosts a fun music party that lasts all night.
10. Koh Mun Nork - this beach is located on desert island in the Gulf of Thailand. The white sandy beach is surrounded by palm trees. You can get there in 45 minutes by ferry.

By the way, Thailand and the Andaman Sea are in the top ten the best places in the world for diving. The infrastructure on the islands is very poorly developed, and therefore coral reefs and undersea world remain intact. On the west coast, diving can be practiced almost all year round (the best time is from mid-November to the end of April).

From Thailand, tourists usually bring handicrafts (including wooden carvings), ceramics, Thai silk, silk scarves, clothes, Buddha figurines, silver jewelry, objects depicting elephants (elephants are the symbol of Thailand), Thai sauces and spices.

Banks:
Mon-Fri: 09:30-15:30

The shops:
Mon-Fri: 10:00-20:00 (shop opening hours vary)

Thailand(the former state of Siam) is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been conquered (colonized) by anyone! Thais (inhabitants of Thailand) are very proud of it, even the name of the country Thailand consists of Thai "thai" meaning "free" and Euro-American "land" meaning "land".

How to write and speak correctly: Thailand or Thailand

Obviously, for a Russian-speaking person, the correct spelling and pronunciation of "Thailand" hurts the eyes and ears, so it was customary to say "Thailand", and write in exactly the same way (already on the principle "as I speak and hear - so I write." Even many guides who have been working in Thailand for a long time, as well as compatriots who have settled in the land of smiles for quite a long time, still use "Thailand" in most cases, but on our website we decided to use the most common form of the name of the Kingdom through "th".

Location and geography of Thailand

The capital of Thailand is Bangkok, popular resorts are Pattaya, Phuket and Samui. The country is located on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand South China Sea(Pattaya and Koh Samui) and on the coast of the Andaman Sea indian ocean on the western borders (Phuket). Air gate Thailand is Bangkok International and Phuket International Airport.

Many tourists have chosen the resorts of Thailand for affordable prices for exotic vacation, a variety of types of recreation (developed tourism industry) and an unforgettable flavor Thailand in general and each of its cities and resorts separately. Let's get to know this really amazing country closer!

Date and time in Thailand

The chronology in Thailand does not begin the way we are used to. The countdown is not from the Nativity of Christ, but from the date when Shakyamuni Buddha passed into nirvana. This happened 543 years before Jesus Christ was born, i.e. in Thailand, the current date is always 543 years older. For example, in 2014 in Thailand - 2557, in 2015 - 2558.

Time in Thailand is 3 hours ahead of Moscow. That is, when it's midnight in Moscow, it's 21:00 in Thailand. Due to the proximity to the equator, the length of the day in Thailand almost does not change throughout the year: about 12 hours the day lasts, about 12 hours the night. The sun rises and sets very quickly, literally in 30-40 minutes the country is completely immersed in the dark southern night.

Name [ | ]

The name (the word "tai" (ไทย) means "freedom", "land" - country) justifies itself: Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has retained independence from European states, while all neighboring countries were colonies of France or Great Britain . "Thailand" (Thailand) - the English version of the name of the country, introduced into use in 1939, - means "country of Thais", the Thai version sounds like Prathet Thai or Mueang Thai.

Geography [ | ]

Relief of Thailand

Climate [ | ]

Mac Island

Story [ | ]

Periods of Thai history
Primitive Thailand
Early history of Thailand
(3000 BC - 1238 AD)
Sukhothai (1238-1448) At the same time there were:
Ayutthaya (1351-1767)
Thonburi (1768-1782)
Rattanakosin (1782-1932)
Kingdom of Thailand

The history of the country dates back to the kingdom of Sukhothai, formed in 1238. His successor was the kingdom of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya), founded in 1350. Thai culture has been heavily influenced by China and India. In the 18th century, Siam suffered from the predatory raids of the Burmese, which were stopped by Taksin and Pra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. The latter, after Taksin's brutal execution in 1782, succeeded to the throne as king under the name, founding the Chakri dynasty. Thanks to his heirs Kings Rama IV and Rama V, Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonized. True, Thailand was forced to leave the three southern provinces, which later became the three northern states of Malaysia. This was caused by the interests of Great Britain, which was trying to conquer Thailand.

Thailand has never been a colony. The main reason for this was the rational policy of the king, who played on the contradictions between Great Britain and France, ceding border territories, for example, in Malaysia and Laos, but retaining the independence of the country as a whole. A largely peaceful revolution in 1932 saw Thailand become a constitutional monarchy. Formerly known as Siam, Thailand first received its current name in 1939, and for the second time, definitively, in 1949, after World War II. During this war, Thailand supported Japan, and after its end, became an ally of the United States.

One of the most famous representatives of Thai culture during this period was Prince Damrong Ratchanubab. He became the founder of the country's modern education system and the provincial government system. He was also a historian and one of the most influential intellectuals in Thailand of his time. Damrong Ratchanubab became the first Thai to be included in the UNESCO list of the most honored people.

December 26, 2004 on southwest coast Thailand hit by a tsunami. 5,000 people died in Thailand, half of them tourists.

Coup in Thailand in 2006[ | ]

September 19, 2006 at 23:00 local time world news agencies broadcast information about a military coup in Thailand, while local TV channels were seized and stopped broadcasting.

Later, on the evening of May 22, it became known that the commander of the ground forces, General Prayut Chan-Ocha, headed the military government of Thailand.

Policy [ | ]

State structure[ | ]

Phra Nang beach in Thailand

Form of government- a constitutional monarchy. head of state- king. The king has lost absolute power, but remains the Supreme Commander, a symbol of the unity of the nation and the protector of Buddhism. The previous king, Rama IX, who died in 2016, enjoyed the full respect of the nation, which was sometimes used during political crises. After his death, Maha Vatchiralongkon Mahidol became king. Thai Parliament The bicameral National Assembly consists of the 150-seat Senate and the 480-seat House of Representatives. The leader of the party with the majority in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister.

The lower house (House of Representatives) is elected by the people of Thailand for 4 years. Until March 2000, the Upper House (Senate) was appointed by the king. Since March 2000, 50% of the Senate are appointed by the king, and 50% are elected by the population for a term of 6 years.

Administrative division[ | ]

Thailand is subdivided into 77 provinces (changwat). In 2013, the municipality - the capital of the country Bangkok received the status of an independent 77th province.

Foreign policy[ | ]

Russian-Thai relations[ | ]

At the end of the XIX century. Thailand (then Siam) saw the Russian Empire as a possible ally, counting on help in defending its independence from the colonial powers of Europe and maintaining political sovereignty. Relations between the two states gradually strengthened. In 1882, under the command of Rear Admiral A. B. Aslanbegov, a squadron arrived in Siam from Russia on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the power of the Chakri dynasty. In 1888, the Russian composer P. A. Shchurovsky wrote the music for the anthem of Siam, which since 1932 became the personal anthem of the royal family. In 1891 the Russian Tsarevich Nicholas visited Bangkok. In the same year, the Siamese Prince Damrong arrived in the Crimea, where he received an audience with the Russian Emperor Alexander III. In 1896 Prince Chira attended the coronation ceremony of Emperor Nicholas II as a guest.

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Siam were officially established during the visit of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to Russia from July 2 to 10, 1897. On December 4, 1897, Alexander Olarovsky was appointed Charge d'Affaires and Consul General of the Russian Empire in Siam. The Russian Consulate General was opened in Bangkok, and later it was expanded to a mission that lasted until 1917. On June 23, 1899, a Declaration on Jurisdiction, Trade and Navigation was signed in Bangkok. Due to the friendly nature of Russian-Siamese relations and the expansion of cultural ties, the royal guards of Siam until the 70s. wore the uniform of Russian life hussars, some elements of this uniform have survived to this day. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of members of the Siamese royal family and dignitaries visited Russia. Many young aristocrats were educated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The son of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Chakrabon, lived in Russia for several years, studied at the Corps of Pages and the Academy of the Ground Forces, and served in the Russian army. In 1906 he married Ekaterina Desnitskaya.

The son of King Rama the Fifth, Prince Chakrapong, was married to Catherine Desnitskaya, who bore him a son.

After 1917 there was a short break in bilateral relations. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Thailand were established on March 12, 1941. In 1947, an Agreement on the exchange of diplomatic missions was signed between the two countries, and a year later the embassy began its work in the capital of Thailand. During the Cold War and until the end of the 70s. bilateral relations were neutral.

A new period in relations was the official visit of Thai Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan to the USSR in 1979. During this visit, the Soviet-Thai Friendship Society was established. Since the mid 80s. In connection with positive changes in the world political arena, bilateral relations gradually began to strengthen again. In 1987, the first exchange of visits between the foreign ministers of the two countries took place. In May 1988, General Prem Tinsulanon, Prime Minister of Thailand, paid an official visit to Moscow. In February 1990, N. I. Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, arrived on an official visit to Bangkok.

On December 28, 1991, the Thai government recognized the Russian Federation as a sovereign state and confirmed its intentions to develop mutually beneficial bilateral relations.

Since the beginning of the XXI century. bilateral relations have steadily gained momentum in key areas of cooperation. The culmination of this process was the visit to Thailand in October 2003 by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin and his wife, which became the first visit of the head of the Russian state to the Kingdom of Thailand since the collapse of the USSR. This trip was also unique in terms of international diplomatic protocol, including a private visit by the Russian President at the invitation of the then Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra, an official visit at the invitation of the Thai Prime Minister, participation in the summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and, finally, a state visit at the invitation of His Majesty King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej. In total, the trip took more than 5 days.

The parties managed to reach a number of constructive agreements, in particular, on the settlement of the debt of the former USSR to Thailand in the amount of $36.5 million.

Relations with Cambodia[ | ]

Some sections of Cambodia's border with Thailand, including the sea, are not clearly defined.

Armed forces[ | ]

Economy [ | ]

Advantages: success in export production, capable of even offsetting imports. Rapid economic growth. Availability of natural gas. One of the world's major exporters of rubber, rice and seafood.

Weak sides: The economy is concentrated mainly around Bangkok. Insufficient supply of fresh water. Rapidly growing external debt. 60% of the population works in small farms.

Energy [ | ]

About 70% of electricity is generated using natural gas. Natural gas is produced in the offshore Platong field, located at the bottom of the Gulf of Thailand. Also a major supplier of natural gas is Qatar, which transports liquefied gas to the Map Ta Phut LNG LNG terminal.

Tourism [ | ]

Tourism brings considerable income to Thailand. So, in 2011, Thailand was visited by more than 19 million foreign tourists. Main destinations: Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket and Samui.

Agriculture[ | ]

Rice fields in Chiang Mai

Thailand is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of rice: the country annually supplies up to 9 million tons of rice of various varieties to the world market. Including - the famous "jasmine" rice, so named because of the subtle natural aroma. The share of agricultural products in Thailand's GDP is currently about 10% with an upward trend. Other popular crops are cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, coconuts (mainly in the southern region), bananas. The country receives large incomes from the export of the "king of fruits" - durian, which was first learned to be cultivated here.

Population and social resources[ | ]

The population of Thailand mainly consists of ethnic Thais and Laotians (~ 80%). There is also a large community of ethnic Chinese (~10%), to which former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra belongs. Other ethnic groups are represented by Malays, Hmong, Khmers, as well as Vietnamese, who settled in Eastern Thailand since the Vietnam War.

94.6% of the people of Thailand practice Buddhism. 4.6% are Muslims - mostly Malays living in the south of the country.

Religion [ | ]

traditional architecture

In Thailand, the king is not only the head of state, but also the patron, protector of all religions. In times of crisis, he acts as a reconciling mediator, without taking sides. The King of Thailand is a leader and a national symbol who stands above politics, and therefore he only intervenes in political affairs when necessary to prevent bloodshed. Love and respect for the royal family in Thailand is - according to officials - almost religious in nature. During the last century, or even a little more, each reigning king, as well as members of his family, is officially credited with an ardent participation in the well-being of the people and supposedly a personal interest in the prosperity of all subjects.

In addition to the nominal (rather moderate) ritualism associated with the cult of the king, the Thais profess Buddhist teachings. In the 13th century, Hinayana Buddhism was officially recognized in Thailand, meaning "small vehicle" (the second major branch of Buddhism is called "Mahayana" - "great vehicle"). At present, the term "Hinayana" is considered to be obsolete and it is falling out of use, being replaced by the self-name of this branch of Buddhism - "Theravada" - "teaching of the elders". Theravada is one of the variants of Buddhism, recorded in the so-called "Pali Canon"), which its followers call the most ancient, most beautiful and closest to the original teachings of Gautama Buddha. (Followers of other versions of Buddhism claim the same about their religious and philosophical concepts, but this does not lead to religious conflicts.) This teaching has its own strict rules, in relation to which a dismissive tone is unacceptable (especially by tourists) - this is respect for the image of the Buddha, to temples, monks, and some restrictions on the freedom of behavior for women, but the rites and rituals in general are much simpler than in Indian Mahayana Buddhism.

Thailand has over 32,700 Buddhist temples, in which about 370 thousand monks and novices live. This is approximately 1 monk per 170 citizens.

The second most important religion in Thailand is Islam, which is practiced by about 4.6% of the population - mostly residents southern provinces close to Malaysia.

Christianity is also represented in Thailand. The very first mention of Christians in Thailand (Siam) is recorded in travel notes Italian traveler Louis of Varcema, who visited Southeast Asia around 1505. From his notes it becomes clear that the first Christians in Thailand were Armenians who lived here permanently and traded with India. In the XVI-XVII centuries, Christianity was spread here by Catholic missionaries. There are currently Catholic and Protestant communities in the country, as well as seven parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church and one monastery. In total, according to various estimates, from 0.7% to 1.7% of the country's population profess Christianity - these are mainly inhabitants of the mountainous northern regions. Most of the Christians are Catholics, but there are communities of Protestants - Presbyterians, Baptists, Adventists, Lutherans, believers of the Assemblies of God.

culture [ | ]

Until 1913, most Thais did not have surnames, only first names (mostly villagers).

Calendar [ | ]

Thais live according to the Thai solar calendar (a variation of the Buddhist calendar), according to which their calendar begins from the day of the death of Buddha in 543 BC (thus, 2019 AD according to the Gregorian calendar corresponds to 2562 of the Buddhist era).

The official Thai calendar is based on the Buddhist Era and differs by 543 years from the Western calendar. For example, 2017 is the year 2560 in Thailand.

Architecture [ | ]

Thai house

Before the formation of the first major Thai state of Sukhothai, the regions of Thailand (and from the 12th century the whole country) were part of the Mon and Khmer states of Bapnom, Dvaravati, Chenla and Kambujadesh. After the fall of Cambujadesh, the Thai states of Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Bangkok became the main heirs of Cambodian culture, since there were no conditions for its development in Cambodia. Thai architecture originates from Cambodian.

The entire development of Thai artistic culture is associated with Buddhism, which in the Thai version also included some Hindu motifs. In monumental architecture, the main types of buildings are the stupa and the temple. Thai stupas go back to the Mon and Khmer prototypes (prasang, prasat, chedi; the prefix "pra" means "holy"). The basis for the development of temples is vehan- a building with brick or stone columns and a wooden roof.

The most striking example of the architectural creativity of the Thais is the complex of temples and the Grand Royal Palace in Bangkok. The buildings located on the territory of the temples have a different form and meaning - these are usually sanctuaries, halls for religious ceremonies, libraries and schools. The walls can be decorated with scenes from the Hindu epic ("Ramakien": King Rama 2 translated the Ramayana into Thai) and images of mythological animals. The sacred Bodhi tree is often found in the courtyard of monasteries. There are also numerous sculptures of mythical creatures with supernatural powers and guarding the monastery.

Music [ | ]

In the ceremonial, court and religious life of the Thais, music has always occupied an important place. The traditional orchestra consists of gongs, bells, strings, xylophones. For Europeans, Thai music sounds quite unusual. It still accompanies important public ceremonies and classical theater performances today.

Movie [ | ]

Filmmaking in Thailand appeared in the 30s of the XX century, before that films were shot episodically.

Since the end of the 20th century, developing new wave» Thai cinema. Thai directors Pen-Ek Ratanaruang (Thai. เป็นเอก รัตนเรือง ) And

Three factors influenced the national cuisine of Thailand: climate, location and culture. Fertile lands, the possibility of year-round harvesting, the absence of religious restrictions on food - all this formed the gastronomic picture of the country. The basis of many dishes is rice, garnishes of meat, vegetables, fish are added to it, and all this is seasoned with a huge amount of spices. The latter fact is a big problem for Europeans, whose stomachs are simply not used to such a load. However, it is enough to ask for “not hot” (“not spicy”) when ordering, then the tourist will be brought a less spicy version of the dish.

Thailand is famous for its hot and sour tom yam and tom kha soups. A spicy dish with shrimp and spices will not leave anyone indifferent. Due to the large amount of garlic and chili peppers, people with stomach ailments eating it is not recommended.

When you come to the restaurant, you should also try sauces with curry and coconut milk. They are served with potatoes (kaeng karee), peanuts (kaeng massaman) or greens (kaeng khieo).

Another important component national cuisine- noodles (rice, wheat and egg). It is boiled, fried, added to the broth. It serves as a side dish for marinated pork or chicken, meat or fish meatballs and even dumplings. Pad Thai (fried rice noodles) is one of the most popular dishes among travelers. In addition to the main ingredient, it includes an egg, sprouted beans, garlic, spices, fish sauce. As an additive, you can choose shrimp, pork or chicken.

Seafood lovers will find many interesting and delicious dishes. For example, you should definitely try sea fish baked in salt with palm leaves (Salt fish grilled on charcoal). The meat prepared in this way is very tender and fragrant. Another option for cooking fish is steaming. It is seasoned with lime, garlic and chili, which results in an unforgettable spicy-sour taste.

One of the most unusual fruits in Thailand is the durian. It has such a disgusting aroma that some establishments even forbid entry to people who bought it before - so as not to scare away visitors. This prickly green fruit with creamy flesh has won the title of "King of Fruits". For the first time, it is recommended to eat it, holding the nose first, but in the future, even an unpleasant smell will not be able to scare away - it has such a delicate and unusual taste.

What to bring as a souvenir and as a gift

When buying souvenirs, foreigners try to choose something that will remind them of the country and the time spent here. Since the tourism business in Thailand is very well developed, vacationers are offered a huge range of souvenirs - from magnets and small ceramic figurines to world-famous clothing brands.

Figurines and images of elephants

Since the elephant is a symbol of Thailand, most often tourists buy figurines of this animal and objects with its image (masks, kitchen utensils, panels) as a souvenir. You will also be pleasantly surprised by the favorable price for such trifles as beads, handmade jewelry boxes, bags and shoes made of natural materials. It will be a great solution for those who need to buy gifts for the whole family.

Alcohol

A great gift for men is Thai rum Sang Som. It is usually drunk diluted with soda or used as a base for cocktails. Also interesting option there will be rice wine. It tastes a bit like champagne, but without the prickly bubbles. For lovers of the exotic, you can buy a tincture on a scorpion or a cobra (they are credited with simply miraculous properties).

Silk products are something that you should definitely buy for your wardrobe. Local markets sell traditional clothes, as well as modern models that you will not be ashamed to wear for a walk around Moscow. It is best to go for silk in Korat and Surin - although the price bites a little, the quality of the products will be excellent.

Jewelry

Thailand continues to be a leader in the production precious stones, so jewelry lovers should definitely check out local jewelry stores. However, when choosing such a purchase, it is important to take from the seller a document confirming the authenticity of the product and an export license.

Silver items

A good and practical souvenir is products made of blackened silver. In Chiang Mai there is a whole street where shops of local craftsmen are located, here you can choose something for yourself at an affordable price.

In Thai markets and in shops whose counters are not equipped with cash registers, it is customary to bargain. However, you can save money in large shopping centers. To do this, you need to choose stores where they draw up documents for a VAT refund, which is 7%. They will be indicated by a sign with the inscription VAT Refund (similar to the European Tax Free). Money can be received already in Thailand, at the airport, but in this case it is better to arrive at the landing a little earlier: the procedure takes some time, and there may be a queue near the window.

What can be taken out of the country

Carried away by shopping, many tourists forget that there are clear restrictions at customs on the export of goods from the country. For example, one person can take only a liter of alcoholic beverages. Exotic fruits are best sent to luggage compartment. To take seeds or plants out of Thailand, you need to have a special permit. The same applies to animals or products made from their skin and wool.

To avoid unpleasant misunderstandings that will end up with all purchases remaining at the airport, it is important to familiarize yourself with the list of what is prohibited to take out. So, it is better to refuse the purchase:

• drugs, weapons;
• stuffed animals;
• durian fruit;
• ivory, tortoise shells and products made from them;
• religious objects and statuettes of Buddha above 13 cm;
• raw ingots of gold, precious stones, corals (products from them must be accompanied by certificates);
• rare representatives of flora and fauna.

Thailand money

The national currency of Thailand is the baht (THB), the small change is the satang. As of November 2, 2015, the exchange rate of the baht to the dollar is 1:0.03. It is most profitable to exchange currency in banks or licensed exchange offices. Airports and hotels tend to have the least advantageous deals. You can also withdraw cash from ATMs. However, in this case, in addition to the loss of interest during the conversion, you will also have to pay a commission of 150 THB.

Restaurants and shops accept credit cards. However, when paying in cash, it is easier to keep track of spending, as the exchange rate fluctuates constantly.

It is recommended not to accept banknotes (both baht and dollars) that have visible damage: it will be difficult to pay with such in the future. They can only be exchanged at certain branches of Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited or Thai Farmers Bank, and this, in turn, is a waste of time and money.

Where to stay in Thailand

Thailand offers huge selection accommodation options for any length of time. IN major cities even small hotels guest type offer quality service, and the price will be a pleasant surprise. In the provinces, it is better to stay in trusted hotels belonging to global chains.

Bangkok

The most popular in Bangkok among tourists choosing accommodation are Sukhumvit and Silom streets, as well as Siam Square and the surrounding area - the largest shopping centers and restaurants are located next to the hotels. These areas are also convenient in that there is Rattanakosin (Rattanakosin) nearby - the real tourist mecca with many attractions.

When choosing a hotel room, it is better not to save on comfort. The fact is that such amenities as air conditioning and the availability of cold and hot water in a hot climate are simply necessary.

From five-star hotels in the capital best reviews guests received President Solitaire, Landmark, Royal Orchid Sheraton and InterContinental. They are located in the city center, from the additional services there are swimming pools, massage and spa salons, gyms, shops and restaurants are also located on the territory.

The Ariyasom Villa 4 * hotel is an excellent option for those who decide to plunge into the atmosphere of Thailand without giving up the usual comfort. The hotel rooms are decorated in a traditional style, natural materials - wood and silk - are used for decoration. The restaurant offers vegetarian menu as well as fish dishes.

Phuket

In Phuket, travelers will find a wide variety of offers for long and short stays. It is best to stay in hotels for a few days. So, tourists who have vacationed on the island more than once recommend JW Marriott Phuket Resort & Spa 5 * and Centara Grand Beach Resort 5*. Of the inexpensive options stand out Hotels Kamala Beach Resort 3*, Thanthip Beach Resort 3* and Bamboo House 3*.

Pattaya

A large selection of housing in various price categories is presented in Pattaya. Quite a few affordable hotels and guesthouses are located on Soi Buakhao and in the surrounding area. Room prices vary depending on proximity coastline and season.

Royal Cliff Beach Terrace 5 * - a hotel designed for romantic getaway. It is simply buried in greenery, and the sound of the surf gives peace and serenity.

Travelers who choose a beach holiday may prefer the Pinnacle Jomtien Resort & Spa 3 * hotel. The water in this part of the coastal zone is much cleaner, and if the sea is stormy, visitors can swim in one of the four pools located on the territory. However, this hotel is not suitable for those who plan to often get out into the city - the road to the parking lot with a taxi or tuk-tuk will take about 15 minutes. Good feedback tourists also deserve Sabai Lodge 3*.

Koh Samui

Finding accommodation on Koh Samui depends on the preferences of travelers. For example, young people who love fun parties and nightlife are better off staying in the Chaweng area. Hotels Bhundhari 4 *, Poppis 4 *, located on the coast, offer quality service for favorable price. The five-star Nora Buri Resort & Spa is a luxury hotel. There are both regular rooms and private villas.

Along Lamai Beach, which is just beginning to gain popularity, you can find both fashionable large hotels and more colorful budget options. For example, when choosing Rummana Boutique Resort, guests do not rent a room, but a bungalow. On site you can rent a bike or car, as well as book a dive tour.

Transport

Travelers who have bought a tour to Thailand through an agency can count on a transfer to the hotel. If vacationers planned the trip on their own, they have a choice of how to go to the city. From the airport to the center of Bangkok can be reached both by taxi and by train. The first option is the fastest, but also the most expensive. The approximate price will be from 300 to 400 baht (THB) (including a surcharge for clerk services).

The most economical mode of transport is the City Line trains. The cost of the trip is from 15 to 45 THB depending on the distance, however, the tourist will have to put up with a large number of intermediate stops, and the journey will take half an hour. Also, direct buses Express Line run from the airport, which will take you to the city center without stops in 15 minutes (fare - 150 THB). Landing on public transport is carried out on the lower floor of the airport, so you do not have to leave the building. Tickets are sold at vending machines near the platform and ticket offices, and for this you need local money, which you can buy at exchange offices on the upper floors.

Stops in the city center - Makkasan (metro MRT Petchaburi Station) and Phaya Thai ( surface metro BTS Skytrain Phayathai Station). From them it is convenient to plan a further route.

Those who flew to Bangkok for the first time will be pleasantly surprised by how well all directions are marked - knowing English even at the most elementary level, it is very difficult to get lost here. If there is an international driving license you can rent a car. There are windows of companies providing such services in the airport building.

Visa information

Russians do not need a visa to visit the Kingdom of Thailand for up to 30 days. All you need to enter the country is a passport (for minors - a birth certificate) and a completed migration form. If the children are not traveling with their parents or guardians, a notarized power of attorney will also be required.

Good news for those whose travel is not limited to Thailand only: the authorities have lifted the ban on the so-called visa-runs. That is, tourists whose stay in the country may exceed 30 days were able to avoid additional fees. It is enough for them to cross the border with Cambodia and return back - a visa is no longer required.

Safety

The tourist police urge foreign citizens to be vigilant and carefully monitor their property. Pickpocketing is not uncommon in public places, and especially absent-minded travelers risk parting even with their suitcases.

Despite the hot tropical climate, the sanitary and epidemiological situation in Thailand is under control. Of course, this does not mean that you can forget about elementary security measures. So, drinking raw water, eating street food is a pretty big risk, just like in any other country.

Going for a night walk, especially in nature, it is worth taking a repellent with you: there are mosquitoes that carry malaria and dengue fever, for which there is no vaccine.

You should also be careful when interacting with wildlife. monkeys, jellyfish, sea ​​urchins- it is these animals that most often do not reciprocate people's attempts to take pictures with them and can inflict small, but very painful wounds.

Another way to get into trouble is to commit a crime, albeit without malice. It is important to remember that in Thailand it is forbidden to smoke in public places (a fine of 2000 TNV). In addition, it is important to choose expressions when speaking on the topic of religion and power: insulting the king and Buddha is punishable by law. This also applies to the desecration of their images and statues.

Useful addresses and phones

If a vacationer got into an unpleasant situation, for example, he was robbed or there is a threat to his life and health, you can always count on help. Most offenses are dealt with by the police - tourist (telephone 1155) and local (123 and 1644 - English-speaking). The ambulance phone number is 191, the fire department is 199. On the islands and in the provinces, the numbers of the tourist police are different: Fr. Phuket - 07 633-50-15, about. Samui - 07 742-12-81, Chiang Mai - 05 324-89-74, Surat Thani - 07 642-53-61.

In case of loss of a passport, a citizen of the Russian Federation must apply to the Embassy, ​​where he will be issued a free certificate for returning to his homeland. To do this, you need to provide a police report on the loss of a passport, an identity card and two photographs. The document is issued absolutely free of charge.

The Russian Embassy in Thailand is located at 78 Sap Road, Surawong, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500, the entrance to the consular department is from Soi Santiphap, the phone number for emergencies– (+66 90) 403-36-45, email – [email protected].

Honorary Consul of the Russian Federation in Pattaya (Chonburi and Rayong provinces) - 353, Pra Tamnuk, Pattaya, Chonburi 20150, Royal Cliff Beach Resort, Royal Cliff Grand building, 1st floor. Tel: (+66 38) 25-04-21 (ext. 2888).

Honorary Consul of the Russian Federation in Phuket (provinces of Phuket, Krabi and Phang-Nga) 75/149, Patak Road, Chalong, Phuket, 83120. Phone/Fax: (+66 76) 38-44-69.

How to get to Thailand

The main number of international flights is accepted by the capital. The presence of a direct connection between Moscow and Bangkok greatly simplifies the road. Aeroflot ships run daily from Sheremetyevo to Suvarnabhumi, departing at 19:40 and 21:35, with an approximate flight time of 8 hours and 50 minutes. In addition, Thai Airways operates direct flights several times a week. If you buy a ticket shortly before departure, the price will be a little over 43,000 rubles (as of 11/02/2015), but you can find better options when booking in advance. Flights with transfers by S7 and Qatar Airways are also much cheaper.